From Major Jordans Diaries-George Racey Jordan With Richard L Stokes-1952-269pgs POL

7/27/2019 From Major Jordans Diaries-George Racey Jordan With Richard L Stokes-1952-269pgs POL

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The Army Air Base, Great Falls, Montana,

though which flowed Soviet Lend-Lease aircraft, air freight,

a n d t r a n s c r i p t s o f L e n d - L e a s e s h i p m e n t s o r i g i n a t i n g e l s e w h e r e .

Hangar at the left was the author's headquarters . I n t h i s

wartime photo Sov iet red star is visible on many planes .

V I ; ~

MA - - - - '

-N&

1

I

7



GEORGE RACEY JORDAN

USAF (Ret . )

w i t h R i c h a r d L . S t o k e s

FromMa*or Jordan's

D i a r i e s



COPYRIG HT , 1952, BYGEORGE RACEY JORDANAll r i g h t s r es er ve d , including

the right to reproduce this book

or portions thereof in any form .

f i r s t e d i t i o n

Library of Congress Catalog Number : 52-6448

PRINTED IN THE UNITED ST AT ES OF AM ERICA



P r e f a c e

M y r e a s o n f or w r i t i n g t h i s b o o k i s v e r y s i m p l e : I w o u l d l i k e

t o k e e p t h e r e c o r d s t r a i gh t . I w a n t t o p u t i n p e r m a n e n t f o r m

' t h e f u l l s t o r y o f m y e x p e r i e n c e s a s a L e n d - L e a s e e x p e d i t e r

a n d l i a i s o n o f f i c e r w i t h t h e R u s s i a n s d u r i n g t h e w a r , w h e n

I s e r v e d f o r tw o c r u c i a l y e a r s, f r o m M a y 1 9 4 2 t o J u n e 1 9 4 4 ,

b o t h a t N e w a r k A i r p o r t a n d a t t h e b i g a i r b a s e a t G r e a t

F a l l s , M o n t a n a .

I w e n t i n t o t h e A r m y a s a b u s i n e s s m a n i n m y f o r t i e s a n d

a v e t e r a n o f W o r l d W a r I . F r o m t h e f i r st , a s m y s t o r y s h o w s ,

I w o r k e d w h o l e he a r t ed l y o n b e h a l f o f t h e R u s s i a n s b e c a u s e ,

T i k e e v e r y o n e e l s e , I c o n s i d e r e d i t m y d u t y t o d o s o . T h a t

t h e y w e r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h m y e f f o r t s i s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e f a c t

t h a t i t w a s C o l o n e l K o t i k o v , h e a d o f t h e R u s s i a n m i s s i o n a t

G r e a t F a l l s , w h o r e q u e s t e d m y p r o m o t i o n t o M a j o r .

B u t t h e t r e m e n d o u s v o l u m e o f L e n d - L e a s e m a t e r i a l g o i n g

through u n d e r " d i p l o m a t i c i m m u n i t y , " t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n o f

S o v i e t a g e n t s t h r o u g h t h e P i p e l i n e , t h e s h i p m e n t s o f n o n -

m i l i t a r y s u p p l i e s a n d e v e n m i l i t a r y s e c r e t s , w e r e m o r e t h a n

I c o u l d s t o m a c h . I f i n a l l y p r o t e s t ed t h r o u g h p r o p e r c h a n n e l s ,

f i r s t i n G r e a t F a l l s , a n d t h e n i n W a s h i n g t o n ; n o t h i n g h a p -

5



6PREFACE

p e n e d . T his was in 19 4 4, while I was still in the Army . ,

W h e n t h e a t o m b o m b w a s f i r s t d ro p p e d i n A u g u s t , 1 9 4 5

I l e a r n e d t h e f ul l m e a n i n g o f a w o r d - ur a n i um - I h a d a l - '

r e a d y e n c o u n t e r e d i n m y c o n t a c t w it h C o l o n e l K o t i k o v ,

W h e n t h e P r e s i d en t a n n o u n c e d i n 1 9 4 9 t h a t t h e R u s s i a n s

h a d t h e b o m b , I w e n t t o s e e S e n a t o r B r i d g e s a n d m y s t o r y

w a s t h o r o u g h l y i n v e s t i g a t e d b y t h e F . B . I . a s w e l l a s b y F u l t o n

L e w i s , J r . , w h o i n t e r vi e w e d m e o n h i s b r o a d c a s t s . T h e re

f o l l o w e d o n e C o n g r e s s i o n a l h e a r i n g i n D e c e m b e r , 1 9 4 9

a n d a n o t h e r i n M a r c h , 1 9 5 0 .

I h a v e b e e n s h o c k e d a t t h e e f f o r t s o f t h ec h ara c ter -

a s s a s - s i n sa n d p r e s s e x p e r t s t o k e e p t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s s t o r y

f r o m b e i n g b r o u g h t i n t o p r o p e r f o c u s . A v i c i o u s a t t a c k w a s

l a u n c h e d a g a i n s t F u l t o n L e w i s , J r . , a n d t h e s n i p i n g a t me

h a s c o n t i n u e d f o r n e a r l y t h r e e y e a r s , i n t h e v a i n h o p e t h a t

t h i s s t o r y w o u l d n e v e r b e e v a l u a t e d a n d u n d e r s t o o d b y t h e

p u b l i c . ( I n c i d e n t a l l y I w i s h t o s t a t e t h a t M r . L e w i s h a s not

seen the manuscript of t h i s b o o k , n o r h a d a n y c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h i t . )

A s l a t e a s J u n e , 1 9 5 2 t h e L o n g I s l a n d D a i l y P r e s s f a l s e l y -

d e c l a r e d : " A Congressional committee, however, found n o

b a s i s f o r ( M a j o r J o r d a n ' s ) c h a r g e s . " O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h r o e

m e m b e r s o f t h e C o m m i t t e e s t a t e d j us t t h e o p p o s i t e . F i r s t

t h e r e i s t h e f ol l o w in g s u m m a r y b y S e n a t or R i c h a r d M . '

Ni x o n , R e p u b l i c a n n o m i n e e fo r V i c e P r e s i d e n t . H i s q u e s -

t i o n s a r e a d d r e s s e d t o D o n a l d T . A p p e l l , f o r m e r F . B . I . agent

a n d t h e s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r t h e C o m m i t t e e o n U n -

A m e r i c a n A c t i v i t i e s :



Mr . Ni xo n : Y o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o w s f i r s t , t h e n , t h a t M a j o r

. J o r d a n d i d , a t l e a s t o n t w o o c c a s i o n s , m a k e a r e p o r t c o n c e r n i n g

t h e p a s s a g e o f m a t e r i a l s t h r o u g h G r e a t F a l l s ?

Mr . A p p e l l :Yes .

A i r : N i x o n : A s I r e c a l l , M r . C h a m b e r s h a d t o t e l l h i s s t o r y f i v e

t i m e s b e f o r e a n y c o g n i z a n c e w a s t a k e n o f h i s c h a r g e s . S o a p p a r-

e n t l y i f M a j o r J o r d a n h a d t o l d h i s m o r e t h a n t w i ce h e m i g h t h a v e

g o t t e n t h e G o v e r n m e n t t o d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t i t . B u t b e t h a t a s

i t m a y , a s I s e e i t a t p r e s e n t t h e i s s u e s a r e f i v e .

F i r s t o f a l l , t h e c h a r g e w a s m a d e t h a t i f t h e s h i p m e n t s w e r e

g o i n g t h r o u g h , M a j o r J o r d a n s h o u l d h a v e m a d e a r e p o r t . In this

r e g a r d , h e d i d m a k e a r e p o r t o f t h e c h a r g e s a t l e a s t o n t w o o c c a -

s i o n s . I s t h a t c o r r e c t ?

' ' ' M r 'A p p e l l : Ye s .Mr. N i x o n A s f a r a s y o u h a v e b e e n a b l e t o f i n d , a t l e a s t t w o

r e p o r t s were made?

Mr . A p p e l l : Ye s ; t h a t i s c o r r e c t .

M r . N i x o n : Another point that was made was w hether o r n o t

he t o r e r a d a r e q u i p m e n t o u t o f C - 4 7 p l a n e s . A s I u n d e r st a n d ,

t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e o f h i s s t o r y w a s q u e s t i o n e d i n t h e a r t i c l e i n

L i f e m a g a z i n e , i n w h i c h t h e y s a i d t h a t t h e r e p o r t t h a t M r . J o r d a n

r i p p e d out radar equipment from C-47s was preposterous, and

t h e y q u o t e d h i s s u p e r i o r o f f i c e r , M e r e d i t h , i n t h a t r e s p e c t ; a n d i t

w a s f u r t h e r s a i d t h a t a s a m a t t e r o f f a c t n o C - 4 7 s w e r e e q u i p p e d

with r a d a r a t t h e t i m e m e n t i o n e d b y Major J o r d a n .

T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e c o m m i t t e e , i n a d d i t i o n t o y o u r o w n ,

has shown, (1) that C-47 s equipped with rada r and g o i n g t o

R u s s i a di d go through Great Falls ; and (2) that Mr . J o r d a n

s p e c i f i c a l l y a s k e d p e r m i s s i o n o f C o l o n e l G it z i n g e r i n D a y t o n t o

t e a r t h e r a d a r e q u i p m e n t o u t o f a s p e c i f i c p l a n e o n o n e o c c a s i o n .

M r . A p p e l l : T h a t i s c o r r e c t , a n d h e r e c e i v e d t h a t p e r m i s s i o n

f r o m C o l o n e l G i t z i n g e r .



PREFACEMr . N i x o n : T h e n o n th e po i n t o f wh e t he r M a jo r J o rd an di d

o r d i d n o t t e a r r a d a r o u t o f a p l a n e , y o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u b s t a n -

t i a t e s M a j o r J o r d a n ?

Mr . A p p e l l : T h a t i s c o r r e c t .

Mr . N i x o n : Another point that M ajor Jordan made was that

c e r ta i n d o c u m e n ts w er e go i n g t h r o u g h G r e at F a l l s u n d e r d i p l o -

m a t i c i m m u n i t y ; t h a t h e b r o k e i n t o t h e c a s e s , e x a m i n e d t h e d o c u -

m e n t s , a n d t h a t s o m e o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e r e w h i c h h e e x a m i n e d

c o n s i s t e d o f p l a n s , s e c r e t m a t e r i a l , a n d s o o n , w h i c h i t w o u l d be

a s s u m e d n o r m a l l y w o u l d n o t b e r e g a r d e d t o b e u n d e r d i p l o m a t i c

i m m u n i t y .

I t h i n k i t i s q u i t e c l e a r f r o m y o u r t e s t i m o n y t h a t t h a t p h a s e o f

M a j o r J o r d a n ' s t e s t i m o n y s t a n d s u p ; i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?

Mr . A p p e l l : W e l l , w e d o k n o w , w e a r e i n c o n t a c t w i t h a w i t -

n e s s , a f o r m e r e m p l o y e e o f t h e R u s s i a n P u r c h a s i n g C o m m i s s i o n ,

who helped pac k one po uch of so-called diplomatic mail that

w e n t t h r o u g h , a n d w e k n o w i t c o n t a i n e d m a t e r i a l h i g h l y s e c r e -

t i v e o n i n d u s t r i a l a n d w a r d e v e l o p m e n t s . . . .

Mr . N i x o n : I s i t t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e s t a f f , t h e n , t o p r e s e n t t h i s

w i t n e s s [ V i c t o r A . K r a v c h e n k o ] w h o m a y b e a b l e t o s u b s t a n t i a t e ,

a t l e a s t i n p a r t , M a j o r J o r d a n ' s t e s t i m o n y t h a t s e c r e t m a t e r i a l w a s

going thro ugh?

Mr . A p p e l l : T h a t i s c o r r e c t . [ M r . Kravchen ko ' s testimony i s

q uoted on pages 257- 6 7 . ]

Mr . N i x o n : O n t h e p o i n t o f t h e s o - c a l l e d s h i p m e n t s o f u r a n i u m -

. . . the shipments went thro ugh . I s t h a t c o r r e c t ?

Mr . Appell : T w o specific shipments of urani u m oxide and

uraniu m nitrate, and shipments of heavy water have been com-

p l e t e l y d o c u m e n t e d t o i n c l u d e e v e n t h e n u m b e r o f t h e p l a n e t h a t

f l e w t h e u r a n i u m , a n d h e a v y w a t e r o u t o f G r e a t F a l l s .

Mr . N i x o n : A n d t h e f i n a l p o i n t i s t h e m a t t e r o f M r . H o p k i n s

h a v i n g a t t e m p t e d t o e x p e d i t e t h e s h i p m e n t s . M a j o r J o r d a n ' s



PUUPACE9

' t e s t i m o n y o n t h a t w a s t h a t h i s n o t e s , w r i t t e n a t t h e t i m e , s h o w e d

t h e i n i t i a l s "H.H . " o n o n e o f t h e c o n s i g n m e n t s w h i ch h e b r o k e

i n t o . Y o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s s h o w n n o c o rr e s p o n d e nc e o f M r .

H o p k i n s i n w h i c h h e u s e d - t h e i n i ti a l s "H.H . "Is that correct?

Mr . A p p e l l : That which we reviewed .

M r . N i x o n : I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t . M y p o i n t i s t h a t a s f a r a s t h e

i n v e s t i g a ti o n y o u h a v e b e e n a b l e t o m a k e i s c o n c e r n ed , y o u a s

y e t h a v e b e e n u n a b l e t o s u b s t a n t i a t e M a j o r J o r d a n ' s s t or y o n t h a t

p o i n t ; is that correct?

Mr . A p p e l l : Ye s .

M r . N i x o n : But you h a v e s u b s t a n t i a t ed i t o n t h e f o u r o t h e r

p o i n t s I m e n t i o n e d?

Mr . A p p e l l : G e n e r a l l y , y e s .

M r . N i x o n : T hat is all .

Representative Harold H . V e l d e , a l s o a m e mbe r o f t h e

Committee, put this question to the investig ator : "WasM a j o r J o r d a n ' s s t o r y , a s f a r a s y o u r . i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c o n -

c e r n e d , e v e r d i s c r e d i t e d b y a n y o f t h e w i t n e s s e s w h o m y o u

contacted?" Mr . A p p e l l : "No . "

F i n a l l y , R e p r e s en t a t i v e B e r n a r d W . Kearney of New York

S t a te m a d e t h i s s t a t e m e n t :

L i s t e n i n g t o t h e t e s t i m o n y h e r e , i t s e e m s t o m e t h e o n l y o n e

w h o d i d d o h i s d u t y w a s M a j o r J o r d a n . O n t w o s e p a r a t e o c c a -

s i o n s M a j o r J o r d a n n o t o n l y b r o u g h t a l l t h i s t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f

his s u p e rior officers , b u t a s a res u l t conferences were held b y t he

v a r i o u s ( G o v e r n m e n t ) a g e n c i e s n a m e d * - t h e n i t w a s d r o p p e d .

*F r o m M r . A p p e l l ' s t e s t i m o n y : " T h e a g e n c i e s r e p r es e n t e d , w e r e t h eF. B . I . ; O f f i c e o f C e n s o r s h i p ; M i l i t a r y I n t e l l i g e n c e ; Air Transpor t Com-

m a n d ; I m m i g r a t i o n a n d N a t u r a l i z a t i o n S e r v i c e ; B u r e au o f C u s t o ms ; F o r



10 PREFA CE

W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e Ho p k i n s n o t e an d t h e Ho p k i n s t e l e -

p h o n e c a l l ( w h i c h a r e f u l l y d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 6 ) , I r e -

a l i z e t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y m y w o r d f o r t h e m . B u t s u p p o s e t h a t

a l e t t e r o f H o p k i n s s i g n e d "H.H . " e x i s ted , w o u l d t h a t p r o v e

m y c h a r g e t h a t I s a w a p a r t i c u l a r n o t e o n W h i t e H o u s e s t a

t i o n e r y i n a b l a c k s u i t c a s e o n a p l a n e h e a d e d f o r R u s s i a ? O f

c o u r s e n o t . W h y , t h e n , h a v e s o m e p e r s o n s i n s i s t e d t h a t - p r o.ducing su ch a signature is necessary, when such evidence

would prove nothing? Perhaps becau se they were impelled

t o r a i s e a s m o k e s c r e e n . M y p o i n t w a s t h a t m y n o t a t i o n of

the signature (see reproduction on page 82 ) was "H . H : ' ,

j u s t a s P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e l t s e n t H o p k i n s m e m o s a d d r e s s e d

"H . H . " ( s e e R o o s e v e l t a n d H o p k i n s b y R o b e r t S h e rw o od ,

p a ge 4 0 9 ) . S i n c e I h a v e n e i t h e r t h e l e t t e r i t s e l f n o r a t r a n -

s c r i p t o f t h e p h o n e c a l l , I h a v e o n l y m y w o r d t o o f f e r . I a s k

t h e r e a d e r o n l y o n e t h i n g : p l e as e r e s er ve y o u r j u d g m en t

u n t i l y o u f i n i s h t h i s b o o k .

I a m n o t a p r o f e s s i o n a l s o l d i e r , t h o u g h I h a v e s e r v e d in

t w o w a r s . I am a bu sinessman who volu nteered in the in-

t e r e s t s o f my c o un t r y . T h e r e i s n o r e a s o n , f o r t u n a t e l y , f o r m e

t o p u l l p u n c h e s b e c a u s e o f a n y p r e s s u r e s w h i c h c a n b e a p -

p l i e d t o m e . I h a v e c a l l e d t h e p l a y s a s I s a w t h e m .

I m o s t s i n c e r e l y a c k n o w l e d g e t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h o s e who

e i g n E c o n o m i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ; a n d t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e nt .

"Q . A n d w h a t w a s t h e f i n a l o u t c o m e o f t h a t ?

"A . W h a t t r a n s p i r e d a t t h e m e e t i n g t h e Co m m i t t e e h a s n e ve r b e e n a b l e

t o d e t e r m i n e , b e c a u s e m i n u t e s o f t h e m e e t i n g a n d m e m o r a n d a w h i c h

m i g h t h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d o n t h e m e e t i n g c a n n o t b e l o c a t e d b y t h e

S t a t e D e p a r t m e nt . "



h a v e h e l p e d m e w i t h t h is v o l u m e : C o l o n e l W i l l i am L . R i t h ,

Paul R . B e r r y m a n , J o h n F r a n k S t e v e n s , a n d C o l o n e l T h e o -

d o r e S . W a t s o n a n d h i s f r i e n d s f o r t h e i r a d v i c e a n d i n s i s t -

e n c e t h a t I t a k e l e a v e o f m y b u s i n e s s a n d s p e n d t h e t w o

y e a r s o f e f f o r t n e c e s s a r y ; a n d t h e w r i t e r w h o m a g o o d f r i e n d

o f m i n e p r e v a il e d u p o n t o u n d e r t a k e t h e h e r c u l e a n j o b o f

s o r t i n g , r e w r i t i n g , c h e c k i n g a n d p r e p a r i n g t h e d a t a a c t u a l l y

u s e d -Ri ch a r d L . S t o k e s ; General Robert E . Woo d a n d

E l d o n M a r t i n o f C h i c a g o , f o r s e c u r i n g d o c u m e n t s f o r r e p r o -

d u c t i o n ; M r . R o b e r t A . H u g , N . Y . P u b l i c L i b r a r y , m i c r o f il m

d i v i s i o n , f o r p a t i e n t a i d i n r e s e a r c h ; a n d f i n al l y , m y p u b l i s h -

e r s f o r t h e i r p a t i e n c e a n d p e r s e v e r a n c e i n s e e i n g t h i s b o o k

t h r o u g h t h e p r e s s .

GEORGE RACEY JORDANE a s t H a m p t o n , L o n g I s l a n d

August1 , 1 9 5 2



Cont ent s

PREFACE

1 . " M r . B r o w n " a n d t h e S t a r t o f a D i a r y

2 . T h e " B o m b P o w d e r" F o l d e r s

3 . W e M o v e t o M o n t a n a

4 . H o w M y A l a s k a n R e p o r t H e l p e d t h e R u s s i an s

5 . T h e B l ac k S u i t c as e s

6 . " D o n ' t M a k e a B i g P r o d u c t i on "

7. T h e S t o ry o f t h e " H e a v y W a t e r "

8 . A L o o k a t L e n d - Le a s e

9. T h e G r e a t es t M a i l - O r d e r C a t a l og u e i n H i s t o ry

1 0 . M y V i s i t t o t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t i n 1 9 4 4

1 1 . T h e P r i e s t W h o C o n fr o n t e d S t a l i n

1 2 . H o w R u s s i a G ot U . S . T r e a s u r y P l a t e s

1 3 . " T h e B r o a dc a s t G o es O n T o n i gh t "

1 4 . C l o u d s o f W i t n e s s e s

1 5 . C o n c l u s i o n

SOURCES

I 3



O r d e r s u s p e n d i n g c o m m e r c i a l a i r l i n e s , N e w a r k A i r p o r t 2 7

M a j o r J o r d a n ' s n o t a t i o n s o f i t e m s i n t h e b l a c k s u i t c a s e s 8 z

B i l l o f l a d i n g o f M a r c h , 1 9 4 3 s h i p m e n t o f u r a n i u m 9 7

C a n a d i a n w a y b i l l o f M a y , 1 9 4 3 s h i p m e n t o f u r a n i u m f o r

G r e a t F a l l s r e ce i p t o f M a y , 1 9 4 3 s h i p m en t o f u r a n i u m 102

S a m p l e p a g e o f l i st o f L e n d - L e as e f i g u r e s k e p t b y R u s s i a n s 131

P a g e f r o m M a j o r J o r d a n ' s d i a ry f o r M a r c h 2 7 , 1 9 4 4 23 8

T w o p a g e s o f a u t h o r ' s r e c o r d o f S o v i e t p e r s o nn e l t r a v e l i n g

t h r o u g h G r e a t F a l l s 25 5

Between pag es 16 and 17

M a j o r J o r d a n a t t h e t i m e o f t h e e v e n t s i n t h i s b o o k

Captain "Eddie" Ric kenbacker esc orted by members of his old

o u t f i t , i n c l u d i n g t h e a u t h o r

Rickenbacker rev iews parade at Great Falls, with author and

C o l o n e l K o t i k o v

C o l o n e l K o t i k o v w i t h C o l o n e l J o h a n s en a n d M a j o r J o r d a n

C o l o n e l K o t i k o v p i n n i n g o a k l e a v e s o n M a j o r J o r d a n

R u s s i a n p i l o t s i n t h e U. S . ; . n o t e " S p e r r y " l a b e l o n b o x i n j e e p

x 5



Y G ILL US TRA TIONS

A u t h o r w i t h S e n i o r S e r g e a n t V i n o g r a d s k y a n d W A C i n t e r p r e t e r

S e r g e a n t C a p l a n

C o l o n e l a n d M r s . K o t i k o v , a u t h o r , a n d Lt : C o l o n e l B o a z

T h e a u t h o r " o v e r t h e r e " i n t h e F i r s t W o r l d War



o r G e o r g e R a c e y J o r d a n , U S A F , i n a p h o t o t a k e n w h i l e h e w a s s er v i n g a t G r e a t F a l l s .



Captain "Eddie" Rickenbacker arrives at Great Falls from Moscow . With him are Major Jordan and Major Ja mes P. Herron

• ' _ _ , _ _ . . L . . c . . a- World War I U . S . Arm Air Corps Official Photogr aph)



C a p t a i n R i c k e n b a c k e r , t a k i n g t h e s a l u t e a t G r e a t F a l l s , d u r i n g h i s v i s it i n N o v e m b e r , 1 9 4 3 . Colonel Kotikov is second from right

i n t h e f r o n t r o w ; d i r e c t l y b e h i n d h i m i s M a j o r J o r d a n . T h e b a s e s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r, L t . C o l o n e l G e o r g e F . O ' N e i l l , s t a n d s a t J o r d a n ' s r i g h t .

(U . S . A r m y A i r C o r p s O f f i c i a l P h o t o g r a p h )



M a j o r J o r d a n l i s t e n s w h i l e C o l o n e l K o t i k o v e m p h a s i z e s h i s p o i n t t o C o l o n e l H a r r y B . Johans,

commander of the 7th Ferrying Group . ( U . S . Army Air Corps O f f i c i a l Photog raph)



L o n e l K o t i k o v p i n s t h e o a k l e a v e s o f p r o m ot i o n o n M a j o r J o r d a n a t G r e a t F a l l s . ( U . S . Army

C o r p s O f f i c i a l Photog raph)



F o u r R u s s i a n p i l o t s , t y p i c a l o f t h e f l i e r s w h o f l e w L e n d - L e a s e p l a n e s a n d s h i p m e n t s f t

Fa i r b a n k s , Al a s k a , t h e Am e r i c a n t r a n sf e r b a s e o n t h e Pi p e l i n e , w h e r e t h is p h o t o w a s t a k e n . N

c o p y o f E s q u i r e a n d t h e " S p e r r y " l a b e l o n b o x i n j e e p . (U . S . A r m y A i r C o r p s O f f i c i a l P h i

g r a p h )



The Russian non-com (right) i s S e n i o r S g t . A n d r e i V i n o g r a d s k y w h o , M a j o r J o r d a n b e l i e v e s , " k e p t t a b s " o n C o l o n e l

Kotikov . S g t . B r o n i s l a v a C a p l a n , W A C i n t e r p r e t e r , s t a n d s w i t h M a j o r J o r d a n o n t h e s n o w - c o v e r e d f i e l d . L e n d - L e a s e

"Airacobra" with Red Star in background . ( U . S . Army Air Corps O f f i c i a l Photograph)



E n r o u t e t o N e w Y o r k a n d W a s h i n g to n ( s e e p a ge 1 9 2 ) , f o u r v i s i t o r s f r o m G r e a t F a l l s s t ,

o v e r a t M i n n e a p ol i s : C o l o n e l K o t i k o v , p i l o t L t . C o l . W i l l i a m B o a z , J r . , M a j o r J o r d a n , M

K o t i k o v . ( T h e M i n n e a p o l i s S t a r )

First World War : T h e a u th o r ( se co n d f ro m r ig ht ) i n a h o s p i t a l " o v e r t h e r e . "



" W e a r e d e t e r m i n e d

t h a t n o t h i n g s h a l l s t o p u s

f r o m s h a r i n g w i t h y o u

a l l t h a t w e h a v e . . . "

-HA RRY HOPKINS, A T THE RUS SIAN AID RA L LY,

MADISON SQU ARE GARDEN, J UNE I f 9 4 2 .



L a t e o n e d a y i n M a y , 1 9 4 2 , s e v e r a l R u s s i a n s b u r s t i n t o m y

o f f i c e a t N e w a r k A i r p o r t , f u r i o u s o v e r a n o u t r a g e t h a t h a d

j u s t b e e n c o m m i t te d a g a i n s t S o v i e t h o n o r . They pushed me

t o w a r d t h e w i n d o w w h er e I c o u l d s e e e v i d e n c e o f t h e c r i m e

with my own eyes .

They were led by Colonel Anatoli N . K o t i k o v , t h e h e ad

o f t h e S o v i e t m i s s i o n a t t h e a i r f i e l d . H e h a d b e c o m e a S o v i e t

h e r o i n 1 9 3 5 w h e n h e m a d e t h e f i r s t s e a p l a n e f l i g h t f r o m

M o s c o w t o S e a t t l e a l o n g t h e P o l a r c a p ; S o v i e t n e w s p ap e r s

o f t h a t t i m e c a l l e d h i m " t h e R u s s i a n L i n d b e r g h ." He had

a l s o b e e n a n in s t r u c t o r o f t h e f i rs t S o v i e t p a r ac h u t e t r oo p s ,

a n d h e h a d 3 8 j u m p s t o h i s c r e d i t .

I h a d m e t C o l o n e l K o t i k o v o n l y a f e w d a y s b e f o r e , w h en

I r e p o r te d f or d u t y o n M a y 1 0 , 1 9 4 2 . M y o r d e r s g a v e t he f u l l

t i t l e o f t h e N e w ar k b a s e a s "U NITED NAT IONS DEPOT No. 8 ,

LEND-L EASE DIVISION, NEWARK AIRPORT , NEWARK , NEW JER-

SEY, INTERNATIONAL SECTION, AIR S ERVICE COMMA ND, AIR

CORPS, U . S . ARMY . "

I w a s d e s t i n e d t o k n o w C o l o n e l K o t i k o v v e r y w e l l , a n d

n o t o n l y a t N e w a r k . A t t h a t t i m e h e k n e w l i t t l e E n g l i sh , b u t

2 1



22 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARYh e h a d t h e h a r d i h o o d t o r i s e a t 5 : 3 0 e v e r y m or n i ng f o r a

two-hour lesson . N o w h e w a s p o i n t i n g o u t t h e w i n d o w ,

s h a k i n g h i s f i n g e r v e h e m e n t l y .

T h e r e o n t h e a p r on b e f o r e t h e a d m i n i s t ra t i o n b u i l d i n g

w a s a m e di u m b o m b e r , a n A - 2 0 D o u g l a s H a v o c . I t h a d b e e n

m a d e i n a n A m e r i c a n f a c t o r y , i t h a d b e e n d o n a t e d b y A m e r -

i c a n L e n d - L e a s e , i t w a s t o b e p a i d f o r b y A m e r i c a n t a x e s ,

a n d i t s t o o d o n A m e r i c a n s o i l . N o w i t w a s r e a d y t o b e a r t h e

R e d S t a r o f t h e S o v i e t A i r F o r c e . A s f a r a s t h e R u s s i a n s a n d

L e n d - L e a s e w e r e c o n c e r n e d , i t w a s a R u s s i a n p l a n e . I t h a d

t o l e a v e t h e f i e l d s h o r t l y t o b e h o i s t e d a b o a r d o n e o f t h e

s h i p s i n a c o n v o y t h a t w a s f o r m i n g t o l e a v e f o r M u r m a n s k

a n d K a n d a l a k s h a . O n t h a t d a y t h e C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r

w a s a b s e n t a n d , a s t h e a c t i n g E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e r , I w a s i n

charge .

I a s k e d t h e i n t e r p r e t e r w h a t " o u t r a g e " h a d o c c u r r e d . I t

s e e m e d t h a t a D C - 3 , a p a s s e n g e r p l a n e , o w n e d b y A m e r i c a n

A i r l i n e s , h a d t a x i e d f r o m t h e r u n w a y a n d , i n w h e e l i n g a b o u t

o n t h e c o n c r e t e p l a z a t o u n l o a d p a s s e n g e r s , h a d b r u s h e d t h e

H a vo c ' s e n g i n e h o us i n g . I c o u l d e a s i l y s e e t h a t t h e d a m a g e

w a s n o t t o o s e r i o u s a n d c o u l d b e r e p a i r e d . B u t t h a t s e e m e d

t o b e b e s i d e t h e p o i n t . What infu riated the R u ssians was

t h a t i t b e t o l e r a t e d f o r o n e m i n u t e t h a t a n A m e r i c a n c o m -

m e r c i a l l i n e r s h o u l d d a m a g e , e v e n s l i g h t l y , a S o v i e t w a r -

p l a n e !

T h e y o u n g e r R u s s i a n s h u d d l e d a r o u n d C o l o n el K o t i k o v

o ve r t h e i r R u s s i a n - E n g l i s h d i c t i on a r y , a n d s h o w e d m e a

w o r d : " p u n i s h . " I n e x c i t e d v o i c e s t h e y d e m a n d e d : " P o o n -



"MR. BR OWN" AND THE STA RT OF A DIAR Y 23

e e s h p e e l o t e I " I a s k e d w h a t t h e y w a n t e d d o n e t o t h e o f -

f e n d i n g p i l o t . O n e o f t h e m a i m e d a n i m a g i n a r y r e v o l v e r a t

h i s t e m p l e a n d p u l l e d t h e t r i g g e r .

" Y o u ' r e i n A m e r ic a , " I t ol d hi m . " W e d o n ' t d o t h i n g s

t h a t w a y . T h e p l a n e w il l b e r e p a i r e d a n d re a d y f o r t h e

c o n v o y . "

T h e y c a m e u p w i t h a n o t he r w o r d : " B a n e e s h ! " T h e y r e-

p e a t e d t h i s e x c i t e d l y o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n . F i n a l l y I u n d e r -

s t o o d t h a t t h e y w a n t e d n o t o n l y t h e p i l o t , b u t Am e r i c a n

A i r l i n e s , I n c . , e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e N e w a r k f i e l d .

I a s k e d t h e i n t e r p r e t e r t o e x p l a i n t h a t t h e U . S . A r m y h a s

no ju risdiction over commercial companies . A f t e r a l l , t h e

a i r l i n e s h a d b e e n - u s i n g N e w a r k A i r p o r t l o n g b e f o r e t h e w a r

a n d e v e n b e f o r e L a G u a r d i a A i r p o r t e x i s t e d . I t r i e d t o c a l m

d o w n t h e R u s s i a n s b y e x p l a i n i n g t h a t o u r a i r c r a f t m a i n t e -

n a n c e o f f ic e r , C a p t a i n R o y B . G a r d n er , w o u l d h a v e t h e

b o m b e r r e a d y f o r i t s c o n v o y e v e n i f i t m e a n t a s p e c i a l c r e w

w o r k i n g a l l n i g h t t o f i n i s h t h e j o b .

I r e m e m b e r e d w h a t G e n e r a l K o e n i g h a d s a i d a b o u t t h e

R u s s i a n s w h e n I w e n t t o W a s h i n g t o n s h o r t l y a f t e r P e a r l

H a r b o r . H e k n e w t ha t i n 1 9 1 7 I h a d s e r ved i n the Flying

M a c h i n e S e c t i o n , U . S . S i g n a l C o r p s , a n d t h a t I h a d b e e n i n

c o m b a t o v e r s e a s . W h e n h e t o l d m e t h e r e w a s a n a s s i g n m e n t

open for a Lend-Lease liaison officer with the R ed Army

A i r F o r c e , I w a s e a g e r t o h e a r m o r e a b o u t i t .

" I t ' s a j o b , J o r d a n , t h a t c a l l s f o r a n i n f i n i t e a m o u n t o f t a c t

t o g e t a l o n g w i t h t h e R u s s i a n s , " t h e G e n e r a l s a i d . " T h e y ' r e

t o u g h p e o p l e t o w o r k w i t h , b u t I t h i n k y o u c a n d o i t . "



24 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARYT h u s I h a d b e e n a s s i g n e d t o N e w a r k f o r t h e e x p r e s s p u r -

p o s e o f e x p e d i t i n g t h e L e n d - L e a s e p r o g r a m . I w a s d e t e r -

m i n e d t o p e r f o r m m y d u t y t o t h e b e s t o f m y a b i l i t y . I w a s

a " r e - t r e a d " a s t h e y c a l l e d u s v e t e r a n s o f W o r l d W a r I a n d

a m e r e C a p t a i n a t t h e a g e o f 4 4 - b u t I h a d a j o b t o d o a n d

I k n e w I c oul d d o i t . T h e f i r s t d a y s h a d g o n e r e a s o n a b l y

w e l l a n d I r a t h e r l i k e d K o t i k o v . B u t t h e r e w a s n o d e n y i n g

i t , t h e R u s s i a n s w e r e t o u g h p e o p l e t o w o r k w i t h .

As my remar k s abou t repairing the bomber on time were

b e i n g t r a n s l a t e d , I n o t i c e d t h a t C o l o n e l K o t i k o v w a s f i d g e t -

i n g s c o r n f u l l y . W h e n I f i n i s h e d , h e m a d e a n a b r u p t g e s t u r e

w i t h h i s h a n d . " I c a l l M r . H o p k i n s , " h e a n no u n c e d .

I t w a s t h e f i r s t t i m e I h a d h e a r d h i m u s e t h i s n a m e . I t

s e e m e d s u c h a n i d l e t h r e a t , a n d a s i l l y o n e . W h a t d i d H a r r y

H o p k i n s h a v e t o do w i t h N e wa r k A i r p o r t? A s s u m i n g t h at

K o t i k o v c a r r i e d o u t h i s t h r e a t , w h a t g o o d w o u l d i t d o ?

C o m m e r c i a l p l a n e s , a f t e r a l l , w e r e u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f

t h e C i v i l A e r o n a u t i c s B o a r d .

"Mr . H o p k i n s f i x , " C o l o n e l K o t i k o v a s s e r t e d . H e l oo k e d

at me and I cou ld see now that he was amused, in a grim

k i n d o f wa y . " M r . B r o wn w il l se e M r . H o p k i n sno?" he

s a i d , s m i l i n g .

T h e m e n t i o n o f " M r . B r o w n " p u z z l e d m e , b u t b e f o r e I

h a d t i m e t o e x p l o r e t h i s a n y f u r t h e r , K o t i k o v w a s b a r k i n g

a t t h e i n t e r p r e t e r t h a t h e w a n t e d t o c a l l t h e S o v i e t E m b a s s y

i n W a s h i n g t o n . A l l R u s s i a n l o n g - d i s t a n c e c a l l s h a d t o b e

c l e a r e d t h r o u g h m y o f f i c e , a n d I a l w a y s m a d e s u r e t h a t t h e

C o l o n e l ' s , w h i c h c o u l d b e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y l o n g a t t i m e s , w e r e



"MR. BR OWN" AND THE STA RT OF A DIAR Y 2 5

p u t t h r o u g h " c o l l e c t . " I t o l d t h e o p e r a t o r t o g e t t h e S o v i e t

E m b a s s y , a n d I h a n d e d t h e r e c e i v e r t o t h e C o l o n e l .

B y t h i s t i m e t h e o t h e r R u s s i a n s h a d b e e n w a ve d o ut o f

t h e o f f i c e , a n d I w a s s i t t i n g a t m y . d e s k . C o l on e l K o ti k o v

b e g a n a l o n g h a r a n g ue o ve r t h e p h o n e i n R us s i a n , i n t e r -

rupted b y several trips to the window. T h e o n l y w o rd s I

u n d e r s t o o d w e r e "Am e r i c an Ai r l i n e s ," " H o p k i n s , " a n d t h e

serial numb er on the tail which he read out painfu lly in

English . W h e n t h e c a l l w a s c o m p l e t e d, t h e C o l o n e l l e f t

w i t h o u t a w o r d . I s h r u g g e d my s h o u l d e r s a n d w e n t t o s e e

a b o u t t h e d a m a g e d H a v o c . As promised, it was repaired

a n d r e a d y f o r h o i s t i n g o n s h i p b o a r d w h e n t h e c o n v o y

s a i l e d .

T h a t , I f e l t s u r e , w a s t h e e n d o f t h e a f f a i r .

I w a s w r o n g . O n J u n e 1 2 t h t h e o r d e r c a m e f r o m W a s h -

i n g t o n n o t o n l y o r d e r i n g A m e r i c a n A i r l i n e s o f f t h e f i e l d ,

b u t d i r e c t i n g e v e r y a v i a t i o n c o m p a n y t o c e a s e a c t i v i t i e s a t

N e w a r k f o r t h w it h . T h e o r d e r w a s n o t f o r a d a y o r a w e e k .

I t h e l d f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e w a r , t h o u g h t h e y c a l l e d i t a

" T e m po r ar y S u s p e n si o n . "

I w a s f l a b b e r g a s t e d . I t w a s t h e s o r t o f t h i n g o n e c a n n o t

q u i t e b e l i e v e , a n d c e r t a i n l y c a n n o t f o r g e t . W o u l d w e ha v e

t o j u m p w h e n e v e r C o l o n e l K o t i k o v c r a c k e d t h e w h i p ? F o r

m e , i t w a s g o i n g t o b e a h a r d l e s s o n t o l e a r n .

