FROM OBSERVATIONS TO SELF -CONSISTENT

MODELLING OF THE ISM IN GALAXIES

A JENAM 2002 Workshop Porto, Portugal

3-5 September 2002

Edited by: MIGUEL A. de AVILLEZ

University of Evora, Evora, Portugal

DIETER BREITSCHWERDT Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik

Garching, Germany

Reprinted from Astrophysics and Space Science Volume 289, Nos. 3-4,2004

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

ISBN 978-94-010-3758-7 ISBN 978-94-007-0979-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0979-9

2003055495

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Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 2004

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FROM OBSERVATIONS TOSELF-CONSISTENT MODELLING

OF THE ISM IN GALAXIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Participants

Preface

OPENING TALK

1.N. BREGMAN I The Need for a Self-Consistent Model of the ISM

INTERSTELLAR MATTER IN GALAXIES

ix

5

D.G. YORK I An Observer's Overview of the Galactic Interstellar Medium 19

T. KENDALL, N. MAURON, J. MCCOMBIE and P. SARRE I Probing theIRC +10° 216 circumstellar envelope using spectroscopic observa-tions of background stars 27

E.M. BERKHUIJSEN I Volume Filling Factors of the DIG in M 31 31

T. WONG, L. BLITZ and 1. M. VAN DER HULST I Comparing the COand HI Distributions in Nearby Spiral Galaxies at High Resolution 35

E.B. JENKINS I Evidence and Implications of Pressure Fluctuations in theISM 39

G. HEBRARD I D/O and D/H Ratios in the Local Interstellar Medium fromFUSE Observations 49

MJ. FREYBERG I X-rays from the Local Bubble 53

P.M.W. KALBERLA I Gas as a Tracer of the Galactic Potential 63

1. BALLESTEROS-PAREDES I Molecular Clouds: Formation and Disruption 67

M. BROLL, C. KRAMER, V. OSSENKOPF, R. SIMON and 1. STUTZKII The KOSMA Large-Scale CO Survey of Clouds in the GalacticMolecular Ring 79

1. ALVES I The Structure of Molecular Clouds from PC to AU Scale 83

E. ROSOLOWSKY and L. BLITZ I Molecular Cloud Formation in DiskGalaxies: The Case of M33 89

M.S. OEY I Superbubble Activity in Star-Forming Galaxies 93

S. EHLEROvA, J. PALOUS and R. WONSCH I HI Shells in the Leiden-Dwingeloo HI Survey 103

M. SASAKI, D. BREITSCHWERDT and R. SUPPER I SNR Surface Dens-ity Distribution in Nearby Galaxies 107

H. PLANA, 1. MAIZ-APELLANIZ and E. TELLES I Kinematics of GiantH II Regions in Nearby Galaxies 111

TURBULENCE, MAGNETIC FIELDS AND CRs

R. BECK / The Role of Magnetic Fields in Spiral Galaxies 117

M. HANASZ, R. KOSINSKI and H. LESCH / Building The Fast GalacticDynamo 127

A. LAZARIAN and 1. CHO / Magnetic Reconnection and Turbulent Mix-ing: From ISM to Clusters of Galaxies 131

A. SHUKUROV, G.R. SARSON, A. NORDLUND, B. GUDIKSEN andA. BRANDENBURG / The Effects of Spiral Arms on the Multi-Phase ISM 143

M.-M. MAC LOW / Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium 147

M.D. SMITH, G. PAVLOVSKI, M.-M. MACLOW, A. ROSEN, T. KHAN­ZADYAN, R. GREDEL and T. STANKE / Molecule Destructionand Formation in Molecular Clouds 157

E.A. DORFI / Cosmic Rays and Galactic Winds 161

EXTRAPLANAR ISM AND IGM

R.-1. DETTMAR / Diffuse Ionized gas in Halos of Spiral Galaxies 173

G.T. BIRK, H. LESCH and T. NEUKIRCH / Magnetic Reconnection andExtraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas 183

R. PALADINI, R. DAVIES and G. DEZOTTI / The Thin Layer of WarmIonized Gas: Towards a 3-D Reconstruction of the Spatial Distribu-tion of HII Regions 187

G. TRINCHIERI / X-ray Halos in Galaxies 191

F. FRATERNAL!, T. OOSTERLOO and R. SANCISI / The HI Halo ofSpiral Galaxies 201

B.P. WAKKER / Recent Developments Concerning High-Velocity Clouds 205

C. KONZ, G.T. BIRK and H. LESCH / Dynamical Evolution of High Velo-city Clouds 215

F. COMERON / Infall of Gas in Galaxies and Triggered Star Formation 219

M. DAHLEM / Starburst Galaxies - An Observer's View 229

E.M. XILOURIS, S.c. MADDEN and L. VIGROUX / Mid-Infrared Prop-erties of Early-Type Galaxies 239