C a p t a i n G a r d n er , w h o h a d b e e n a t N e w a r k l o n g e r t h a n

I , a n d w h o w a s b e t t e r v e r s e d i n w h a t h e c a l l e d t h e " p u s h -

b u t t o n s y s t e m , " t o l d m e a f t e r w a r d s t h a t h e d i d n o t w a s t e a

s e c o n d a f t e r I i n f o r m e d h i m t h a t C o l o n e l K o t i k o v h a d



26 FROM MA JOR J ORDAN'S DIARY

t h r e a t e n e d t o " c a l l M r . H o p k i n s . " H e d a s h e d f o r t h e b e s t

c o r n e r i n t h e t e r m i n a l b u i l d i n g , w h i c h w a s o c c u p i e d b y

commercial airlines people, and staked out a claim by

f i x i n g h i s c a r d o n t h e d o o r . A f e w d a y s l a t e r t h e s p a c e w a s

h i s .

I w a s d a z e d b y t h e s p e e d w i t h w h i c h t h e e x p u l s i o n p r o -

c e e d i n g s h a d t a k e n p l a c e . F i r s t , t h e C A B i n s p e c t o r h a d

a r r i v e d . Someone in Washington, he said, had set off a

g r e n a d e u n d e r t h e C i v i l A e r o n a u t i c s B o a r d . H e s p e nt s e v -

e r a l d a y s i n t h e c o n t r o l t o w e r , a n d p u t o u r s t a f f t h r o u g h a

severe quiz about the amount of commercial t r a f f i c and

w h e t h e r i t w a s i n t e r f e r i ng w i t h S o v i e t o p e r a t i o n s . T h e w o r d

s p r e a d a r o u n d t h e f i e l d t h a t t h e r e w a s g o i n g t o b e h e l l t o

pay . S e v e r a l d a y s l a t e r , t h e o r d e r o f e x p u l s i o n a r r i v e d . A

c o p y o f t h e o r d e r i s r e p r o d u c e d o n t h e n e x t p a g e , a m a s t e r -

p i e c e o f b u r e a u c r a t i c l a ng u a g e .

I h a d t o p i n c h m y s e l f t o m a k e s u r e t h a t w e A m e r i c a n s ,

a n d n o t t h e R u s s i a n s , w e r e t h e d o n o r s o f L e n d - L e a s e . " A f t e r

a l l , J o r d a n , " I t o l d m y s e l f , " y o u d o n ' t k n o w t h e d et a i l s o f

t h e w h o l e o p e r a t i o n ; t h is i s o n ly o n e pa r t o f it . Y o u ' r e a

s o l d i e r , a n d b e s i d e s y o u w e r e w a r n e d t h a t t h i s w o u l d b e a

tough assignment . " A t t h e s a m e t i m e , h o w e v e r , I d e c i d e d

t o s ta rt a d ia ry , a n d t o co l le c t r e co r ds o f o n e k i n d a n d a n -

other, and to make notes and memos of everything that

o c c u r r e d . T h i s w a s a m o r e i m po r t a n t d ec i s i o n t ha n I t h e n

r e a l i z e d .

K e e p i n g a r e c o r d w a s n' t e x a c t l y a r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e a i n

the Army . I c a n s t il l s e e S e r g e a nt C o o k , a t K e l l y F i e l d ,



aaum 1 1 M N a 70077£

C A 4 L 0 0 7 t W S 6 I N N

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7 1 £ 7 M M , M i r n g l . 4 1 W y 0 1 4 1 0. 4 1 0 1 1

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717710 CbdO NNW00 .471

Ci vil Aeronautics Board order suspending c ommercial flights at Newark Airport in June, 1942 .



28 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARYT e x a s , i n 1 9 1 7 , w i t h h i s s a n d y t h a t c h a n d r u d d y f a c e , a s h e

addressed me, a 19 -year-old corporal, from the infinite

s u p e r i o r i t y o f a m a s t e r s e r g e a n t i n t h e r e g u l a r A r m y : " J o r -

d a n , i f y o u w a n t t o g e t a l o n g , k e e p y o u r e y e s a n d y o u r e a r s

o p e n , k e e p y o u r b i g m o u t h s h u t , a n d k e e p a c o p y o f e v e r y -

t h i n g ! "

No w I f e l t a f o r e b o d i n g t h a t o n e d a y t h e r e w o ul d b e a

t h o r o u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f R u s s i a n L e n d - L e a s e . I w a s o n l y

o n e c o g i n t h e m a c h i n e r y . Y e t b e c a u s e o f t h e f a c t t h a t I

c o u l d n ' t k n o w t h e d e t a i l s o f h i g h - l e v e l s t r a t e g y , I b e g a n t h e

J o r d a n d i a r i e s .

T hese diaries consist of many components . T h e f i r s t w a s

s t a r t e d a t N e w a r k , a n d l a t e r g r e w i n t o t w o h e a v y b i n d e r s

s t u f f e d w i t h a n e x h a u s t i v e d o c u m e n t a t i o n o f A r m y o r d e r s ,

reports, correspondence, and names of American military

p e r s o n s . I t c o v e r s t h e S o v i e t L e n d - L e a s e m o v e m e n t b y s h i p

f r o m N e w a rk , a n d b y a i r f r o m G r e a t F a l l s a n d F a i rb a n k s

f r o m e a r l y i n 1 9 4 2 t o t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 4 4 . T h e r e c o r d i s n o t

o n l y v e r b a l b u t p i c t o r i a l . A m o n g m a n y p h o t o g r a p h s t h e r e

a r e e i g h t w h i c h c o m m e m o r a t e t h e v i s i t t o G r e a t F a l l s o f t h e

m o s t f a m ou s m e m b e r o f m y W o r l d W a r I o u t f i t - C a p t a in

" E d d i e " R i ck e n b a c k e r . A s o r t o f a n n e x , o r o v e r f l o w , c o n -

t a i n s o d d m e n t s l i k e a f i l e o f T a i l W i nd s , n e ws p ap e r o f th e

7t h Fe r r y i n g Gr o up .

T h e s e c o n d s e c t i o n , a l s o b e g u n i n N e w a r k , i s a s m a l l b o o k

w i t h b l a c k l e a t h e r c o v e r s . I n t h i s I e n t e r e d t h e . n a m e , r a n k

a n d f u n c t i o n o f e v e r y R u s s i a n w h o c a m e t o m y k n o w l e d ge

a s o p e r a t i n g a n y w h e r e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e c a t a l o g u e



` 4MR. BROWN" AND THE ST ART OF A DIARY

i d e n t i f i e s 4 1 8 i n d i v i d u a l s , n o t a f e w o f w h o m w e r e u n k n o w n

t o t h e F B I . Mr . H o o v e r ' s m e n w e r e i n t e r e s t e d e n o u g h t o

p h o t o s t a t e v e r y p a g e o f t h i s b o o k . T h e l i s t p r o v e d t o b e o f

v a l u e , I w a s t o l d , i n t r a c i n g C o m m u n i s t e s p i o n a g e i n A m e r -

i c a d u r i n g t h e w a r . I n c i d en t a l ly , t h i s l e d g e r op e n s w it h w h a t

a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e p r a i s e d a s a v e r y c o m p l e t e r o s t e r o f S o v i e t

a i r b a s e s - 2 1 i n a l l , w i t h m i l e a g e s - f r o m B e r i n g S t r a i t a c r o s s

S i b e r i a t o M o s c o w .

T h e t h i r d p ar t , a s i z a b l e d a t e - b o o k i n m a r o o n li n e n , i s

the onl y one that follows the dictionar y definition of a diar y

a s " a r e c o r d o r r e g i s t e r o f d a i l y d u t i e s a n d e v e n t s . " I t i s a

c o n s e c u t i v e n o t a t i o n o f h a p p e n i n g s , p e r s o n a l a n d o f f i c i a l

d u r i n g n i n e m o n t h s o f 1 9 4 4 . B u t w e a r e t w o y e a r s a h e a d o f

o u r s e l v e s , a n d w e s h a l l c o m e t o t h a t p e r i o d l a t e r .

A n o f f i c i a l e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e e x p u l s i o n o f t h e a i r l i n e s

f r o m N e w a r k ' A i r p o r t w a s n e c e s s a r y f o r p u b l i c c o n s u m p t i o n ,

b u t t h e o n e g i v e n c o u l d h a r d l y h a v e b e e n m o r e p r e po s t e r ou s .

T h e C A B p r e s s r e l ea s e s t a t e d : " A l l a i r t r a n s p o r t s e r v i c e a t

the Newark, N . J . a i r p o r t w a s o r d e r e d s u s p e n d e d i m m e d i -

a t e l y b y t h e C i v i l A e r o n a u t i c s B o a r d t o d a y . . . The Board

a t t r i b u t e d t h e s u s p e n s i o n t o th e r e d u c e d n u m b e r o f a i r p l a ne s

a v a i l a b l e a n d t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r r e d u c i n g s t o p s a s a c o n s e r v a -

t i o n m o v e . " W e a t t h e A i r p o r t w e r e t o l d t h e r e w a s t o o m u c h

c o m m e r c i a l a i r p l a n e t r a f f i c ; t h e p u b l i c w a s t o l d t h at t h e b a n

was imposed because there were now fewer p l a n e s I A n d

t h e i d e a t h a t " c o n s e r v a t i o n " r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e b a n w a s a b -

s u r d ; t h e p l a n e s n o w s t o p p e d a t L a G u a r d i a , w h i c h t h e y

h a d n ' t b e f o r e , i n s t e a d o f a t N e w ar k I



CHA PTER TWO

The "Bomb Powde r" Folders

I n m y c a p a c i t y a s L i a i s o n O f f i c e r , I b e g a n h e l p i n g t h e R u s -

s i a n s w i t h n e c e s s a r y p a p e r w o r k a n d a s s i s t e d t h e m i n t e l e -

p h o n i n g t o t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r i e s t o e x p e d i t e t h e m o v e m e n t

o f s u p p l i e s t o c a t c h p a r t i c u l a r c o n v o y s . I s o o n g o t t o k n o w

E u gene Rodzevitch, the field man who visited the plants

a n d r e p o r t e d d a i l y b y p h o n e a s t o p o s s i b l e e x p e c t a t i o n s o f

d e l i v e r i e s .

As C o l o n e l K o t i k o v c o m m un i c a t e d w i t h t h e m a n y d i f f e r -

e n t o f f i c i a l s i n t h e S o v i e t G o v e r n m en t P u r c h a s i n g C ommi s -

s i o n , t h e i r n a m e s b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e f a m i l i a r t o , m e .

F o r i n s t a n c e , M r . I . A . E r e m i n , a m e m b e r o f t h e C o m m is -

s i o n , w a s i n c h a r g e o f r a w m a t e r i a l s . O t h e r s w e re B . N .

F o m i n , i n c h a r g e o f p o w d e r a n d e x p l o s i v e s i n t h e m i l i t a r y

d i v i s i o n ; N . S . F o m i c h e v , a s s i s t a n t c h i e f t o M r . E r e m in i n

t h e c h e m i c a l d i v i s i o n u n d e r r a w m a t e r i a l s ; a n d A . D . D a v y -

s h e v , i n c h a r g e o f e l e c t r i c f u r n a c e s . T h e s e n a m e s a p p e a r e d

m o r e a n d m o r e f r e q u e n t l y , b e c a u s e w e w e r e d e s t i n e d t o a c -

c u m u l a t e c h e m i c a l s a n d c h e m i c a l p l a n t s i n i n c r e a s i n g i n t e n -

s i t y in t he m on t h s a h e ad . M a jo r Ge n e r al S . A . P i s k o un o v

w a s c h i e f o f t h e a v i a t i o n s e c t i o n , w i t h h i s a s s i s t a n t s , C o l o n e l

3 2



THE "BOMB POWDER" FOLDERS3 3

A . P . D o r o n i n , i n c ha r g e o f m e di um b o m b e r s ; a n d C o l o n e l

G . E . T s v e t k o v , i n c h a r g e o f f i g h t e r p u r s u i t p l a n e s . I g o t t o

k n o w t h e l a t t e r t w o o f f i c e r s v e r y w e l l .

F e w o f t h e A m e r i c a n o f f i c e r s w h o c a m e i n c a s u a l c o n t a c t

w i t h t h e R u s s i a n s e v e r g o t t o s e e a n y o f t h e i r r e c o r d s . B u t

t h e m o r e I h e l p e d R o d z e v i t c h an d C o l o n e l K o t i k o v , t h e

m o r e c o rd i a l t h e y b e c a m e . I t b e c a m e c us t o m a r y f o r m e t o

l e a f t h r o u g h t h e i r p a p e r s t o g e t s h i p p i n g d o c u m e n t s , a n d t o

p r e p a r e t h e m i n f o l d e r s f o r q u i c k a t t e n t i o n w h e n t h e y r e -

p o r t e d b a c k t o W a s h i n g t on .

At t h i s t i m e I k n e w n o t h i n g w ha t e ve r a b o u t t h e a t o m i c

bomb . T h e w o r d s " u r a n i u m " a n d " M a n h a t t a n E n g i n e e ri n g

D i s t r i c t" w e r e u n k n o w n t o m e . B u t I b e c a m e a w a r e t h at

c e r t a i n f o l d e r s w e r e b e i n g h e l d t o o n e s i d e o n C o l o n e l

K o t i k o v ' s d e s k f o r t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f a v e r y s p e c i a l c h e m -

i c a l p l a n t . I n f a c t , t h i s c h e m i c a l p l a n t w a s r e f e r r e d t o b y

C o l o n e l K o t i k o v a s a " b o m b p o w d e r " f a c to r y . B y r e f e r r i n g

to my diary, and chec k ing the items I now k now went into

a n a t o m i c e n e r g y p l a n t , I a m a b l e t o s h o w t h e f o l l o w i n g

r e c o r d s s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e y e a r 1 9 4 2 , w h i l e I w a s s t i l l a t

N e w a r k . T h e s e m a t e r i a l s , w h i c h a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e c r e a -

t i o n o f a n a t o m i c p i l e , m o v e d t o R u s s i a i n 1 9 4 2 :

Graphite : n a t u r a l , f l a k e , l u m p o r c h i p , c o s t i n g A m e r i c a n

t a x p a y e r s 1 2 , 4 3 7 . O v e r t h i r t e e n m i l l i o n d o l l a r s ' w o r t h o f

a l u m i n u m t u b e s ( u s e d i n t h e a t o m i c p i l e t o " c o o k " o r t r a n s -

m u t e t h e e u r a n i u m i n t o p l u t o n i u m ) , t h e e x a c t a m o u n t b e i n g

$ 1 3 , 0 4 1 ; 1 52 . W e s e n t 8 3 4 , 9 8 9 p ou n ds o f c a d m i u m m e t a l f o r

r o d s t o c o n t r o l t h e i n t e n s i t y o f a n a t o m i c p i l e ; t h e c o s t w a s



FROM MA JOR J ORDAN ' S DIARY

t h e i r i n s t a l l a t i o n s o p e n l y , a n d e x c h a n g e d i n f o r m a t i o n f r e e l y .

T h e R us s i a n s d i d no t . O u r Go ve r n m e n t w as i n t e n t on s up -

p l y i n g w h a t e v e r t h e R u s s i a n s a s k e d f o r , a s f a s t a s w e c o u l d

g e t i t t o t h e m - a n d I w a s o n e o f t h e e x p e d i t e r s . A n d w h e n

I s a y " o u r G o v e r nm e n t, " I m e a n of c o u r s e H a r r y H o p k i n s ,

t h e m a n i n c h a r g e o f L e n d - L e a s e , a n d h i s a i d e s . W e i n t h e

Ar m y k n e w w h e r e t h e o r d e r s w e r e c om i n g f r o m , a n d s o d i d

t h e R u s s i a n s . T h e "p us h b u t t o n sy s t e m " w o r k e d s p l e n di d l y ;

n o o n e k n e w i t b e t t e r t h a n C o l o n e l K o t i k o v .

One afternoon Colonel Koti k ov called me to the door of

the hangar . H e p o i n t e d t o a s m a l l p l a n e w h i c h b o r e a r e d

s t a r i n a w h i t e c i r c l e . " W h o o w n s t h i s ? " h e as k e d . I r e c o g

n i z e d i t a s a T e x a c o p l a n e , a n d e x p l a i n e d t h a t i t b e l o n g e d

t o w n o i l f i r m , T h e T e x a s C o m p a n y .

W h a t r ig h t h ad T h e T e x a s C o m pa n y , h e a s k e d , t o u s u r p

t h e r e d s t a r ? H e w o u l d p h o n e W a s h i n g t o n a n d h a v e i t

t a k e n a w a y f r o m t h e m i m m e d i a t e l y . I g r a b b e d h i s a r m a n d

h a s t i l y e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e s t a t e o f T e x a s h a d b e e n k n o w n a s

t h e " L o n e S t a r S t a t e " l o n g b e f o r e t h e R u s s i a n r e v o l u t i o n . I

s a i d t h a t i f h e s t a r t e d a f i g h t a b o u t t h i s s t a r , t h e s t a t e o f

T e x a s m i g h t d e c l a r e w a r o n R u s s i a a l l b y i t s e l f .

K o t i k o v w a s n ' t r e a l l y s u r e w h e t h e r I w a s j o k i n g , b u t h e

f i n al l y d r o pp e d th e i de a o f ph o n in g . I a l w a y s r e m e m b e r

w i t h a m u s e m e n t t h a t t h i s w a s o n e o f t h e f e w t i m e s t h a t

H a r r y H o p k i n s w a s n o t c a l le d up o n f o r h e l p .

T h e v a r i o u s a r e a s o f R u s s i a t h a t w e r e b e i n g b u i l t o r r e -

b u i l t w e r e a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e k i n d o f s u p p l i e s g o i n g f o r w a r d

o n L e n d - L e a s e . M a n y o f t h e s u p p l i e s w e r e i n c r e d i b l y l o n g -



THE "BOMB POWDER" FOLDERS 3 7

r a n g e i n q u a n t i t y a n d q u a l i t y . H e r e a r e s o me o f t h e m o r e

i m p o r t a n t c e n t e r s :

S o v i e t C i ty

C h e l y a b i n s k

C h i r c h i k

K a m e ns k - U r a l s k i

N i z h n i - T a c i l

N o v o - S i b i r s k

Magnitogors k

Oms k

S v e r d l o v s k

Nature o f U. S . L e n d L e a s e M a t e r i a l

T ractor and farm machinery

P o w d e r a n d e x p l o s i v e f a c t o r i e s

A l u m i n u m m a n u f a c t u r e

R a i l w a y c a r s h o p s

P l a n e f a c t o r y a n d p a r t s

S t e e l m i l l e q u i p m e n t

T a n k c e n t e r

Armament plants

T h e R u s s i a ns w e r e g r e a t ad m i r e rs o f H e n r y F o r d . O f t e n

t h e i n t e r p r e t e r w o u l d r e p e a t t o m e s u c h s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e i r s

a s , " T h e s e s h i p m e n t s w i l l h e l p to F o r d i z e o u r c o u n t r y , " o r

" W e a r e b e h i n d t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d a n d h a v e t o h u r r y t o

c a t c h u p . "

It had become clear, howev er, that we were not going to

s t a y a t N e w a r k m u c h l o n g er . T h e g r o w i n g s c o p e o f o u r

a c t i v i t i e s , t h e e x p a n s i o n o f L e n d - L e a s e , t h e n e e d f o r m o r e

s p e e d y d e l i v e r y o f a i r c r a f t t o R u s s i a - a l l t h e s e f a c t o r s w e r e

f o r c i n g a d e c i s i o n i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a i r d e l i v e r y t o s u p p l a n t

s h i p d e l i v e r y . I t h a d l o n g b e e n o b v i o u s t h a t t h e b e s t r o u t e

w a s f r o m Al a s k a a c r o s s t o S i b e r i a .

From the first the R u ssians were reluctant to open the

A l a sk a n - S i b e r i a n r o u t e . E v e n b e f o r e P e a rl Ha r b o r , o n t he

o c c a s i o n o f t h e fi r s t H a r r i m a n - B e a v e r b r o o k m i s s i o n t o M o s -

c o w i n S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 4 1 , A v e r e l l H a r r i m a n h a d s u g g e s t e d t o



4 0 FROM MAJOR JORDAN ' S DIARYI f y o u l o o k a t a p r o j e c t i on o f t h e g l o b e c e n t e r e d o n t h e

North P o l e , y o u w i l l s e e t h a t G r e a t F a l l s i s a l m o s t o n a

d i r e c t l i n e w i t h M o s c o w . T h i s w a s t o b e t h e n e w a n d s e c r et

P i p e l i n e . T h e A r m y c a l l e d i t ALS IB .



CHA PTER T HR EE

We M o v e t o M o n t a n a

I t w a s t h e c o l d e s t w e a t h e r i n 2 5 y e a r s w h e n t h e r o u t e w a s

m a p p e d o u t . " F i r s t o f a l l , M a j o r G e n e r a l F o l l e t t e B r a d l e y

f l e w e x p e r i m e n t a l l y b y w a y o f t h e o l d g o l d - f i e l d a i r s t r i p s o f

C a n a d a . W i t h t h e R u s s i a n s h e s c r a t c h e d o u t a r o u t e f r o m

G r e a t F a l l s t h r o u g h F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a a n d a c r o s s

'

S i b e r i a t o

K u i b e y s h e v a n d M o s c o w . I t i s t h e c o l d e s t a i r w a y i n t h e

w o r l d a c r o s s t h e Y u k o n t o A l a s k a a n d t h r o u g h t h e " P o l e o f

C o l d " i n S i b e r i a , b u t i t w o r k e d .

Colonel (then Captain) Gardner, ou r troub le-shooter at

N e w a r k , w a s o n e o f t h e f i r s t t o g o a h e a d t o M o n t a n a . T h en

L i e u t e n a n t T h o m a s J . C o c k r e l l a r r i v e d a t G r e a t F a l l s i n

c h a r g e o f a n a d va n c e c a d r e t o m a k e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h e

h o u s i n g a n d q u a r t e r i n g o f t r o o p s o f t h e 7 t h F e r r y i n g G r o u p

o f t h e A i r T r a n s p o r t C o m m a n d , w h i c h w a s m o v i n g f r o m

S e a t t l e .

G o r e F i e l d w a s a t t h a t t i m e k n o w n a s t h e M u n i c i p a l A i r -

p o r t o f G r e a t F a l l s . A l t h o u g h i t h a d b e e n s e l e c t e d a s t h e

h o m e o f t h e 7 t h , a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b a r r a c k s a n d o t h e r

a c c o m m o d a t i o n s h a d n o t b e e n s t a r t e d . T h e G r e a t F a l l s C i v i c

4 I



44FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARY

addressed to the Commanding G e n e r a l s o f t h e A i r T r a n s -

p o r t , M a t e r i a l , a n d A i r S e r v i c e C o m m a n d s , t h r o u g h C o l o n e lH. R a y P a i g e , C h i e f , I n t e r n a t i on a l S e c t i o n , A i r S t a f f , w h o

w o r k e d d i r e c t l y u n d e r G e n e r a l A r n o l d . T h i s d i r ec t i v e g a v e

f i r s t p r i o r i t y f o r t h e p l a n e s p a s s i n g t h r o u g h o u r s t a t i o n , e v e n

o v e r t h e p l a n e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s A i r F o r c e ! I t w a s e x -

t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t i n a l l m y w o r k . I q u o t e t h e c r u c i a l f i r s t

paragraph :

HEADQUARTERS ARMY AIR FORCESWASHINGTON

J a n u a r y 1 , 1 9 4 3 .

MEMORANDUM FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL,AIR SERVICE COMMAND :

S u b j e c t : M o v e m e n t o f R u s s i a n A i r pl a ne s .

1 . T h e P r e s i d e n t h a s d i r e c t e d t h a t " a i r p la n e s b e d e l i v e r e d i n

a c c o r d a n c e w i t h p r ot o c o l s c h e d u l e s b y t h e m o s t e x p e d i t i o u s

means . " T o i m p l e m e n t t h e s e d i r e c t i v e s , t h e mo d i f i c a t i o n , e q u i p -

ment and movement of R u s s i a n pl a ne s h a v e b e e n g i v en fi r st

p r i o r i t y , e v e n o v e r p l a n e s f o r U . S . A r m y A i r F o r c e s . . .

By Command of L ieutenant General ARNOLD,

R i c h a r d H . B a l lard

C o l o n e l , G . S . C .

A s s i s t a n t C h i e f . o f A i r S t a f f , A - 4 .

T h e f o l l o w i n g s t o r y i l l u s t r a t e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f " f i r s t

p r i o r i t y " a n d i n d i c a t e s h o w f e w p e o p l e , e v e n i n t h e a r m e d



WE MOVE TO MONTANA 4 5

s e r v i c e s , w e r e a w a r e o f i t . O n e d a y a f l y i n g C o l o n e l a r r i v e d

a t G r e a t F a l l s a n d a s k e d f o r c l e a r a n c e t o F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a .

H e w a s t o l d t h a t h i s p l a n e c o u l d n o t l e a v e f o r t h e f o u r d a y s

i t w o u l d t a k e t o c o m p l y w i t h t h e w i n t e r i z a t i o n o r d e r s e n -

abling his plane to fly the cold rou te . H e i m m e di a t e ly

d e m a n d e d s u f f i c i e n t m e c h a n i c s t o d o t h e j o b i n a f e w h o u r s .

I pointed out that this would requ ire mechanics who were

w o r k i n g o n R u s s i a n p la n e s . " I k n o w I ' m j u s t a n A i r F o r c e

C o l o n e l , " h e m u t t e r e d , " a n d I h a t e t o d i s c o m m o d e U n c l e

J o e , b u t I ' m a f r a i d , C a p t a i n , t h a t t h i s A m e r i c a n p l a n e w i l l

h a v e t o t a k e p r e c e d e n c e o v e r t h e R u s s i a n p l a n e s . "

I t i s n ' t o f t e n t h a t a C a p t a i n c a n c o n t r a d i c t a C o l o n e l .

W h e n I s h o w e d h i m t h e f o r e g o i n g d i r e c t i v e a n d h e r e a d t h e

w o r d s , " t h e P r e s i d e n t h a s d i r e c t e d , " a n d " f i r s t p r i o r i t y , " h e

w a s p o s i t i v e l y s p e e c h l e s s . W e s u g g e s t e d t h a t h e c o u l d b o r -

r o w s o m e m e c h a n i c s f r o m P o c a t e l l o ( I d a h o ) a n d O g d e n

( U t a h ) t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e w i n t e r i z a t i o n o f h i s p l a n e . B u t h e

w e n t a r o u n d w i t h a p u z z l e d l o o k , m u t t e r i n g " F i r s t p r i o r i t y !

I ' l l b e d a m n e d . " H e a s k e d m e wh e t h e r m a ny A i r F o r c e

p i l o t s k n e w a b o u t t h i s . I t o l d h i m t h a t t h e y f o u n d i t o u t

w h e n t h e y h i t G r e a t F a l l s a n d t r i e d t o e n t e r t h e P i p e l i n e .

T o c o m p l e t e m y d o s s i e r t h e r e w a s a n o r d e r f r o m t h e h e a d -

q u a r t e r s o f t h e A i r S e r v i c e C o m m a n d w h i ch o u t l i n e d m y

d u t i e s i n d e t a i l . I t h i n k i t i m p o r t a n t e n o u g h t o q u o t e i n f u l l :



4 8 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARYC o l o n e l G a r d n e r d e c i d e d t h a t i t w o u l d e x p e d i t e m a t t e r s

i f I t o o k a t r i p t o F a i r b a n k s , v i s i t i n g t h e v a r i o u s a i r p o r t s e n

r o u t e t o f a m i l i a r i z e m y s e l f w i t h c o n d i t i o n s a n d w i t h t h e

R u s s i a n p e r s on n e l . I w a s t o r e tu r n a n d r e p o r t b a c k t o

C o l o n e l W i n t e r s a n d C o l o n e l D o t y i n D a y t o n t h e t y p e o f

a c c e s s o r i e s t h a t w e r e n e e d e d t o e x p e d i t e t h e d e l i v e r i e s o f t h e

c a n n o n - f i r i n g P - 3 9 A i r a c o b r a s , t h e s m a l l f i g h t i n g p l a n e s t h a t

w e r e b e i n g f l o w n b y c o n t a c t p i l o t s t o L a d d F i e l d , F a i r b a n k s .

T h e m e d i um b o m b e r s a n d t h e t r a n s p o r ts c o ul d , o f c o u r s e ,

b e f l o w n b y i n s t r u m e n t p i l o t s . T h e R us s i a n s n ic k n a m e d t h e

B e l l A i r a c o b r a s t h e Cobrastochk as ( " d e a r l i t t l e c o b r a s " ) ,

a n d r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y w e r e a b l e t o p e r f o r m s u c c e s s f u l l y a l l

s o r t s o f v e r t i c a l m a n e u v e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e c h a n d e l l e , a n d

h e l d a v e r y d e f i n i t e a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h e M e s s e r s c h m i t t 1 0 9 .

I f b o u g h t i n l o t s o f o n e t h o u s a n d , t h e A i r a c o b r a s c o s t U . S .

t a x p a y e r s o n l y $ 8 5 , 4 6 5 . 4 5 e a c h .

O n F e b r u a r y f i r s t , 1 9 4 3 , I d e p a r t e d f r o m G r e a t F a l l s f o r

F a i rb a n k s .



H o w M y A l a s k a n R e p o r t H e l p e d

the R u s sians

O n t h e d a y o f m y d e p a r t u r e , C o l o n e l K o t i k o v c a m e d o wn

t o t h e r u n w a y t o s e e m e o f f . H e s a w m y " G a f f ne y " b o o t s ,

l i n e d w i t h s h e e p s k i n , a n d l o o k e d h o r r i f i e d . " Y o u A m e ri c a ns

k n o w n o t h in g a b o u t c o l d , " h e m u t t e r e d , a n d h u s t l e d m e

i n t o a c a r . W e r a c e d t o h i s q u a r t e r s , a n d h e i n s i s t e d o n l e n d -

i n g m e h i s o w n R u s s i a n b o o t s , m a d e o f f e l t w i t h l e a t h e r

s o l e s . U n l i k e s h e e p s k i n , f e l t n e v e r g e t s d a m p f r o m p e r s p i r a -

t i o n . I t a l s o b a l l o o n s d o w n i n a s p r e a d , m a k i n g i t p o s s i b l e

t o w a l k o n s n o w w it h o ut b r e a k i n g t h ro ug h . I h a d g o o d r e a -

s o n t o b e g r a t e f u l t o t h e C o l o n e l f o r t h e b o o t s .

A s w e d r o v e b a c k t o t h e p l a n e , C o l o n e l K o t i k o v i n f o r m e d

m e w i t h a p l e a s a n t g r i n t h a t h i s w i f e w a s o n h e r w a y f r o m

R u s s i a t o j o i n h i m a t G r e a t F a l l s . I t h a d b e e n m y e x p e r i e n c e

t h a t o n l y t h e f a v o r e d f e w c o u l d g e t t h e i r w i v e s t o j o i n t h e m

f r o m t he S o vi e t U n i o n ; I h a d m o r e r e a s o n t h a n e v e r t o c o n -

sider that I was wor k ing with an important member of the

R u s s i a n h i e r a r c h y .

I n c i d e n t a l l y , M r s . K o t i k o v a r r i v e d a t G r e a t F a l l s a f t e r m y

r e t ur n f r o m Fa ir b a n k s . S h e w a s t h e m o s t s e a s i c k p e r s o n I

h a v e e v e r s e e n , a n d i t t o o k a l l t h e e f f o r t s o f o u r m e d i c a l s t a f f

4 9



52 FROM MAJOR JORDAN ' S DIARY

Just then it was announced on the loudspeaker that

Colonel Mensinger, who was flying south, could go, if he

w a nt e d to t a k e a c h an c e ; b u t t h a t C a p ta i n R u s h a n d I , w h o

were northbound, had to stay. The Colonel said he woul d

f a c e t he r i s k . F o r t h e s a k e o f A m e r i c a n l i v e s , h e f e l t t h a t h is

r e p o r t c o u l d n o t w a i t . As we shook hands, he complimented

me on the work being done at Great Falls .

Rush and I were tramping off to lunch w hen we heard

h i s m o t o r s s t a r t . The plane dashed along the ru nway i n a

s p u m e o f i c e c h i p s k i c k e d u p b y m e t a l g r i p p e rs i n t h e t i r e s .

Thus Colonel Mensinger, with his ten companions and his

n o t e s o n w e a t h e r s e r v i c e r e f o r m , v a n i s h e d i n t o o b l i v i o n . H i s

b o d y w a s n o t f o u n d u n t i l f i v e y e a r s l a te r .

T h i s w a s m y d i a r y e n t r y f o r t h e n e x t d a y :

S a t u r d a y , F e b . 6-Temperature 3 5 below . S l e p t l a s t n i gh t i n

s l e e p i n g b a g . H u s k i e d o g u n d e r m y b e d h a d n i g h tm a r e , h o w le d

a n d u p s e t b e d . I n e v e n i n g s a w o l d m o v i e , " K i n g o f A l c a t r a z . "

P l a y e d p o k e r w i t h t h e b o y s ; won a little . T w o o f o u r b e s t pu r -

s u i t p i l o t s s p r a i n e d a n k l e s , f i r s t t i m e o n s k i s ; n o m o r e s k i - i n g

a l l o w e d . M a g n i f i c e n t N o r t h e r n L i g h ts . A f t e r s u n s e t b e a u t i f u l

glow in black night from sun below horizon-very strange .

T h r e e w o l v es r a n a c r o s s l a k e , m u s t b e v e r y h u n g r y t o c o m e t h a t

close. C o l o n e l M e n s i n g e r ' s p l a n e a n d a n o t h e r p l a n e r e p o r t ed

l o s t . . . O t h e r s w e n t u p , l o o k e d f o r f i r e s o r s i gn a l s . N o t h i n g

s e e n .

On Monday our enf orced stay at Watson Lake ended, but

we were in for a much greater ord eal . We began the s ix-

hour flig ht from Watson Lake to Fairbanks by crossing an



area that became know n as "The Million Dollar Valley,"

b e c a u s e p l a n e s w o r t h m o r e , t h a n t h a t s u m w e r e l o s t t h e r e .

It was the 220-mile run from Watson Lak e to Whitehorse,

t h e n e x t a i r f i e l d t o t h e n o r t h . W e w e n t u p t o 1 4 , 0 0 0 f e e t t o

b r e a k o u t o f t h e f r o st - b a n k . I t h a d b e e n 5 4 b e l o w z e r o w h e n

w e l e f t t h e g r o u n d . A t n e a r l y t h r e e m i l e s u p w e e s t i m a t e d

t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t 7 0 .

T h e n o u r h e a t e r f r o z e 1 W e k n e w w e w e r e i n fo r i t . T h i s

i s w h a t I l a t e r w r o t e h o m e f r o m F a i r b a n k s t o m y m o t h e r :

T h a t t r ip f r o m W a ts o n L a k e w a s a h o r ro r . I n e v er k n e w a

p e r s o n c o u l d b e s o c o l d . I n e a r l y l o s t a c o u p l e o f t o e s , a n d m y

h e e l s a r e s t i l l s o r e . M y n o s t r i l s c r a c k e d w h e n I b r e a t h e d a n d t h e

c o r n e r s o f m y m o u t h h u r t l i k e a t o o t h a c h e . I s h u t m y e y e s b e -

c a u s e t h e e y e b a l l s p a i n e d s o . M y s h a v i n g b r u s h f r o z e a n d t h e

hairs dropped off j u s t l i k e m y e y e l a s h e s . I a t e f or t y l u m p s o f

s u g a r a n d l o ts o f c a nd y b a r s . Y o u r s o c k s w e r e a b i g h e l p . T h e

p i l o t c o u l d n ' t s e e o u t o f t h e w i n d o w b e c a u s e o f h i s b r e a t h f r e e z -

i n g o n t h e p a n e . S o w e f l e w b y i n s t r u m e n t s u n t i l t h e en d , w h e n

w e u s e d l i g h t e r f l u i d t o w a s h a h o l e t o l a n d by . . . .

When our plane put dow n at Fairbanks, the first person

aboard was a Russian girl of middle height, a mechanic ,

w i t h a f l a t S l a v i c f a c e a n d w i t h t h e s h o u l d e r s a n d t o r s o o f a

w r e s t l e r . She took one look at me and sc reamed .

I w a s t o l d l a t e r t h a t m y m o u t h r e s e m b l e d i c y s l u s h . My

nose and cheekbones were covered w ith frost and my eyes

w e r e st a r in g l i k e g l a s s . I c o u l d n ' t s t a n d e r e c t , b e c a u s e myknees were bent as if crippled with rheumatism . So were

my elbows . I w a s a l m o s t i n s e n s i b l e . A f t e r a l l , I w a s f o r t y -



5 6 FROM MA JOR J ORDAN'S DIARY

W h i l e I w a s t h e r e , o n e o f t h e s e p i l o t s l a n d e d a n A i r a c o b r a

on the apron instead of the runway , and drove it weaving

among other craft par k ed along the plaza . T h e o p e r a t i o n s

o f f i c e r , C a p t a i n F r e d e r i c k J . K a n e , t o o k h i m t o t a s k . T h e f l i e r

a n s w e r e d r u d e l y : " I g o t e i g h t N a z i p l a n e s . H o w ma n y y o u

g o t ? "

As I entered the Officers' Mess, in response to Mr . A n i

s i m o v ' s i n v i t a t i o n , I n o t i c e d t h a t t h e A m e r i c a n s k e p t a p a r t ,

o n t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e d i n i n g - h a l l , w h e r e w o m e n w e r e n o t

a l l o w e d . T h e R u s s i a n s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w e r e s i t t i n g w i t h

t h e i r w i v e s , a n d w i t h g i r l t r a n s l a t o r s . I l o o k e d f o r m y h o s t ,

b u t c o u l d n o t s p o t h i m . S u d d e n l y t h e R u s s i a n s s t o p p e d e a t -

i n g , t h r u s t t h e i r h a n d s u n d e r t h e t a b l e s , a n d s a t a t a t t e n t i o n .

M r . Anisimov had entered .

H e g r e e t e d m e c o r d i a l l y . A s w e s a t d o w n a t h i s t a b l e , t h e

s i l e n c e i n t h e r o o m p e r s i s t e d . I t w a s n o t u n t i l h e p i c k e d u p

h i s k n i f e a n d f o r k t h a t t h e R u s s i a n s s h i f t e d f r o m " a t t e n t i o n "

t o " a t e a s e . " H e a c t e d a s i f t h i s p r o c e d u r e w e r e t h e m o s t

n a t ur a l t h i n g i n t h e w o r l d , a n d un d o u b t e d l y i t w a s , f o r

him .

A t t h a t d i n n e r I s e a l e d m y s u b s e q u e n t f a t e i n t h e A r m y ,

t h e f i n a l o u t c o m e o f w h i c h w a s n o t t o o c c u r u n t i l f i f t e e n

m o n t h s l a t e r . D a t a t h a t M r . A n i s i m o v g a v e m e , v e r i f i e d b y

m y p e r s o n a l i n s p e c t i o n , f o r m e d t h e b a s i s o f t h e Al a s k a n

report which I made on my retu rn to Great Falls . T h i s r e -

p o r t t o u c h e d o f f a d r a s t i c r e o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e N o r t h w e s t

a r e a . I t a l s o b r o u g h t u p o n m e t h e w r a t h o f C o l o n e l D a l e V .



MY ALASKAN REPORT 5 7

G a f f n e y , c o m m a n d e r o f L a d d F i e l d a n d c h i e f o f t h e C o l d

Weather Testing Unit at Fairbanks, who was Anisimov's

b e t e n o i r e .

In the big shake- up whic h my report, subsequently

sparked, the Russian movement was transfer red to the

AAF's Alaskan Wing . B u t t h e f o l l o wi n g O c t o b e r G a f f n e y

was promoted to Brigadier General and became my com-

m a n d i n g o f f i c e r . T h u s w a s fu l f i l l e d th e p ro p h e cy o f a f ri e n d

who called me from Wright Field as soon as he read my

A l a s k a n r e p o rt . " I t ' s n i c e t o h a v e m e t y o u , " h e s a i d . " I ' l l s e e

y o u i n c i v i l i a n l i f e s o m et i m e . Don't you know you 've cut

y o u r o w n t h r o a t ? "

M y o f f i c i a l j u g u l a r h a d 1 5 m o n t h s to g o a s I s a t a t t h e

d i n n e r t a b l e w i th M r . A n i s i m o v a n d h e o u t l i n e d h i s c o r n

plaints . C o l o n e l G a f f n e y , h e c h a r g e d , w a s t a k i n g a l l t h e

g o o d m e c h a n i c s f o r h i s w e a t h e r o p e r a t i o n s w h e n i t w a s o b -

v i o u s t h a t t h e v e r y b e s t o n e s s h ou l d b e s e r v i c i n g R u s s i a n

p l a n e s f o r t h e 6 , 0 0 0 - m i l e h op a c r o ss A s i a . The Alask a De-

f e n s e F o r c e w a s s n a t c h i n g R u s s i a n s u p p l i e s f o r i t s o w n n e e d s

i n A l a s k a a n d t h e A l e u t i a n s . Equipment for both Alaska

a n d R u s s i a , m i x e d i n u t t e r c o n f u s i o n , l a y s t r e t c h e d f o r m i l e s

i n h e a p s b u r i e d u n d e r s n o w , a l o ng t h e b a n k o f t h e T a n a n a

R i v e r .

A s t h e l a s t p o i n t w a s d i f f i c u l t t o c r e d i t , I b o r r o w e d a

h e a t e d t r u c k t h e n e x t d a y , a n d m a d e m o r n i n g a n d a f t e r no o n

t r i p s a l o n g t h e r i v e r s i d e . I t w a s 5 0 b e l o w z e r o , s o c o l d t h a t

I c o u l d w o r k o n l y t w e n t y m i n u t e s a t a t i m e b e f o r e r et u r n i n g

t o t h e t r u c k t o w a r m u p ; t h e t a s k w o u l d h av e b e e n i m p o s -



6 0 FROM MAJOR JORDAN ' S DIAR Y

O n W e d n e s d a y , F e b r u a r y 1 0 t h , o u r r e t u r n - t r i p p l a n e a r r i v e d

f r o m t h e R u s s i a n f r o n t . I t w a s a C - 4 7 , t h o r o u g h l y p o u n d e d

a n d b a d l y i n n e e d o f r e p a i r s . I t h a d n o h e a t e r . C a p t a i n R u s h

loo k ed it over and said, "I hope it hangs together long

enough to get us home . " W e s t a r t e d t h e e n g i n e s a n d f i n a l l y

t o o k o f f . I h a d e x c h a n g e d f a r e w e l l s w i t h M r . A n i s i m o v t h a t

m o r n i n g .

W e f l e w t o 1 4 , 0 0 0 f e e t a n d s o o n e v e r y t h i n g o n t h e p l a n e

w a s f r o z e n . An o r a n g e i n m y p o c k e t b e c a m e a s h a r d a s a

rock . W e h a d o n b o a r d t e n p i l o t s a n d c r e w m e n w h o h a d

d e l i v e r e d S o v i e t p l a n e s a t L a d d F i e l d a n d w e r e r e t u r n i n g t o

G r e a t F a l l s f o r a n o t h e r c o n s i g n m e n t .

I t g o t c o l d e r a n d c o l d e r . S o m e t i m e l a t e r , l o o k i n g o u t f r o m

t h e s l e e p i n g b a g i n t o w h i c h I h a d c r a w l e d w i t h a l l c l o t h e s

o n , I w a s a m a z e d t o s e e t h e c r e w c h i e f , S e r g e a n t O ' H a r e ,

h o l d i n g t h e b l a z e o f a b l o w - t o r c h a g a i n s t h i s f o o t . H e s a i d

h e c o u l d f e e l n o t h i n g . I t o l d h i m h e w o u l d b u r n o f f h i s t o e s

a n d b e c r i p p l e d f o r l i f e . H e s a i d h e k n e w i t , b u t a n y t h i n g

w a s b e t t e r t h a n f r e e z i n g t o d e a t h . I p u t o u t t h e t o r c h a n d

r u b b e d h i s f e e t w i t h a c r a s h t o w e l . W h e n c i r c ul a t i o n w a s

r e s t o r e d , h e d i d t h e s a m e f o r m e .

We managed to get to Fort N elson, where a safe landing

w a s m a d e a n d w h e r e w e h a d a g o o d d i n n e r o f c a r i b o u

s t e a k . W e w e r e a l l r e a d y t o t a k e o f f a g a i n w h e n a s n o w s t o r m

arose, so we decided to stay over in the comfortable log

c a b i n s . I n t h e m o r n i n g i t w a s 3 3 b e l o w z e r o a n d i t w a s w i t h

t h e g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t y t h a t w e c o a x e d t h e m o t o r s t o s t a r t ,

w a r m i n g t h e m u p f r o m 6 A .M . t o 9 A .M .



MY ALA SK AN REPORT 6 1

W h e n w e w e r e 1 5 0 m i l e s f r o m E d m o n t on , t h e f u e l p r e s -

s u r e o f t h e r i g h t e n g i n e b e g a n a n o m i n o u s d r o p ! W e g o t

ready to heave everything overb oard except U . S . m a i l a n d

R u s s i a n d i s p a tc h e s a n d d i p l o m a t ic p o u c h e s f r o m M o s c o w .

I t o r e o u t t h e r a d i o o p e r a t o r ' s t a b l e , w r e n c h e d o f f t h e t o i l e t

s e a t , d i s p o s e d o f e v e r y l o o s e o b j e c t i n s i g h t . P o o r C a p t a i n

H e i d e , w h o h a d b e e n t w o y e a r s i n N o m e a n d w a s o n h i s

f i r s t r e t u r n t r i p t o t h e U . S . , w a t c h e d a s I d r a g g e d h i s s t e a m e r

t r u n k t o t h e d o o r .

T h e g a u g e d r op p e d fr o m 2 0 t o 6 . I a d j u s t e d m y p a r a c h u t e

a n d o p e n e d t h e d o o r . A t 3 w e w o u l d f l i n g e v e r y t h i n g o v e r -

b o a r d a n d b a i l o u t , l e a v i n g C a p t a i n R u s h t o t r y a b e l l y l a n d -

i n g w i t h o n e e n g i n e . T h e n t h e p r e s s u r e b e g a n r i s i n g . W h e n

it got to 1 0 we breathed a big sigh, shoo k hands and sat

d o w n a g a i n . B y t h i s t i m e E d m o n t o n w a s i n s i g h t . W e r e w e

glad to get down!

A f t e r l u n c h w e s e t o u t o n t h e l a s t l a p t o G r e a t F a l l s . J u s t

a s w e t o o k o f f , I s a w g a s o l i n e p o u r i n g o v e r m y w i n d o w . T h e

t a n k c a p o n t h e l e f t w i n g h a d b e e n p u t b a c k l o o s e , a n d w a s

s w e p t o f f b y t h e s l i p s t r e a m . T h e w h o l e - s i d e o f t h e p l a n e w a s

b e i n g d r e n c he d . I r a n a n d t o l d t h e p i l o t , w h o s a i d : " B o y s ,

all we can do is pray that we don't have any spar k s from

t h a t l e f t e n g i n e . "

W e t i g h t e n e d p a r a c h u t e s a n d f l a t t e n e d n o s e s a g a i n s t t h e

w i n d o w s l o o k i n g f o r s p a r k s , a s C a p t a i n R u s h w h e e l e d

a r o u n d t o l a n d . S e c o n d s s e e m e d l i k e h o u r s . I l o o k e d d ow n

o n E d m o n t o n a n d w o n d e r e d i n w h a t p a r t o f t h e t o w n I

w o u l d l a n d i f I h a d t o j u m p .



6 4 FROM MA JOR J ORDAN'S' DIARY

C o l o n e l d ' A r c e a n n o u n c e d t h a t m y r e p o r t w a s " r a i s i n g t h e

r o o f , " a n d t h a t C o l o n e l G a f f n e y h a d b e e n s u m m o n e d t o

Washington by the Chief of S taff of the Army Air Forces,

M a j o r G e n e r a l E . S t r a t e m e y e r . G a f f n e y w a n t e d t o s e e m e

when he passed through Great Falls, Colonel d'A rce con-

t i n u e d . I w a s e l i g i b l e f o r s o m e l e a v e , a n d i f I l i k e d h e w o u l d

g e t o r d e r s c u t f o r m e t o g o t o S e a t t l e o r S a n F r a n c i s c o . M y

r e p l y w a s t h a t I w o u l d n ' t r u n a w a y .

H e l e f t u s a l o n e w h e n C o l o n e l G a f f n e y a r r i v e d . I h a d

n e ve r s e e n h i m b e f o r e . H e w a s a g i a nt o f a m a n , w i t h a

s q u a r e , m a s s i v e h e a d a n d t h e s u p e r - s t r u c t u r e o f a B a b e R u t h .

H e slammed his fist on the des k and roared : " Y o u ' v e c e r -

t a i n l y r a i s e d h e l l ! W h a t r i g h t h a d y o u t o c o m e i n t o m y p o s t

and ma ke a report without consulting me?"

I e x p l a i n e d t h a t w h i l e I w a s i n F a i r b a n k s h e w a s a b s e n t o n

a f l i g h t t o p h o t o g r a p h m o u n t a i n s ; I h a d d i s c h a r g e d m y m i l i -

t a r y d u t y b y r e p o r t i n g t o L i e u t e n a n t C o l o n e l R a y m o n d F . F .

K i t c h i n g ma n , c o mm a n d e r o f t h e 3 8 4 t h S u p p l y S q u a d r o n ,

which handled shipments to R u ssia . I q u o t e d M r . Anisimov

a s d e c l a r i n g t h a t h e h a d p r o t e s t e d r e p e a t e d l y t o C o l o n e l

G a f f n e y w i t h o u t r e s u l t .

" I ' m g o i n g t o W a s h i n g t o n , " s h o u t e d t h e C o l o n e l , " t o t r y

a n d u n d o t h e d a m a ge y o u ' v e d o n e . I ' m g i v i n g y o u a l a s t

c h a n c e t o r e t r a c t ! "

I s a i d t h e r e p o r t w a s t r u e a n d I w o u l d n ' t t a k e b a c k a l i n e .

I remembered the six words which S ergeant Coo k had once

a s s u r e d m e w o u l d s t o p a n y b r a s s - h a t i n h i s t r a c k s . W h a t I

h a d d o n e , I t o l d C o l o n e l G a f f n e y , w a s " f o r t h e g o o d o f t h e



MY ALASKAN REPORT 6 5

s e r v i c e . " H e w a s t o o f u r i o u s t o s p e a k , a n d d i s m i s s e d m e w i t h

a f l i n g o f t h e a r m .

At l e a s t I c o ul d p o i n t t o t h es e r e s ul t s o f m y Al a s k a n

r e p o r t :

T h e Na v y ' s c o d e w a s t h r o w n o p e n t o w i r e le s s o p e r a t o r s

o n t h e P i p e l i n e ' s A m e r i c a n l e g .

T h e r e w e r e p e r s o nn e l c h a n g e s m a d e a t L a d d F i e l d , o n e

o f w h i c h w a s a n e w s u p p l y o f f i c e r f o r t h e 3 8 4 t h S q u a d r o n .

C o n s i g n m e n t s f o r R u s s i a w e r e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h o s e o f t h e

Alas k a Defense Force .

A d e q u a t e s t o r a g e h o u s i n g w a s o r d e r e d .

T he R u ssian operation was now recognized as paramount

a t G r e a t F a l l s . I t w a s s h i f t e d t o t h e t o w n ' s l a r g e s t a i r i n -

s t a l l a t i o n ( f r o m w h i ch a b o m b e r t r a i n i n g c e n t e r h a d r e -

m o v e d o v e r s e a s ) , k n o w n a s " E a s t B a s e . "



CHAPTER FIVET h e B l a ck S u i t c a se s

A f t e r m y r e t u r n t o G r e a t F a l l s I b e g a n t o r e a li z e a n i m p o r -

t a n t f a c t : w h i l e w e w e r e a p i pe l i n e t o R u s s i a , R u s s i a w a s

a l s o a p i p e l i n e t o u s .

O n e r e a l l y d i s t u r b i n g f a c t w h i c h b r o u g h t t h i s h o m e t o m e

w a s t h a t t h e e n t r y o f S o v i e t p e r s o n n e l i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

w a s c o m p l e t e l y u n c o n t r o ll e d . P l a n e s w e r e a r r i v i n g r e g u l a r l y

f r o m M o s c o w w i t h u n i d e nt i f i e d R u s s i a n s a b o a r d . I w o u l d s e e

t h e m j u m p o f f p l a n e s , h o p o v e r f e n c e s , a n d r u n f o r t a x i c a b s .

T h e y s e e m e d t o k n o w i n a d v a n c e e x a c t l y w h e r e t h e y w e r e

h e a d e d , a n d h o w t o g e t t h e r e. I t w a s a n i d e a l s e t- u p f o r

p l a n t i ng s p i e s i n t h i s c o u n t r y , w i t h f a l s e i d e n t i t i e s, f o r u s e

d u r i n g a n d a f t e r t h e w a r . *

*Major General Follette Bradley, USAF ( R e t . ) , winner of t he Dis-

t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e M e d a l f o r h i s p i o n e e r i n g o f t h e A l s i b P i p e l i n e , w r o t e

to the New York Times o n A u g . 3 1 , 1 9 5 1 : "Of my own personal knowl-

e d g e I k n o w t h a t b e g i n n i ng e a r l y i n 1 9 4 2 R u s s i a n c i v i l i a n a n d m i li t a r y

agents were in our country in huge numbers . They were free to move

a b o u t w i t h o u t r e s t r a i n t o r c h e c k a n d , i n o r d e r t o v i s i t o u r a r s e n a l s , d e p ot s ,

factories and proving grounds, they had only to make known their de-

s i r e s . T h e i r a u t h o r i z e d v i s i t s t o m i l i t a ry e s t a b l i s h m e n t s n u m b e r e d i n t h e

thousands .

" I a l s o p e r s o n a l l y k n o w t h a t s c o r e s o f R u s s i a n s w e r e p e r m i t t e d t o e n t e r

6 6



I t i s h a r d t o b e l i e v e , b u t i n 1 9 4 3 t h e r e w a s n o c e n s o r s h i p

s e t - u p a t G r e a t F a l l s . A n i n s p e c t o r m o r e t h a n 7 0 y e a r s o l d ,

named Randolph K . H a r d y , d i d d o u b l e w o r k f o r t h e T r e a s -

ury Department in customs and immigration . H i s o f f i c e , i n

t h e c i t y , w a s f o u r m i l e s f r o m t h e a i r f i e l d . He played the

o r g a n i n a l o c a l c h u r c h , a n d I w a s o f t e n t o l d h e w a s p r a c -

t i c i n g a n d c o u l d n o t b e i n t e r r u p t e d . I t o o k i t o n m y s e l f t o

p r o v i d e h i m w i t h t e l e p h o n e , t y p e w r i t e r , d e s k , f i l e c a b i n e t ,

s t e n o g r a p h e r , i n t e r p r e t e r a n d s t a f f c a r .

F i n a l l y I w a s d r i v e n t o p u t u p a l a r g e s i g n o v e r m y o w n

o f f i c e d o o r , w i t h t h e l e g e n d i n R u s s i a n a n d E n g l i s h : " C u s -

toms Office-Report Here ." When Mr . H a r d y w a s n o t p r e s -

ent, I got into the habit of demanding passports myself

and jotting down names and particulars. I t w a s n o t m y j o b ,

b u t t h e l i s t i n m y d i a r y o f R u s s i a n s o p e r a t i n g i n t h i s c o u n t r y

began to swell by leaps and bounds . I n t h e e n d I h a d t h e

418 names . m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s b o o k .

Despite my private worries, my relations with Colonel

Kotikov were excellent. I w a s d o i n g a l l t h a t I c o u l d d o t o

expedite Russian shipments ; m y d i r e c t i v e s w e r e c l e a r , a n d

I w a s f o l l o w i n g t h e m o u t t o t h e b e s t o f m y a b i l i t y .

Colonel Kotikov was well aware that a Major could do

more expediting than a Captain . I w a s n o t t o o s u r p r i s e d ,

t h e r e f o r e , t o l e a r n t h a t K o t i k o v h a d p a i n s t a k i n g l y d i c t a t e d

i n E n g l i s h t h e f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r t o C o l o n e l G i t z i n g e r :

American territory in 1942 without visa . I believe that over the war years

this number was augmented at least by hundreds . "



Lt. Col. C. H. Gitzinger,

Third National Building,

Dayton, Ohio

Dear Colonel Git zinger :

Capt . Jordan work any day here is always with the same

people, Sub- Depot Engineering O ffi cer, Major Boaz ; 7th Ferry-

ing Gr oup Base Engineering Of fic er, Major Lawr ence ; Alaskan

Wing Control and Engineering Officer, Major Taylor ; Sub-

Depot Execut ive Offi cer, Major O'Neill ; and Base Supply Offi-

cer, Major Ramsey .

He is much hindered in his good work b y under rank wi th

these officers who he asks for things all time . I ask you to recom-

mend him for equal rank t o help Russ ian movement here .

ARMY AIR FORCES34th Sub -D epot

United Nations Unit

Great Falls, Montana,

March 8, 1943 .

A. N. KOTIKOV,

Col., U. S .S.R. Representative

When my promotion finally came through, the gold oak

leaves were pinned on my shoulders by Colonel Kotikov .

This occasion was photographed and the picture i s repro-

duced elsewhere in this book.

Now two other occur rences began troubling me . The first

was t he unusual number of black patent-leather sui tcases,



THE BLACK SUITCASES 69

bound with white window-sash cord and sealed with red

wax, which were coming through on the route to Moscow .

The second was the burglary of morphine ampules from

h a l f o f t h e 5 0 0 f i r s t - a i d k i t s i n o u r G o r e F i e l d w a r e h o u s e .

T h e f i r s t b l a c k s u i t c a s e s , s i x i n n u m b e r , w e r e i n c h a r g e o f

a R u s s i a n o f f i c e r a n d I p a s s e d t h e m w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n u p o n

h i s d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t t h e y w e r e " p e r s o n a l l u g g a g e . " B u t t h e

u n i t s m o u n t e d t o t e n , t w e n t y a n d t h i r t y a n d a t l a s t t o s t a n d -

ard batches of fifty, which weighed almost two tons and

consumed the cargo allotment of an entire plane . T h e o f f i -

c e r s w e r e r e p l a c e d b y a r m e d c o u r i e r s , t r a v e l i n g i n p a i r s , a n d

the excuse for avoiding inspection was changed from

"personal luggage" to "diplomatic immunity ."

Here were tons of materials proceeding to the Soviet

Union, and I had no idea what they were . I f i n t e r r o g a t e d , I

should have to plead ignorance .

I began pursuing Colonel Kotikov with queries and pro-

t e s t s . He answered with one eternal refrain . T h e s u i t c a s e s

w e r e o f " h i g h e s t d i p l o m a t i c c h a r a c t e r . " I r e t o r t e d t h a t t h e y

were not being sent by the Soviet Embassy but the Soviet

Government Purchasing Commission in Washington. He

asserted that, whatever the origin, they were covered by

diplomatic immunity. But I am sure he knew that one of

t h e s e d a y s I w o u l d t r y t o s e a r c h t h e c o n t a i n e r s .

They had grown to such importance in the eyes of the

R u s s i a n s t h a t t h e y a s k e d f o r a l o c k e d r o o m . The only door

in the warehouse with a lock was that to the compartment

i n w h i c h t h e f i r s t - a i d p a c k e t s w e r e k e p t . I p u t i t - a t C o l o n e l



70 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARY

Kotikov's dis posal . The couriers took tur n about . First one

and then the other slept on top of the sui tcases, while his

companion stood guard . Perhaps unjus tly, I sus pected them

of st ealing our morphine . They w ere the only pers ons left

in the storer oom wi thout wi tnesses .

At four o'clock one cold afternoon in March, 1943, Colonel

Kotikov said to me : "I want you dinner tonight ." Then he

doubled the surprise by w hiski ng from his ulster pockets

tw o slender bottles wi th long, s loping necks . "Vodka!"

The invi tation was accepted with pleasur e and also cu ri -

osity. For almost a y ear now I had associated wi th Colonel

Kotikov and his s taff , bu t I had never dined with them . As

a matter of routi ne they lunched with us at t he Off icers '

Club . But at night they disappeared, wandering off by them-

selves to other restaur ants or the dining-room of the Rain-

bow H otel, where they were quartered . So far as I knew,

this was t he firs t t ime they had bidden an Americ an to an

evening repast. It reminded me of my meal with Mr . Ani-

simov, who had wanted something from me .

At the Officers ' Club we had noticed that the Russians

were extr emely absent-minded about pick ing up bar checks .

These oversi ghts w ere costing us around $80 monthly, and

we decided to remedy the situ ation . In the club were several

slot-machines, for w hich the Russians had a passion . We

decided to "set aside" one machine to cover their lib ations .

Thanks t o the one-armed mechanical bandit, we contr ived

after all to make them settle for their liquor .

Now, of a sudden, they asked me to dinner and were




o f f e r i n g v o d k a , fr e e , a s a n a l l u r e m e n t . I c o u l d n o t h e l p w o n -

dering why . A c t i n g o n a h u n c h , I e x c u s e d m y s e l f f r o m r i d -

i n g t o t o w n w i t h C o l o n e l K o t i k o v i n h i s P o n t i a c . I d e c i d e d

I would take my staff car, which had a s o l d i e r d r i v e r ; i n

c a s e o f n e e d , I p r e f e r r e d t o h a v e m o b i l i t y . I w a s d i r e c t e d t o

j o i n t h e p a r t y a t s e v e n o ' c l o c k a t a r e s t a u r a n t i n G r e a t F a l l s

known as "Carolina Pines . "

T h e r e w a s n o t m u c h t i m e , s o I h a s t e n e d t o a s k o u r m a i n -

tenance chief whether the Russians were planning any

flights . H e a n s w e r e d y e s ; t h e y h a d a C - 4 7 s t a g e d o n t h e l i n e ,

.preparing to go. It w as being warmed up with Nelson

heaters-large canvas bags, fed with hot air, which were

m a d e t o s l i p o v e r m o t o r s a n d p r o p e l l e r s . (Winter tempera-

t u r e s a t t h e a i r f i e l d c o u l d b e a s s e v e r e a s a t F a i r b a n k s , r a n g -

i n g f r o m 2 0 t o 7 0 d e g r e e s b e l o w z e r o . Oil would sometimes

f r e e z e a s h a r d a s s t o n e , a n d t w o t o f o u r h o u r s w e r e r e q u i r e d

t o t h a w o u t a n e n g i n e . )

The Russians wielded a high hand at the airbase, but I

had one power they respected . Though Lend-Lease planes

w e r e d e l i v e r e d t o t h e m a t G r e a t F a l l s , t h e y w e r e f l o w n b y

American pilots as far as Fairbanks . No American pilot

c o u l d l e a v e w i t h o u t c l e a r a n c e , a n d I h a d a u t h o r i t y t o g r o u n d

a n y p l a n e a t a n y t i m e . I n m y a b s e n c e , p e r m i s s i o n w a s g i v e n

b y t h e F l i g h t O f f i c e r o f t h e D a y . I c a l l e d t h e c o n t r o l t o w e r ,

g a v e t h e t e l e p h o n e n u m b e r o f t h e r e s t a u r a n t , a n d i s s u e d a

positive order that no cargo plane was to be cleared for

R u s s i a e x c e p t b y m y s e l f .

O c c u p i e d b y t h e s e t h o u g h t s , I d r o v e t o , " C a r o l i n a P i n e s . "




I t w a s o n t h e s e c o n d f l o o r o f a b i g f r a m e s t r u c t u r e , w i t h a n

o u t s i d e s t a i r w a y like a f i r e e s c a p e . T h e g a t h e r i n g c o n s i s t e d

of five Russians and a single American, myself . Colonel

Kotikov acted as host, and among the guests was Colonel

G E . T s v e t k o v , h e a d o f t h e f i g h t e r - p u r s u i t d i v i s i o n o f t h e

Soviet Purchasing Commission .

When Colonel Kotikov produced his vodka bottles, I de-

c i d e d i t w o u l d b e o n l y c i v i l , i n t h i s m i n u t e c o r n e r o f R u s s i a ,

t o d o a s t h e R u s s i a n s d i d . I a m p r a c t i c a l l y a t o t a l a b s t a i n e r ;

m y y e a r l y r a t i o n w o u l d a v e r a g e n o m o r e t h a n o n e b o t t l e o f

Scotch. L u c k i l y f o r m e , t h e v o d k a s u p p l y w a s l i m i t e d . S m al l

w i n e g l a s s e s w e r e h a n d e d a b o u t , i n s t e a d o f t h e u s u a l g o b l e t s .

O u r h o s t o f f e r e d t h e f i r s t p l e d g e " t o t h e g r e a t S t a l i n ." We

t o s s e d t h e l i q u i d f i r e i n t o o u r t h r o a t s , a n d I i m i t a t e d t h e

others by holding my glass upside down, at arm's length .

T h e r e f i l l w a s i n s t a n t a n e o u s , a n d t h e s e c o n d t o a s t w a s t o

"Novikov." I asked who he was . " T h e g r e a t F i e l d M a r s h a l

A. Novikov," I was told, "Commander-in-Chief of the RedArmy Air Forces ." The third name was "Pokryshkin . " I h a d

n e v e r h e a r d o f h i m e i t h e r , a n d f o u n d h e w a s C o l o n e l A l e x -

a n d e r P o k r y s h k i n , S o v i e t a c e , w i t h 4 8 G e r m a n p l a n e s t o h i s

c r e d i t .

S i n c e t h e R u s s i a n s h a d f a i l e d t o d o s o , I m a d e b o l d a t t h i s

p o i n t t o s u g g e s t a t o a s t t o P r e s i d e n t F r a n k l i n D . R o o s e v e l t .

It was drunk with a w i l l . So was a second pledge, in honor

of my chief, General Henry H . Arnold, Commander of the

US . Army Air Forces . W i t h t h e v o d k a u n d e r o u r b e l t s , w e

m o v e d t o c h a i r s a b o u t t h e t a b l e . But at 8 : 3 0 o ' c l o c k , w h e n w e



THE BLACK SUITCASES73

w e r e t w o - t h i r d s f i n i s h e d , t h e w a i t r e s s h a n d e d m e a m e s s a g e

i n p e n c i l . I t n o t i f i e d m e t o c a l l t h e c o n t r o l t o w e r a t o n c e .

A t a p u b l i c t e l e p h o n e , i n t h e c o r r i d o r , I l e a r n e d t h a t t h e

C-47 had warmed up and that a couple of newly-arrived

couriers were demanding clearance . Without returning to

the dining r o o m , I t h r e w o n m y g r e a t c o a t , s c u f f l e d d o w n t h e

stairs and ordered the driver to race, full speed for the

h a n g a r s , f o u r m i l e s a w a y -

. I t w a s m i d - w i n t e r i n G r e a t F a l l s . Snow was deep on the

g r o u n d , a n d s t a r s g l i t t e r e d f r o s t i l y i n a c r y s t a l s k y . The

t e m p e r a t u r e t h a t n i g h t w a s a b o u t 2 0 d e g r e e s b e l o w z e r o .

As we neared the Lend-Lease plane there loomed up, in

i t s o p e n d o o r , t h e f i g u r e o f a b u r l y , b a r r e l - c h e s t e d R u s s i a n .

His back was propped against one jamb of the portal . An

a r m a n d a l e g w e r e s t r e t c h e d a c r o s s t o t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e . I

c l a m b e r e d u p a n d h e t r i e d t o s t o p m e b y p u s h i n g h a r d w i t h

his stomach. I pushed back, ducked under his arm, and

s t o o d i n s i d e t h e c a b i n .

I t w a s d i m l y l i g h t e d b y a s o l i t a r y e l e c t r i c b u l b i n t h e

dome . F a i n t l y v i s i b l e w a s a n e x p a n s e o f b l a c k s u i t c a s e s , w i t h

white ropes and seals of crimson wax . O n t o p o f t h e m , r e -

c l i n i n g o n o n e e l b o w u p o n a b l a n k e t , w a s a s e c o n d R u s s i a n ,

s l i m m e r t h a n t h e f i r s t , w h o s p r a n g t o h i s f e e t a s I e n t e r e d .

They were mature men, in the forties, and wore beneath

l e a t h e r j a c k e t s t h e i n e v i t a b l e b l u e s u i t s o f R u s s i a n c i v i l i a n s .

U n d e r e a c h c o a t , f r o m a s h o u l d e r h o l s t e r , p r o t r u d e d t h e b u t t

o f a p i s t o l .

I t h a d b e e n n o m o r e t h a n a g u e s s t h a t a f r e s h i n s t a l l m e n t




of suitc ases might be due. My firs t thought was : "Another

bu nch of those damn things !" The second was that i f I w as

ever going to open them up, now was as good a time as any .

With si gns I made the Russ ians understand what I i ntended

to do .

Promptly t hey went i nsane . They danced . They pus hed at

me wit h their hands and shrieked over and over the one

English word they appeared to know. It was "deeplo-

mateek!" I b rus hed them aside and took fr om my pocket a

metal handle containing a safety razor b lade whic h I c arry

in preference to a pocketk nife .

Sensing i ts pur pose, the lean cour ier flung himself face

down across the sui tcases, wi th arms and legs outspanned

to shield as many as possi ble with his body . I dragged one

of the containers from under him, and he leaped up again

as I started to saw through the first cord . At this sight their

antics and shouts redoubled .

While opening the third su itc ase, I had a mental flash that

broug ht sweat to my forehead . The Russi ans were half mad

with fury and terror . They w ere on both sides of me, in

front and behind . Supposing, in desperation, one of them

shot me in the back ? There would be no American witness,

and my death could be passed off as "a deplorable acci dent . "

I c alled to a Yank soldier w ho was on patrol thirt y feet

away. He cru nched over throug h the snow . Bending down

from the plane, I ask ed whether he had had combat ex pe-

rience. He answer ed that he had, in the South Pacif ic . I

stooped lower and murmured :




"I'm going to open more of this baggage . I w a n t y o u t o

watch these two Russians . Both are armed . I d o n ' t e x p e c t

a n y t r o u b l e . B u t i f o n e o f t he m a i m s a g u n a t me , I w a n t y o u

t o l e t h i m h a v e i t f i r s t . Understand?"

After a moment's thought, he looked me in the eye and

s a i d , " S i r , i s t h a t a n o r d e r ? " I r e p l i e d t h a t i t w a s a n o r d e r .

H e c l i c k e d t h e b o l t o f h i s r i f l e t o s n a p a c a r t r i d g e i n t o t h e

chamber and brought the weapon to ready . He was tall

e n o u g h f o r h i s h e a d t o c l e a r t h e d o o r s i l l . The muzzle was

pushed forward to command the interior .

One courier jumped from the plane and sprinted for the

hangars, where there were telephones . T h e o t h e r , h i s f a c e

c o n t o r t e d a s i f t o k e e p f r o m c r y i n g , b e g a n r e k n o t t i n g t h e

c o r d s I h a d s e v e r e d . T h e r e w a s l i t t l e t r o u b l e g e t t i n g i n t o t h e

s u i t c a s e s b e c a u s e t h e R u s s i a n s h a d b o u g h t t h e c h e a p e s t o n

the market . T h e y h a d n o l o c k s , b u t o n l y p a i r s o f c l a s p s . All

were consigned to the same address . T h e e n t r y o n t h e b i l l

o f l a d i n g r e a d : " D i r e c t o r , I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n i c a l a n d E c o -

nomic Information, 47 Chkalovskaya, Moscow 120, US . S . R . "

I d e c i d e d t o a t t e m p t o n l y a s p o t c h e c k - o n e s u i t c a s e , s a y ,

i n e v e r y t h r e e . I examined perhaps eighteen out of fifty .

O t h e r w i s e t h e s e a r c h w a s f a i r l y t h o r o u g h , a s I w a s l o o k i n g

for morphine. (Incidentally, none was found.) The light

w a s s o w e a k t h a t i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o d e c i p h e r t e x t w i t h o u t

using a flash lamp. I had to take off my gloves, and my

fingers grew numb with cold .

U s i n g o n e k n e e a s a d e s k , I j o t t e d n o t e s w i t h a p e n c i l o n

t w o l o n g e n v e l o p e s t h a t h a p p e n e d t o b e i n m y p o c k e t . T h e r e



FROM MAJOR JORDAN S DIARY

w a s u s u a l l y o n e e n t r y , o r p h r a s e o f d e s c r i p t i o n , f o r e a c h

s u i t c a s e i n s p e c t e d . T h e s e s c r a w l s w e r e g a t h e r e d w i t h i n t h e

next few days into a memorandum, after which I discarded

t h e e n v e l o p e s . A page of the memorandum is reproduced

i n t h i s b o o k .

The first thing I unearthed made me snort with disgust .

I t w a s a p o n d e r o u s t o m e o n t h e a r t o f s h i p p i n g f o u rlegged

animals . W a s t h i s t h e k i n d o f t w a d d l e A m e r i c a n p i l o t s w e r e

r i s k i n g t h e i r l i v e s t o c a r r y ? B u t i n t h e b a c k I f o u n d a s e r i e s

o f t a b l e s l i s t i n g r a i l r o a d m i l e a g e s f r o m a l m o s t a n y p o i n t i n

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o a n y o t h e r .

Neatly packed with the volume were scores of roadmaps,

o f t h e s o r t a v a i l a b l e a t f i l l i n g s t a t i o n s t o a l l c o m e r s . B u t I

made a note that they were "marked strangely ." Taken

t o g e t h e r , t h e y f u r n i s h e d a c o u n t r y - w i d e c h a r t , w i t h n a m e s

and places, of American industrial plants . For example,

Pittsburgh entries included "Westinghouse" and "Blaw-

Knox . "

The next suitcase to be opened was crammed with mate-

r i a l a s s e m b l e d i n A m e r i c a b y t h e o f f i c i a l S o v i e t n e w s o r g a n ,

the Tass Telegraph Agency . A t h i r d w a s d e v o t e d t o R u s s i a ' s

government-owned Amtorg Trading Corporation of New

York . O n e y i e l d e d a c o l l e c t i o n o f m a p s o f t h e P a n a m a C a n a l

Commission, with markings to show strategic spots in the

Canal Zone and distances to islands and ports within a

1 , 0 0 0 - m i l e r a d i u s .

A n o t h e r w a s f i l l e d w i t h d o c u m e n t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e A b e r -

d e e n P r o v i n g G r o u n d , o n e o f t h e m o s t " s e n s i t i v e " a r e a s i n




t h e w a r e f f o r t . J u d g i n g b y t h e i r c o n t e n t s , v a r i o u s s u i t c a s e s

could have been labeled under the heads of machine tools,

o i l r e f i n e r i e s , b l a s t f u r n a c e s , s t e e l f o u n d r i e s , m i n i n g , c o a l ,

c o n c r e t e , a n d t h e l i k e . O t h e r f o l d e r s w e r e s t u f f e d w i t h n a v a l

a n d s h i p p i n g i n t e l l i g e n c e . There seemed to be hundreds of

c o m m e r c i a l c a t a l o g u e s a n d s c i e n t i f i c m a g a z i n e s .

I noted that there were letters from Yakov M . Lomakin .

Afterwards, as Soviet Consul General in New York, he

played a part in the Mme. Kasenkina "leap-for-freedom"

i n c i d e n t w h i c h f o r c e d h i m t o q u i t t h e c o u n t r y . There were

also sheafs of information about Mexico, Argentina and

Cuba .

There were groups of documents which, on the evidence

of stationery, had been contributed by the Departments of

Agriculture, Commerce and State . A l l s u c h p a p e r s h a d b e e n

trimmed close to the text, with white margins removed . I

d e c i d e d t h a t t h i s w a s d o n e e i t h e r t o s a v e w e i g h t , o r t o r e -

move "Secret," "Confidential" or "Restricted" stamps that

m i g h t h a v e h a l t e d a s h i p m e n t , o r f o r b o t h r e a s o n s .

I d i s t i n c t l y r e m e m b e r f i v e o r s i x S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t f o l d e r s ,

bound with stout rubber bands . C l i p p e d t o e a c h w a s a t a b .

T h e f i r s t r e a d : "From Sayre." I took down the words be-

c a u s e i t r a n t h r o u g h m y h e a d t h a t s o m e o n e o f t h a t n a m e h a d

recently been High Commissioner to the Philippines .

Then I copied the legend : "From Hiss ." * I had never

*In my Fulton Lewis broadcasts it was decided to use the designations

"Mr. X" and "Mr. Y" for Sayre and His s, s ince the tri al of Alger Hiss

was t hen in progres s and mention of his name might have preju diced



78 FROM MAJOR, JORDAN'S DIARY

h e a r d o f A l g e r H i s s , a n d m a d e t h e e n t r y b e c a u s e t h e f o l d e r

b e a r i n g h i s n a m e h a p p e n e d t o b e s e c o n d i n t h e p i l e . I t c o n -

t a i n e d h u n d r e d s o f p h o t o s t a t s o f w h a t s e e m e d t o b e m i l i t a r y

r e p o r t s . There was a third name which I did not copy but

w h i c h s t u c k i n m y m i n d b e c a u s e i t w a s t h e s a m e a s t h a t o f

my dentist . T h e t a b r e a d : "From Geiger . " I d i d n o t l i s t a n d

cannot remember . the names on other State Department

f o l d e r s . .

In one was an account by an American Army officer of a

t o u r i n t h e N e a r E a s t . I r e a d i t h u r r i e d l y . Turkey and Iran

were among the countries he had reviewed, unconsciously,

for the Kremlin's enlightenment . Glancing through the

document, I found passages dealing with Soviet military

s t r e n g t h i n a n d a b o u t t h i s a r e a .

B e w i l d e r i n g , t o s a y t h e l e a s t , w a s t h e d i s c o v e r y o f v o l u -

minous copies of reports which American attaches in Mos-

cow had forwarded trustfully, in diplomatic pouches, to

their superiors in Washington . I asked myself what these

officers would think if they knew their most secret dis-

p a t c h e s w e r e b e i n g r e t u r n e d t o t h e S o v i e t c a p i t a l , f o r p e r u s a l

by the very individuals whom they had discussed and pos-

sibly denounced .

A s u i t c a s e o p e n e d m i d w a y i n t h e s e a r c h a p p e a r e d t o c o n -

t a i n . n o t h i n g b u t e n g i n e e r i n g a n d s c i e n t i f i c t r e a t i s e s . They

it . From the radio transcript of Dec . 2, 1949 : "LEwis : Now carefu l, don't

mention any name . . . One folder sai d 'From X' and the other s aid

'From Y' . And Mr. X and Mr . Y were well-known State Department offi -

cials, one of t hem partic ularly prominent in the news? JORDAN: That's

right . "




b r i s t l e d w i t h f o r m u l a e , c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l j a r g o n .

I w a s a b o u t t o c l o s e t h e c a s e a n d p a s s o n w h e n m y e y e w a s

caught by a specimen of stationery such as I had never

b e f o r e s e e n .