S. SCHINDLER / Gas in Groups and Clusters of Galaxies 243

SELF·CONSISTENT MODELLING OF THE ISM

S. HARFST, G. HENSLER and C. THEIS / Chemo-Dynamical Evolutionof the ISM in Galaxies 255

B. JUNGWIERT, G. CARRARa and C. DALLA VECCHIA / Non-InstantaneousGas Recycling and Chemical Evolution in N-Body Disk Galaxies 265

M. SAMLAND / The Interplay between ISM, Star Formation and GalaxyEvolution 269

MJ. KORPI/Modelling the Turbulent Magnetized ISM 273

A. GAZOL, E. VAZQUEZ-SEMADENI and 1. SANCHEZ-SALCEDO /Thermal Instability in Turbulent Models of the Interstellar Medium 283

S. DIB, A. BURKERT and A. HUJEIRAT / On the Thermal Instability inNumerical Models of the Interstellar Medium 289

D.P. COX / In ISM Modeling, The Devil is in the Details: You Show MeYour OVI and I'll Show You Mine 293

M. DE AVILLEZ and D. BREITSCHWERDT / From Large to Small Scales:Global Models of the ISM 303

D. BREITSCHWERDT / Self-Consistent Modelling of the Interstellar Medium 313

List of Posters (CDROM)

BIRK I The Magnetic Buoyancy Instability In Partially Ionized Plasmas

BOOMSMNOOSTERLOO/SANCISIIVAN DER HULST I The Effervescent Disk of NGC 6946

DAMIANIIBOCCHINO/SCIORTINOIMICELAlHARNDEN I Chandra X-Ray Observation ofNGC604

EHLEIDAHLEM I The Quest for Halo Emission in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1511

ELWERTIDETTMARI Stellar Input Spectra as a Significant Parameter in Simulations of the DiffuseIonized Gas

GODDIIMOSCADELLIIALEF I EVN Observations of H20 Masers towards the High-Mass YoungStellar Object AFGL5142

GOMEz/COX I 3D MHD Modeling of the Gaseous Structure of the Galaxy

HAMIDOUCHE I Simulation of ESEs by Kolmogorov Turbulence in the Ionised ISM

KNUDEIFABRICIUS I Extinction and Distance from a Tycho-2 Calibration of Michigan dwarfs.LDN 1622 a Nearby Molecular Cloud?

KOSINSKIIHANASZ I Parker Instability under the Influence of Cooling and Heating Processes inthe ISM

KOWALIHANASz/OTMIANOWSKA-MAZUR I Parker Instability, Resistivity and Magnetic Dif­fusion in Galactic Disks

MARCOLINIIBRIGHENTIID'ERCOLE I 3D Simulations of Galactic Winds in Dwarf Galaxies

MONTERO-CASTANO/GOMEZIMORALESIBOWYERIEDELSTEINIKORPELA I Extreme andFar UV Spectroscopic Observations of the ISM

NIETENINEININGERIGUELINILUCASIUNGERECHTSIBECKIBERKHUIJSENIWIELEBINSKII High-Resolution COO-O) Survey of the Andromeda Galaxy

OTMIANOWSKA-MAZURIHANASZ/KOWAL I Topological Evolution of Parker Unstable GalacticMagnetic Fields, Turbulent EMF Calculations

PYLSKAYNWIEBE I Open Cluster Distance Scales and the Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy

WUNSCHIPALOUSIEHLEROVA I Hydrodynamic Simulations of Expanding Shells - The Gravita­tional Instability

• Astrophysics and Space Science 289: viii, 2004.

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Alves, 1., jalves@eso.orgESO, Garching, GermanyBallesteros-Paredes, 1., j .ballesteros@astrosmo.unam.mxUNAM, Morelia, MexicoBeck, R, p181bck@mpifr-bonn.mpg.deMPI fUr Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyBerkhuijsen, E.M., eberkhuijsen@mpifr-bonn.mpg.deMPI fUr Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyBirk, G., birk@usm.uni-muenchen.deUniversity of Munich, GermanyBoomsma, R, boomsma@astro.rug.nlKapteyn Astronomical Institute, The NetherlandsBregman, 1.N., jbregman@ra.astro.lsa.umich.eduUniversity of Michigan, USABreitschwerdt, D., breitsch@mpe.mpg.deMPE, Garching, GermanyBrinchmann, 1., jarle@MPA-Garching.MPG.DEMPI fUr Astrophysik, Garching, GermanyBriill, M., bruell@ph1.uni-koeln.deUniversity of K61n, GermanyCardwell, A., cardwell@ll.iac.esInstituto de Astroffsica de Canarias, SpainComer6n, F., fcomeron@eso.orgESO, Garching, GermanyCox, D.P., cox@wisp.physics.wisc.eduUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, USADahlem, M., mdahlem@eso.orgESO, ChileDamiani, F., damiani@oapa23.astropa.unipa.itOsservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Italyde Avillez, M.A., mavillez@galaxy.lca.uevora.ptUniversity of Evora, PortugalDettmar, R-J., dettmar@astro.ruhr-uni-bochum.deRurh-University Bochum, Germany