Its letterhead was a magic incantation : "The White

House, Washington ." As prospective owner of an 80-acre

t r a c t a l o n g t h e s h o r e o f W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e , I w a s i m p r e s s e d

b y t h e l o r d l y o m i s s i o n o f t h e c a p i t a l s , "D.C . " Under the

f l a s h l i gh t I s t u d i e d t h i s p a p e r w i t h a t t e n t i o n . I t w a s a b ri e f

n o t e , o f t w o s h e e t s , i n a s c r i p t w h i c h w a s n o t l e v e l b u t s l o p e d

upward to the right . The name to which it was addressed,

"Mikoyan," was wholly new to me . ( B y q u e s t i o n i n g C o l o n e l

K o t i k o v l a t e r , I l e a r n e d t h a t A . I . Mikoyan at the moment

was Russia's No . 3 m a n , a f t e r P r e m i e r S t a l i n a n d F o r e i g n

Commissar Molotov. He was Commissar of Foreign Trade

and Soviet boss of Lend-Lease . )

A salutation, "My dear Mr . M i n i s t e r , " l e d t o a f e w s e n -

t e n c e s o f s t o c k c o u r t e s i e s . O n e p a s s a g e , o f e l e v e n w o r d s , i n

the top line of the second page, impressed me enough to

merit a scribble on my envelope . That excerpt ran thus :

"ad a hell of a time getting these away fromGroves . "

The last two words should not be taken as referring to

Major General Leslie R . G r o v e s h i m s e l f . What they meant,

probably, was "from the Groves organization ." The com-

m a n d e r o f t h e M a n h a t t a n E n g i n e e r D i s t r i c t , l a t e r t h e M a n -

h a t t a n P r o j e c t , w a s a l m o s t u n i q u e i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n h i e r -

a r c h y f o r h i s d i s l i k e a n d s u s p i c i o n o f R u s s i a .




I shall tell here, for the . first time, that the verb before

"hell" was preceded by a name, whi ch stood at the end of

the last line of the opening sheet. Its initial letter was either

a capital "0" or "C" (since it was slightly open at the top),

after whic h came four or fi ve characters t hat ru shed away

in half-legible flourish . After poring over it minutely, I came

to the conclusi on that the word had to be either "Os car" if

the initial letter were "0", or "Carrie" if the initial letter

.were "C . " The fu ll quotat ion wou ld therefore read : "Oscar

(or C arrie) had a hell of a time getting t hese away f rom

Groves. "

The fir st t hing I had done, on finding the White House

note, was t o flip over the page to look f or a signature. I

penciled it on my env elope as "H.H. " This may not have

been an exact tr anscripti on . In any case, my intention is

clear. It w as to chronicle, on the spot, my identification of

the author as Harry H opkins . It was general usage at Great

Falls and elsewhere to refer t o him as "Harr y Hopki ns,"

without the middle initial . *

I remember dist inct ly having had to remove the letter

from a metal clip . It held tw o other exhibits -obvi ously the

things which Oscar, or Carrie, had such difficulty in "getting

away from Groves." One was a thick map . When unfolded,

it proved to be as w ide as the span of my ext ended arms . In

* P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e l t , i n c i d e n t a l l y , a d o p t e d the same abbreviation as

mine in December, 1941 . T h e P r e s i d e n t ' s n o t a t i o n , i n h i s o w n handwrit-

i n g , w a s a s f o l l o w s : "H H- Speed upl FDR ." A reproduction o f t h i s

note can be seen on page 409 of the Robert Sherwood book .




l a r g e l e t t e r s i t b o r e a l e g e n d w h i c h I r e c o r d e d : "Oak Ridge,

Manhattan Engineering District . "

The other was a carbon copy of a report, two or three

pages long, which was dated Oak Ridge . I f i t h a d a s i g n a -

t u r e , I d i d n o t s e t i t d o w n . A t t h e t o p o f t h e f i r s t p a g e , i m -

pressed with a rubber stamp, or typed, was the legend

"Harry Hopkins" followed by the title "Special Asst . C o -

o r d i n a t o r " o r " A d m i n i s t r a t o r . " I g a t h e r e d t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u -

lar copy had been earmarked for Mr . Hopkins . In t h e t e x t

o f t h e r e p o r t w a s e n c o u n t e r e d a s e r i e s o f " v o c a b l e s s o o u t -

landish that I made a memo to look up their meaning .

Among them were "cyclotron," "proton" and "deuteron . "

There were curious phrases like "energy produced by fis-

s i o n " a n d " w a l l s f i v e f e e t t h i c k , o f l e a d a n d w a t e r , t o c o n t r o l

f l y i n g n e u t r o n s . "

Probably no more than 200 men in all the country would

h a v e b e e n c a p a b l e a t t h e t i m e o f n o t i n g d o w n t h e s e p a r t i c u -

l a r e x p r e s s i o n s o u t o f t h e i r o w n h e a d s . The paper on which

I m a d e m y n o t e s w a s l a t e r s u b m i t t e d t o t h e B u r e a u o f S t a n d -

a r d s f o r a t e s t o f i t s a g e .

F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n m y l i f e , I m e t t h e w o r d " u r a n i u m . "

The exact phrase was "Uranium 92 . " F r o m a b o o k o f r e f e r -

e n c e I l e a r n e d a f t e r w a r d t h a t u r a n i u m i s t h e 9 2 n d e l e m e n t

in atomic weight .

At the time of this episode I was as unaware as anyone

c o u l d b e o f O a k R i d g e , t h e M a n h a t t a n D i s t r i c t a n d i t s c h i e f ,

General Groves . T h e e n t e r p r i s e h a s , b e e n c e l e b r a t e d a s " t h e

b e s t g u a r d e d s e c r e t i n h i s t o r y . " I t w a s s u p e r l a t i v e l y h u s h -



The transc ripti on which Major Jordan made of his notes tak en while

examining the black s uitc ases (see page 75) . The above text reads as

follows : "Always j ust 50 black sui tcas es each load wi th 2 or 3 Cour iers -

usu ally 3 weeks apart . Papers always cu t close . 4-legg ed-animal book .

Tass folders-Amtorg-Panama Canal Commission maps-Oak Ridge-

2-

- A LW

- -

.1 - _ i ~ . YELTdoSE- A ' ioL . Ci A

U,05W- .

s

!4aC- ZYES AKAOEMIf</A 1 "aFlZfkq



memos f rom Sayre & Hiss & others-State dept. letters--films---reports--

'secret' cut offlarge folders on machine tools, electri c tools & concret e

data-furnaces-White House memo from H.H . about "hell of a time

getting these away from Groves"-bomb powder-Donets-Duban-Siberian development-oil machinery maps-blast furnaces-memos from

State, Agriculture, Commerce-thousands of catalogs and dry-looking

scientific data from McGraw-HillIron Age-tremendous f olders of ship-

ping data .

"Another load of sui tcas es-Aberdeen Provi ng Grounds- folders from

Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Cuba-Sealed envelopes from Lomakin-

Maps of U. S . aut o companies marked str angely-Mines, s teel foundries,

long lists of people-Special folders f or Russ ia . (A list of twelve Soviet

magazines then follows .)

"Look up words on memo & maps labeled Oak Ridge-Manhattan

Engineering Dept. or District I think it was-Uranium 92-neutron--

proton and deuteron-i sotope-energy produced by fis sion or splitti ng-

look up c yclotron-Map of walls 5 feet thick of lead and water to control

flying neutrons . H eavy-water hydrogen or deuterons . "




hush, to the extreme that Army offi cers i n the "know" were

forb idden to mention it over their priv ate telephones insi de

the Pentagon. General Groves has test ifi ed that his off ice

would have refused to send any document to the White

House, wi thout authority from himself, even if i t w as re-

quested personally by the Presi dent . I am certain that this

is t rue, and I have never assert ed anything to the contrar y

wi th respect to General Groves .

I admire General Groves very much, and I think that his

testi mony at t he Congress ional hearing was one of the im-

pressive things that occurred there . The fact that he testified

that he had never met Hopkins or even spoken to him

seemed to convince some people that I was lying, but of

course for Hopkins to w rit e that "Oscar had a hell of a time

getting these away from Groves" in no way implies that

Hopkins knew Groves. General Groves did confirm in

the following t esti mony that pressu re was definitely felt

in his organization even though he could not specify its

source .

Mr Harrison . You said there was a gr eat deal of pressur e on

Lend-Lease to s hip ur anium to Russia. Can you t e l l us whoexerted the pressure?

General G roves .- No ; I can't tell you who exerted the pressure

on Lend-Lease. O f cours e it c ould have been internal pressure .

At any rate, we saw every evidence of that pressure, and I believe

your files of t he Lend-Lease diaries w ill show how they re-

peatedly came back. It w as evident from reading the diaries that

we didn't want this material shipped, yet they kept coming back

and coming bac k . . . .




I believe it is fair to say that . . . (General Wesson's) sub-

ordinates were fully aware that w e did not want this material to

be shipped abroad, and this c ontinual pressu re to ship it was

certainly coming from somewhere. Either it was coming inter-n a l l y , from ambitious s ouls, or it was c oming exter nally .

I am sure if you would check on the pressur e on offi cers han-

dling all supplies of a military nature during the war, you wi ll

find the pressure to give to Russia everything that could be given

was not limited to atomic matters .*

There was one incident t hat occur red later . I was reminded

this morning by one of my former people of how delighted we

were when we managed to get some material away from the

Russi ans. It w as a major accomplishment . And the only thing

we got away from them was time . We were very anxious, in

connection with the gaseous diffusion plant, to get certain equip-

ment. I f it had not been obtained, that plant would have been

delayed in its completion . The Russ ians had a plant on t he way .

Of - course when I say they had it, you know who paid for it .

That plant, s ome of it was b oxed and on the dock when we got

it, and I can still remember the difficulties we had in getting it .

One of the agreements we had to make was that we would

replace that equipment, and use all our pri orities necessary to

get it replaced quic kly . . . . That particular plant was oil-refi nery

equipment, and in my opinion was purely postwar Russi an sup-

ply, as you know muc h of it was. * I g ive you t hat as an example

of w hat people interested in s upplying Americ an troops had to

contend with during the war .

Where that influence came from, you can guess as w ell as I can .

It w as certainly prevalent in Washington, and it w as prevalent

throughout the country, and the only spot I k now of that was

distinctly anti-Russian at an early period was the Manhattan

*My italics. G . R . J .




Project . And we were-t here was never any doubt about it f rom

sometime along about Oc tober 1942 . '

In short, it s eems as clear as daylight that if anyone did

try to get anything away fr om General Groves or his organi-

zation, he would really have had "a hell of a time' l

"From the outset, ex traordinary secrecy and securi ty

measures have surr ounded the project," declared Henry L .

Stimson, Secretary of War, in commenting on the fir st mili-

tary use of t he atom bomb . "This w as personally ordered by

Presi dent Roosevelt." Mr. Roosevelt's orders, he innocently

added, "have been str ict ly complied wi th ." '

Yet Russians w ith whom I w orked side by side at Great

Falls knew about the A-bomb at least as early as March, 1943

and General Groves had reason to dist rus t t he Russ ians in

Oct ober, 19421 In common wi th almost all Americans, I got

the firs t hint of t he exis tence of the atom bomb from the

news of Hi roshima, whic h was revealed on Augu st '6, 1945

by President Truman .

In a later chapter I recount my fu tile visit to Washington

in January, 1944 to bring to the attention of the highest au-

thorit ies w hat seemed to me to be treacherous vi olati ons of

security in the Pipeline . I got exact ly nowhere in the State

Department or elsewhere . It was not unti l I heard the an-

nouncement of the atomic blast i n Russia on September 23,

1949, that I finally had the good fortune of meeting Senator

Bridges and Fulton Lewis -bu t more of that

'

later .

It was after eleven o'clock and my checking job was vir -

tually done, when Colonel Kotikov bur st into the cabin of



8 7

t h e p l a n e . He wanted to know by whose authority I was

committing this outrage and bellowed that he would have

me removed . I answered that I was performing my duty,

and just to show how things stood, opened two or three

e x t r a s ui t c a se s i n h i s p r es e n c e . I l e f t t h e C - 4 7 a n d w i t h a n o d

of thanks dismissed my sentinel . A s I c r o s s e d t h e f i e l d t o -

w a r d t h e b a r r a c k s , C o l o n e l K o t i k o v f e l l i n b e s i d e m e .

N o d o u b t h e r e f l e c t e d t h a t h e w a s i n n o p o s i t i o n t o f o r c e

a n i s s u e . H e m a y a l s o h a v e r e a l i z e d ' t h a t I u n d e r s t o o d t h e

g r a v i t y o f a l m o s t n o t h i n g I h a d s e e n . A l l t h a t m a t t e r e d t o

him was getting the suitcases off to Moscow. A n x i o u s l y h e

inquired what I intended to do .

If I had known what I do today, I should have grounded

t h e t r a n s p o r t , b u t i n t h e e n d i t w e n t on i t s w a y t o R u s s i a .

C o l o n e l K o t i k o v a s k e d m e t o o p e n n o m o r e s u i t c a s e s u n t i l

instructions came from the War Department . He said he

hoped he would not have to get me transferred . I e x p e c t e d

t o b e f i r e d , a n d w e n t s o f a r a s t o p a c k m y g e a r . B u t I r e -

ceived no communication from the War Department, and

gathered at last that Colonel Kotikov had made no com-

p l a i n t . P e r h a p s , I b e g a n t o t h i n k , h e d i d n o t d a r e .

I reported to Colonel George F . O ' N e i l l , s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r

o f t h e 3 4 t h S u b - D e p o t a t G o r e F i e l d , a b o u t t h e f i f t y s u i t c a se s

I had examined . H e w a s i n t e r e s t e d e n o u g h t o p a s s t h e s t o r y

o n t o h i s s u p e r i o r o f f i c e r i n S p o k a n e . There was no reply,

even after Colonel O'Neill made a second attempt . Ap.

p a r e n t l y i t w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d g o o d f o r m t o c a s t r e f l e c t i o n s

o n t h e i n t e g r i t y o f o u r a l l y .



CHAPTERSIX

"Don't Make a Big Produc tion"

C o l o n e l K o t i k o v ' s f i r s t c o n c e r n , e a c h m o r n i n g , w a s t o v i s i t

t h e c h a r t r o o m i n t h e O p e r a t i o n s O f f i c e . A huge map, show-

ing the route from Great Falls to Fairbanks, had been

m o u n t e d o n a m a g n e t i z e d s t e e l w a l l w h i c h h e l d i n p o s i t i o n

s m a l l m e t a l m a r k e r s , on each of which hung a tag bearing

t h e n u m b e r o f e a c h p l a n e e n r o u t e . The markers were moved

f o r w a r d b y a W A C a s s i s t a n t , o n a l a d d e r , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h

t e l e t y p e a d v i c e c o m i n g i n . Colonel Kotikov could read the

s i t u a t i o n a t a g l a n c e .

T o w a r d t h e e n d o f A p r i l , 1 9 4 3 , t h e r e w a s a n u n u s u a l c o n -

g e s t i o n o f A i r a c o b r a p u r s u i t p l a n e s a t o u r f i e l d . We usually

handled about 400 a month, in comparison with 80 medium

bombers and 15 cargo ships in the same period ; t h e A i r a -

cobras were used as anti-tank weapons by the Russians .

There was always a chronic shortage of American pilots,

but in 1943 the demand was ravenous-in the Atlantic, in

t h e P a c i f i c , i n E u r o p e , i n A s i a , a n d i n t h e A m e r i c a n s y s t e m

Q f g l o b a l a i r t r a n s p o r t w h i c h w a s a w o n d e r o f t h e w a r .

. N o w , t o K o t i k o v ' s d i s g u s t a n d f u r y , a s m a n y a s 2 0 0 A i r a -

c o b r a s w e r e s t a c k e d u p o n t h e f i e l d . The markers clustered

88



"DON'T MAKE A BIG PRODUCTION"89

on t h e m a p a s t h i c k a s b e e s . W h e n h e c r i t i c i z e d u s f o r a l l o w -

i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n t o d e v e l o p , I p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e R u s s i a n s

h a d t r o u b l e s , t o o ; t h i s h e t o o k a s a n i n s u l t . " N e v e r , n e v e r , "

h e s h o u t e d , " d o e s R u s s i a h a v e s h o r t a g e o f p i l o t s ! H e s a i d

he could order 10,000 Russian pilots to Great Falls in a

m a t t e r o f d a y s . " A n d y o u ' l l h a v e t o f e e d t h e m! " h e s a i d w i t h

s a t i s f a c t i o n .

He made life miserable for Colonel L. Ponton d'Arce,

commander of Gore Field . " W e ' v e g o t t o h a v e m o r e p i l o t s , "

h e y e l l e d . C o l o n e l d ' A r c e a s s u r e d h i m t h a t t h e p r o b l e m h a d

been taken personally in hand by Major General Harold L .

George, chief of the Air Transport Command ; a n d t h e h e a d

of his Alaskan Wing, Brigadier General William H . Tun-

ner. The Russian's contempt was supreme. " B a h , p r o m i s e s ! "

h e s n a r l e d .

A n d t h e n , a l l o f a s u d d e n , s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n e d . Two days

l a t e r , o u t o f i n b o u n d c r a f t t u m b l e d s t r a n g e n e w f l i e r s , b e -

wildered and annoyed . Some had been snatched from well

earned rest between trips to Ireland . Others hailed from

bases in Puerto Rico, Long Beach, Boca Raton, Oklahoma

C i t y . Test pilots had been plucked from Wright Field .

T h e r e w e r e e v e n a f e w p r o d i g i e s w i t h i n s t r u m e n t c e r t i f i c a t e s

u c h d e f i e r s o f s t o r m a n d d a r k n e s s w e r e r a r e a s h e n ' s

t e e t h . The group totaled about twenty, in contrast to the

mere three General Tunner had scraped together .

F e w o f t h e p i l o t s h a d e v e r h e a r d o f G r e a t F a l l s , a n d a l l

w e r e d u m f o u n d e d b y i t s e x t e n s i v e f a c i l i t i e s a n d o p e r a t i o n s .

" W h a t t h e h e l l ' s g o i n g o n h e r e ? " t h e y m u t t e r e d . Some were



d i s t u r b e d a t f i n d i n g t h e y w e r e t o p i l o t A i r a c o b r a s t o A l a s k a ,

almost a synonym for the North Pole. Scarcely one had

d r i v e n a p u r s u i t p l a n e s i n c e f l i g h t t r a i n i n g d a y s , s o w e s e t u p

a r e f r e s h e r c o u r s e i n t a k e - o f f s a n d l a n d i n g. A f t e r a s h o r t

t i m e t h e e m e r g e n c y s q u a d v a n i s h e d a s i f i t h a d n e v e r b e e n .

Word was prompt to arrive at headquarters of the Air

Transport Command, and there was an uproar . I t w a s , a b -

solutely forbidden to procure pilots except through ATC

which alone could judge the whole situation and decide

w h i c h e m e r g e n c y w a s m o s t c r i t i c a l i n t h e e n t i r e w a r e f f o r t . ,

Colonel d'Arce informed me he had been reproved for "go-

i n g o u t s i d e c h a n n e l s , " a n d a s k e d w h e t h e r I w a s t h e o n e w h o

c a l l e d i n t h e e x t r a p i l o t s .

C o l o n e l K o t i k o v , t o w h o m I a p p e a l e d , p r o m p t l y s t a t e d t h a t

h e w a s r e s p o n s i b l e . H e h a d s i m p l y g o t t i r e d o f w a i t i n g a n d

g o n e " s t r a i g h t t o M r . Hopkins . "

" S o t h a t ' s h o w i t w a s , " C o l o n e l d ' A r c e s c o w l e d b i t t e r l y .

One morning, a few weeks later, I was standing at my

u s u a l p o s t b e s i d e C o l o n e l K o t i ko v ' s d e s k . A t h i s e l b o w l a y

a stack of folders with which I had long been acquainted .

T h e y w e r e h e l d t o g e t h e r w i t h e l a s t i c s . O n t h e o u t s i d e b i n d e r

was pasted a typewritten label in English, "Re : E x p e r i -

mental Chemicals ." While telephoning to Washington, the

Colonel would often cry out : "Chemicals!" I would fetch

t h e s h e a f o f d o c u m e n t s f r o m h i s w i f e , w h o a s h i s s e c r e t a r y

kept them in a locked drawer .

T h i s p o r t f o l i o w a s t h e a p p l e o f h i s e y e . M r s . K o t i k o v t o o k

it home every night. I sometimes stopped by the Pennsyl-



vania Apartments in the morning and drove them to work .

I once saw Mrs . Kotikov drag the dossier from a hiding-

p l a c e u n d e r t h e m a t t r e s s , w h i l e h e r h u s b a n d w a s p u l l i n g o n

h i s h a n d s o m e b o o t s o f b l a c k l e a t h e r .

When the chemical dossiers were complete and ready for

M o s c o w , t o g e t h e r w i t h k i n d r e d f o l d e r s o n " M e t a l s , " K o t i k o v

r e f u s e d t o t r u s t - them to an ordinary messenger . H i s c o u r i e r

was a luminary of the Soviet Purchasing Commission,

S e m e n V a s i l e n k o , w h o w a s k n o w n i n t h i s c o u n t r y ' a s a n e x -

p e r t c h e m i s t b u t t u r n e d o u t t o b e R u s s i a ' s a u t h o r i t y o n p i p e s

and tubes. (The gaseous diffusion plant at Oak Ridge and

the Hanford Plutonium Works use many miles of pipes . )

My diary later showed* that Vasilenko flew from Great

F a l l s i n a s p e c i a l p l a n e c a r r y i n g a b o u t 4 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s o f " d i p -

lomatic mail." He and the cargo were protected by three

Russian guards, whom I recorded as Leonid Rykounin, .

Engeny Kojevnicov and Georges Nicolaiev .

A f t e r V a s i l e n k o ' s a r r i v a l f r o m W a s h i n g t o n , C o l o n e l K o t i -

k o v l e d h i m t o a n A i r a c o b r a s t a n d i n g a b o u t o n e city b l o c k ' s

distance from the nearest building, with an open view on

e v e r y s i d e . T h e y s p r e a d t h e p a p e r s o u t o n o n e o f t h e w i n g s

of the plane, and the two men discussed them for an hour .

T h i s p r e c a u t i o n w a s d u e t o t h e C o l o n e l ' s p e t b o g y , d i c t a -

graphs . T h e r e w e r e n o d i c t a g r a p h s o n t h e f i e l d , b u t t h a t d i d

not stop him and his aides from searching for them every

d a y i n . l a m p f i x t u r e s a n d t e l e p h o n e b o x e s , a n d b e h i n d c a l -

e n d a r s a n d p i c t u r e s . They even sounded the walls . I g a t h -

*See page 267.



e r e d i t w a s n o t A m e r i c a n s p i e s , t h a t h e f e a r e d , b u t S o v i e t

p o l i c e a g e n t s .

One morning in April, 1943 Colonel Kotikov asked whether

I c o u l d f i n d s p a c e f o r a n i m p o r t a n t c o n s i g n m e n t o f n e a r l y

2,000 pounds . I s a i d : "No, we have a quarter of a million

pounds' backlog already . " H e d i r e c t e d m e t o p u t t h r o u g h a

c a l l t o W a s h i n g t o n f o r h i m , a n d s p o k e f o r a w h i l e i n h i s o w n

tongue. Then he put a hand over the mouthpiece and con-

fided to me i n English : "Very special shipment-experi-

mental chemicals-going through soon ."

T h e r e w a s a n i n t e r v a l o f S l a v i c g u t t u r a l s , a n d h e t u r n e d

to me again . "Mr. Hopkins-coming on now," he reported .

T h e n h e g a v e m e t h e s u r p r i s e o f m y l i f e . He handed me the

phone and announced : " B i g b o s s , M r . Hopkins, wants you . "

It was quite a moment . I w a s a b o u t t o s p e a k f o r t h e f i r s t

t i m e w i t h a l e g e n d a r y f i g u r e o f t h e d a y , t h e t o p m a n i n t h e

w o r l d o f L e n d - L e a s e i n w h i c h I l i v e d . I h a v e b e e n c a r e f u l t o

keep the following account as accurate in substance and

l a n g u a g e a s I c a n . My memory, normally good, was stimu-

l a t e d b y t h e t h r i l l o f t h e o c c a s i o n . M o r e o v e r , t h e i n c i d e n t

was stamped on my mind because it was unique in my ex-

perience of almost 25 months at Newark and Great Falls .

A bit in awe, I stammered : "Jordan speaking." A male

voice began at once : "This is Mr . Hopkins . A r e you myexpediter out there?" I answered that I was the United

N a t i o n s R e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t G r e a t F a l l s , w o r k i n g w i t h C o l o n e l

Kotikov .



"DON'T MADE A BIG PRODUCTION" 93

Under the circumstances, who could have doubted that

the speaker was Harry Hopkins? Friends have since asked

me whether it might not have been a Soviet agent who was

an American . I d o u b t t h i s , b e c a u s e h i s n e x t r e m a r k b r o u g h t

u p a s u b j e c t w h i c h o n l y M r . H o p k i n s a n d m y s e l f c o u l d h a v e

known. He asked : " D i d y o u g e t t h o s e p i l o t s I s e n t y o u ? "

" O h y e s , s i r , " I r e s p o n d e d . "They were very much appre-

c i a t e d , a n d h e l p e d u s i n u n b l o c k i n g t h e j a m i n t h e P i p e l i n e .

We were accused of going out of channels, and got the

d i c k e n s f o r i t . "

Mr. H o p k i n s l e t t h a t o n e g o b y , a n d m o v e d o n t o t h e h e a r t

of t h i n g s . " N o w , J o r d a n , " h e s a i d , " t h e r e ' s a c e r t a i n s h i p -

ment of chemicals going through that I want you to ex-

p e d i t e . This i s s o m e t h i n g v e r y s p e c i a l . "

" S h a l l I t a k e i t up," I asked, "with the Commanding

Colonel?"

" I d o n ' t w a n t y o u t o d i s c u s s t h i s w i t h a n y o n e , " M r . Hop-

k i n s o r d e r e d , " a n d i t i s n o t t o g o o n t h e r e c o r d s . Don't make

a b i g p r o d u c t i o n of i t , b u t j u s t s e n d i t t h r o u g h q u i e t l y , i n a

hurry .

I asked how I was to identify the shipment when it ar-

r i v e d . H e t u r n e d f r o m t h e p h o n e , a n d I c o u l d h e a r h i s v o i c e :

"How w i l l Jordan know the shipment when it gets there?"

He came back on the line and said : "The Russian Colonel

o u t t h e r e w i l l d e s i g n a t e i t f o r y o u . N o w s e n d t h i s t h r o u g h a s

s p e e d i l y a s p o s s i bl e , a n d b e s u r e yo u l e a v e i t o ff t h e r e c o rd s 1 "

T h e n a R u s s i a n v o i c e b r o k e i n w i t h a d e m a n d f o r C o l o n e l

Kotikov . I w a s f u l l o f c u r i o s i t y w h e n K o t i k o v h a d f i n i s h e d ,




and I wanted to know what it was all about and where the

shipment was coming from. He said there would be more

chemicals and that they would arrive from Canada .

"I show you," he announced . P r e s u m a b l y , a f t e r t h e t a l k

with Mr . H o p k i n s , I h a d b e e n a c c e p t e d a s a m e m b e r o f t h e

"lodge. " F r o m h i s b u n d l e on w a r c h e m i c a l s t h e C o l o n e l t o o k

the folder called "Bomb Powder." He drew out a paper

s h e e t a n d s e t a f i n g e r a g a i n s t o n e e n t r y . F o r a s e c o n d t i m e

my eyes encountered the word "uranium . " I r e p e a t t h a t i n

1 9 4 3 i t m e a n t a s l i t t l e t o m e a s t o m o s t A m e r i c a n s , w h i c h

was nothing .

This shipment was the one and only cash item to pass

t h r o u g h m y h a n d s , e x c e p t f o r p r i v a t e R u s s i a n p u r c h a s e s o f

c l o t h i n g a n d l i q u o r . I t w a s t h e o n l y o n e , o u t o f a t r e m e n d o u s

m u l t i t u d e o f c o n s i g n m e n t s , t h a t I w a s o r d e r e d n o t t o e n t e r

o n m y t a l l y s h e e t s . I t w a s t h e o n l y o n e I w a s f o r b i d d e n t o

d i s c u s s w i t h m y s u p e r i o r s , a n d t h e o n l y o n e I w a s d i r e c t e d

to keep secret from everybody .

Despite Mr . H o p k i n s ' u r g e n c y , t h e r e w a s a d e l a y o f f i v e

weeks . On the morning of June 10th, I caught sight of a

loaded C-47 which was idling on the runway . I w e n t o v e r

and asked the pilot what was holding him up . H e s a i d h e

u n d e r s t o o d s o m e k i n d o f s p e c i a l s h i p m e n t w a s s t i l l t o c o m e .

S e v e n y e a r s a f t e r w a r d t h e p i l o t i d e n t i f i e d h i m s e l f t o t h e p r e s s

as Air Forces Lieutenant Ben L. Brown, of C i n c i n n a t i .

I a s k e d C o l o n e l K o t i k o v a b o u t t h e p l a n e , a n d h e t o l d m e

the shipment Mr . H o p k i n s w a s i n t e r e s t e d i n h a d j u s t a r r i v e d

a t t h e r a i l r o a d y a r d s , a n d t h a t I s h o u l d s e n d a t r u c k t o p i c k



"DON'T MAKE A BIG PRODUCTION" 95

i t u p . The consignment was escorted by a Russian guard

from Toronto . I s e t d o w n h i s n a m e , a n d c o p i e d i t l a t e r i n my

d i a r y . I t w a s V l a d i m i r A n o u f r i e v . I i d e n t i f i e d h i m w i t h t h e

initials "C .C." for "Canadian Courier . "

Fifteen wooden cases were put aboard the transport,

which took off for Moscow by way of Alaska . A t F a i r b a n k s ,

L i e u t e n a n t B r o w n h a s r e l a t e d , o n e b o x f e l l f r o m t h e p l a n e ,

s m a s h i n g a c o r n e r a n d s p i l l i n g a s m a l l q u a n t i t y o f c h o c o l a t e -

brown powder . O u t o f c u r i o s i t y , h e p i c k e d u p a h a n d f u l o f

the unfamiliar grains, with a notion of asking somebody

what they were. A S o v i e t o f f i c e r s l a p p e d t h e c r y s t a l s f r o m

his palm and explained nervously : "No, no-b urn hands!"

N o t u n t i l t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f 1 9 4 9 w a s i t d e f i n i t e l y p r o v e d ,

f r o m r e s p o n s i b l e r e c o r d s , t h a t d u r i n g t h e w a r F e d e r a l a g e n -

c i e s d e l i v e r e d t o R u s s i a a t l e a s t t h r e e c o n s i g n m e n t s o f u r a -

nium chemicals, totaling 1,465 pounds, or nearly three

q u a r t e r s o f a t o n . Confirmed also was the shipment of one

k i l o g r a m , o r 2 .2 pounds, of uranium metal at a time when

the total American stock was 45 pounds .

Implicated by name were the Lend-Lease Administration,

the Department of Commerce, the Procurement Division of

the Treasury, and the Board of Economic Warfare . The

S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t b e c a m e i n v o l v e d t o t h e e x t e n t o f r e f u s i n g

a c c e s s t o f i l e s o f L e n d - L e a s e a n d i t s s u c c e s s o r , t h e F o r e i g n

Economic Administration .

The first two uranium shipments traveled through Great

F a l l s , b y a i r . T h e t h i r d w a s d i s p a t c h e d b y t r u c k a n d r a i l w a y

from Rochester, N. Y . , t o P o r t l a n d , O r e . , a n d t h e n b y s h i p t o




Vladivostok. The dates were March and June, 1943, and

July, 1944 . No doubt w as left that the transacti on discu ssed

by Mr. Hopkins and myself was the one of June, 1943.

This was not merely the largest of our known uranium

deals wi th the Soviet Union, it w as also the most shocki ng .

There seemed to be no lengths to which some American

offic ials would not go in aiding Russia to master the secret

of nuclear fission . For f our y ears monopoly of the A-bomb

was t he cornerst one of our milit ary and overseas policy, yet

on September 23, 1949, long in advance of Washing ton esti -

mates, President Truman announced that an atomic ex-

plosion had occ ur red in the Sovi et Union .

In behalf of national securit y, the Manhattan Project dur -

ing t he spring of 1943 clapped an embargo on Americ an ex-

ports of u ranium compounds . But zealots i n Washington ap-

pear to have resolved that Russia must have at all costs the

ingr edients f or atomic experiment . The intensely pro-Soviet

mood of that t ime may be ju dged from echoes in later years .

For example, there w as Joseph E. Davi es, Ambassador to

the Soviet Union in 1936-39, and author of a book and movie

of flagrant propaganda, "Missi on to Moscow ." In an inter-

view with the Times-Herald of Washington for Feb. 18,

1946, he was quoted as s aying : "Russia, in self-defense, has

every moral right to seek atomic bomb secrets t hrough mili-

tary espi onage if exc luded from suc h information by her

former f ight ing allies!" There also was Profes sor Harold C .

Urey, American sci entist, who sat in the innermost ci rcle of

the Manhattan Project . Yet on Dec. 14, 1949, in a report of



The bill of lading for the March 23, 1943 Denver shipment of uranium

sent to Colonel Kotik ov at Great Falls .

t 8 9

r i ' u . I i + n n . l A ' u .W Y . I s . . a a Y e .Y . I , new

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98 FROM, MAJOR JORDAN' S DIARY

the Atlantic Union Committee, Dr . Urey said that Major

Jordan should be court-martialed if he had removed any-

t h i n g f r o m p l a n e s b o u n d f o r R u s s i a .

W h e n A m e r i c a n s u p p l i e s w e r e c u t o f f , t h e d e v i c e o f o u t -

maneuvering General Groves was to procure the materials

clandestinely from Canada.* Not until 1946 did the com-

mander of the Manhattan Project learn from the Un-Ameri-

c a n A c t i v i t i e s C o m m i t t e e t h a t h i s s t o c k a d e h a d b e e n u n d e r -

mined .

M y s h a r e i n t h e r e v e l a t i o n w a s t e s t i m o n y u n d e r o a t h l e a d -

ing to one conclusion only-that the Canadian by-pass was

aided by Mr. Hopkins. A t h i s d i r e c t i o n , L e n d - L e a s e i s s u e d

a c e r t i f i c a t e o f r e l e a s e w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e c o n s i g n m e n t c o u l d

not have moved. L e n d - L e a s e c h a n n e l s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d

L e n d - L e a s e p e r s o n n e l , s u c h a s m y s e l f , w e r e u s e d . T r a c e s o f

the scheme were kept off Lend-Lease books by making it a

" c a s h " t r a n s a c t i o n . T h e s h i p m e n t w a s p a i d f o r w i t h a c h e c k

of the Amtorg Trading Corporation .

B e c a u s e t h e i n i t i a l b r a n c h o f t h e a i r l i f t t o M o s c o w w a s

under American control, passage of the chemicals across

U n i t e d S t a t e s t e r r i t o r y c o u l d n o t b e a v o i d e d , i n A l a s k a i f n o t

Montana. O n a c c o u n t of t h a t f a c t , a n d t h e c a s h n a t u r e o f t h e

p r o j e c t , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n a n e x p o r t l i c e n s e f r o m t h e

Board of Economic Warfare . Such a document, covering . a

*The government of Canada frowned on uranium sales, but thought

the U.S . ha s the right to determine whether Russia should have the

precious product . I n f a c t , i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t C a n a d a ' s a l e r t n e s s r a t h e r

than ours prevented further shipments .




shipment of American origin, was first prepared . I t w a s

altered, to comply with the Canadian maneuver, by some

B E W o f f i c i a l w h o s e i d e n t i t y h a s b e e n c o n c e a l e d b y t h e S t a t e

Department. As amended, the license was issued on April

2 9 , 1 9 4 3 . I t s s e r i a l n u m b e r w a s C - 1 6 4 3 1 8 0 .

B u t t w o f a c t s w e r e f o r g o t t e n : ( a ) p u b l i c c a r r i e r s u s e i n -

v o i c e s , a n d ( b ) t h e A i r F o r c e s k e p t t a l l i e s n o t o n l y a t G r e a t

F a l l s b u t F a i r b a n k s .

B y d i l i g e n t s e a r c h i n g , f r e i g h t a n d a i r w a y b i l l s y i e l d e d i n -

c o n t e s t a b l e p r o o f t h a t 1 5 b o x e s o f u r a n i u m c h e m i c a l s w e r e

d e l i v e r e d a t G r e a t F a l l s o n J u n e 9 , 1 9 4 3 , a n d w e r e d i s p a t c h e d

i m m e d i a t e l y , i n a L e n d - L e a s e p l a n e , t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n .

The shipment originated at Eldorado Mining & Refining,

Ltd . of Great Bear Lake, and was sent through Port Hope,

Ontario. I t w a s a u t h o r i z e d b y a C a n a d i a n a r m s e x p o r t p e r -

mit, No. OF1666. T h e c a r r i e r w a s t h e C h i c a g o , M i l w a u k e e ,

S t . P a u l & P a c i f i c R a i l w a y . L i s t e d a s c o n s i g n e e w a s C o l o n e l

A. N . K o t i k o v , r e s i d e n t a g e n t o f t h e S o v i e t G o v e r n m e n t P u r -

chasing Commission at Gore Field, Great Falls .

T h e s t o r y b e h i n d t h e s t o r y i s a s f o l l o w s : On Feb . 1, 1943,

Hermann H. R o s e n b e r g o f C h e m a t a r , I n c ., New York City,

r e c e i v e d t h e f i r s t i n q u i r y a b o u t u r a n i u m e v e r t o r e a c h h i s

office . T h e a p p l i c a n t w a s t h e S o v i e t P u r c h a s i n g C o m m i s s i o n ,

which desired 220 pounds of uranium oxide, 220 pounds of

uranium nitrate, and 25 pounds of uranium metal . A t t h a t

d a t e O a k R i d g e w a s u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , b u t w o u l d n o t b e i n

o p e r a t i o n f o r a n o t h e r y e a r .

Six days earlier the War Production Board had issued



100 FROM MAJOR JORDAN S DIARY

General Reference Order M-285, c ontrolling the distr ibu tion

of uranium compounds among domestic industries like

glass, pottery and ceramics . A loophole was left b y overlook-

ing the export of such materials for war purposes . The Rus-

sians c laimed that t hey had urg ent milit ary need for ura-

nium nitrate in medici nal research and for uranium oxide

and metal as alloys in hardening gun-barrel steel . There was

nothing for the U.S. to do but grant an OK, si nce we did not

want to imply that we were suspici ous of Russ ia's request .

Uranium metal was unavailable . On March 23, at Rosen-

berg's instance, the S . W. Shattuck Chemical_ Co . of Denver

shipped four cr ates, w eighing 691 pounds, to Colonel Koti-

kov at Great Falls . The Burlingt on railroad's bill of lading

described the contents merely as "chemicals," but it w as ac-

companied by a letter fr om Rosenberg t o Kotikov desig nat-

ing the contents as 220 pounds of u raniu m nitr ate and 200

(not 220) pounds of uranium ox ide . Since i t w as a Lend-

Lease transact ion, defrayed wit h Americ an funds, no export

license was required . The cargo was dispatched without

frict ion along the Pipeline .

But the War Product ion Board, f rom which c learance had

been sought, alerted t he Manhattan Project . It was too late

to halt t he Shattuc k s ale . General Groves reluctantly ap-

proved it on the ground that it w ould be unwise to "tip off"

Russ ia as to the importance of uranium chemicals-a fact

wi th which Moscow w as only too familiar .

Dur ing the investi gation, I, was embarrassed by questi ons

as to w hy tables of exports to the Soviet Union contained no



Waybill dated May 21, 1943 for C anadian shipment of ur anium oxide and

uranium nitrate, addressed to Colonel Kotikov at Great Falls .

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This Business" could well stand as Rus sia's Lend-Lease slogan .

HN




mention of uranium . T h e S h a t t u c k c o n s i g n m e n t w a s l e g i t i -

mate. It had been authorized by Lend-Lease, the War Pro-

duction Board, and the Manhattan Project .

S o m e m o n t h s l a t e r I r a n i n t o j o h n F . Moynihan, formerly

o f t h e Newark News e d i t o r i a l s t a f f . A S e c o n d L i e u t e n a n t a t

the Newark Airport when I was there, he had risen to

C o l o n e l a s a s o r t o f " r e v e r s e p r e s s - a g e n t " f o r G e n e r a l G r o v e s .

H i s d u t y w a s n o t t o f o s t e r p u b l i c i t y b u t p r e v e n t i t .

" I h e a r d y o u f l o u n d e r i n g a b o u t , " h e s a i d , " a n d w i s h e d I

c o u l d t e l l you something you didn't know . I w a s s e n t t o

D e n v e r t o h u s h u p t h e r e c o r d s i n t h e S h a t t u c k m a t t e r . I t w a s

h i d d e n u n d e r t h e p h r a s e , ` s a l t s a n d c o m p o u n d s , ' i n a n e n t r y

c o v e r i n g a d i f f e r e n t m e t a l . "

General Groves moved rapidly to stop the leak through

w h i c h t h e S h a t t u c k b o x e s h a d s l i p p e d . B y e a r l y A p r i l h e h a d

formed a nationwide embargo by means of voluntary con-

t r a c t s w i t h c h e m i c a l b r o k e r s . They promised to grant the

U n i t e d S t a t e s f i r s t r i g h t t o p u r c h a s e a l l u r a n i u m o x i d e , u r a -

n i u m n i t r a t e a n d s o d i u m u r a n a t e r e c e i v e d b y t h e c o n t r a c t o r s .

The uranium black-out was discovered by Rosenberg

w h e n h e t r i e d t o f i l l a n o t h e r o r d e r f r o m t h e S o v i e t P u r c h a s -

ing Commission, for 500 pounds each of uranium nitrate

and uranium oxide. On April 23, 1943, Rosenberg was in

touch with the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp . of New

Y o r k , w h i c h w a s e x c l u s i v e s a l e s a g e n t f o r E l d o r a d o M i n i n g

& R e f i n i n g , L t d . , a p r o d u c e r o f u r a n i u m a t G r e a t B e a r L a k e .

A n a g r e e m e n t t o f i l l t h e S o v i e t o r d e r w a s n e g o t i a t e d w i t h

s u c h d i s p a t c h t h a t i n f o u r d a y s R o s e n b e r g w a s a b l e t o r e p o r t




vic tory to the Purchasing Commission . The shipment from

Ontario to Great Falls and Moscow followed in due course .

The Port Hope machination had the advantage, among

other things, of by-passing the War Production Board,

which w as sur e to warn the Manhattan Project i f it knew the

facts, but could be kept in ignorance because its jurisdiction

ran only s outh of t he border .

General Groves w as advis ed at once of the Soviet applica-

tion f or 1, 000 pounds of uranium salts . He was not dis-

turbed, being confident the embargo would stand . After

declining to endorse the application, he approved it later in

the hope of detecting w hether the Russ ians could unearth

uranium stocks which the Manhattan Project had over-

looked. Americ an indust ries w ere consuming annually, be-

fore the war, u pwards of 200 tons of uranium chemicals .

"We had no expectation," General Groves t estif ied De-

cember 7,1949, "of permitti ng that material to go out of this

country . I t w ould have been stopped ."' So far as the United

States w as concerned, the embarg o held fast . The truth that

it had been side-s tepped by means of resort t o Canadian

sour ces did not come to the General's knowledge unti l three

years later .

Another v iolation of atomic secu rit y w as represented by

the third known delivery t o Russia, in 1944 . It proved to be

uranium nitrate . Dur ing May of that year, Colonel Kotikov

showed me a warning f rom the Soviet Pur chasing C ommis-

sion to look out for a shipment of uranium, weighing 500

pounds, w hich was t o have tr avel priori ty . The Colonel was



soon returning, home . As the climax of his American mis-

s i o n , h e p r o p o s e d t o f l y t h e p r e c i o u s s t u f f t o M o s c o w w i t h h i s

own hands .

D i s g u i s e d a s a " c o m m e r c i a l t r a n s a c t i o n " w i t h i n A m e r i c a n

territory, the deal was managed by Lend-Lease . Chematar

and Canadian Radium & Uranium were abandoned in favor

of the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department,

a l t h o u g h t h e T r e a s u r y , u n d e r r e g u l a t i o n s , h a d n o a u t h o r i t y

to make uranium products available to the Soviet Union .

Contractors were asked to bid, and the winner was the

Eastman Kodak Company . Somewhere in t h i s p r o c e s s , t h e

e x p e c t e d 5 0 0 p o u n d s s h r a n k t o 4 5 . Eastman Kodak reported

the order to the War Production Board as a domestic com-

m e r c i a l i t e m .

Whatever the motive, it was determined not to send the

compound by air . A f t e r a T r e a s u r y i n s p e c t i o n i n R o c h e s t e r ,

the MacDaniel Trucking Company drove it to the Army

Ordnance Depot at Terre Haute, Ind . , a r r i v i n g J u l y 2 4 . * T h e

s h i p m e n t t u r n e d u p i n f r e i g h t c a r N o . 97352 o f t h e E r i e R a i l -

r o a d , a n d g o t t o No r t h P o r t l a n d , O r e . , o n A u g . 1 1 . By means

o f s h i f t s n o t y e t d i v u l g e d , t h e u r a n i u m n i t r a t e f o u n d i t s e l f

aboard a Russian steamship, Kashirstr oi, which l e f t f o r

Vladivostok on Oct . 3 . Colonel Kotikov, who had planned a

triumphal entry into Moscow with a quarter-ton of "bomb

'From the hearings of the Un-American Activities Committee, Dec . 5,

1 9 4 9 , p . 9 3 2 : "MR. TAVENNER: Were there shipments of uranium pass-

ing through your field which originated at places other than Canada after

you received the Canadian shipments? MR . JORDAN: I b e l i e v e t h e o t h e r

shipments came from Army Or dnance ."



p o w d e r " a s a t r o p h y , g a v e up t h e p r o j e c t i n d i s g u s t o n l e a r n -

ing that the shipment would be only 45 pounds .

I n c h a r g e o f u r a n i u m p u r c h a s e s f o r t h e M a n h a t t a n P r o j e c t

in 1944 was Dr . P h i l l i p L . M e r r i t t . Appearing January 24,

1950, before the Un-American Activities Committee, Dr .

M e r r i t t s w o r e h e w a s t a k e n b y s u r p r i s e , a d a y e a r l i e r , o n d i s -

covering for the first time that the Eastman Kodak order

had been shipped to Russia by way of Army Ordnance .

General Groves was likewise uninformed. A s k e d a s a w i t -

n e s s w h e t h e r i t w a s p o s s i b l e f o r u r a n i u m s h i p m e n t s t o h a v e

been made in 1944, he answered : "Not if we could have

helped it, and not with our knowledge of any kind . They

w o u l d h a v e h a d t o b e e n t i r e l y s e c r e t , a n d n o t d i s c o v e r e d . " 2

H e d e c l a r e d t h e r e w a s n o w a y f o r t h e R u s s i a n s t o g e t u r a -

n i u m p r o d u c t s i n t h i s c o u n t r y " w i t h o u t t h e s u p p o r t o f U .S .

a u t h o r i t i e s i n one way or another . " '

The Soviet Purchasing Commission appears to have had

i n s t r u c t i o n s t o a c q u i r e w i t h o u t f a i l 2 5 p o u n d s o f u r a n i u m

m e t a l , w h i c h c a n b e e x t r a c t e d f r o m u r a n i u m s a l t s b y a d i f -

f i c u l t p r o c e s s r e q u i r i n g s p e c i a l i z e d e q u i p m e n t . Supported

o r a d v i s e d b y L e n d L e a s e , t h e c o m m i s s i o n f o r a w h o l e y e a r

k n o c k e d a t e v e r y a v a i l a b l e d o o r , f r o m t h e C h e m i c a l W a r f a r e

S e r v i c e u p t o S e c r e t a r y S t i m s o n . A s a m a t t e r o f f a c t , u r a -

n i u m m e t a l w a s t h e n n o n - e x i s t e n t i n A m e r i c a , a n d f o r t h a t

reason had not been specified in the Manhattan Project's

e m b a r g o o r n a m e d a s a " s t r a t e g i c " m a t e r i a l .

S t i m s o n c l o s e d a s e r i e s o f p o l i t e r e b u f f s w i t h a l e t t e r o f

A p r i l 1 7 , 1 9 4 4 , t o t h e c h a i r m a n o f t h e P u r c h a s i n g C o m m i s -




s i o n , Lt. General Leonid G . Rudenko. But Moscow was

stubborn . Under Soviet pressure, the commission, or its

A m e r i c a n f r i e n d s , h a d a n i n s p i r a t i o n . W h y n o t h a v e t h e u r a -

nium made to order by some private concern?

A s u s u a l , a r o u n d a b o u t c o u r s e w a s t a k e n . The commission

first approached the Manufacturers Chemical Co . , 5 2 7 F i f t h

Avenue, New York, which passed the order along to A. D .

Mackay, Inc . , 1 9 8 B r o a d w a y . B y t h e l a t t e r i t w a s f a r m e d o u t

t o .the Cooper Metallurgical Laboratory in Cleveland . Ac -

cording to Mr . Mackay, neither he nor the Cooper concern

s u s p e c t e d t h a t t h e i r c u s t o m e r w a s , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n .

But Mackay reported the deal to the War Production

Board, which warned the Manhattan Project . T h e l a t t e r ' s

expert on rare metals, Lawrence C. Burman, went to Cleve-

l a n d , i t i s r e l a t e d , a n d u r g e d t h e C o o p e r f i r m t o m a k e s u r e

t h a t i t s p r o d u c t w a s o f " p o o r q u a l i t y ." He did not explain

why. But the metal, of which 45 pounds was made, turnedo u t t o b e 8 7 5 p e r c e n t p u r e a s a g a i n s t t h e s t i p u l a t e d 9 9 p e r

cent .

Delivery to the Soviet Union was then authorized of a

s m a l l s a m p l e o f t h i s d e f e c t i v e m e t a l , t o r e p r e s e n t " w h a t w a s

a v a i l a b l e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ." Actually shipped was one

kilogram, or 2.2 pounds . The Purchasing Commiss ion

abruptly silenced its demands for pure uranium . But the

p o w e r s t h a t b e f o u n d i t s u i t a b l e t o o m i t t h i s i t e m , a s w e l l a s

the Rochester sale, from the 1944 schedule of exports t o

R u s s i a .

F r o m t h e s t a r t , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e p r e v a i l i n g i n




Washington, the Manhattan Project was declared by Gen-

eral Groves to have been "the only spot I k now that was dis-

tinctly anti-Russian ."' Attempts at espionage in New York,

Chicago and Berkeley, C alifornia, were t raced to the Soviet

Embassy. They convinced General Groves i n Oct ober, 1942,

that the enemies of our atomic safegu ards were not Germans

or Japanese, bu t Russi ans . "Suspicion of Russi a was not very

popular in some cir cles (i n Washington)," he stated . "It was

popular i n Oak Ridge, and from one month of the time I

took over we never trust ed them one iota . From that time on,

our whole securit y was b ased on not letting the Russians

find out anything . " '

That the Russi ans found out ever ything , fr om alpha to

omega, has been estab lished by v olumes of proof . Through

tr ials i n Canada, England and the United States there has

been revealed the exist ence of an espionage network so enor-

inously effective that Russi a, scientist s calculated, "should

have been able to make a bomb c onsiderably befor e Septem-

ber, 1949." The network chief w as the former Soviet Vice

Consul in New York, Anatoli A . Yakovlev, who fled in 1946 .

In the light of these disclosures, there stands in plain view

the answ er to a mystery that tr oubled James F . Byrnes, Sec-

retary of State, at the Potsdam Conference . Following a ses-

sion of the "Big Three," on the afternoon of July 24, 1945,

Harry S. Tru man walked round the large ci rcu lar t able to

Joseph Stalin's chair . We had perfected a new bomb, he

said, more powerful than anything known . Unless there was

an early s urr ender, w e would use it against Japan .




Stalin's only reply [wri tes Mr . Byrnes] was to say that he was

glad to hear of the bomb and he hoped we w ould use it . I was

surprised at Stalin's lack of interest . I concluded that he had not

grasped the importance of the disc overy . I thought that the fol-

lowing day he would ask f or more information about it . He

did note

On the contrary, Stalin probably knew more about the

bomb than Truman and Byrnes together . Perhaps he was

stru ck speechless by the simplicity of his American guests .

What did they take him for, he may have been thinki ng, not

to have informed himself to the last partic ular regarding a

weapon bound to revolutionize war?

As someone has remarked bitterly: If we ever hear of

Stalin's death, w e shall know that he died laughing .



CHAPTER SEVEN

The Story of t he "Heavy Water"

One morning in November, 1943, Colonel Kotikov protested

against the manner in which a C-47 had been packed . He

s h o w e d m e t i e r s o f l a r g e b o t t l e s . The necks and stoppers,

s e c u r e d w i t h w i r e , p r o t r u d e d f r o m w o o d e n c r a t e s . A l t e r n a t e

b o t t l e s h a d b e e n l o a d e d b o t t o m - u p , t o c o n s e r v e s p a c e . The

C o l o n e l i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e y a l l h a d t o b e t o p s i d e u p , w i t h e a c h

bottle lashed down separately . "We must repack," he or-

dered .

Though all our loading was done by a crew of American

c i v i l i a n s , f r e i g h t w a s c h e c k e d i n t h e w a r e h o u s e , f r o m d u p l i -

cate manifests, by a young Russian non-com, Senior-Sergt .

Andrei Vinogradsky . He was a mysterious character whom

we suspected of spying on Colonel Kotikov for my Fair-

banks host, Alexci A. Anisimov . The Sergeant seemed to

u n d e r s t a n d l i t t l e E n g l i s h , a n d c o m m u n i c a t e d w i t h t h e a i r -

s t e v e d o r e s t h r o u g h s i g n s a n d i n t e r p r e t e r s .

I g a v e o r d e r s t o r e pa c k t h e c a r g o . I t m a y b e t h a t S e r ge a n t

Vinogradsky pointed to the wrong entry, or that crewmen

m i s t o o k t h e l i n e t o w h i c h h i s f i n g e r p o i n t e d . A t a n y r a t e ,

110



THE STORY OF THE ` 4HEAVY WATER" III

one of them astonished me by asking : "What is it-that

h e a v y w a t e r s t u f f ? "

"Heavy water?" I echoed, f o r I had never heard the e x -

p r e s s i o n . Y e s , s a i d t h e w o r k e r , t h a t w a s w h a t w a s l i s t e d o n

t h e m a n i f e s t . T h e r e a f t e r , f o r a l l o f u s , s u c h c a r b o y s w e r e

" h e a v y w a t e r , " o n t h i s a n d o t h e r t r a n s p o r t s . Many times I

h e a r d t h e s h o u t : " B e c a r e f u l o f t h a t h e a v y w a t e r ! "

T h e f a c t i s t h a t t h e f i v e - g a l l o n d e m i j o h n s a c t u a l l y c o n -

t a i n e d s u l f u r i c a c i d . I t w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d s i x y e a r s l a t e r ,

d u r i n g t h e F u l t o n L e w i s b r o a d c a s t o f D e c e m b e r 6 , 1 9 4 9 , t h a t

this misunderstanding was general . Three former members

of the Gore Field ground crew-Elmer Williams, John

Kukay and Leonard Woods-were quoted as declaring

s t o u t l y t h a t w i t h t h e i r o w n h a n d s t h e y h a d l o a d e d " b i g c a r -

b o y s o f h e a v y w a t e r . "

Unwittingly Colonel Kotikov helped the mistake along by

a s k i n g o v e r t h e p h o n e w h e t h e r t h e " h e a v y w a t e r p l a n e " h a d

t a k e n o f f . I s a i d n o . H e d i r e c t e d m e t o h o l d i t a n d d r o p b y

h i s o f f i c e f o r a b u n d l e o f p a p e r s t o b e h a n d e d t o t h e p i l o t .

While leafing through the folder, I caught sight of the

words, "heavy water," and asked the Colonel what they

meant . "Something for our new chemical plants," came the

answer .

W h a t i s p o p u l a r l y k n o w n a s " h e a v y w a t e r " i s t e c h n i c a l l y

c a l l e d d e u t e r i u m o x i d e . I t i s i n c r y s t a l f o r m , n o t l i q u i d .

I n a l l e g i n g m e d i c a l a n d o t h e r g r o u n d s f o r i t s n e e d s o f u r a -

nium oxide and uranium nitrate, Russia had taken care to

o b s e r v e a n a p p e a r a n c e o f t r u t h , f o r s u c h u s e i s n o t unknown




to therapeutic s : It had been tri ed out i n throat sprays and

lent its name to Uranwein, a German specifi c against dia-

betes. Uranium oxi de had been tested as an alloy for t ough-

ening steel, but it was found difficult to handle and had er-

ratic results. Therefore when Moscow ask ed for heavy water,

they let the cat out of the bag . Except for cur ious experi-

ments in retarding plant grow th, heavy water boasts only

one useful property : it is the best of moderators for slowing

down the speed of neutrons in nuclear reactions .

Records in evi dence' prove that on Augus t 23, 1943, Her-

mann Rosenberg of C hematar r eceived an applicati on from

the Soviet Purchasing Commission for 1,000 grams of deu-

teriu m oxide. The purpose stated was "research ." A supplier

was f ound in the Stuart O xy gen Co . of San Francisco, which

shipped the merchandis e on October 30, by railway express,

to Chematar's New York offic e . Rosenberg forwarded the

consig nment to the Purc hasing Commissi on in Washington,

which dispatc hed it on November 29, by way of the Pipeline,

to Rasnoimport, USSR, Moscow U-1, Ruybjshova-22 .

The order was packed w ith as much tenderness as if it

had been a casket of j e w e l s . Forty pyrex ampoules, each con-

taining 25 grams, were enclosed in mailing tubes and

wrapped in layers of cotton . The ampoules were div ided in

lots of 10 among four cart ons, whic h were placed, wit h

fur ther precauti ons against damage, i n a large wooden box .

This w as s tr apped and sealed . The overall weight was 41 .12

pounds. The cost of the fluid content was that of expensive

perfumes-' :0 an ounce .



THE STORY OF THE "HEAVY WATER" 113

The export of heavy water to the Soviet Union was ap-

p r o v e d b y a r e l e a s e c e r t i f i c a t e , N o . 3 6 6 , d a t e d N o v e m b e r 1 5 ,

w i t h t h e s i g n a t u r e o f W i l l i a m C . M o o r e , D i v i s i o n f o r S o v i e t

Supply, Office of Lend-Lease Administration .

If General Groves had been consulted, the heavy water

w o u l d n o t h a v e l e f t t h i s c o u n t r y . Had it been known at the

t i m e , h e s a i d , t h a t 1 , 0 0 0 g r a m s w e r e a v a i l a b l e , u n q u e s t i o n -

ably h e w o u l d h a v e b o u g h t t h e t r e a s u r e h i m s e l f . He added :

" I f i t h a d b e e n p u r e ."' That it was between 99 .7 and 99 . 8

p e r c e n t p u r e w a s a t t e s t e d b y a n i n d e p e n d e n t a n a l y s i s m a d e

for Rosenberg i n t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s o f A b b o t A . H a n k s , I n c . ,

San Francisco .

A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f 1 9 4 5 , t h e S o v i e t P u r c h a s i n g C o m m i s -

s i o n p l a c e d w i t h R o s e n b e r g a s e c o n d o r d e r f o r h e a v y w a t e r .

Only 100 grams were sought . He applied once more to the

Stuart concern, which expressed the "liquid diamonds" to

Chematar on February 7 . One week later Rosenberg for-

warded the parcel to the commission. I t s s u b s e q u e n t a d -

v e n t u r e s h a v e n o t b e e n t r a c e d . I n A u g u s t o f t h e s a m e y e a r

Rosenberg was naturalized as an American citizen .

I n g o o d f a i t h , I a s s u r e d t h e U n - A m e r i c a n A c t i v i t i e s C o m -

m i t t e e a t t h e f i r s t h e a r i n g t h a t p a s s i n g t h r o u g h G o r e F i e l d

"we had separate loads of carboys of heavy water that we

could hardly move."' At my second hearing before the com

,i t t e e , on March 3, 1950, I admitted confusing "heavy

*From General Groves' testimony on Dec . 7 , 1 9 4 9 : " I t i s j u s t l ik e s o m e-

body w ould tell me they shipped a dozen Hope diamonds . "




water" with sulfuric acid, and I explained how the con-

f u s i o n o c c u r r e d . '

Was one kilogram of heavy water and were mere hun-

dreds of pounds of uranium chemicals too i n s i g n i f i c a n t f o r

important use

S p e c i a l i s t s a g r e e t h a t t h e q u a n t i t i e s d e l i v e r e d w e r e i n a d e -

quate for producing one A-bomb or even one experimental

p i l e . T h e y p o i n t o u t , h o w e v e r , t h a t s c a r c e l y a n y f r a c t i o n o f

a s u b s t a n c e c a n b e t o o s m a l l f o r l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h . The

head of a pin could not have been formed with the first

plutonium ever made . From 500 micrograms were deter-

m i n e d m o s t o f t h e p r o p e r t i e s a n d t h e c h e m i c a l b e h a v i o r o f

an element which 18 months earlier had been entirely un-

known

On the presumption that 1,465 pounds of uranium salts

w e r e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , m e t a l l u r g i s t s e s t i m a t e

t h a t t h e y w e r e r e d u c i b l e i n t h e o r y t o 8 7 5 p o u n d s o f n a t u r a l

uranium, which in turn would yield 6. 2 5 p o u n d s o f f i s s i o n -

able U-235 . B u t 4.4 pounds of the latter, or nearly two

p o u n d s l e s s , a r e c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g a n a t o m i c e x p l o s i o n .

A u t h o r i t y f o r t h i s a s s e r t i o n m a y b e f o u n d i n t h e c e l e b r a t e d

report which Dr. Henry DeWolf Smyth of Princeton Uni-

v e r s i t y w r o t e a t t h e r e q u e s t o f G e n e r a l G r o v e s a n d p u b l i s h e d

i n 1 9 4 5 .

The Shattuck and Eldorado purchases totaled 1,420

pounds . W i t h t h e i r t h i r d r e q u i s i t i o n t h e R u s s i a n s e x p e c t e d

s o c o n f i d e n t l y t o a c q u i r e a n o t h e r 5 0 0 p o u n d s t h a t p a p e r s t o

t h a t e f f e c t w e r e d r a f t e d a n d s e n t t o u s i n Montana . I f t h e f u l l




amount had been available, instead of 45 pounds, the ag-

g r e g a t e w o u l d h a v e b e e n 1 , 9 2 0 p o u n d s , o r v i r t u a l l y o n e t o n .

A t h i s P a r i s l a b o r a t o r y , w h i l e c h i e f o f t h e A t o m i c E n e r g y

Commission of France, Frederic Joliot-Curie built an ex-

perimental pile to which he gave the affectionate name of

"Zoe . " I t a c t u a l l y r a n , t h o u g h t h e w a t t a g e w a s f e e b l e . The

q u a n t i t y o f u r a n i u m c r y s t a l s u t i l i z e d , s a i d D r . J o l i o t - C u r i e ,

w a s " s o m e t h i n g i n t h e o r d e r o f o n e t o n . "

I t s e e m s f a i r t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t n o t m e r e l y w h a t t h e R u s -

sians got, but what they tried to get . With Communist

tenacity and ardent support from both White House and

Lend-Lease, the Soviet Purchasing Commission strove again

a n d a g a i n t o o b t a i n 8 % t o n s e a c h o f u r a n i u m o x i d e a n d u r a -

nium nitrate, plus 25 pounds of uranium metal . The cam-

paign started in February, 1943,* and persisted until the

R u s s i a n s w e r e s q u e l c h e d b y S e c r e t a r y S t i m s o n d u r i n g A p r i l ,

1 9 4 4 .

There are memorable instances of what can be achieved

w i t h l e s s t h a n 1 7 t o n s o f u r a n i u m p o w d e r s . One was a model

a t o m i c p i l e w h i c h w e n t i n t o o p e r a t i o n a t C h i c a g o U n i v e r s i t y

on December 2, 1942 . "So far as we know," Dr . S m y t h r e -

counts, "this was the first time that human beings ever

i n i t i a t e d a s e l f - m a i n t a i n i n g n u c l e a r c h a i n r e a c t i o n ." With

a p o w e r l e v e l o f 2 0 0 w a t t s , t h e d e v i c e s e r v e d a s a p i l o t p l a n t

for the Hanford Engineer Works . The uranium supply

a v a i l a b l e t o t h e m w a s s i x t o n s .

*Captain Kavanagh of the U. S . Army r eplied as follows in 1 943 to a

Russi an request for uranium : "The amount of eig ht and one-half tons of

uranium requested is unavailable in this countr y . "



116 FROM MAJOR JORDAN' S DIARY

Even earlier, before the Manhattan Project was dreamed

of, a group of scientists at Columbia Universi ty began a

cour se of hazardous experiments under the leadership of

two foreign-born savants, Leo Szilard of H ungary and En-

rico Fermi of Italy . They were so ill-supplied with cash that

10,000 pounds of ur anium ox ide had to be "rented" at a

nominal fee of 30 cents a pound from Boris Pregel, presi dent

of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. of New York

who was later unju stly made a scapegoat by the press for the

secret Canadian shipment .

Here was done all the preparatory w ork moving t oward

the eventual creation of the firs t man-made elements in his-

tory, neptunium-93 and plutonium-94. From the group's

creative imagination rose in time the vast plutonium plant at

Hanford, Washi ngton and, in a large sense, America's atom

bomb its elf . The materials of that tri umph were not 17 bu t

10 tons of u ranium compounds .

One of my luck y experiences w as that of chancing upon

the February 27, 1950 iss ue of the magazine, L i f e , shortly be-

fore my second appearance before the Un-American Activ i-

ties Committee. I bore the copy with me to the witness chair .

It contained an illust rated arti cle on the atom bomb . I

learned for the firs t ti me that a plutonium pile consis ts of

giant blocks of graphite, su rrounded by heavy walls of c on-

crete and honeycombed wit h aluminum tu bes. In these tubes,

it was related, arc inserted slugs of natural uranium, contain-

ing 1 per cent of U-235 . The intensit y of the operation was

declared to be governed by means of cadmium rods .




Graphite, cadmium, aluminum tubes-where had I met

the words b efore? In the Russ ian lists of Lend-Lease fi g-

ur es* whi ch I had added to the Jordan diar y . Re-examining

those pages, I dis covered that duri ng the four-year period

1942-45 we contr ib ut ed to the Soviet Union, 3,692 tons of

natural graphite, 417 t ons of cadmium metals and tubes i n

an entry desig nating 6,883 tons of "aluminum tub es . "

The figur e for cadmium was arresting in view of it s ex-

treme scarcity in this country and because of the fact that it

occurs , s o far as we k now, sparsely i f at all in the Soviet

Union. Under war st imulus , Americ an product ion of cad-

mium rose from 2,182 short t ons in 1940 to 4,192 in 1945 .

It w as interesti ng to find that in 1942-45 w e shipped to

Russi a 437 tons of cobalt-a stagg ering amount when col-

lated wi th American production, which was nothing before

the war, and increased to 382 tons in 1942 and 575 in 1945 .

That cobalt is valuable in the A-bomb for retarding radio-

activ e emanations, and could be equally s o in the hydrogen

bomb, has b een affi rmed by a chemical engineer who was

consultant to one of the war agencies . "Cobalt," says he,

"was one of our highest sc arcit y materials . If I had known

that so large a proportion was going t o the Russi ans, I

should have sus pected them of being at work on the bomb . "

Incidentally, cobalt was the first item to be restric ted by

President Truman in the Korean emergency .

*See Chapter 9 . Anatoli B . Gromov, First Secretary of the Soviet

Embassy and chief of the NKVD in t he US . , granted my request for the

Soviet lists of Lend-Lease figu res, in vi ew of my work w ith the Russians

at Great Falls .




Almost as curi ous was the discovery that we shipped to

Russ ia more than 12 tons of thori um salts and compounds .

Two other elements alone, b eside ur anium and plutoniu m,

are fissionable. They are protoactinium and thorium . The

former may be disregarded becaus e of its r arity in natur e .

But thoriu m, which is relatively plentifu l, is expected by

physicist s to rival uranium some day, or even supplant it, as

a sourc e of atomic energy .

Then there were cerium and strontium, of which the

Soviet Purchasing Commission obtained 44 tons. Both

metals, along wit h cadmiu m, thorium and cobalt, f igu red in

Colonel Kotik ov's dossi er on experimental chemic als . They

are useless for atomic purposes . But Russi an scientists may

have been work ing their w ay throug h the rare earths and

metals, on a well-f ounded su spic ion that something momen-

tous w as afoot in that group .

Everyone is aware, of ; course, that these elements have in

dust rial or military f uncti ons unrelated to the atom bomb,

but Russi a had a very cri tic al interest in procuri ng A-bomb

components from America . Red scientists are said to have

been the firs t i n Europe to announce the theory of nuclear

fission. As America discovered at a cost of billions of dollars,

it is a far cry from setting down speculations on paper to put-

ting them in practic e at t he dimensions imposed by modern

war. Thus the Kremlin was f rantically inquis itiv e about

large-sc ale product ion techniques developed by the Manhat-

tan Project .

The following inci dent occur red after my fi rst broadcast




f r o m t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o a t t h e h o m e o f F u l t o n L e w i s , J r . , i n

Maryland : A f e w m i n u t e s a f t e r w e w e n t o f f t h e a i r , a l o n g -

d i s t a n c e c a l l r a n g i n . The speaker was General Groves, from

h i s r e s i d e n c e i n C o n n e c t i c u t . H e w i s h e d t o v e r i f y a p a r t i c u l a r

quotation from the memorandum I made of my night ex-

a m i n a t i o n o f t h e " d i p l o m a t i c s u i t c a s e s ." Mr. L e w i s r e a d t h e

p a s s a g e : " W a l l s f i v e f e e t t h i c k , o f l e a d a n d w a t e r , t o c o n t r o l

f l y i n g n e u t r o n s . " T h e r e w a s a l o n g s i l e n c e . P u t t i n g a h a n d

over the mouthpiece, the commentator remarked : " I t h i n k

t h e G e n e r a l m u s t h a v e f a l l e n o u t o f h i s c h a i r 1 "

One ground for minimizing my evidence is a claim that

R u s s i a h a d a b u n d a n t u r a n i u m o f i t s o w n , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

m a s s i v e r a d i u m d e p o s i t s i n t h e f o r m e r a r e a o f T u r k e s t a n , t h e

Kazakh Republic and the state of Tannu-Tuva, north of

Mongolia. M o r e t h a n 3 0 y e a r s a g o , i t i s s a i d , S o v i e t p h y s i c i s t s

w o r k e d o u t t h e c o r r e c t f o r m u l a f o r s e p a r a t i n g u r a n i u m f r o m

radium. On the other hand, as atomic experts are fond of

p o i n t i n g o u t : "You can never have too much uranium . "

I f a b l u n d e r o c c u r r e d , s u c h o b j e c t i o n s p r o c e e d , i t w a s n o t

the shipment of minor quantities of uranium compounds to

t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , b u t t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f D r . S m y t h ' s b o o k ,

which told not only how to make a nuclear bomb but how

not to make one. The chief atomic authority of Norway,

G u n n a r R a n d e r s , i s c i t e d a s h a v i n g p r o n o u n c e d t h a t t h e i n -

d i s c r e t i o n o f t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n s a v e d R u s s i a a n d e v e r y o t h e r

country two years of research . According to Professor

S z i l a r d , " o n e h a l f o f t h e a t o m i c b o m b s e c r e t w a s g i v e n a w a y

when we used the bomb, and the other half when we pub-




lished the Smyth report." After the espionage trials, how-

ever, one may ask whether the Smyth revelations were not

more informative to the American public than to the Polit-

buro .W L. White, noted war correspondent and author of

Report on the Russians, tells the following first-hand ac-

count of how much more they knew in Russia in 1944 than

Americans did

Just what do they know in the Soviet Union about our atomic

secrets? When I visited Russia in 1944 they knew more than I

d i d . A Soviet guide took our party on a tour of Leningrad . A t

t h e b a d l y b o m b e d K i r o v e l e c t r i c a l p l a n t , a c u r i o u s c o n t r a p t i o n

o f r u s t y s t e e l c a u g h t m y a t t e n t i o n .

" W h a t i s t h a t ? " I a s k e d K i r i l o v , o u r g u i d e .

" O h , t h a t , " s a i d K i r i l o v , " i s c y c l o t r o n . Is used by our great

S o v i e t p h y s i c i s t , P r o f e s s o r J o f f e , w h e n h e m a k e s , h o w y o u s a y ,

s p l i t t i n g o f a t o m . B u t t h i s i s o l d , " c o n t i n u e d K i r i l o v . "The new

ones we move them behind Ural mountains . B e h i n d U r a l s P r o -

f e s s o r J o f f e h a s m u c h n e w e r , m u c h b e t t e r : '

" O f c o u r s e ." I was humoring him . I c o u l d s e e h e w a s t r y i n g t o

make the point that, even with the enemy at its gates, in the

S o v i e t U n i o n t h i s r e s e a r c h i n t h e o r e t i c a l s c i e n c e s t i l l c o n t i n u e d .

But Kirilov doggedly went on. "Behind Urals we have many

b i g t h i n g s . We have like you call in America, Manhattan Proj-

e c t . Y o u k n o w t h i s , y e s ? "

" O h , o f c o u r s e , " I s a i d. "We have lots of war projects in New

York ."

"Not in New York," said Kirilov, looking at me intently,

"Manhattan Project. You know of this?"




" B u t M a n h a t t a n , " I s a i d , " i s a p a r t o f N e w Y o r k . O f c o u r s e I

know Manhattan . I l i v e t h e r e ! "

It was not until an entire year had passed-and the atomic

b o m b w e n t o f f a t H i r o s h i m a - t h a t I u n d e r s t o o d , a t l a s t , e x a c t l y

w h a t i t w a s t h a t p o o r , s t a m m e r i n g K i r i l o v h a d b e e n t r y i n g t o

ask me . '

I n a n y e v e n t , i t i s h e a r t e n i n g t o k n o w t h a t , o n t h e w h o l e ,

our uranium embargo stood firm . Moscow was prevented

from winning its grand objective of 17 tons, in contrast to

the delivery of 15 tons of uranium chemicals to Great

Britain, which the Manhattan Project authorized . T h e s t e a d -

fastness of the General Groves organization against Russia

was the more admirable in that it was challenged by Mr .

Hopkins, with the power of the White House behind him .

A f t e r t h e U n - A m e r i c a n A c t i v i t i e s C o m m i t t e e c l o s e d i t s h e a r -

ing on March 7, 1950, I was examined, searchingly by Gov-

ernment investigators . They tried to lure me into admitting

a p o s s i b i l i t y , h o w e v e r f a i n t , t h a t t h e p e r s o n t o w h o m I s p o k e

might have been Edward R . S t e t t i n i u s , J r ., who had died

f i v e m o n t h s e a r l i e r , o n O c t o b e r 1 1 , 1 9 4 9 .

My answer was that never once, during my two . y e a r s a t

Newark and Great Falls, did I hear so much as a mention of

S t e t t i n i u s , t h o u g h r e f e r e n c e t o H o p k i n s w a s d a i l y o n t h e l i p s

o f t h e R u s s i a n s .

It is common knowledge that on August 28, 1941, Stet-

t i n i u s s u c c e e d e d H o p k i n s a s t i t u l a r c h i e f o f L e n d - L e a s e , a n d

held the post until September 25, 1943, when the agency was

merged with kindred bodies into the Foreign Economic




Administration, with Leo A . C r o w l e y a s A d m i n i s t r a t o r . B u t

e v e n t h e o f f i c i a l b i o g r a p h e r o f M r . H o p k i n s d o e s n o t h e s i t a t e

t o w r i t e :

H o p k i n s k n e w t h a t p o l i c y g o v e r n i n g L e n d - L e a s e w o u l d s t i l l

b e m a d e i n t h e W h i t e . H o u s e a n d t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t w o u l d c o n -

t i n u e t o d e l e g a t e m o s t o f t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o h i m . S t e t t i n i u s w a s

h i s f r i e n d a n d t h e y c o u l d w o r k t o g e t h e r - a n d t h a t w a s t h a t . '

Another effort to clear Hopkins was based on the sup-

p o s i t i o n t h a t h e a c t e d i n i g n o r a n c e o f w h a t i t w a s a l l a b o u t .

E v e n i f h e h e l p e d t h e R u s s i a n s t o g e t A - b o m b m a t e r i a l s , t h e

i m p l i c a t i o n r a n , i t w a s a s t h e u n s u s p e c t i n g t o o l o f S o v i e t

cunning .

The Hopkins papers for Mr . Sherwood's book were or-

ganized by Hopkins' longtime friend, Sidney Hyman. A

f o r t n i g h t a f t e r m y f i r s t b r o a d c a s t h e w a s q u o t e d a s a f f i r m i n g

t h a t , u n t i l H i r o s h i m a , H a r r y H o p k i n s h a d n o t " t h e f a i n t e s t

u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e M a n h a t t a n P r o j e c t , " a n d " d i d n ' t k n o w

the difference between uranium and geranium :"

O n t h e c o n t r a r y , H a r r y H o p k i n s w a s o n e o f t h e f i r s t m e n

anywhere to know about the atom bomb . Dr. Vannevar

Bush chose Hopkins as his intermediary for presenting to

Mr. R o o s e v e l t the idea of the atom bomb . I t w a s i n c o n s u l t a -

tion with Hopkins that Dr . B u s h d r a f t e d t h e l e t t e r , f o r M r .

R o o s e v e l t ' s s i g n a t u r e , w h i c h l a u n c h e d t h e A - b o m b o p e r a t i o n

o n J u n e 1 4 , 1 9 4 1 ! W h e r e d o w e l e a r n t h i s ? I n t h e o f f i c i a l

biography by Mr . Sherwood, on pages 154 and 155 . F i n a l l y ,

o n p a g e 7 0 4 w e a r e t o l d t h a t t h e h e a d o f a s t a t e , W i n s t o n




Churchill, "was conducting this correspondence on the

a t o m i c p r o j e c t w i t h H o p k i n s r a t h e r t h a n w i t h t h e P r e s i d e n t ,

a n d t h a t h e c o n t i n u e d t o d o s o f o r m a n y m o n t h s t h e r e a f t e r . "

A w i t n e s s o n t h e t o p i c , G e n e r a l G r o v e s t e s t i f i e d t h a t t o t h e

b e s t o f h i s r e c o l l e c t i o n a n d b e l i e f h e n e v e r m e t H a r r y H o p -

k i n s , t a l k e d w i t h h i m o n t h e t e l e p h o n e , o r e x c h a n g e d l e t t e r s

or dealt with anyone claiming to represent him . But the

General thought it incumbent to remark : "I do know, of

c o u r s e , t h a t M r . Hopkins knew about this project . I know

that " 8

A n e a r l y s y m p t o m o f W h i t e H o u s e o b s e s s i o n f o r " r e a s s u r - ,

ing Stalin" has been described by General Deane . In letters

to American war agencies, dated March 7, 1942, Mr . R o o s e -

v e l t o r d e r e d t h a t p r e f e r e n t i a l p o s i t i o n , i n t h e m a t t e r o f m u n i -

t i o n s , s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n o v e r a l l o t h e r

A l l i e s a n d e v e n t h e a r m e d f o r c e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Then

and there, decided the former chief -of the U.S . M i l i t a r y

Mission to Moscow, was "the beginning of a policy of ap-

peasement of Russia from which we have never recovered

a n d f r o m w h i c h w e a r e s t i l l s u f f e r i n g . " '

This obsession was also observed by William G . Bullitt,

during a conversation in which Mr . R o o s e v e l t o u t l i n e d h i s

R u s s i a n p o l i c y . F r o m t h r e e y e a r s ' e x p e r i e n c e a s A m b a s s a d o r

to Moscow, Mr . B u l l i t t a n s w e r e d w i t h r e a s o n s , n o w w h o l l y

v i n d i c a t e d , w h y t h e p r o g r a m w a s s u r e t o f a i l .