Astrophysics and Space Science 289: ix-xii, 2004.© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

x LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Dib, S., dib@mpia-hd.mpg.deMPI fUr Astronomie, Heidelberg, GermanyDorfi, E., ead@astro.univie.ac.atInstitut fUr Astronomie, Wien, AustriaEhle, M., mehle@xvsoc01.vilspa.esa.esXMM-Newton Science Operations Centre, SpainEhlerova, S., sona@ig.cas.czAstro. Inst., Acad. of Sc., Czech RepublicElwert, T., elwert@astro.ruhr-uni-bochum.deRuhr-Universitat Bochum, GermanyFerlet, R., ferlet@iapJrInstitut d' Astrophysique de Paris, FranceFraternali, F., ffratern@astro.rug.nlOsservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, ItalyFreyberg, MJ., mjf@xray.mpe.mpg.deMPE, Garching, GermanyGazol, A., a.gazol@astrosmo.unam.mxInstituto de Astronomia, UNAM, MexicoGoddi, C., cgoddi@ca.astro.itOsservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, ItalyGomez-Reyes, G.c., gomez@wisp.physics.wisc.eduUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, USAHamidouche, M., hamidouc@odyssee.cnrs-orleansJrLPCE-CNRS, Orleans, FranceHanasz, M., Michal.Hanasz@astri.uni.torun.plNicholas Copernicus University, PolandHarfst, S., supas122@astrophysik.uni-kiel.deUniversity of Kiel, GermanyHebrard, G., hebrard@iapJrInstitut d' Astrophysique de Paris, FranceHeitsch, F., heitsch@solarz.colorado.eduJILA, University of Colorado, USAHojaev, A., ash@astrin.uzsci.netUBAIlUAS, UzbekistanJenkins, E.B., ebj@astro.Princeton.EDUPrinceton University Observatory, USAJungwiert, B., bruno@ig.cas.czAstro. Inst., Acad. of Sc., Czech RepublicKalberla, P.W., kalb@astro.uni-bonn.deUniversity of Bonn, GermanyKendall, T., tkendall@oal.ul.ptUniversity of Lisbon, Portugal

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Knude, 1., indus@astro.ku.dkNiels Bohr Institute, DenmarkKomossa, S., skomossa@xray.mpe.mpg.deMPE, Garching, GermanyKonz, c., konz@usm.uni-muenchen.deLudwig-Maximilians-University, GermanyKorpi, MJ., mkorpi@sun3.oulu.fiUniversity of Oulu, FinlandKosinski, R., Rafal.Kosinski@astri.uni.torun.plNicholas Copernicus University, PolandKowal, G., kowal@oa.uj.edu.plJagiellonian University, PolandLazarian, A., lazarian@astro.wisc.eduUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, USAMorales, C., morales@laeff.esa.esINTA, SpainMac Low, M.-M., mordecai@amnh.orgAMNH, New York, USAMarco, 0., omarco@tmpdhcp217.sc.eso.orgESO, ChileMarcolini, A., andrea@giano.bo.astro.itUniversity of Bologna, ItalyMorganti, R., morganti@nfra.nlASTRON, Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsOey, S., Sally.Oey@lowell.eduLowell Observatory, USAOosterloo, T., oosterlo@nfra.nlASTRON, Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsOtmianowska-Mazur, K., otmian@oa.uj.edu.plJagiellonian University, PolandPaladini, R., paladini@ap.sissa.itS.I.S.S.A., ItalyPaolillo, M., paolillo@na.astro.itOsservatorio di Capoedimonte, ItalyPlana, H., hplana@yahoo.com.brObservatorio Nacional- MCT, BrazilRosen, A., rar@star.arm.ac.ukArmagh Observatory, Northern IrelandRosolowsky, E., eros@astron.berkeley.eduUniversity of California at Berkeley, USASamland, M., samland@astro.unibas.chUniversity of Basel, Switzerland