"Bill, I don't dispute your facts," said Mr . R o o s e v e l t .

" T h e y a r e a c c u r a t e . I d o n ' t d i s p u t e t h e l o g i c o f y o u r r e a s o n -

ing. I j u s t h a v e a h u n c h t h a t S t a l i n i s n o t t h a t k i n d o f m a n .




Harry (Hopkins) says he's not, and that he doesn't want

a n y t h i n g b u t s e c u r i t y f o r h i s c o u n t r y . A n d I t h i n k t h a t i f I

g i v e h i m e v e r y t h i n g t h a t I c a n a n d a s k n o t h i n g f r o m h i m i n

r e t u r n , n o b l e s s e o b l i g e , he won't try to annex anything and

will work with me for a world of peace and democracy. " "



CHAPTER EIGHT

A Look at Lend-Lease

I n h i s Twenty-Fi rs t Report to Congress on Lend Lease

Operati ons, President Truman says : " T o t a l L e n d - L e a s e s h i p -

ments to the Soviet Union amounted to $95 billions . " ' I t

i s t h i s f i g u r e o f n i n e a n d o n e - h a l f b i l l i o n s , c o v e r i n g s h i p -

ments only,* that I intend to examine .

I a m s u r e t h a t m o s t p e o p l e a r e u n d e r t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t

- b y f a r t h e g r e a t e r a m o u n t o f R u s s i a n L e n d - L e a s e s h i p m e n t s

were munitions. But from the Government's own figures in

the TwentyFirst Report, w e l e a r n t h a t t h e c o n t r a r y i s t r u e .

T h e l e s s e r p a r t , o r 4 9 % , w a s f o r m u n i t i o n s . T h e g r e a t e r p a r t ,

or 51%, was for non-munitions ! H e r e a r e t h e f i g u r e s

*The figure of eleven billions for Russi an Lend-Lease, w hich is gen-

e r a l ly c i t e d , i n c l u de s s e r vi c e s as well as shipments or goods transferred.

For example, we spent $127 millions for "servicing and repairs to ships" ;

this w ould appear in the eleven billion figure but not in the nine and

one-half billion figure covering what we actually shipped to Russia, which

alone is under discussion in this chapter .

125

Munitions $4,651, 582,000 49%

Non-Munitions 4,826,084,000 51%

TOTAL $9,477,666,000 100%



126 FROM MAJOR JORDANS DIARY

What exactly is meant by "munitions" and how much did

we spend in each classification? The Twenty-First Report

breaks down all Russian munitions under Lend-Lease into

t h e s e f i v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p e n d i t u r e s :

All Munitions

1. Aircraft and parts $1,652,236,000

2. Motor vehicles and parts 1,4 10,616,000

3. Ordnance and ammunition 814, 493,000

4 . Tanks and parts 478, 398,000

5 Water craft* 295,839,000

TOTAL $4,651, 582,0002

F e w c i t i z e n s , i f a n y , w o u l d c a v i l a t t h e s u m s e x p e n d e d i n

a n y o f t h e f o r e g o i n g c a t e g o r i e s . M o s t , l i k e m y s e l f , w o u l d

p r o b a b l y s a y " W e l l s p e n t l " B u t n o w l e t ' s t a k e a l o o k a t t h e

greater category, the 51% of non-munitions . Wef i n d t h a t

they break down into :

All Non Munitions

Petroleum Products $ 111, 075,000

Agricultural Products 1,674,586, 000

Industrial Materials & Products 3,040,423,000

TOTAL $4,826,084,0003

*In additi on to a merchant fleet, w e gave the Russi ans 581 naval vessels .

Though they agreed to return all the ships at the conclusion of war, they

are sti ll holding most of them. Among the few returned : the radar-

equipped light cru iser Milwaukee, 4 fr igates, and a couple of b adly u sed

icebreakers. The original list included' 77 minesweepers, 105 landing craft,

103 sub chasers, 28 fri gates, 202 torpedo boats, 4 f loating drydocks, 4 250 .

ton pontoon barges, 3 icebreakers, 15 river tu gs, and the light cruiser .



A LOOK AT LEND-LEASE 127

,ince we g ave the Russians planes, t anks, ships and motor

vehicles, i t is easy enoug h to grant that "Petroleum Prod-

ucts," the necessary oil and gas and fuel, are a justifiable war-

time expenditur e . Though the Government does not do this,

to my mind the $111,075,000 could logically b e included

under "Munitions . "

But what about the rest of this gr eater part of Lend-Lease ?

In the spirit of humanity , let us pass over t he enormous

fig ure of $1,674, 586,000 for "Agricu ltural Produc ts, " even

though we never got so much as a formal "thank you" f rom

the Russi an people or their leaders, and even though the

dislocations and shortages caused in our own domestic

economy by t hese tremendous shipments of foodstuf fs are

only too vi vid i n our memories .

There still remains the largest figure of all, $3,040,423,000 .

We now dis cover that one-thir d of the whole of our nine and

one-half bi llions of Russ ian Lend-Lease comes under the

heading of "I ndust rial Materials and Products . "

It, is t his category which conceals a multitu de of sins,

running the gamut f rom such military secrets as ur anium

and other atomic bomb ingredients, down to the Moscow

amusement park which I will show you was paid for by

Lend-Lease. And under whi ch of Presi dent Truman's f our

main headings- Munitions, Petroleum, Agricultu ral, or In-

dustr ial-could the following items legiti mately be list ed?

Cigarette cases Ladies' compacts

Phonograph records Sheet music



1 2 8 FROM MAJOR JORDAN' S DIARY

H o u s e h o l d f u r n i s h i n g s D o l l s

F i s h i n g t a c k l e : B a n k v a u l t s

L i p s t i c k s , p e r f u m e s Playground equipment

Yet these are things which we sent to Russia under Lend-

L e a s e , a s I * s h a l l s h o r t l y s h o w y o u i n d e t a i l . A n d j u s t t o m e n -

t i o n a t t h i s p o i n t s e v e r a l o t h e r f a n t a s t i c i t e m s , w e a l s o s e n t

pianos and other musical instruments ; antique f u r n i t u r e ;

c a l e n d a r s ; 13,328 sets of teeth ; toothbrushes, of course ;

women's jewelry, etc ., etc . Yet the Lend-Lease Act specifi-

c a l l y e x c l u d e d " g o o d s f u r n i s h e d f o r r e l i e f a n d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n

purposes"!

A r e t h e s e i t e m s l i s t e d i n t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Twenty-Firs t Re-

port? You can bet your life they aren't . The Twenty-First

Report has only general statements and the grand totals I

have quoted .

Where can one find a list of the specific items of Lend-

Lease shipped to Russia? Not in any Government publica-

t i o n . I f y o u g o t o t h e L i b r a r y of Congress, or write to the

Superintendent of Documents for Lend-Lease figures, you

will get Department of State Publication No . 2 7 5 9 , e n t i t l e d

Soviet Supply Protocols . `

This booklet of 156 pages seems comprehensive . I t h a s a n

account of the four big Lend-Lease agreements or "proto-

c o l s " a r r i v e d a t b e t w e e n O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 1 t o J u n e , 1 9 4 5 a t c o n -

ferences in Moscow, Washingt on, London, and Ottawa

r e s p e c t i v e l y . It has all kinds of headings and sub-headings

a b o u t S o v i e t " r e q u i r e m e n t s , " b u t a f t e r a g o o d d e a l o f f r u s -




trating attempts at analysis, you find the loop-hole statement

that the booklet does "not indicate the extent to which ma-

terials were actually deli vered to the Soviet Union . " Andwhere do they refer you for this information? To the

Twenty-First Report, which has a "Partial List of Goods

Shipped"-onl y 28 items!' After bou ncing back and forth

between the Soviet Supply Protocols with its unanalyzable

figures and lack of "actual deliveries," and the incomplete

figures of the Twenty-First Report, the knowledge-seeking

citizen finally asks himself : "Whom do they think th ey're

fooling?"

Fortunately, I have the Russians' own figures . That's

where the items listed above come from . The lists compiled

by the Russians are crystal clear . There is no legal gobbledy-

gook, no prattle about "protocols ." Instead there is the

name of each item, the quantity, and the cost just like

that!

The Russians reveal that und er Lend-Lease they received

all kinds of supplies which can be found in no published Gov-

ernment record. My own favorite item went over in 1944 .

There it is, listed all by itself (see page 131) as "Tobacco pipe,

one, $10." For what person would the entire machinery of

Lend-Lease make available one pipe? Maybe Joseph Stalin

wanted to test, for himself, the subtler resources of Lend-

Lease . In any event, there it is .

As far as I know, these Russian figures have never been

mad e available . I consider them the core of this book and I

include them in the following chapter in full . They deserve



130 FROM MAJOR' JORDAN S DIARY

endless study and examination. Small . businesses that found

wartime shortages severe to the point of stopping produc-

tion, will be amazed to lea rn how many "scarce" items were

lavishly supplied to Russia. Housewives will be aghast at the

quantities of butter we denied ourselves and sent to a people

which used it for greasing purposes . Chemical and met als

experts, tool machinists, other specialists in many fields will

find here the facts and figures which affected them in war-

time

Atomic materials were only one of many things that Mos-

cow's friends in Washington sent a long to Russia via Lend-

Lease, in violation of the spirit and letter of the law, in defi-

ance of our country's security . and safety .

The United States master Lend-Lease agreement with

Russia declared : "The Government of the United States of

America will continue to supply the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics with such DEFENSE a r t i c l e s , DEFENSE services, and

DEFENSE information as the President of the United States of

America shall authorize to be transferred or provided . "

Under the Lend-Lease law the President had full power to

decide what defense assistance the Russians were to get . He

delegated that power to Harry Hopkins, with the result that

in addition to defense supplies, the Russians got whatever

they asked for, unless someone lower in the hierarchy tried

to prevent it. Take the case of copper .

American copper resources became so critical during the

war that bus bars of the metal, on electric panel-boards, were

replaced with conductors of silver, borrowed from the



COMMODITYX.SCCi,LAN0005r (Continued)

1 . O r r i . . •uppileo, m • . . .

2. gall•, foot, Ouk•t , b o b . a .ti. ,

3 . r• . tboek ., bound, •due .ttennl4 .

Book,, bound, •o . . .due .tlanal

5 • rhonogrph r1oords

6, c .t.loga a ponphl •t .

7 . Geographic mops A oh-to8 . Phot. A bluepr. afr . 08 . sub . all

9 9 photograph . 8 blueprint, m. . •

10,Woo

.pnp.r ., Surrant11 . penodsc.t .12 . C .l.bdar .

13 . Lithegrophienlly printed a .tt.,

14 . 5,1.1.4 ∎.tt.,, n .e.a.

15 . Cl .k:,,

16 .Cl ..b, nantl, n.v.lts& wall

17 • Cloak. A p .,s ., n. 8 . 5.0 . 1.. adth 310 •1 .

19. chronoaelrs, aarln$

221 . .7 1•- .nrdtng 6 . , 1 .44, n. . .. a parts

• Artork, aot1q .ea . .t • .

CSprotH .pear

-P

a' 10, . u• . "t-14 . A1s •lry rtnaiadb varti, n.Hr2a1

.4401 .,8 uphalt ( •q.)85 . Roaring .abea0S •26 . bo .tlng e .. sophnlt oro. s t •o ( •q. )

27 . Bnor.llv3.,•, •te .

14-o')8. 0U"! * . , • or aat •ri .l . . a . . . • .. .

29• Ln.p1, 1.ntarp., part•, goblin.50. Loop, n.a. .lsotrle31. Lighting d•y5 ., 0 . e. . . Sao . glens1 52 . Matob .6

55 . Ftn-fighting squlp. ..t . . . • . 0Oioaosara34: ph.n •1 r.,-Id.hyd• fob . mold

Synth•tie gun a -sib produet., a.e.s.

36 . 0.10.1oN N.HIe atra . n7 . C •llules• arn. maua. .08200.38. ' O p .. ; . . , aaurol or .y.th •tle38: T.otbbs ..b.(des.)4

. eru .hss, paint •41, aru •h • . , hou .•hulO42 . brush. •, 0 . .• •43 . ptp. ., t•b.seo44. 9an61 .,

46.

Moth.8, •heap n008111os. •t 8 .

tL .b1.g taokla a •qulpn. .t, .0.1 .

47 r1 .dlnge . oho:,u. lshora rube .,

48. aounh.ld a par . . . .l Wool.49, 5•11 .0 .r hallty, 10:d.50. 8 .10 •0 or o0rtty, 1ing51, 8,11K er oh.rity, .1 ..k-t. A bidding52 . 8.1t •r or eberlty, drug. a b1e1.glaal •upgll . .

55. R.11 •f •urgle.l, ..0.0 ,y A h. •p1H1 equip-at54 . 5•1117 or ehalrty, notor •qutpn•n t

55 . R .110 or •hoIrty, so- . n . • . •.

Sample page o f origin al Soviet lists, fo r the two years 1943 and 1944 .

Not- item 43, for "one tobacco pipe"l

1 9 4 3 1 9 4 4euantity Dollar, Ouantlty Dollar .

1,594 2,4986

4,437 501

65,489 66,79012,088}1,054 69,481

295 3.037500

3,335 6,381

1,600

,9,.69 0,450 U3132 . 21,403

11,634

1 .460

43,703 74 .48212 196

4 20

9,861 15,7260,017 .6,604 9,109 53,146

5,495 947,048 434 63,75419,788 7.495

100

25,200 t0

25,260 217 .019

2,740 6.357 13573 31,112

to 211

602 411 40 116

6•6 ,958 952.151 604,738 623,0172,028 10,545 4200 308 490,149

2,336 24,865

5,943 28,0842,921 103,685

so 20

366,216 108,822958 5 .277

50,764 21,8541,01725,402

233 049

2I -00 555 304 717

t0 53000 622 4a 215

1 10

335,256 59,591 452,448 78,927243,508 145,3376,17962,357 46,99337 . 341 33 .141

268,239 368,99612,703.574 17,102,477259,515 1,309,165

1,534,361 1,823,873

3,715.050 2,254,280401502 16,940567,098 2,603,991



132 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARY"

Treasury's vaults at West Point . Brass, an alloy of copper

and zinc, was scarce enough to warrant serio us debate over

substituting steel in shell cases. With such facts i n mind,

Lend-Lease shipments of copper, brass and bronze to the

Soviet Union, divulged in the Russian lists, seem terrifying .

They aggregated 642,503 tons, valued at $283,¢09,967 .

Seven tenths of all our copper donations to Russia,con-

sisted of wire and cable . In January, 1942, Donald M . Nelson

was named chairma n of the War Production Board . Accord-

ing to Robert E. Sherwood, he owed the appointment to

Harry Hopkins, who recommended Nelson after talking

Mr Roosevelt out of his notion of a three-man committee-

Nelson, Wendell Willkie and William 0. Douglas .

But Nelson, knowing the needs o f American aircraft pro-

duction, rebelled against Russia's enormous requisitions of

copper wire. Soviet agents appealed to Hopkins, who ordered

Nelson to give what they wanted . Despite his personal obli-

gation, the chairman was patriotic enough to refuse, and did

so a second time when the command was repeated .

Thereupon, Hopkins arranged a meeting at the White

House, where the President went to work on the WPB chief .

Mr Roosevelt suggested that he would take it as a personal

favor if Nelson let the Russians have all the copper wire they

requested . What they obtained was enough telephone wire

to circle the globe 50 times. The allotment of copper wire

and cable to Russia in 1942 was 32,355 tons .' After three

more years the total was 219,403 tons, rated at $108,115,726 . '

Immediately after Pearl Harbor, the Navy needed to re,



pair our damaged battleships and pl aced a high priority

order for copper wire suitable for battleship use . The Navy,

however, did not have a priority high enough to secure the

wire they needed, because an order for Russian copper wire

had a higher priority. The American Steel & Wire Company

plant at Worcester, Mass . continued to rush through the

Soviet order, which amounted to ne arly a million miles of

copper wire. This was obviously intended for the po st-war

rehabilitation of Russian cities, because the wire, which was

on spools, was packed in separate soft pine boxes and placed

in stor age on a 20 acre lot in Westchester County, New

York, where it remained until the war was nearly over be .

fore it was shipped to Russia for rehabilitation of their com-

munications system .

About the same time a storm arose in the Ordnance Divi-

sion of the War Department, which had been sending to

Russia quantities of artillery shell cases . The Russians an-

nounced that they wished to make th eir own cases, and de-

manded the requisite metal sheets and machinery, including

hydraulic presses and annealing furnaces .

American experts protested on two grounds . The process

left a residue of scrap amounting to 45 per cent of the orig-

inal brass which could be melted down into other sheets . In

view of the shortage, it was felt that the surplus should be

kept in the United States instead of being donated to Russia .

More important was the fact that delivery of presses and

furnaces would hand over to possible future enemi es the

know-how of a vital branch of our munitions industry. Ob-




jections of the War Department an d War Production Board

were overruled by the White House .

The gift of this self-contained unit-a plant for fabricating

shell cases-brings us to a new dimension of Soviet Lend-

Lease. Before the Russians, like a mail-order catalogue, had

been spread the total array of American products and re-

sources. In order to receive, they had merely to ask . I f b i l l s

were ever rendered, they need not pay .

We also sent machine tools and apparatus for precision

tests ; lathes and power tools for metal working ; machinery

for textiles, wood pulp and paper, woodworking, typeset-

ting and printing ; and cranes, hoists, derricks, elevators, air

compressors, coal cutters and rock drills . The thought is dis-

concerting that each machine may have been copied and

bred multitudes of its kind .

From individual machines Soviet hunger sharpened to

demand entire factories . The Twenty-First Report acknowl-

edges the delivery to Russia of one tire plant, one aluminum

rolling mill and an unstate d number of pipe fabricating

works. General Groves testified that the Manhattan Project,

in the nick of time , snatched from boxes on an American

wharf the equipment for an oil refinery going to Russia . But

the agency had to promise the use of "all its priorities" for

replacing the equipment at the earliest moment .

The following installations, mostly described as "com-

plete," are among those f or which the American Govern-

ment, under Lend-Lease Act, pledged d elivery to the Soviet

Union




O n e r e p a i r p l a n t f o r p r e c i s i o n i n s t r u me n t s , $ 5 5 0 , 0 0 0 ; two

f a c to r i e s f o r f o o d p r o d u c t s, $ 6 , 9 2 4 , 0 0 0 ; t h r e e g a s g e n e r a t i n g

u n i t s , $ 2 1 , 3 9 0 , 0 0 0 ; one petroleum refinery, with machinery

and equipment, $29,050,000; 17 stationary steam and three

h y d r o - el e c tr i c p l a n t s , $ 2 6 3 , 2 8 9 , 0 0 0 .

They even got more than $88 millions as charity! Hop-

k i n s ' e x p e r i e n c e a s a r e l i e f a d m i n i s t r at o r w a s w e l l k n o w n t o

the Russians. When they applied to Hopkins, they got "re-

lief"-even though it was in direct violation of the Lend-

Lease Act. According to their records the items are offi-

c i a l l y l i s t e d a s " R e l i e f o r C h a r i t y ." In 1942 they received

$ 1 0 , 4 5 7 , 4 1 7 . I n 1 9 4 3 i t w e n t t o $1 9 , 0 8 9 , 1 3 9 . I n 1 9 4 4 t h e t o t a l

w a s $ 2 5 , 4 7 9 , 7 2 2 . I n 1 9 4 5 i t wa s $ 3 3 ,6 7 4 , 8 2 5 . T h e t o t a l f o r f o u r

y e a r s f o r t h i s h a n d o u t a l o n e : ~ : 8 , 7 0 1 , 1 0 3 . $

The women of Russia have every reason to be well dressed,

even today, thanks to Mr . Hopkins . I n t h e t hr e e y ea r s 1 9 4 2 -

44 we sent the Russians dress goods costing more than $152

m i l l i o n s , p l u s $ 2 4 m i l l i o n s o f s a t i n t w i l l , a n d r i b b o n s , b r a i d s

and trimmings, costing millions more-a grand total of $181

millions for women's apparel . ' ( I n t h e s a m e p e r i o d t h e R us -

sian Army got only $21 millions of uniform material . )

Among other things I found in the black suitcases at

G r e a t F al l s w e r e b l u ep r i n t s o f t h e l e a d i n g i n d u s t ri a l p l a n t s

of the country. I opened one suitcase, as an example, and

found the complete plans for a General Electric Plant at

East Lynn, Mass . I h a v e s i n c e i n q u i r e d a b o u t t h i s p l a n t a n d

have found that it was under constant heavy guard, since it

was at this plant that our new plane turbo-chargers are




being made. Armed guards to keep Americans out-but all

the blueprints sent to our most dangerous enemy before the

plant was built l We also found bluepri nts of the Electri c

Boat Corp., of Groton, Conn., where our new atomic sub-

marines are being built .

During the summer of 1943 there was another load of

"diplomatic suitcases ." Following the routine I had set up,

I opened three--one at each end of the plane and one at

the center. To my surprise all contained reprints of the

patents in the U . S . Patent Office, a division of the Depart-

ment of Commerce. When I spoke to Colonel Kotikov, he

said the entire cargo consisted of these records, and that

they would be coming through continuously .

The Soviet Union has refused to give out a single one of

its patents since 1927. But our Patent Office was thrown

open to a crew of technical experts from the Amtorg Trad-

ing Corporation . They were on full-time duty, and spent

every day going over the files to pick out what they wanted .

The documents were provided by the Patent Office itself .

Later the task was t aken over by ano ther Soviet Govern-

ment agency, the Four Continent Book Company, which

abandoned the selective process and too k everything in

sight. The photostats were paid for with frequent checks,

running from $1,000 to $4,000 each .

The number of patents acquired, the House Committee

on Un-American Activities stated in 1949, "runs into the

hundreds of thousands ." The Committee further stated that




" R u s s i a n o f f i c i a l s h a v e b e e n a b l e t o c o l l e c t a l o t o f o u r . i n -

d u s t r ia l a n d m i l i t a r y i n v e n t i o n s j u s t b y b u y i n g p a t e n t s f o r

the inventions from our Government Patent Office . T h i s i s

done right out in the open with our permission . "

Among the patent reprints supplied to Russia the com-

m i t t e e l i s t e d : b o m b - s i g h t s , m i l i t a r y t a n k s , a i r p l a n e s , s h i p

c o n t r o l s , b o m b - d r o p p i n g d e v i c e s , h e l i c o p t e r s , m i n e s w e e p -

e r s , a m m u n i t i o n , b u l l e t - re s i s t i n g a r m o r . T h i s s a c k o f A m e r -

ica's inventive ingenuity did not end with the war, but

continued four years longer . The State Department ruled

t h a t n o t h i n g c o u l d b e d o n e w i t h o u t C o n g r e s s i o n a l l e g i s l a -

t i o n . F i n a l l y , d u e t o t h e F u l to n L e w i s b r o a d c as t s a n d t h e r e -

s u l t i n g p u b l i c i n d i g n a t i o n , J o h n M a r z a l l , C o m m i s s i o n e r o f

P a t e n t s , o r d e r e d t h e t e r mi n a t i o n o f t h i s p r a c t i c e o n D e c e m -

b e r 1 3 , 1 9 4 9 .

Another "diplomatic'. ' c a r g o w h i c h a r r i v e d a t G r e a t F a l l s

w a s a p l a n e l o a d o f f i l m s . C o l o n e l S t a n i s l a u S h u m o v s k y , t h e

Russian in charge, tried to prevent me from making an in-

s p e c t i o n b y f l a u n t i n g a l e t t e r f r o m t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t . I

t o l d h i m t h e le t t e r d i d n o t a p p l y t o m e . It was a letter author-

i z i n g t h i s R u s s i a n t o v i s i t a n y r e s t r i c t e d p l a n t , a n d t o m a k e

motion pictures of intricate machinery and manufacturing

p r o c e s s e s . I l o o k e d o v e r a ha l f d o z e n o f t h e h u n d r e d s o f c a n s

o f f i l m s . That one plane carried a tremendous amount of

America's technical know-how to Russia .

A n d i n r e t u r n ? W e l l , h e r e i s t h e s t o r y o f " r e v e r s e L e n d -

Lease . " I n 1 9 4 3 w e i n G r e a t Fa l l s se n t D r . P a tr i n k o f f o n t o




W a s h i n g t o n a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f R u s s i a n i n d u s t r y . He was

supposed to have the very latest process data for making

s y n t h e t i c r ub b e r . The State Department publicized his ar-

r i v a l a n d a r r a n g e d f o r h i m t o m e e t w i t h t h e R u b b e r R e s e r v e

Corporation . T h e r e , " i n e x c h a n g e f o r t h e i n v a l u a b l e R u s si a n

t e c h n i q u e , " h e w a s t o b e c o m p l e t e l y e n l i g h t e n e d a b o u t ( 1 )

o u r c h e m i ca l p r o c e s s es f o r m a k i n g s y n t h e t i c r u b b e r , ( 2 ) t h e

p l a n t d e s i g n s a n d f l o w s h e e t s , ( 3 ) a n y t h i n g e l s e h e m i g h t

want to know about .

The visit, from the point of view of Rubber Reserve

C o r p o r a t i o n , w a s v a l u el e s s f o r t h e f o l l o w in g r e a s o n s:

1 . I n J u l y o f 1 9 4 2 a l l p r o c e s s d e s i g n s w e r e f r o ze n s o t h a t

plant construction could commence .

2. During late 1943 construction was largely completed

and operations were beginning to deliver the rubber .

3 . The protest from Houdry Process Corporation during

l a t e 1 9 4 3 t h a t t h e y h a d p e r f e c t e d a b e t t e r , c h e ap e r p r o c e s s

t h a n a n y t h e n b e i n g p r o j e c t e d , w a s o ve r r u l ed s i n c e t h e o b -

j e c t i v e w a s t o p r o d u c e r u b b e r a n d n o t t o p e r f e c t a n i d e a l

system .

4. D r . P a t r i n k o f f a r r i v e d d u r i n g t h e H o u d r y p r o t e s t a n d

s u c h i d e a s o n p r o c e s s a s h e d i d r e l u c t a n t l y d i v u l g e w e r e u n -

s u i t a b l e a n d , i n f a c t , c o v e r e d a l m o s t p r i m i t i v e p h a s e s o f

s y n t h e s i s w h i c h h a d b e e n o b s o l e t e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r

some time .

Dr. P a t r i n k o f f , a f t e r b e i n g r e f u s e d f u l l u n l i m i t e d a c c e s s

t o i t s d a t a b y R u b b e r R e s e r v e C o r p o r a t i o n , w e n t t o v a r i o u s

chemical and rubber companies in the country and a t -



A LOOK AT LEND-LEASE 1 139

tempted to gain what had been denied to him in Washing

ton. E ach company he visited called Rubber Reserve Cor-

poration for confirmation and each in turn refused the re-

quested information. He then went to the plant construction

companies and received the same treatment .

Thereafter the Department of State sent him to Du Pont

and asked that he be given the process data o n neoprene

production . Sufficient pressure accompanied this request to

make Du Pont accede . The neoprene process is not patented

but is undivulged in this country . Thus it, can be assumed

that the Russians did learn this very valuable process through

the intervention of our State Department. Dr . Patrinkoff's

visit was publicized as "reverse Lend-Lease"-Russian aid

to the United States!

This "reverse Lend-Lease" cost taxpayers : five plants for

synthetic rubber and its constituents, $27,500,000 ; two neo-

prene rubber factories ; one factory each for styrene, Houdry

method butadiene, and Houdry catalysts . The neoprene

and butadiene plants had a capacity of 40,000 tons annually,

which is probably the reason the Soviet press announced

recently that they now lead the world in synthetic rubber

production .

In his ardor for the Soviets, Hopkins never hesitat ed to

seize upon supplies urgently demanded by other agencies,

even when the issue was milit ary success on the Western

Front. Colonel H. E. Rounds, a wartime member of the

Supply Committee of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, has

stated to me that interventions of this kind were so frequent




t h a t t h e y c a m e t o b e r e g a r d e d a s a l l b u t i n v a r i a b l e . The gen.

e r a l f e e l i n g , C o l o n e l R o u n d s s a i d , w as t h a t i n a g i v e n s u p p l y

p r o b l e m t h e R u s s i a n s r e p e a t e d l y c a m e f i r s t .

When Harry Hopkins stood up in Madison Square

Garden on June 22, 1942 and said to the Russian people :

"We are determined that nothing shall stop us from shar-

ing with you all that we have," he knew exactly how he

w a s g o i n g t o d o t h i s . I t w a s t o b e through Lend-Lease, over

which he had such absolute personal control that nothing

c o u l d s t o p h i m f r o m s h a r i n g w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a l l t h a t

we had .



CHAPTER NINE

The Greatest Mail-Order Catalogue

in History

A complete, itemized list of Lend-Lease shipments is un-

obtainable from any agency or group of agencies of our

Government. However, the Russians kept their own lists

which I, as liaison officer, was allowed to consult and copies

of which I finall y acquired . They list the dollar value of

every item, though not always the exact quantity, with an-

nual totals as follows : 1942-$1,422,853,3 32 ; 1943-$2,955 ;

811,271 ; 1911 $3,459,274,155 ; 1945-$1,838,281,501 . The

grand total for four years is some $9 .6 billions, which com-

pares with the President's figure of $9.5 (for shipments only)

in the Twenty-First Report . But the complete Russian record

is much more revealing than any partial or "protocol re-

quirement" list the public has been allowed to see .

I would have preferred to give the Russian figures for

each of the four years, because there are many interesting

comparisons, such as the thorium shipments which stopped

after 1943 . Space limitations prevented this . Faced with the

choice of listing some items with all the breakdowns, or

cumulative totals for all the items, I chose the latter . If any

readers would like to have the yearly breakdowns on specific

items, I will be glad to provide them from my worksheets .

' 4 I




A t t h e s t a r t I h a v e g r o u p e d a l l t h e m a t e r i a l s - c h e m i c a l s ,

m e t a l s , m i n e r a l s - s u i t a b l e f o r u s e i n a n a t o m i c p i l e . I h a v e

n o t l i s t e d h e r e t h e m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s ' w o r t h o f m i n i n g , o r e -

crushing, and construction equipment which we sent to

R u s s i a . I n f o r m e d r e a d e r s m a y a l s o f i n d m a t e r i a l s s u i t a b l e

f o r u s e i n t h e h y d r o g e n b o m b e l s e wh e r e i n t h e l i s t s .

"n.es . " stands for "not especially specified," throughout .

Item Quantity Cost in Dollars

ATOMIC MATERIALSBeryllium metals 9,681 lbs . $ 10,874 .

Cadmium alloys 72,535 lbs . 70,029 .

Cadmium metals 834,989 lbs . 781,466 .

Cobalt ore & concentrate 33,600 lbs . 49,782.

Cobalt metal & cobalt-bear ing scrap 806,941 lbs . 1,190,774 .

Uranium metal 2 .2 lbs . -Aluminum tubes 13,766 ,472 lbs . 13,041,152 .

Graphite, natural, flake, lump or chip 7,3 84,282 lbs . 812,437 .

Beryllium salts & compounds 228 lbs . 7 7 5 .

Cadmium oxide 2,100 lbs . 3,080 .

Cadmium salts & compounds, n . e . s . ' 2 lbs . 19 .

Cadmium sulfate 2,170 lbs . 1,374.

Cadmium sulfide 16,823 l bs . 17,380 .

Cobalt nitrate 51 lbs . 48.

Cobalt oxide 17,800 lbs . 34,832 .

Cobalt salts & compounds, n. e . s . 11,475 lbs . 7,112.

Cobaltic & cobaltous sulfate 22 lbs . 25

Deuterium oxide (heavy water) 1,100 grs . -Thorium salts & compounds 25,352 lbs . 32,580 .

Uranium nitrate 500 lbs .

Uranium nitrate (U02) 220 lbs . -Uranium oxide 500 lbs . -Uranium, urano-uranic oxide (U308) 200 lbs . -



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY

Item Quantity

METALS & METAL MANUFACTURES

Aluminum & alloys, ingots, slabs, etc .

Aluminum rods & bars

Aluminum plates, sheets, strips

Aluminum foil

Aluminum kitchen, hospital utensils

Aluminum p owders & paste

Aluminum contr . v a l v e s

Aluminum manufactures, n . e . s .

Brass & bronze ingots

Brass & bronze bars, rods, etc .

Brass & bronze pipe fittings

Brass & bronze valves, 4-in . & o v e r

Brass goods, plumbers

Brass or bronze wire

Brass wood screws

Brass or bronze hardware

Brass & bronze die stocks, etc .

Brass & bronze munitions

Brass & bronze window strips

Brass & bronze castings, forgings

Brass & bronze circles

Brass & bronze manufactures, n . e . s .

Brass & bronze blanks 3 2 , 7 6 0 , 5 4 2 l b s .

Brass & bronze plates & sheets 5 3 6 , 6 3 2 , 3 9 0 lb s .

Brass & bronze pipes & tubes 1 6 , 6 4 2 , 2 6 7 l b s .

Copper alloys 660 lbs .

Insulated copper wire, n . e . s . 3 9 9 , 5 5 6 , 7 2 0 l b s .

Copper manufactures, n . e . s. -

Copper rods 2,875,916 lbs .

Copper wire, bare 2 8 , 2 3 5 , 7 3 8 l b s .

Copper wire, rubber-covered 1 6 , 5 2 1 , 6 1 2 l b s .

Copper wire, weather-proof 4,848,312 lbs .

366,738,204 lbs.

1 3 , 7 4 4 , 7 0 9 l b s .

1 2 4 , 0 5 2 , 6 1 8 l b s .

409,556 lbs .

3 1 0 l b s .

219,736 Ibs.

980 lbs .

1 0 , 2 1 4 , 0 6 4 lb s .

6 6 , 3 2 9 , 4 6 2 l b s .

1 4 , 0 9 7 l b s .

204,288 lbs .

8 , 5 9 8 l b s .

1 6 , 1 3 9 , 7 0 2 l b s .

1,218 gross

8 , 7 3 9 l b s .

2 1 , 8 2 4 , 3 7 6 l b s .

6 5 , 9 2 4 l b s .

218 lbs .

933,110 lbs .

1 43

Cost in Dollars

$53,884,473 .

3,285,014

4 5 , 4 0 8 , 1 1 1 .

205,231 .

1 , 4 2 8 .

91,915 .

1 0 , 1 2 2 .

308,542 .

1 , 2 8 3 , 7 5 5 .

12,502,080.

3 0 , 9 3 1 .

1 8 9 , 6 2 3 .

5 , 8 2 8 .

3 , 7 3 4 , 1 6 9 .

453 .

1 3 , 4 6 5 .

9 , 1 8 0 .

4,253,987 .

28,567 .

249 .

194,447 .

233,843 .

6 , 2 7 0 , 7 4 0 .

99,376,514.

5,126,324.

396 .

97,637,534.

278,336 .

553,042 .

5 , 2 6 1 , 4 8 3 .

3,965,050.

1 , 2 6 1 , 7 8 9 .



METALS & METAL MANUFACTURES,continued

Copper munitions, excl. rotat. bands

Copper refined ingots, bars, etc.

Copper pipes & tubes

Copper plates & sheets

Nickel-chrome electric resistance wire

Nickel ore, conc. & matts

Nickel alloys & scrap

Nickel ingots, bars, rods, etc .

Nickel manufactures, n:e . s .

Tin & tin mfrs., tin foil

Tin ingots, pigs, bars, etc .

Tin manufactures, n.e. s .

Lead foil and tin foil

Lead, pigs & bars

Lead, sheets & pipes

Lead, solder

Lead, cable

Lead, plate or battery plate

Lead, shot

Lead, castings, circles, etc .

Lead manufactures, n.e. s .

Carbonyl iron powder

Ferrochrome

Ferromolybdenum

Ferrovanadium

Ferrophosphorus

Ferrosilicon

Ferrotungsten

Ferro alloys, n .e. s .

Babbit metal

Quicksilver or mercury

Tungsten metal, etc . & alloy

FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARY

Quantity Cost in Dollars

1,598,723 lbs. $ 2,102,024 .

75,6 63 ,895 lbs . 9,041,122 .

38,913,403 lbs . 22,728,592 .

26,432,417 lbs . 5,642,774 .

1,603,104 l b s . 2,121,121 .

155,604 lbs . 116,571 .

1,944,796 lbs . 812,3 11 .

15,66 9,441 lbs . 6,560,719 .- 2,216,294.

82,583 lb s . 44,353 .

3Q,620 lbs . 16,079 .

2.

26,880 lbs . 15,546 .

801,234 lbs . 1,913,7 69 .

74,555 lbs . 6,720 .

378 lbs . 76

1,681,081 lbs . 314,308.

1,122 lbs . 475.

181,506 l bs . 17,646 .

124,6 45 lbs . 49,569 .

105,421 .

27,050 lbs . 42,436 .

7,820,313 lbs . 1,285,175 .

5,357,500 lbs . 3, 210,590 .

1,074,190 lbs . 2,034,830 .

19,229 lbs . 710

16,187,318 lbs . 941,985 .

3,027,188 lbs . 4,715,335 .

88,900 lbs . 137,695 .

604,569 lbs . 265,179 .

10,590 lbs . 28,73 6 .

279,449 lbs . 4,268,890.



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY 1 45


METALS & METAL MANUFACTURES, continued

Cerite or cerium ore 2,651 lbs . 8,978 .

Zirconium ore & concentrate 220 lbs . 2,420 .

Cerium metals & alloys 30,299 lbs . 78,611 .

Chromium metal alloy scrap 23,924 lbs . 6,992 .

Manganese metal & alloys 359,006 lbs . 79,259 .

Molybdenum ore & concentrates 20,145,302 lb s . 10,841,501 .

Magnesium metal primary form 17,798,206 lbs . 3,6 40,716 .

Molybdenum metal alloys, scrap 913,480 lbs . 466,602 .

Tantalum metal & alloys 6,513 lbs . 136,665.

Zirconium metal & alloys 193,450 lbs . 94,654 .

Magnesium powder 66 lbs . 75

Magnesium metal, n. e . s . 983,467 lbs . 208,475 .

Molybdenum wire 396,527 l b s . 1,030,833 .

Ferromanganese 6,6 00 lbs . 1,272 .

Vanadium ore & concentrate 5,395 clb . 33,835 .

Metals & metal manufactures, n . e . s . - 2,727,754 .

Vises 4,398 68,521 .

Automotive wrenches & parts - 25,73 6 .

Wrenches & parts, excl. aut omotive - 163,179 .

Drills, etc., metal cutting, power-

driven 7, 822,216 8,863,820 .

D r i l l s , etc. , e x c l . power-driven - 9,062,215 .

Hand-operated taps, etc., metal-

working machines 593,278 1,091,423 .

Hand-operated taps, etc . , e x c l . metal-

working machines - 4,224,305 .

Hand-operated dies, etc., metal-

working machines 35,538 32,346 .

Hand-operated dies, etc . , e x c l . metal-

working machines 258,766 .

Hand-operated metal-cutting tools,

n. e . s . - 786,914 .






Pliers, pincers, nippers, etc . 3,463 doz . $ 33,700 .

Drill presses, bit braces, etc . - 217,288.

Planes, chisels & other cutting tools - 121,833 .

Gauges for precision measure 38,348 1,562,938 .

Mechanics' hand tools, n.e. s . 5,272,573 .

Tools with industrial diamonds 15 111 .

Tool grinders, emery wheel dressers 15,650 lbs . 85,106 .

Hand tools & parts, n . e . s . - 4,211,507 .

Padlocks of iron, steel, brass & bronze 146 521 .

Door locks of iron, steel, brass &

bronze 5 doz. 55 .

Wire bale ties 2,196,796 lbs . 103,900 .

Welding rods & wire, excl. electric 8,088,498 lbs . 1,487,802 .

Wire on spools or coils, not cards 2,710,624 lbs . 270,830 .

Wire, twisted 1,585 lbs . 53 6 .

Wire & manufactures, n . e . s . 23,236,266 lbs . 5,226,916 .

Wire nails 32,7 89,448 lbs . 1,214,356 .

Tacks 900,422 lbs . 133,604 .

Nails & staples, n. e . s . 8,105,218 lbs . 369,640 .

Bolts, machine screws, nuts, etc. 13,370,637 lbs . 1,373,695 .

Metal containers, filled, value 20% 68,650 lbs . 87,928.

Metal containers, unfilled 2,095,541 lbs . 352,525 .

Metal containers, unfilled, n.e. s . - 616,795 .

Pipestocks, etc., hand-operated &

parts 233,275 .

Screw plates, etc., hand-operated &

parts - 639,746 .

Machine knives, except metal cut 1,951 41,218.

Safety razors 237 doz. 2,383 .

Safety razor blades 857 c . 1,290.

Cutlery, butchers & kitchens 34 doz. 500.

Cutlery, knives, shears 3,648 39,343 .



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY 147



Cutlery & parts, n .es . - $ 68,295.

Power transmission chains 92,67 5 lbs . 76 ,989 .

Chains, excl . power transmiss ion 13,971,287 lbs . 230,010 .

Enamelware, table, household, hos-

pital, etc . 209,36 5 lbs : 43,492 .

Boat propellers, blades 143,890 lbs . 8,042 .

Metals & alloys, n.e. s . 791,073 lbs . 141,894 .

Bauxite and other aluminum ores 56 tons 12,197 .

Zinc photo engraving sheets 220 lbs . 57

Zinc sheets, n .e. s

. & strips 2,000 lbs . 400 .

Zinc slabs, etc ., sp eci al hi gh gr ad e 4,159,512 lbs . 397,266

Zinc slabs, etc ., high grade 26,757,974 lbs . 2,461,815 .

Zinc slabs, etc ., intermediate grade 4,253,496 lbs . 368,244

Zinc slabs, plates, blocks, n .e. s . 40,966 ,658 lbs . 3,750,736 .

Zinc wire 155,177 lbs . 38,767 .

Zinc manufactures, n. e . s . 202,324 lbs . 18,855 .

Bauxite concentrate, incl . alumina 11 tons 657

Plate, n . e . s . no alloy, excl. fabricated 17,951,792 lbs . 475,944 .

Armor plate, no alloy, not fabricated 39,283,6 79 lbs . 1,585,548 .

Tin cans, finished or unfinished 667,6 03 lbs . 106,855 .

Metal file cases, not insulated 3,547 165,004 .

Metal file cases, insulated 13 2,860 .

Metal furniture & parts, n . e . s . - 49,36 0 .

Stoves, ranges, heaters, gas 84 9,296 .

Cooking, heating equipment, domes-

tic, n.e. s . - 73 2,893 .

Parts, gas, kerosene, etc., stoves - 16,617 .

Radiators house heating 1,426 1,315 .

Oil burners & boilers industrial 126 59,605.

Parts oil burners & boilers, domest ic - 406,107

Cooking stoves, kerosene, excl . elec-

tric 27 1,332 .





METALS & METAL MANUFACTURES, continuedRoom & water heaters, kerosene 1,088 $ 13,059 .

Stoves, room water heaters, gasoline 1,611 17,366 .

Axes, broad & hand 12,6 08 doz . 22,76 9 .

Hacksaw blades, power machines 16,063 gross 346,272 .

Hacksaw blades, excl. power ma-

chines 32,172 gross 406,067 .

Circular saws, excl. diamond 36,175 1,079,630 .

Circular saws, diamond 5,840 14,933 .

Saws, steel band, pit, d rag & mill 7,133 35,910 .

Saws & parts, n . e . s . - 1,551,889.

Augers, bits, gimlets, etc . 1,723 doz . 20,004 .

Files & rasps, under 7-in . 98,514 doz . 251,836 .

Files & rasps, 7 -in. & over 95,811 doz. 330,827 .

Hammers & hatchets 24,757 doz . 92,890 .

Shovels, spades, scoops, etc . 8,305 doz. 85,799 .

Scales & balances, n . e . s . 959 336 ,850.

Scales, automatic, excl . bathroom 79,554 226,000 .

Scales, precision 6,079 89,124 .

Hardware, car & marine - 249,162 .

Hardware, n . e . s . - 93,684.

Railway car wheels, excl . locomotive 44,532,719 l bs . 2,351,67 8 .

Railway car tires & locomotive wheels 46,138,050 lbs . 3,169,777 .

Railway car axles, without wheels 69,818,310 lbs . 2,520,77 8 .

Railway car axles, with wheels 45,900,258 lbs . 2,392,165 .

Railway locomotive car axles with-

out wheels 1,632,615 lbs . 90,453 .

Railway locomotive car axles with

wheels 2,190,959 lbs . 120,937 .

Rail joints, splice bars, etc . 314,535,452 lbs . 9,427,137 .

R.R. switches, frogs, crossings 168,566,6 52 lbs . 10,946,3 07 .

Railroad spikes 56,999,319 l bs . 1,888,997 .

Railroad bolts, nuts, nut locks, etc . 9,159,460 lbs . 630,947 .



.THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY

Item Quantity

METALS & METAL MANUFACTURES,continued

Tie stock unfabricated whether or

not sheared to length

Rails, 60 lbs . & over per yd .

Rails, less than 60 lbs. per yd .

Rails, 60 lbs. & over per yd .

Rails, under 60 lbs.

Sewing-machine needles

Needles, excl. sewing-machine

IRON, STEEL & ALLIED PRODUCTS

Pig iron

Iron & steel scrap, n . e . s .

Tin plate circles, strips, etc .

Iron & steel billets, no alloy

Iron & steel blooms, no alloy

Iron & steel alloy billets

Iron & steel alloy blooms

Iron & steel alloy slabs

Steel alloy & tin plated bars

Steel bars, cold finished

Iron bars

Concrete reinforcement steel bars

Iron & steel & tin plate bars, no

alloy

Steel bars, no alloy, n .e s .

Stainless steel bars, n .e. s .

Steel bars, alloy, n .e. s .

Wire rods

Roller plate, armor type

Steel armor plate, alloy

7,644 tons 207,017 .

55 tons 35,989.

668 tons 84,490 .

39,195 tons 8,522,389.

1,064 tons 195,517 .

58,807 tons 16,327,932 .

1,918 tons 356,652 .

1 ton 200.

290 tons 32,511.425,331,7 42 tons 39,36 0,892 .

994,557 l bs . 242,3 16 .

8,456,863 lbs . 441,350

461 tons 27,136

209,312,002 lbs . 14,668,525 .

1,848,673 l bs . 63 2,121 .

36 8,427,121 lbs . 56,3 74,249.

3,648,579 lbs . 383,541 .

779,677 lbs . 17,894 .

5,801,465 lb s . 280,706

149

Cost in Dollars

63,375 lbs . $ 3,840 .

170,025 tons 3,198,998 .

2,144 tons 103,961 .

232,499 lbs . 10,009,983 .

1,919 lbs . 81,965 .

57,133 (M) 318,530 .

14,447 (M) 183,503 .



150 FROM MAJOR JORDANS DIARYItem Quantity Cost in Dollars

IRON, STEEL & ALLIED PRODUCTS, continued

Steel plate, excl . armor alloy 20,820,647 lbs . $ 1,034,729 .

Sciler plate, excl . armor type 37,614,885 lbs . 1,084,043 .

Plate alloy not fab . excl . armor 117,391,826 lbs . 6,497,7 13 .

Stainless steel plate, not fab . 1,016,496 lbs . 339,468 .

Iron & steel structural shapes, not

fabricated 29,870 tons 1,871,436 .

Iron & steel plates, fabricated,

punched, etc . 193,593,054 l bs . 12,623,581 .

Iron & steel strip, cold-ro lled, stain-

less 3,7 57,605 lbs . 803,546 .

Iron & steel strip, hot-rolled, stainless 2,543,563 lbs . 476,262 .

Iron & steel strip, cold-rolled, no alloy 192,816,458 lbs . 16,411,022.

Iron & steel strip, hot-rolled, no alloy 45,843,851 lbs . 1,903,017 .

Iron & steel & scroll, alloy, excl .

stainless 1,196 lbs . 347

Iron & steel band scroll, cold- rolled,

no alloy 2,281,415 lbs . 115,77 8 .

Iron & steel band scroll, hot-ro lled,

no alloy 54,925 lbs . 2,054.

Iron & steel ske lp, excl . semi-fin . 22,400 lbs . 638.

Iron sheets, galvanized 1,366, 305 lbs . 50,761 .

Iron sheets, black 238,165 lbs . 6,665.

Steel sheets, galvanized 86,045,044 lbs . 3,363,966 .

Steel sheets, black, ungalvanized 43 2,6 63 ,290 lbs . 15,083,824.

Steel sheets, black, ungalvanized,stainless 8,452,653 lbs 3,6 21,230.

Steel sheets, ungalvanized, alloy 20,614,468 lbs . 2,244,755.

Steel hoop, cold-rolled, no alloy 1,727,369 lbs . 52,443 .

Steel strip, cold-rolled, alloy 28,487,139 l bs . 5,508,009.

Steel strip, hot-rolled, alloy 49,836,331 lbs . 7,982,848.

Steel hoop, hot-rolled, alloy 497,701 lbs . 59,956 .

Steel hoop, hot-rolled, no alloy 5,251,874 lbs . 162,656 .






Steel hoop, cold-rolled, alloy 107,504 lbs . $ 3,062.

Tin plate & taggers' tin 339,131,813 lbs . 18,812,407 .

Terneplate, incl . long ternes 21,928,318 lbs . 950,325 .

Structural iron & steel shapes, fabri-cated 5,488 tons 1,063,865 .

Water, oil, gas, etc ., storage tanks 11,399,056 lbs, 832,539.

Seamless black pipe, n . e . s . 38,530,836 lbs . 2,932,023 .

Iron or steel wood screws 5,496,440 gros s 1,066,6 15.

Iron or steel tool bit blanks 4,403 l bs . 58,077

Steel tank lines 2,386,981 lbs . 622,568 .

Iron & steel manufa ctures, n .e. s . 754,527.

Iron or steel coated wire, n.e. s . 17,803,171 lbs . 4,365,942 .

Malleable iron castings 88,380 lbs . 40,828 .

Gray iron castings 272,822 lbs . 32,235 .

Steel castings, alloy, incl . stainless 63 ,289 lbs . 11,836 .

Iron & steel grinding balls, no alloy 3,948,946 lb s . 380,908 .

Iron & steel forgings, n e . s . , no alloy 9,597,970 lbs . 1,676,349.

Iron & steel grinding balls, alloy 3,978,051 lbs . 212,943 .

Iron & steel forgings, n. e . s . , alloy 3,246,658 lbs . 615,391 .

Iron & steel forgings, n.e . s . , alloy

incl ., stainless 13,429,686 l bs . 1,189,298.

Iron & steel hoop band, etc ., cold-

rolled, stainless 191,690 l bs . 5,544 .

Iron & steel hoop band, etc., cold-

rolled, alloy 1,169 lbs . 1,405 .

Iron & steel hoop band, etc ., hot-

rolled, no alloy 1,460,590 lbs . 45,466.

Iron & steel hoop band, etc ., hot-

rolled, stainless 53,600 lbs . 1,402.

Steel castings, no alloy 675,033 lbs . 84,835 .

Boiler tubes, seamless 157,231,260 l bs . 17,322,754 .

Boiler tubes, welded 5,573,133 lbs . 613,956



Item


Pipe casing & oil-line, seamless

Pipe casing & oil-line, welded

Malleable iron screwed pipe-fittings

Cast iron pressure pipe

Cast iron pressure pipe-fittings

Cast iron soil pipe

Cast iron soil pipe-fittings

Welded black pipe, steel

Welded black pipe, wrought iron

Welded galvanized pipe, steel

Iron & steel pipe, n . e . s .

Welded galvanized p pe, wrought

iron

Iron & steel pipe-fittings, n . e . s .

Iron & steel wire, uncoated

Iron & steel sash & frames

Iron & steel sheet piling

Galvanized wire

Barbed wire

Woven wire fencing

Cast-iron screwed pipe-fitti ngs

Woven wire screen clot h, insect

Woven wire screen cloth, excl. insect

Wire rope & cable, not insulated

Wire strand

Electric welding rods & wire

MACHINES, MACHINE TOOLS & PARTSLathes

Turret lathes



232,440,545 lbs . $11,164,969 .

50,165,681 lbs . 2,608,178 .

999,894 lbs . 180,756 .

7,439,539 lbs . 231,256 .

325,288 lbs . 31,891 .

3,458,599 lbs . 114,717 .

659,248 lbs . 40,791 .

13,6 18,029 lbs . 887, 868.

80,646,845 lbs . 3,644,605 .

1,835,969 lbs . 102,514 .

67,763,73 7 lbs . 13,76 8,322 .

13,575,094 lbs . 691,250.

7,900,447 lbs . 2,900,117 .

86,937,3 29 lbs . 12,119,586 .

17,400 lbs . 1,583 .

35,388,919 lbs. 952,275107,105,217 lbs . 7,246,614.

81,459,023 lb s . 4,099,63 2.

2,269,999 lbs . 186,76 1 .

7,383,537 lbs . 220,590 .

48,068 lbs . 18,890.

2,532,725 lbs . 2,179,358.

101,891,796 lbs . 25,089,532 .

36,474 lbs . 2,182.

24,264,316 l bs . 2,411,053 .

2,644 28,37 3,506 .

3,073 25,574,695 .





MACHINES, MACHINE TOOLS & PARTS, continued

$ 5,770,713 .

23,371,672 .

155,484 .

3,231,785 .

15,238,453 .

54,759,178 .

14,804,67 8 .

1,704,241 .

23,440,971 .

11,789,505 .

28,021,650 .

7,408,674 .

1,115,999 .

6,181,009 .

5,301,663 .

2,678,790 .

19,552,825 .

617,100 .

4,6 82,945 .

210,083 .

644,900 .

68,717 .

11,827 .

53,856,071 .

261,547 .

439,904.

67, 804.

127,085 .

210,793 .

166,221 .

522,845.

93,838.

Engine l athes & bench type 999

Engine, i n c l . tool-room lathes 3,340

Balancing machines 31

Shapers, metal power-driven 624

Planers, metal power-driven 487

Grinding-surface, internal, external 6,608

Precision boring machines, n . e . s . 880

Tapping & threading machines 456

Auto screw bar type 1,926

Knee & column milling 1,651

Milling machines, n e . s . 3,507

Gear cutting 978

Machine drilling sensitive, excl . bench 312

Radial drilling 759

Drilling machines, n . e . s . 1,352

All type broaching machines 281

Horizontal boring drill, etc . 845

Gear honing finishing, n . e . s . 95

Blower, ventilate machines & parts -Canning machinery -Dairy equipmen t, commercial, n . e . s . 1,313

Dyeing & finishing machines & parts -Flour grist mill ma chinery & parts -Forging machinery & parts -Ice-making equipment & parts -Refrigerating equipment & parts -Knitting machine parts, n . e . s . -Sewing machines & parts 362

Paper converting machinery & parts

Sawmill machinery & parts -Water wheels, turbines & parts -Textile machinery & parts, n . e . s . -



FROM MAJOR JORDAN S DIARY

Item Quantity Cost in Dollcrs

MACHINES, MACHINE TOOLS & PARTS, continued

Wood planers, matchers, etc. 1,571 $ 344,854 .

Wire drawing machines & parts - 2,508,079 .

Blast cleaning, tumbling machines 6 37 ,224 .

Chucks for machine tools 128,551 3,068,711 .

Foundry equipment parts, n . e . s . - 3,896,873 .

Die-casting equipment - 918,455 .

Power metal working machine tools, n . e . s . 5,773 6,461,539 .

Rolling mill machinery & parts - 19,316,915 .

Power machines, tools & parts, n . e . s . - 60,313,833 .

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTSwitchboard panels & parts, excl. t e l e -

phone 6,407,509.

Oil circuit breakers & switches 7,318 1,593,6 75 .

Power switches, circuit breakers, over

10 amp. - 2,281,137 .

Fuse plugs cont mica 24,908 6,414.

Fuses, n . e . s . 151,051 39,720 .

Watt hour & other measuring meters 21,901 473,285.

Electric indicating instruments, n . e . s . 7,779 315,962 .

Electric recording instruments 1,610 157,717 .

Electric testing apparatus & parts,

n . e . s . - 2,696,617 .

Electric testing machines 4,367 334,064.

Lightning arresters, etc . - 547,579 .

Motors 13,463 6,102,370 .

Armatures for motors - 35,408 .

Electric railway motors 8 16,250 .

Electric locomotives railway mining 87 750,154.



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY1155


ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, continued

Electric station warehouse & factory

trucks 1,229 $ 4,587,780 .

Electric industrial trucks & tractors,

n. e . s . 424 1,204,401 .

Starting, etc . equipment for indus-

trial motors - 4,389,290 .

Starting, etc . equipment for electric

motors - 730,015 .

Accessories & parts for motors, n . e . s . - 947,36 6 .

Portable electric tools, power-driven 1,297 123,433 .

Portable electric tools, n . e . s . 2,566 168,111 .

Electric fans 3 33 .

Electric incandescent lamps 930,860 135,515 .

Searchlights & airport beacons 953 4,189,708 .

Floodlights 457 13,593 .

Electric domestic vacuum cleaners 204 6,752 .

Domestic heating or cooking devices,

n . e . s . 50,203 .

Electric melting furnaces & parts -10,466,162

.

Heat treating furnaces & parts - 17,949,385.

Industrial heating devices & parts - 1,822,731 .

X-ray tubes 1,260 188,594.

X-ray apparatus & parts, n . e . s . - 2,628,349 .

Therapeutic apparatus, n . e . s . - 1,088,925 .

Electric refrigerators, household 20 3,258 .

Electric refrigerators, commercial un-

der I ton 30 9,674.

Electric refrigerator parts - 151,438.

Radio receiving set components, n . e . s . - 7,051,328.

Loud speakers 133 1,833 .

Radio receiving set accessories, n . e . s . 2,082,247 .

Telegraph apparatus & parts - 3,603,037 .



CANVAS ARTICLES, WOOLEN GOODS, CLOTHING, ETC

Clothing, aviation - 1,017,559 .

Clothing, milita ry & air, n . e . s . - 283,3 67 .

Clothing, military, personal & or-

ganizational - 21,701,189.

Clothing, naval - 26,788.

Clothing, military, cold weather - 5,220,572 .Canvas articles - 7,239,229 .

Numbered biscuit & naught duck 1,009,120 sq. yd . 934,150 .

Kapok life saving appliances - 21,975 .

Fabric coated or i mpreg . , n . e . s . 652,366 sq. yd . 446,797 .

Textile manufactures, n . e . s . - 141,134 .

Other cordage 2,500 lbs . 2,264 .



ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT,continued

Telephone instruments 386,530 $16,558,894 .

Telephone equipmen t & parts, n . e . s . - 15,73 9,286 .

Bells, buzzers, enunciators & alarms - 492,174.

Starting, lighting, etc., equipment - 264,918 .

Electric insulating material 1,586,3 78 lbs . 698,310 .

Electric conduit iron or steel 1,548,868 lbs . 116,7 83 .

Electric conduit rigid metal, n . e . s . 221,948 lbs . 23,896 .

Electric conduit metal, n . e . s . , etc . - 260,082.

Sockets, outlets, etc., & parts - 391,867 .

Electric interior lighting fixtures,

fluorescent - 10,442 .

Electric interior lighting fixtures,

n.e.s . 109,77 4 .

Electric exterior lighting fixtures - 226,878 .

Electric curl . irons 1 8 .

Flashlight cases 104,630 93,254.





CANVASARTICLES, WOOLEN GOODS, CLOTHING, ETC ,

continued

Istle or tampico manufactured 6 tons $ 2,640.

Twine, binder, excl . cotton or jute 16,613 ,012 lbs . 1,903,578 .

Flax, hemp, ramie manufactures,

n . e . s . - 7,456 .

Hemp, ramie twine & cordage 319,649 lbs . 32,839 .

Pyroxlin coated impre g . fabric 17,693 sq. yd . 38,084 .

Elastic webbing, not over 1 / in . 1,009,500 yds . 57,226 .

Cotton moss & hair mattresse s 30 368 .

Synthetic cut fibers & waste, n . e . s . 87,815 lbs . 32,249 .

Synthetic knit fabric in the pc . 3,000 lbs . 3,737 .

Woven synthetic yarn fabric, n . e . s . 22,663 lbs . 23,219 .

Rayon waste & staple fiber 500,069 lbs . 141,668 .

Woven yarn f abric print cv . synth . 1,248 lbs . 1,785 .

Synthetic hosiery, excl. nylon,

Wmn's & children 1 doz. pr. 12 .

Synthetic textile manufactures 1,617 .

Oakum 5,130 lbs . 969 .

Kapok cushions upholstery pads 12 30

Cordage, n . e . s . 32,446 lbs . 5,468 .

Veg. fibre straw grass manufac-

tures, n . e . s . - 2,175 .

Mohair cloth 1 .572,382 lbs . 2,670,321 .

Wool noile & waste 100 lbs . 29

Wool felts woven for machine 146 lbs . 315 .

Wool carpets & rugs 364 sq . yd . 348 .

Book cloth pyroxlin coated 5,328 sq. yd . 4,819.

Synthetic braids, fringes, etc . - 6,816 .

Viscose & cupr . cent. f i l. yarn, etc . 40,126 lbs . 22,577 .

Acetate rayon y arn 292,272 lbs . 184,283 .

Spun rayon yarn 84,071 l bs . 52,168 .

Nylon yarn 4 lbs . 33 .



158 FROM MAJORJORDAN' S DIARY


CANVAS ARTICLES, WOOLEN GOODS, CLOTHING, ETC ,

continued

Wool cloth & dress goods 95,384,022 lbs . $192,642,856 .

Wool blankets 5,242,63 7 lbs . 7,472,329 .

Wool knit apparel, n . e . s . 203 lbs . 450,304 .

Hair & felt manu factures, n . e . s . 18,432 lbs . 2,750 .

Wool or mohair manufactures,

n. e . s . 208,013 .

Wool men's overcoats, suits &

pants 188,611 3,169,329 .

Fur felt hats, men's & boys' 50 314

Wool fa brics, n . e . s . 408,827 lbs . 679,076 .

Linoleum 121,019 sq. yd . 64,152 .

Clothing, nurses - 11,781 .

Clothing, gas protective - 4,102.

Felt base floor coverings 114,797 sq. yd . 58,451 .

Oilcloth, shelf, table & wall 1,015,886 sq. yd . 352,319.

Waterproof outer garments 176,962 710,129 .

RUBBER COMMODITIESErasers & bands 61,539 lbs . 21,802.

Piecegoods & hospital sheeting,

n. e . s . 1,745,313 sq . y d . 1,523,472 .

Boots, shoes & heels 1,046,667 pr . 1,794,735 .

Clothing, gloves & mittens 179,163 d oz . 1,437,294 .

Druggist rubber sundries 1,188,146 513,434 .

Rubber manufactures: friction

tape, fan belts, aut o & balata

belting, hose & tubing, pack-

ing, mats, flooring, etc . 65,472,339 lbs . 28,887,600 .

Rubber manufactures, n .e.s . - 1,672,246 .




$ 125,943 .

366 ,413 .

803,3 45.

92,466 ,132 .

378,643 .

1,635,739.

7,595,759 .

6,659,880 .

6,485,611 .

52,290 .

1,016,937 .

COTTONSCotton gauze & sterile bandage

absorbent cotton

Blankets

Cotton fabric napped, excl . flannel

Cotton denims

Cotton drill, twill, etc .

Cotton sheeting

Cotton fabric apparel, women,

children, n .e. s .

Cotton goods, combed, carded,

n e . s .

Bags of jute

Cost in Dollars

428,3 91 lbs . 330,025

231,905 723,463 .

277,218 sq. yd . 130,803 .

8,536,926 sq. yd . 2,240,504 .

70,290,453 sq. gd 35,76 9,818 .

11,748,189 sq. yd . 2,299,442 .

73 ,185 lbs . 74,091 . '

52,362 sq. yd . 6,137 .

5,538 lbs . 1,416 .

159

Item Quantity

RUBBER COMMODITIES, continued

Synthetic rubber

Latex & other forms of rubber

compounded for mfr .

362,839 lbs .

1,117,278 lbs .

Hard rubber electrical goods,

n e . s .

Truck & bus casings

680,653 lbs .

3,502,736

Solid tires for automobiles &

trucks 13,574 lbs .

Tire sundries & repair materials,

excl . camelback 2,020,571 lb s .

Casings & tubes, excl. automobile 749,056

Automobile casings, excl . truck &

bus 2,701,081 lbs .

Automobile inner tubes 2,693,162

Camelback 206,472 lbs .

Cements 718,894 lbs .



FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARY'


COTTONS, continued

Sisal, sunn, etc., twine & cordage 10,879,108 lbs . $1,887, 935 .

Manila cordage- 15,454 lbs . 5,364

Cotton underwear, men's 101,302 doz. 844,092 .

Cotton flannels, blch . or col . 4,504,083 sq. yd . 765,934.

Cotton work gloves, mittens,

gauntlets & hosiery 34,526 doz. pr. 128,589 .

Cotton men's jackets & wind-

breakers 18,017 96,244Cotton cloth, gray 289,688 sq. yd . 45,068.

Cotton twine, rope & cordage,

excl. t i r e 1,355,256 lbs . 706,488.

Cotton fabrics, col . yarn, n.e. s . 3,759,396 sq . yd . 858,647 .

Cotton duck & awning materials 3,837 ,445 sq. yd . 3,810,789.

Cotton men's work clothing, n . e . s . 61,247 doz . 967,457

Cotton men's clothing of woven

fabrics, n.e. s . 8,887 doz . 255,66 0 .

Cotton heavy filter, hose, belting

duck 70,229 sq. yd . 52,072 .

Cotton ounce duck 15,944,996 sq. yd . 9,634,702.

Cotton sewing thread 3,282,633 l bs . 4,304,611 .

Cotton carded yarn, gray 165,389 lbs. 91,041Cotton sheets & pillow cases 154,072 doz . 1,796,315 .

Cotton rags, excl . paper stock 3,506 lbs . 192 .

Cotton chscl. & gauze blch. dyed 156,637 sq. yd . 22,03 6 .

Curtain draperies & cotton house

furnishings, n .e. s.-10,853 .

Huck damask plain twls. twling. - 176, 893 .

Cotton manufactures, n . e . s . - 2,891,7 64 .

Cotton printcloth, bleached 1,607,468 sq. yd . 295,757 .

Cotton soft wastes, n.e. s . 4,410 lbs . 336

Cut card yarn blch. col. nov. 77 ,288 lbs . 45,985 .

Cotton hard waste yarn thread 32,407 lbs . 3,877 .

i6o





COTTONS, continued

Cotton table damask, in the pc . 111,470 sq . yd . 5,089 .

Cotton sweaters, pullovers, etc . ,

men's 1,500 2,520 .

Cotton print cl. yam fab. over

36x32 ct . 73 7,219 sq . y d . 100,370 .

Cotton remnants, n . e . s . 17,550 lbs . 9,803 .

Cotton pile fabrics, n . e . s . 500 sq . y d . 425 .

Cotton knit fabrics, in the pc . 573,757 lbs . 616, 041 .

Cotton narrow fabrics, n . e . s . - 231,525 .

Cotton woven belting for ma-

chines 396,038 lbs . 187,474 .

Cotton braids, bindings, etc . - 7,006,954.

Cotton bags, new 365,3 59 lbs . 182,892.

Terry woven towels, cloths, mats 20 doz. 44

WOOD & WOOD PRODUCTS

Boards, doug. fir, dress, scant-

lings 39 M bd. ft . 20,625 .

Furniture, chief value wood,

n. e . s . - 8,486 .

Handles for striking tools 4,762 doz 9,457 .

Millwork house fixtures, n . e . s . - 1,139.

Oars & paddles, boat 20,934 32,751 .

Wood manufactures, n. e . s . - 248,609.

Wood lath 39 M 4,220.

Art cork, block, gaskets, etc . 869 lbs . 1,964.

Cork balls, bobbers, buoys, etc . 1,129 lbs . 602 .

Natural cork manufactures, n . e . s . 4,726 lbs . 7,870 .

Cork, wood or bark, unmfrd . 38,544 lbs . 6,225 .

Paper, newsprint 27,439 lbs . 907



162 FROM MAJORJORDAN'S DIARY


WOOD & WOOD PRODUCTS,continued

Furniture, wood, n. e . s . , cov. up-

holstery - $ 82.

Paper, book, not coated 1,093,888 lbs . 170,581 .

Paper, wrapping, excl. Kraft 793,154 lbs . 119,873 .

Paper, cover 72,242 lbs . 7,458 .

Paper, greaseproof, waterproof 8,375,322 lbs . 1,333,992 .

Paper, surface coated, n . e . s . 250,060 lbs . 109,101 .

Cigarette paper, cigarette books,

covers 2,043,178 lbs . 1,070,771 .

Tissue paper & crepe, n . e . s . 571,796 lbs . 421,841 .

Bristols & bristol board 68,864 lbs . 7,939 .

Paper, Kraft wrapping 343, 982 lbs . 39,383 .

Paper, toilet 92 lbs . 1 1 .

Paper, board, n . e . s . 180,914 lbs . 18,695.

Fiber insulation board 248,891 sq . ft . 53,666 .

Paper sheathing & building 327,000 lbs . 7,909 .

Box board, n. e . s . 147,157 lbs . 6,094 .

Blotting paper 10,868 l bs . 6,835 .

Filing folders, cards & other of-

fice forms 37,500 lbs . 10,619 .

Writing paper 18,603,029 lbs . 3,128,385 .

Vulcanized fiber sheets, etc . 10,044,901 lbs . 2,454,153 .

Papeteries 2,675 lbs . 296

Paper & paper products, n. e . s . - 385,871 .

Paper bags, excl . heavy shipping 210 lbs . 19.

Paper cash-register , adding ma-

chine 227,145 lb s . 61,657.

Paper boxes & cartons , n . e . s . 1,236 lbs . 373 .



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY 1 6 3


CHEMICALS

Acetic acid 132,934 lbs .

Acetone 26,834,746 lbs . 2,275,6 77 .

Acetophenetidine 26,815 21,074 .

Acetylsalicylic acid ( aspirin)

tablet 475

Acetylsalicylic acid in bulk 44,578 lbs . 149,358 .

Acrylonitrile 2,345 lbs . 1,055 .

Alcohols, n.e. s . 701,408,317 lbs . 94,941,346 .

Alcohol, denatured, solidif ied 1,822,551 lbs . 188,032 .

Aluminum compounds, n . e . s . 1,082 lbs . 621 .

Aluminum chloride, anhydrous 158,66 1 lbs . 14,845.

Ammonium compounds, n.e. s . - 105,77 5 .

Ammonia, anhydrous 459,811 lbs . 95,911 .

Ammonia, aqua 3,998 lbs . 318 .

Ammonium bicarbonate 100 lbs . 13.

Ammonium carbonate 2,581 lbs . 1,250 .

Ammonium chloride 302,100 lbs . 15,507 .

Ammonium nitrate 4,113,567 lbs . 492,096

Amyl acetate 56,890 lbs . 8,543 .

Aniline oil 7,009,316 lbs . 962,718.

Antimony salts & compounds,

n.e. s . 122 lbs . 530 .

Acetic anhydride 438,720 lbs . 40,749 .

Acids & anhydrides, n.e. s . 1,026,66 1 lbs . 123,126 .

Acids & anhydrides, inorganic,

n. e . s . 659,134 lbs . 126,406 .

Arsenious oxide 50,824 lbs . 50,814 .

Baking powder 54 lbs . 12.

Benzocaine, benzoate, etc . 25,453 l bs . 129,038 .

Benzoic acid tech. &md. gr . 9,803 l bs . 4,284 .

Benzol or benzene 1,634 gal . 878 .

Bleaching powder 30,730 lbs . 2,131 .



Item

.CHEMICALS, continued

Boric acid

Bromine, bromide, bromntes,

n e . s .

Buna, S

Butanol

Butyl acetate

Calcium nitrate

Caesium salts.& compounds

Caffein

Caffein salts & compounds

Calcium carbide

Calcium chloride

Camphor, natural, synthetic

Carbon, black or gas black

Carbon tetrachloride

Carbons, animal charcoal, n.e. s .

Casein

Castor oil

Cellulose-acetate flake, etc .

Cellulose acetate sheets, etc .

Cellulose plastic mold comp .

Cellulose plastic film support

Cementing preparations, n . e . s .

Chemical specialty compounds,

n.e. s .

Chemical pigments, n.e. s .

Cements for sealing cans

Chlorine

Chrome pigments

Chromic acid

Chromium salts & compounds,

n e . s .

1,838,257 l bs .

169,101 lbs .

17,967,832 lbs .

14,384,133 l bs .

11,193,203 lbs .

4,940 lbs .

22 lbs .

82,422 lbs .

52,225 lbs .

1,696,791 lbs .

1,747,249 lbs .

3,224,821 lbs .

5,065,003 lbs .

109,788 lbs .

27,234 lbs .

148,36 4 lbs .

240 gal .

5,117 lbs .

285,270 l bs .

1,359 lbs .

225,992 lbs .

312,081 lbs .

92,583 lbs .

224,77 5 lbs .

2,000 lbs .

51,426 lbs .

50,989 lbs .

150,000 lbs .

$ 94,953 .

76,7 84.

6,426,37 2 .

3,039,314 .

2,147,276 .

1,745 .

2,300 .

212,018 .

194,129 .

93,114

21,981 .

1,373,382 .

312,866 .

8,445 .

3,312 .

54,230 .

458 .

2,123 .

245,67 6 .

812 .

249,480 .

22,7 50 .

2,315,756 .

34,817 .

40,807

400

11,746 .

8,759 .

34,805 .



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY 1 65


CHEMICALS,continued

Citric acid 2,138,555 lbs . $ 715,641 .

Cleaning & washing compounds,

specialty 39,729 lbs . 6,495.

Coaltar acids, n .e . s . 101,428 lbs . 31,211 .

Coaltar colors, dyes, stains & color

lakes 2,627,410 lbs . 1,108,534 .

Coaltar dyes, n .e . s . 407,184 lbs . 489,258 .

Coaltar, crude 17,203,267 lbs . 694,768 .

Coaltar intermediates, n. e . s . 6,7 03,480 lbs . 1,938,035 .

Coaltar products, finished, n. e . s . 1,790,573 lbs . 1,498,912 .

Color lakes and toners 23,147 lbs . 17,719 .

Copper salts & compounds, n . e . s . 42,875 lbs . 32,659 .

Copper sulphate 230,140 lbs . 12,557 .

Cresylic acid & cresols 340,677 lbs . 53,108 .

Cupric oxide 4,194 lbs . 1,105-

Dental creams 78 lbs . 68 .

Dextrine or British gum 18,100 lbs . 989.

Dibutyl & diethylphth alate, etc . 12,497,577 lbs . 2,755,992 .

Dimethylaniline 4,350,417 lbs . 957,918 .

Diphenylamine 3,130,720 lbs . 690,908-

Disinfectants, household & indus-

trial, etc . 603 ,451 lbs . 132,895 .

Dyeing, tanning extracts, n . e . s . 9,672 lbs . 7,648 .

Elixirs, liquid solutions, n . e . s . - 6,758 .

Ester gums 60,000 lbs . 14,127 .

Ethyl acetate 12,419,432 lbs . 1,632,875-

Ethyl ether 2,288 lbs . 502.

Ethyl fluid 558,766 gal . 2,055,864-

Ethylene chlorhydrene 301,860 gal . 63,465 .

Ethylene dibromide 3,7 34,900 gal . 720,128-

Ethylene glycol 43,319,367 gal . 5,124,760 .

Ethylene glycol 3,174,020 lbs . 343,554 .



166 FROMMAJORJORDAN'S DIARY

Item

CHEMICALS,continued


Fish oils &concentrates 744,200 gal . $3,3 72,847 .

Flavoring extracts, natural 1,162 gal . 17,127 .

Flavoring extracts, synthetic 4,865 gal . 29,07 5 .

Flavor & perfume mat ., synthetic,

n. e . s . 280,750 lb s . 290,587 .

Floor wax & polishes for wood

furn . 151 gal . 48 .

Formaldehyde, 40% solution 192 lbs . 27 .

Frierfsyl phosphate 26,248 gal . 6,693 .

Gaseous refrigerants, n. e . s

.20,849 gal

. 5,802 .

Gases, liquefied & solid, n . e . s . 412,381 gal . 297,233 .

Gases, lung irritant, n . e . s . 5,190 lbs . 8,261 .

Gases, screening smoke 110,215 lbs . 7,930 .

Glandular products, etc . 944,7 47 .

Glycerin 4,794,752 lbs . 1,001,189 .

Glycerin, 100% glycerol basis 25,976,878 lbs . 4,63 9,518 .

Helius gas 56,6 40 cu . f t . 948.

Hexamethylene tetramine 25,447,742 l bs . 5,36 4,296 .

Hydrochloric acid 192,505 lbs . 12,499 .

Industrial chemicals, n .es . 2,810,455 .

Insecticides, etc., household & in-

dustrial 12 lbs . 2

Iodine, n . e . s . 15 lbs . 32 .

Iridium salts & compounds 1 lb . 124 '

Indigo, synthetic 4,489 lbs . 3,453 .

Kalsomine o . c . w. paints, dry 34,236 lbs . 11,786 .

Lacquers, nitrocell clear 13,598 gal . 27,050 .

Lacquers, nitrocell pigmented 2,276 gal . 3,335 .

Lampblack 89,753 lb s . 8,434 .

Licorice extract & mass - 12.

Litharge 9,704 lbs . 1,567 .

Liquid gum inhibitors 87,002 .



THEGREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY I67


CHEMICALS,continued

Logwood extract 42,620 lbs . 9,211 .

Manganese chloride 11 lbs . 8 .

Manganese salts & compounds,

n . e . s . 10 lbs . 13

Medical chemicals, household, in

small pkgs ., liquids - 449

Medicinal chemicals, household,

in small pkgs . , s o l i d s - 7,008 .

Medicinal chemicals for prescrip-

tion use, n .e.s . - 7,763 ,950 .

Mercuric chloride 465 lbs . 1,162 .

Mercury salts & compounds, n . e . s . 570 lbs . 1,308 .

Metal working compounds 1,357,724 lbs . 189,152 .

Methanol 4,830,148 gal . 1,526,629 .

Methanol 1,256,097 lbs . 591,856 .

Methyl ethyl ketone 70 lbs . 27Methylmethacrylt forms, not lam-

inated 749,503 lbs . 709,899 .

Methyl methacrylate molded 24,858 lbs . 23,930 .

Methyl methacrylate not molded 71,310 lbs . 59,682.

Methyl methacrylate, unfabricated 107,823 lbs . 101,825 .

Mineral oil, white 15,050 gal . 5,289 .

Molybdenum trioxide 300 lbs . 529

Nanillin, all types 2,300 lbs . 4,986 .

Naphthalene 22 lbs . 6.

Naphthol & flakes, beta 275,840 lbs . 64,246 .

Nickel salts & compounds, n .e.s . 100,100 lbs . 35,036 .

Nickel chlorid e 660 lbs . 660

Nickel oxide 1,100 lbs . 386

Nickel sulfate 22,000 lbs . 2,970 .

Nicotine sulfate 168 lbs . 140

Nitric acid 52,117 lbs . 7,433 .