Xl

XII LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Sasaki, M., manami@xray.mpe.mpg.deMPE, Garching, GermanySchindler, S., Sabine.Schindler@uibk.ac.atUniversity of Innsbruck, AustriaShadmehri, M., MShadmehri@science1.um.ac.irFerdowsi University, IranShukurov, A., anvar.shukurov@ncl.ac.ukUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, UKSmette, A., alain.smette@ulg.ac.beUniversity of Liege, Liege, BelgiumSmith, M.D., mds@arm.ac.ukArmagh Observatory, Northern IrelandTanaka, Y, ytanaka@mpe.mpg.deMPE, Garching, GermanyTrinchieri, G., ginevra@brera.mi.astro.itINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, ItalyXilouris, M., xilouris@discovery.saclay.ceaJrCEA Saclay, FranceWakker, B., wakker@astro.wisc.eduUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, USAWiebe, D., dwiebe@inasan.rssi.ruUrals State University, RussiaWong, T., Tony.Wong@atnf.csiro.auCSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility, AustraliaWunsch, R., richard@ig.cas.czAstronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Czech RepublicYork, D.G., don@oddjob.uchicago.eduUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, USA

FROM OBSERVATIONS TO SELF-CONSISTENT MODELING OF THEISM IN GALAXIES

JENAM2002

PREFACE

Although a classical field of Astronomy, research of the interstellar medium (ISM)has been advancing rapidly during the last 10 years, mainly due to immenselyimproved observational facilities and techniques in all wavelength ranges. We arenow able to investigate the ISM in external galaxies and even the intergalacticand intracluster medium in great detail. Increased spatial and spectral resolutionhave provided us with a great deal of information on the interstellar gas in itsvarious phases, the magnetic field and the cosmic rays, and of course, also thestellar component, which is the driving agent of the interstellar matter cycle.

In this respect, it is somewhat embarassing for us theoreticians (to which theorganizers belong) that modelling of the global ISM has not progressed all that farfrom the original models of the 70's and 80's (e.g. three-phase ISM or chimneymodel). Of course we are aware and appreciate the excellent work of many of ourcolleagues who have contributed to the understanding of many phenomena, butthe global picture is still vague. We believe that the reason lies in the inherentcomplexity of the ISM, in the non-linear feedback and the interaction of virtuallyall of its components. Therefore analytic modelling cannot be carried very far, andserru-analytic and full-blown numerical codes are required to gain more insight.Since many processes operate on vastly different time and length scales this poses atremendous challenge, and spatial resolution amongst others is a necessary require­ment. Only fairly recently, a sufficient amount of computing power has becomeavailable to individual scientists to tackle these problems with some prospect ofobtaining a more realistic picture. Still many, in some cases drastic, approximationshave to be made to run simulations at sufficient resolution over realistic time scales.

A major goal of this workshop was therefore to bring together observers andtheoreticians, sufficiently close so that intense discussion about the necessities anddesiderata of modelling could be stimulated. In retrospective we are very happy andpleased to have had such an enthusiastic audience who really challenged the excel­lent speakers in numerous discussions. As evidence for this we consider the wellattended and two hours lasting panel discussion that we held on Friday evening,when usually many people prefer to be at home and with their families.

Quite naturally there is still some controversy about which path towards a self­consistent picture of the ISM is the most promising to go in future. Nevertheless,a few interesting suggestions emerged. In our own, and consequently not unbiasedview, these were the inclusion and proper description of turbulence in the ISM,

~ Astrophysics and Space Science 289: 177-178,2004.ft © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

[ I ]

178 PREFACE

magnetic fields and cosmic rays, the ionization history of plasmas out of equilib­rium and magnetic reconnection. Moreover, we still need to explain the volumefilling factors of the ISM gas phases, the existence and maintainance of diffuseionized extraplanar gas and magnetic fields, the X-ray and EUV emission of theLocal Bubble and superbubbles and why they are not consistent with similaritysolutions and the nature and dynamics of high velocity clouds, just to name a few.This embarassingly long list will certainly ensure an ongoing discussion, which wehope to have stimulated with this workshop. We look forward to similar meetingsin the future.

We would like to thank all participants for their attendance, all the speakersand poster contributors for their effort and excellent presentations, the chairmenfor their patience and rigour in keeping the speakers in time, the SOC for theirvaluable and competent advice in setting up an interesting program, and all thepeople from the JENAM 2002 LOC for their help and advice without which thismeeting would not have been possible.

We thank the European Astronomical Society, the Portuguese Astronomical So­ciety (PAS) and the Center of Astrophysics of the University of Porto (CAUP) forallowing us to organize this workshop under the auspices of the EAS and JENAM.We would like also to thank Drs. Mario Monteiro, the head of PAS, and Jorge FilipeGameiro for all the support in the preparation of and during the meeting. We alsothank to the systems managers of the CAUP for keeping everything running andsolving all the problems related to notebook presentations. Finally, we are gratefulfor finnancial support from the Portuguese Science Foundation.

Guest Editors

[2]

May 2003Miguel A. de Avillez (Evora, Portugal)

andDieter Breitschwerdt (MPE Garching, Germany)