I 68 FROM MAJOR JORDANS DIARY


CHEMICALS, continued

Nitrocell solution not over 12%

nit . 51,215 lbs . $ 37,143 . "

Nitrocell solution, over 12% nit . 93,791 lbs . 24,189 .

Nitro derivatives of benzene, etc . 760,330 lbs . 109,083 .

Nitrogen, chemical materials,

n. e . s . 1,191,757 lbs . 38,887 .

Nylon 250 lbs . 13 8.

Ocher, umber & iron oxide, n. e . s . 122,557 lbs . 5,366 .

Organic chemicals, n . e . s . 8,100,468 lbs . 4,197,742 .

Oxalic acid 23,450 2,726 .

Paints, bituminous liquid plastic - 188,274 .

Paints, colors, paste, oil, n . e . s . 2,341,892 lbs . 279,679 .

Paints, etc., ready mixed, n. e . s . 176,211 gal . 298,321 .

Phenol, carbolic acid 17,906,825 lbs . 9,755,822 .

Phenolformaldehyde fab. mold 26,635 lbs . 24,369 .

Phenolformaldehyde forms, lam . 1,690 lbs . 7,162 .

Phenolformaldehyde resins 999,930 lbs . 151,800 .

Phosphoric acid 248,665 lbs . 63 ,446 .

Phosphorus, elemental 1,174,524 lbs . 180,796 .

Phthalic anhydride 134,400 lbs . 18,145 .

Petroleum oil sprays, agricultural 832 gals 986

Picric acid -3,3 09,490 lbs . 715,942.

Pigments, mineral earth, n. e . s . 2,160 lbs . 39.

Plasters, n . e . s . - 90,325 .

Polyisobutylene 118,600 lbs . 48,386 .

Polymers, etc ., fabricated & un-

fabricated 3,046,893 948,982.

Polymers of styrene, etc. 135,949 lbs . 95,996 .

Polishes, automobile 480 lbs . 75 .

Polishes, metal and stove 4,650 lbs . 500 .

Potassium compounds, n . e . s . 696,938 lbs . 183,6 66 .

Potassium bicarbonate & mix 81,817 lbs . 8,182 .





CHEMICALS,continued

Potassium bichromate chromate 2,084,471 lbs . $ 257,717.

Potassium bitartrate & mix . 4 lbs . 3 .

Potassium bromine 85,583 lbs . 22,515.

Potassium bromide 369,702 lbs . 80,817 .

Potassium carbonate & mix. 1,568,116 lbs . 104,550 .

Potassium chlorate & mix 2,013,317 lbs . 231,665

Potassium chromium sulfate 150,000 lbs . 19,454.

Potassium cyanide & mix. 18,640 lbs . 11,001 .

Potassium hydroxide 471,082 lbs . 67 ,985 .

Potassium nitrate pp May 1, 1937 1,302,462 lbs . 88,36 9 .

Potassium nitrate, n .e . s . 3,7 78,284 lbs . 254,842 .

Potassium permanganate & mix 228,864 43,907

Potassium sulfate 290,125 lbs . 40,496 .

Proprietary medicinal prepara-

tions, n . e . s . - 802,922 .

Pyroxylin plastic film support 383,6 28 lbs . 300,881 .

Pyroxylin sheets, rods, etc . 439,095 lbs . 321,928 .

Photographic chem. coaltar 5,235 lbs . 7,448 .

Phenolphthalein 326 lbs . 347

Quinine salts, n . e . s . 17,750 oz. 15,946 .

Quinine salts, compounds, n . e . s . 185 oz. 817

Reagent chemicals for laboratory

use - 143,513 .

Reagents, synthetic collecting 6,870,336 lbs . 1,370,859.

Remedies, malaria, etc . , n . e . s . - 117,276,

Red lead, dry 253,000 lbs . 23,813 .

Red lead, in oil 440,682 lbs . 46,430 .

Resins, alkyd 1,458 lbs . 427

Resins, gums, synthetics, n . e . s . 335,903 lbs . 89,056 .

Resins, synthetic, n . e . s . , forms,

laminated 68,367 lbs . 59,602,




Item



Resins, synthetic, n. e . s . , forms,

non-laminated 185,968 lbs . $ 180,555 .

R e s i n s , t a r - a c i d , n . e . s . 580,014 lbs . 156,086 .

R e s i n s , u r e a 5 0 , 0 0 1 l b s . 21,525.

Rhodium salts & compounds 1 1 b . 165.

R o c h e l l e s a l t s 400 lbs . 290 .

Rubber compound agents, n . e . s . 845,885 lbs . 371,990.

Rubber compounding agents 998,237 lbs . 437,886 .

S a l i c y l i c a c i d t e c h . & med . 215,800 lbs . 57,395.

S a l v e s , o i n t m e n t s , b u r n s , e t c . 44,463 .

Serums, antitoxins, human use - 2,109,323.

S c o u r i n g b r i c k s , p a s t e , e t c . 7 4 , 0 6 0 l b s . 1 3 , 6 0 5 .

Soda lime 7 l b s . 3

Sodium benzoate tech . & med . 4 , 5 2 3 l b s . 2 , 0 9 5 .

Sodium bicarbonate 3 1 , 0 0 8 l b s . 2 , 1 5 1 .

Sodium bichromate & chromate 3 , 1 7 3 , 2 0 4 l b s . 233,509.

Sodium bromide 1 , 0 5 0 , 1 1 2 l b s . 281,530 .

Sodium carbonate calcined 4 , 3 8 0 ,2 8 5 l b s . 87,292.

Sodium chlorate 600 lbs . 450 .

Sodium compounds, n . e . s . 2,754,447 lbs . , 272,651.

Sodium cyanide 1 , 9 6 0 , 2 5 0 l b s . 1 9 8 , 1 1 9 .

Sodium hydrosulphite & com-

pounds 391,650 lbs . 9 , 4 0 1 .

Sodium hydroxide 1 9 5 , 4 0 5 , 7 1 5 l b s . 4 , 2 2 4 , 7 3 9 .

Sodium nitrate 11 May 1, 1937 5 2 , 7 0 0 l b s . 3 , 5 3 2 .

Sodium phosphate 50,125 lbs . 3,294

Sodium silicate 3 5 , 1 0 4 l b s . 1 , 3 1 3 .

Sodium tetraborate 5 2 , 3 9 3 l b s . 4 , 1 8 2 .

Starch 48 lbs. 4.

Strontium nitrate 2 3 , 2 7 5 l b s . 6 , 7 9 3 .

Strontium oxylate 24,000 lbs . 9,892.

S t r y c h n i n e & s a l t s t h e r eo f 950 oz . 953 .



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY3 1 71

Item


Sulfanilamide 2 7 , 1 9 5 l b s . $ 28,303 .

S u l f a t h i a z o l e & d e r i v a t i v e s 4 , 3 0 0 l b s . 30,272.

Sulfadiazine & derivatives 7,971 lbs . 92,065.

Sulfonamide drugs, n . e . s . 1 1 9 l b s . 510 .

Sulphuric acid, fuming 218,448 lbs . 19,392.

Sulphuric acids, n . e . s . 900,908 lbs . 62,197 .

Tablets, powders, ointments, n . e . s . - 1 , 7 7 7 , 2 8 6 .

Tantalum salts & compounds 550 lbs . 900 .

Tartaric acid 246 lbs . 201 .

Textile specialty compounds, n. e . s

. 1 1 , 3 4 3 l b s . 5 , 6 3 2 .

Theobromine & salts & compounds 59,122 lbs . 132,317 .

Theophylline salts thereof 64 oz . 28 .

Thickol 2 , 0 2 2 l b s . 1 , 0 0 1 .

Thinners for nitrocell lacquers 7,042 gal . 7 , 4 6 6 .

Tin chloride 77 lbs . 95 .

Tin oxide 1 , 0 0 0 l b s . 520 .

Titanium dioxide & pigments 20 lbs . 2.

Toluene, toluol 19,986,672 lbs . 1 2 , 1 1 6 , 7 0 8 .

Tungstic acid 2 , 2 5 0 l b s . 6 , 8 8 6 .

Urea 2 1 , 0 0 0 l b s . 916 .

Vaccines, human use 1 3 , 0 3 5 l b s . 800,497 .

Vanadium oxide 21,197 .

Vanadium salts & compounds,

n . e . s . 4,944 lbs. 24,743 .

Vanadium sulfide 1 l b . 10 .

Vanillin 2 8 , 3 5 2 l b s . 64,331 .

Varnishes 52,327 gal . 82,314.

Vitamins & vitasterols, n . e . s . 2,285,641 lbs . 2 2 , 4 5 4 , 0 5 3 .

W a t e r s o f t e n e r s , e t c : 2,630,151 lbs . 277,264.

White lead, dry 34,823 lbs . 3,527 . .

W h i t e l e a d , i n o i l 1 , 5 6 8 , 5 4 2 l b s . 135,947 .

Witherite 1 1 , 2 0 0 l b s . 336 .



172

Item

CHEMICALS,continued

Xylene, xylol

Zinc oxide

Zinc salts & compounds, n.e. s .

Zinc sulfate

LEATHER GOODSWearing apparel

Boots & shoes, men's

Shoes, infants, children

Boots & shoes, youths & boys,

women & misses

Footwear, leather sole & upper

Leather, calf & kid skin

Leather, upper, n . e . s .

Leather, for soles

S o l e leather, bends, back & sides

Leather, for soles, outer

Leather, cut stock, excl . outer sole

Discontinued models, old styles &

second-hand shoes

Leather case bag & strap

Leather belting, new

Belting leather, n . e . s .

Belts to be worn, leather

Sole & belting leather offal, shldr . ,

neck, belly

Leather, cattle side

Coat & kid, excl . b l .

Leather lining, ex. sh. & lambLeather & tanned skins, n . e . s .



5,737 lbs . $ 1,600 .

32,629 lbs . 3,305 .

7,705 lbs . 6,683 .

28 lbs . 8 .

1,333 3,238,486 .

5,396,6 51 pr . 22,773 ,758 .

45,373 pr. 50,781.

150,297 p r . 499,020 .

1,356,395 pr . 5,687,539.

5,281,631 sq. f t . 1,645,944.

21,272,17 5 sq . f t . 6,613,801 .

51,918,361 lbs . 23,507,190 .

16,848,339 l bs . 7,841,33 6 .

5,736,567 doz. pr. 23,003, 594.

doz. pr. 5,705,334 .

- 128,472 .

345,147 sq. f t . 152,76 7 .

36 1,902 lbs . 438,042 .

118,562 lbs . 66,135.

1,595,893 .

2,802,385 lbs . 1,080,089.

10,096,3 72 sq . f t . 3,021,723 .

428,870 sq. f t . 132,942 .

125 94

491,068 .




Item

LEATHER GOODS,continued

Leather manufactures, n . e . s .

Luggage

Fur manufactures, n . e . s .

FOODSTUFFS

Meat, canned, n. e . s .

Poultry, live

Beef & veal, fresh or frozen

Beef & veal, pickled or cured

Pork, pickled, salted, fresh,

frozen

Ham & shoulders, cured

Bacon

Cumberland & Willshire sides

Sausage, bologna, etc ., not canned

Sausage ingredients, cured

Meats, n.e. s. includ. smoked

poultry

Beef, canned

Pork, canned

Sausage, bologna, etc., canned

Chicken, canned

Other canned meats, excl . chicken

Tushenka, canned

Fish, canned

Eggs driedEggs in the shell

Milk & cream condensed

Milk & cream evaporated

Milk, dried whole skimmed

14,866 .

82 858 .

4,750

72,000 lbs . 25,76 2 .

6,300 lbs . 7,384.

89,238 lbs . 13,786 .

32,400 lbs . 6,383 .

529,814,747 lbs . 77 ,010,566 .

27,355,903 lbs . 8,794,783 .

70,531,571 lbs . 11,790,36 9 .

40,000 lbs . 10,400 .

1,301,439 lbs . 477,075 .

573,031 lbs . 82,876

33, 610,181 lbs . 16,130,915 .

16,7 10,448 lbs . 4,735,745 .

297,186,838 lbs . 123,7 84,465 .

583,479,422 lbs . 204,150,308 .

109,793 lbs . 46,879

2,405,696,825 lbs . 180,76 4,722 .

166,650,966 lbs . 70,335,231 .

291,227 l bs . 41,882 .

242,459,249 lbs . 280,800,963 .

1,883 doz. 4,038 .

60,019,643 lbs . 9,027,160 .

8,942,706 l bs . 4,905,66 7 .

159,921,528 lbs . 30,804,577 .





FOODSTUFFS, continued

Butter 2 1 7 , 6 6 0 , 6 6 6 l b s . $103,673,250 .

B u t t e r o i l , & b u t t e r s p r e a d s 7 , 1 1 1 , 7 3 7 l b s . 4 , 1 6 8 , 8 4 5 .

Oleo o il, e d i b l e , oleo s t o c k ,

edible, tallow, edible, lard,

i n c l . neutral, oleomargarine 7 9 1 , 8 2 2 , 4 1 7 l bs . 124,387,146 .

Cheese, processed, blended

s p r e a d s , c h e e s e , n . e . s . 7 9 , 9 2 6 , 8 9 6 l b s . 21,904,957 .

Gelatin, edible 1 8 , 6 9 0 l b s . 16,653.

Meat extract & bouillon cubes 685 lbs . 1 , 1 8 5 .

Other edible animal products,

n . e . s . - 222,593 .

I n f a n t s ' f o o d s , m a l t e d m i l k , e t c . 1 1 5 , 6 6 3 l b s . 21,022.

Barley 477,301 bu . 707,672.

Buckwheat 5,744 bu . 17,446 .

Corn 30,429 bu . 194,230 .

Hominy & corn grits 1,645,021 bu . 45,600 .

Kafir & milo 142 bu . 870 .

Oats 120,830 bu . 91,231 .

Oatmeal, groats & rolled oats, in

bulk, in packages 5 0 , 5 3 9 , 8 9 7 l b s . 2 , 2 2 0 , 7 4 8 .

Cornstarch & corn flour 478,692 lbs . 36,663 .

Paddy or rough rice 9,089,681 lbs . 478,984.

Milled rice , i n c l . brown rice,

broken, etc . 1 2 6 , 3 8 7 , 2 9 2 l b s . 7,893,998.Rye 10,268 bu 36,300.

Wheat 1,512,973 bu . 2,119,872.

Wheat flour, n.es. 26,929 bar . 147,509.

Wheat flour, wholly of U . S . wheat 7,806,589 bar . 34,527,968.

Macaroni, spaghetti, etc . 353,224 lbs . 53,103 .

Wheat cereal foods, ready to eat 171,734 lbs . 19,088.

Wheat cereal foods, to be cooked 1,496,043 lbs . 1 0 0 , 7 9 5 .

Wheat semolina 5 7 , 8 6 9 , 8 1 4 l b s . 2 , 5 1 4 , 1 1 5 .



THE GREATEST CATALOGUE

Item

FOODSTUFFS, continued

Cereal foods, n. e . s .

Grains & preparations, n. e . s .

Feeds, n. e . s .

B e a n s , d r y , r i p e

Beans, seed

P e a s , d r y , r i p e

P e a s , s e e d

Chickpeas

Onions, fresh

Tomatoes, fresh

Potatoes, fresh white

V e g e t a b l e s , f r e s h , n . e . s .

Canned vegetables & juices

Pickles, cucumber

Tomato table sauces

Mayonnaise & salad-dressings,

sauces

Olives

Vinegar

Yeast

Pineapples

Vanilla beans

Apples

Lemons & limes

Oranges, tangerines, & grapefruit

P e a r s , f r e s h o r f r o z e n

Sugar

Honey

Molasses

Glucose, dry

Coffee, roasted

C o f f e e e x t r a c t s & s u b s t i t u t e s

IN HISTORY

15,613,037 lbs . $ 1,462,145.

4,199,246.

11,253 tons 714,120 .

492,521,079 lbs . 30,353,423 .

1 1 , 9 7 4 , 7 0 4 l b s . 2,353,676 .

59,116,953 lbs . 3 , 4 2 3 , 7 8 2 .

1 6 , 3 2 4 , 1 9 7 l b s . 1,863,607 .

8 0 , 0 0 0 l b s . 6,557 .

661,932 lbs . 43,157 .

1 2 6 l b s . 12.

4,919,062 lbs . 227,601 .

1 6 9 , 2 1 2 .

3 3 , 3 3 9 , 1 3 8 l b s . 3 , 4 9 1 , 2 8 3 .

1 3 6 , 0 2 1 l b s . 27,174.

636 lbs . 133 .

52,261 lbs . 10,333 .

71 lbs. 33 .

128,890 gals. 112,459 .

1 , 5 9 0 , 5 8 7 l b s . 504,036 .

26 boxes 211 .

730 boxes 7 , 1 0 2 .

3,653 boxes 15,423 .

595 boxes 4 , 9 6 9 .

810 boxes 4 , 8 8 4 .

750 boxes 75 .

1,019,602,323 boxes 59,128,817 .

2 9 , 6 9 3 l b s . 10,770 .

1 8 g a l s . 14.

3 5 , 1 1 0 l b s . 3,686 .

2,055,552 lbs . 354,612 .

1 5 , 7 8 2 l b s . 4,919



Item

FOODSTUFFS,continued

Chocolate candy, candy excl .

chocolate, confections, n. e . s .

Chocolate & cocoa

Cinnamon, cloves, unground

spices, pepper

Fruit juices

Canned fruits

Fruit preparations, n. e s .

Preserved fruits, jellies & jams

Dried & evaporated fruits

Vegetables, dehydrated-other

preparations

Nuts & preparations, n.e . s .

Biscuits& crackers

Corn cereal food, ready to eat

Farinaceous substances

Edible oils & cooking fats

Soya flour, edible

Wheat flour, wholly of US . wheat

Beverages, syrup & flavors

Bananas, fresh

Sunflower seed, oil, edible

Tea

Coffee, green

SEEDS

Grass & field, n . e . s .

Timothy

Alfalfa

Red clover


946,464 lbs . $ 196,927 .

62,696 lbs . 16,121 .

596,861 lbs . 130,824 .

724,234 gals . 1,537,036 .

92,454 lbs . 10,839 .

12,060,382 lbs. 342,861 .

6,858,277 lbs . 392,757 .

4,372,578 lbs . 780,880 .

43,590,879 lbs . 28,791,213 .

6,056,758 lbs . 1,015,846 .

89 lbs . 30 .

83 lbs . 22 .

30 lbs . 8.

235,115,716 lbs . 37,996,441 .

103,772,226 lbs . 4,718,512.

2,050,613 cwt . 8,276,256.

286 gals . 43 3 .

40,136 lbs . 2,571 .

11,685,500 lbs . 1,909,663 .

311,913 lbs . 229,716 .

6,598,709 lbs . 941,969 .

12,154,657 lbs . 2,085,546 .

4,127,285 lbs . 396,567 .

459,851 lbs . 190,945.

1,298,906 lbs . 372,281 .




SEEDS, continued

Clover, excl. red 1,094,148 lbs . $ 269,287 .

Red top 277,013 lbs . 123,282 .

Kentucky blue grass 475,438 lbs . 197,7 65 .

Carrot 1,985,485 lbs . 2,330,066 .

Vegetable, n . e . s . 11,651,470 t bs . 11,665,584 .

Sugar beet 90,506 lbs . 53,322 .

Digitalis 22,135 lbs . 14,164.,

Soy bean 66 9,841 tbs . 65,823 .

Reeds, hemp, perilla, poppy, etc . 1,094,976 lbs . 319,004 .

Nursery greenhouse stock, n. e . s . 7,867 .

OILS, RESINS, ETC.

Linseed oil, crude 530,771,576 lbs . 78,213,7 61 .

Cottonseed oil, crude 2,524,536 lbs . 413,457 .

Tung oil 75 lbs. 71Soybean oil, crude 8,260,581 lbs . 1,084,986 .

Castor oil, commercial 1,483 lbs . 257 .

Vegetable oil foods, excl. olive 1,346,195 lbs . 175,057 .

Coconut oil, crude 75 lbs. 15Citrus oils 93,200 lbs. 139,485Oil of citronella 1,000 lbs . 3,750 .

Oils, natural, essential & distilled,

n e . s . 7,268 lbs . 46,767 .

Oils, blende d, etc. perfume flay . 9,600 tbs . 52,500 .

Qusbracho extract 32,033 lbs . 2,979 .

Crude drugs, herbs, etc . n .e. s . 153,198 tbs . 90,369 .

Fish oils, inedible 446,021 tbs . 95,594 .

Oleic acid or red oil 1,400 lbs. 136Hog grease & wool grease 145,387 l bs . 40,679 .

Animal greases, fats, inedible, n.e. s . 718,474 tbs . 93,968 .



178 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARYItem Quantity Cost in Dollars

OILS, RESINS, ETC . , continued

Glue, animal, excl . casein 18,069 lbs . $ 1,650 .

Casein glue & inedible 2,905,592 lbs . 611,693.

Pine, oil pine, oil prod . , e t c . 92,080 lbs . 101,082.

Tar & pitch of wood 500 lbs . 31 .

Expressed oils & fats, inedible, n . e . s . 82,036,224 lbs . 11,173,362 .

Wood rosin bbl. 500 l bs . gr. wht 18 lbs . 1 .

Rosin, n . e . s . 200 lbs . 18 .

Gums & resins, n . e . s . 44,132 lbs . 14,430 .

Resins, natural, refined or modified 35,342 lbs . 29,76 8 .

Shellac bleached & unbleached 4,998 lbs . 3,037 .

Animal products, inedible, n. e . s . 810,978 .

GENERATING EQUIPMENTBatteries 1,755,640 4,278,997 .

Batteries, storage, flashlight, dry, mul-

tiple cell 3,7 11,893 cel . 4,957,434 .

Battery chargers, complete, non-rotat-

ing 2,748 335,296

Capacitors, 3/ 2 kva & over 2,269 185,216 .

Condensers, heaters, acc. & parts - 12,924,077 .

Electric generating sets, Diesel engines 6,285 62,538,679.

Generators 6,214 222,020,76 0 .

Generator accessories & parts, n .e. s . 11,728,204.

Self-contained lighting outfits, n .e. s . 1,862 1,192,713 .

Power transformers, over 500 kva 696 6,161,470 .

Distribution transformers, not over

500 kva 1,297 1,094,501.

Instrument transformers 753 70,965.

Transformers, n.e. s . 24,248 1,182,489.

Mercury power rectifiers 484 438,774



THEGREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY

Cost in Dollars

$18,178,498 .

63,860,334 .

7,3 09,158.

posed neg . 8 , 0 0 0 l i n . f t .

7,656 .

38,366.

6,931 .

35,527

1,700.

4,651 .

149,476 .

112,443 .

5,058 .

2,400 .

4,973 .

24,76 2 .

5,279 .

178,001 .

59,007 .

10,755.

4,715.

260.

24,156.

927,370.

80

Item Quantity

GENERATING EQUIPMENT, continued

Rotating converters 13,784

Steam turbine generator sets 991

Welding sets 4,689

PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPPLIES

Cameras, motion picture, 35mm 4

C a m e r a s , a e r i a l , e x c l . a i r c r a f t 28

C a m e r a s , a e r i a l , a i r c r a f t 20

Cameras, prof . scie ntific, etc . 55

Cameras, gun 3

Cameras, excl . m o t i o n p i c t u r e , n . e . s . 178

P a r t s o f c a m e r a s , e x c l . l e n s e s

Motion picture sound recording

equipment -Projectors, motion picture, 35mm 15

Projectors, motion picture, 16 mms i l e n t 8

Projectors, motion picture, 16 mmsound 8

Screens, motion picture -P a r t s f o r p r i n t i n g , e t c . -F i l m , s e n s i t i z e d , 35mmpos . -F i l m , s e n s i t i z e d , 35mm neg 2,811,545 l i n . f t .

F i l m , s e n s i t i z e d , 16 mm pos . 1 , 1 0 3 , 0 0 0 l i n . f t .

F i l m , s e n s i t i z e d , 16 mm neg 335,464 li n . f t .

Film, sensitized, 8 mm neg . 6,500 l i n . f t .

Motion picture sound reproduction

equipment -M o t i o n p i c t u r e r o l l s, s e n s i t i z e d 67,560

Motion picture sound track, ex-




ITEMS LISTED AS "MISCELLANEOUS" BY RUSSIANS, WITH ANDWITHOUT QUANTITIES

Radio sets & equipment - 52,072,805.

Pottery & glass, n . e . s . - 1,268,530 .

Salt 4,413,836 lbs . 149,104.

Fire brick, silica, n . e . s. -791,905.

Binoculars, microscopes, & ac-

cessories - 1,531,652 .


PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPPLIES, continued

Motion picture sound track, ex-

posed pos . 8,274 lin . ft . $ 16 5 .

Dry plates 1,462 doz . 6,273 .

Motion picture features, 34 mm, ex-

posed 846,566 lin . ft . 40,010 .

Motion picture features, 16 mm,

positive 20,836 l in . ft . 20,836 .

Motion picture short subjects,

35 mm 336 ,000 lin . ft . 2,500 .


16 mm 27,328 lin . ft . 3,028 .


35 mm 429,300 li n.ft . 5,466 .

Motion picture trailers 256 lin . ft . 29.

Film X-ray, sensitized 30,874 182,988 .

Film X-ray, packs of sheets 370 100 .

Photographic paper 752,752 lb . 557,936 .

Photographic supplies, n . e . s . - 3,7 35,191 .

Carbon brushes & stock 150,144 lb . 451,777 .

Carbon electrodes, n . e . s . - 69,879 .

Cement, white, nonsta in & other 576 bbl. 5,298 .




Item Quantity

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS, continued

Asbestos products -Carbon or graphite products -Graphite, ceylon amorphous 50,108 lbs .

Graphite electrodes for furnace,

or electrolytic 21,131,124 lbs .

Graphite electrodes, n . e . s . -Lavatory sinks, fixtures, n . e . s . -Marine engines, detachable 1,197

Marine engines, n . e . s . 2,234

Cars, railway, freigh t, over 10

ton 9,029

Lighting devices, battery, elec . -Fire-fighting equipment, excl .

automotive -Battery, electrical -Electric wiring supplies, etc .

n. e . s . -Neon tubes electrode sections -Diamonds for industrial use

(carat) 168

Diamond grinding wheels 285 lbs .

Electric apparatus & parts, n . e . s . -Electric measuring machines 220

Parts of elec . p.d. portable tools -Testing machines, tension, etc . 414

Parts of elec. welding se ts -Coal, bituminous & anthra cite 25,574 tons

Typewriters & parts 273

Vehicles & parts, n . e . s . -Winders & parts -Wheelbarrows, push carts &

trucks -

Cost in Dollars

$ 642,970 .

4,968,423 .

10,831 .

2,980,891 .

138,676 .

6,352 .

294,524.

11,420,239 .

31,429,043 .

110,398 .

534,490 .

5,383 .

519,570 .

1,547 .

1,284 .

55,780 .

5,981,840 .

64,107 .

141,391 .

309,786 .

88,009 .

344,686 .

41,133 .

127,445 .

8,470 .

19,746 .





Roofing materials 31,439

Asphalt & bitumen manufac-

tures, n.e. s . 94

Emery powder 328,350 lbs . 32,818.

Quartz piezo el freq cons. units 210.

Nonmetallic mineral products,

excl. precious 377 ,441 .

Cryolite natural 23,500 lbs . 3,148.

Magnesite brick & shapes 107,966 lbs . 4,223 .

Mineral wax excl. paraffin 4,156,63 1 lbs . 545,104 .

Mica, manufactures or manufac-

tures of, n .e. s . - 93,027.

Magnesia & manufactures 177,410 lbs . 18,743 .

Mineral insulating materials - 118,879 .

Military items, n . e . s - 1,789,005,783 .

Radio ground equipment, air-

craft 4,541,082 .

Wheels, turbines & parts, water - 472,245 .

Internal-combustion engine, ac-

cessories & parts - 13,336,863 .

Internal-combustion engines 13,191 77,6 10,696 .

Stationary motors 40,924 11,179,433 .

Terra cotta manufactures, roof-

t i l e 24,798 .

Stone manufactures, n. e . s . 11,432 .

Grindstones 127,7 48 lbs . 48,290 .

Equipment (R.R. ) & parts, rail-

way car 7,391 .

Railway parts - 780,864 .

Railway signals 9,914,560 .

Cars, railway, freight, not over

10 tons 565 134,116 .






Cars, railway motor maint . etc . - $ 20,992 .

Steam locomotives & engines 1 , 1 6 8 101,075,116 .

Locomotives 117 2 , 6 2 4 , 1 8 2 .

Locomotive parts & accessories - 2,175,075.

Locomotive frames, cradles, etc . - 577,427 .

Steam engines 66 1 , 5 3 2 , 1 6 6 .

Steam engines, n. e . s . , & p a r t s - 486,124.

Steam boilers, fire, water tube 475,251 sq . f t . 1 , 1 7 5 , 3 3 8 .

Condensers, heaters, accessories

& parts 4,963,417.

Tube boiler gauge glass 60 194.

S t e a m s p e c i a l t i e s & p a r t s - 5 , 0 7 7 , 7 6 2 .

Concrete & cement manufactures - 27,051 .

Cement refractories 1 ; 0 2 3 , 0 1 2 l b s . 191,569 .

Chromite refractories 1 2 , 8 0 0 l b s . 759.

S t e r i l i z e r s 1 6 , 1 8 8 l b s . 2 , 1 0 7 , 3 5 0 .

Surgical & medical instruments - 7 , 0 1 5 , 1 9 2 .

Surgical appliances - 497,998.

F i r e c l a y 42 tons 14,469 .

Abrasives, natural & artificial,

n. e . s . - 1 7 , 0 5 3 , 4 0 9 .

Surveying equipment and levels 803 1 9 1 , 1 2 5 .

Optical lenses, not fitted to in-

struments 209 11,977 .

Excavator & construction equip-

ment - 4 8 , 5 6 9 , 1 8 1 .

Mining & smelting equipment 6 6 , 1 5 9 , 9 0 1 .

Pumps & spare parts - 1 2 , 4 5 9 , 7 4 4 .

Asbestos textiles, automotive - 1 6 , 8 1 2 .

Merchant vessels 121 123,803,879.

Motor trucks, buses & chassis 508,367,622 .

Tractors & parts 23,998,280 .



184 FROM MAJORJORDAN'S DIARY


ITEMS LISTED BY RUSSIANS AS "MISCELLANEOUS" FOR 1945ONLY, WITH AND WITHOUT QUANTITIES

Polymers of styrene, etc . 66 lbs .

Electric wiring supplies apparatus

& parts, n . e . s . - 1,979,407 .

Steam engines, mech. & turb . loco-

motives, parts, frames, cradles,

etc . - 79,427,657 .

Pumps, centrifugal, rotary, etc . &

parts - 6,417,175 .

Woodworking machinery & parts - 280,128.

Ball bearings, parts, except balls - 206,481 .

Ball bearings, parts, rollers - 6, 055,945.

Air compressors, sta . & port . - 4,139,033 .

Paint spraying equipment & parts - 938 .

Industrial instruments, n . e . s . - 67 9,157 .

Water meters & parts, n. e . s . 16,369.

Iron & steel pi pe valves, bodies,

n .e.s . - 6,274,655 .

Machines, measuring, precision,

furnaces, metalworking, in-

dustrial, parts, n . e . s . - 9,200,001 .

Guns, ground tnk mach. 50 cal . 1,986 .

Automatic arms, parts - 178,216 .

Parts, accessories for inf . weapons - 1,294.

Parts, accessories for fid . a r t . - 66,777 .

Guns AA, 90 mm 21 1,544,847 .

Anti-aircraft parts, accessories - 1,139,654 .

Guns, airc. 20 mm, HSMI 50 45,100 .

Guns, airc. 37 mm, M4 63 144,562 .

Parts, aircraft armament - 599,187 .

Parts, tank armament - 207,446 .

Parts, naval guns - 181,393 .




Cost in Dollars

$ 22,7 02.

33 ,086 .

33 ,086 .

6,970,174 .

4,757,604 .

1,049,469 .

7,480.

2,653,679 .

446,212.

650,632.

272,875 .

29,63 4,139 .

10,854,705 .

9,646, 885 .

101,219,909.

265,783 .

28,319,277 .

1,260,954.

195,913 .

1,389.

253,338 .

7,275 .

7,386 .

39,512.

1,156,427 .

2,153,461 .

418,000 .

8,504,554 .

623,672 .

7,092,001 .

Item Quantity

MISCELLANEOUS FOR 1945, ONLY, continued

Tracers, 50 cal . 96,600 md.

Armor-piercing cart. 50 cal . . 191,800 rnd .

Incendiary, cart. 50 cal . 191,800 rnd .

Components for small arms, tank

guns, shells, etc . -Powder, smokeless 22,075, 681 lbs .

Dynamite 10,781,450 lbs .

Explosives, sim. blast gelatine 34,000 lbs .

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 31,831,984 lbs .

Explosives, n . e . s . 2,793,977 lbs .

Safety fuses 66,590,000 lin . f t .

Blasting caps 10,800,500

Bombers, medium, 2 engine 16 3

Bombers, light , 2 engine 97

Bombers, U . S . patrol, 2 engine 54

Fighters, pursuit, 1 engine 1,701

Transports, heavy, 2 engine 1

Transports, medium, 2 engine 287

Trainers, advanced, 1 engine 54

Parts, accessories for bridge build-

ing -Equipment kit mess field baking -Equipage military, n . e . s . -Small arms equipment -Rifle parts & accessories -Parts, fittings, parachute, n . e . s . -Eng. radi . not over 1,830 pd . 154

Eng. radi . over 1,830 in pd . 100

Eng. not over 1,340 in pd . 19

Eng. not over 1,830 in pd . 537

Carb. cowls, valves, etc ., aircraft -Parts, aircraft engines, n . e . s . -





MISCELLANEOUS FOR 1945 ONLY, continued

Automatic pilots for aircraft 5 # 2,250 .

Aircraft gyro instr . 3 3,150 .

Aircraft navig. instr. 4,402 483,354 .

Directors, n . e . s . 4 62,000 .

Parts, for directors 95,150 .

Sights, artillery 500 447,007 .

Sights, n . e . s . 2 245

Parts, telescope, periscope, sights 11,711 .

Equipment fire control, n . e . s . 176,673 .

Radio ground equipment, aircraft 6,183,340 .

Navigational instru ments, n . e . s . 1,638 267,7 43 .

Quadrants gunners & range 180 4,725.

Compass magnetic gyroscopic 1,015 95,878.

Listening devices, sub 52,251 .

Tachometers, excl. aircraft 31,012 .

Trainers, aircraft pilot 1 23,160 .

Parts, military semi-trailers 106,948.

Mobile communications units 134 4,807,982.

Tanks, light, n . e . s . 4 212,501 .

Tanks, heavy, over 40 tons 1 96,886 .

Trans-rec. tank radio sets 20 25,898 .

Parts, tank radio sets 6,677 .

Eng. light, med ium & heavy tanks 889 2,514,214.

Eng. parts, light, medium & heavy

tanks 208,864.

Parts, tanks, n . e . s . 5,615,155 .

Propellers & blades, boat 23,312 lbs . 23,410 .

Vehicles & parts, n . e . s . 26,690.

Ready mixed paints, stains,

enamels 28,622 gals . 49,356 .

Pigments, chrome 10% chrome 9,374 lbs . 2,249 .

Pigments, chemical, n. e . s . 12,022 lbs . 7,735 .




Item Quantity Cost i n Dollars


Paint, colors, paste oil n .e. s . 66 8,409 lbs . $ 75,551 .

Water paints, dry 22,400 lbs . 1,960 .

Lacquers, nitrocell pigmented 4,650 gals . 20,903 .

Lacquers nitro cell clear 396 gals. 857

Varnishes, oil spir . nat. syn . 8,387 gals . 10,991 .

Sodium nitrate, n.e. s . 1,049,200 lbs . 72,804

Equipment, dairy, farm-cultiva-

tors, planters, mowers, har-

vesters, binders, threshers, etc . - 25,77 8 .

Machine parts, agricultural, ex-

cept tractor - 34,549 .

Machinery & implements, agricul-

tural, n.e. s . - 4,002 .

Passenger cars, & chassis 34 77,7 86 .

Airc. radio tran s. & rec . sets 1,094 1,163,680 .

Airc. radio trans . & rec . set pts . - 4,399,394.

Directors, range finders, airc . - 19,150 .

Trans. etc . self-synchron., airc . - 29,175 .

Instruments & parts, airc ., n.e. s . - 264,614 .

Propellers, aircraft 553 1,756,048.

Parts, accessories, propellers, air-

craft - 3,882,345 .

Bomb rack cont. etc ., aircraft - 2,902,980 .

Sights, bomb, aircraft 49 156,800 .

Other aircraft parts & accessories,

n. e . s . 17,441,73 5 .

Motorcycles, parts, & access . , n . e . s . - 3,6 47,804.

Vessels, merchant 31 15,990,324 .

Boats, motor torpedo 63 14,726,843 .

Launches, standard, navy 7 551,399.

Craft, naval landing 41 3,890,645.

Watercraft, naval, n. e . s . 7 133, 115.






Parts, naval c r a f t , excl . engine - $4,138,652 .

Engines, marine, detachable 852 152,748.

Engines, marine, n . e . s . 669 2,759,268 .

Cars, railway, freight, over 10 tons 2,478 9,079,786 .

Cars, railway, freight, not over

10 tons I 14,820 .

Equipment & parts, air brake,

railway car - 12,806 .

Railway parts, etc . , e x c l . axles - 54,287 .

Railway signals, parts, etc. - 1,461,751 .

Pushcars & hand trucks 75 4,959 .

Wheels, n. e . s . 20 118 .

Carriers, universal, ordnance 3,887 6,574,555 .

Engines for universal carriers 400 212,240 .

Parts, universal- carriers, engines - 21,882.

Parts, universal carriers, n . e . s . - 2,145,129.

Cars, scout, excl . armored 4,559 6,518,925 .

Vehicles, ordnance, combat, n . e .s . 608 5,871,493 .

Parts, ordnance combat vehicles - 6,621,190 .

Trucks, art repair 10 112,506 .

Trucks, machine shop 140 1,838,483 :

Trucks, small arms repair 72 623,910 .

Trucks, tank maintenance 39 410,729 .

Trucks, tool & bench 39 442,167 .

Trucks, welding 30 654,459 .

Trucks, wrecking 14 154,090 .

Trucks, service & repair, n. e . s . 160 1,518,643 .

Parts, ordnance, service trucks 88,730 .

Trailers, 40 ton tank transport 55 284,061 .

Trailers, military, n . e . s . 43 5 1,911,410 .

Parts, accessories, military trailers - 192,930 .



THEGREATEST CATALOGUE IN HISTORY 189

Item Quantity Cost i n Dollars


Trailers, semi T-4, W-van 2 $ 21,704 .

Trailers, semi-military, n . c . s 604 1,569,131 .

JORDAN'S SPECIAL

Household & personal effects - 86,646 .

Cigarette cases, compacts, etc . - 25,230 .

Jewelry, men's except metal - 26.

Jewelry findings, parts, material -- 311,695 .

Buttons of materials, nc . s . 5,457 gr . 52,885 .

Findings, shoe, excl . leather &

rubber - 109,37 1 .

Eyeglasses, n . e . s . & frames - 169,806 .

Teeth 13,328 956

Clocks, electric 13 210

Clocks & parts, n . e . s . - 48,418 .

Clocks, mantel, novelty & wall 4 20

Chronometers, marine 6,133 258,537 .

Time recording devices, n. e . s . - 59,516 .

Watches with jewels 9,126 143,922 .

Watch parts - 50 .

Glassware, table, n . e . s . machine

made 60,272 15,068 .

Glass rolled 28,205 sq. ft . 7,480 .

Soap, toilet and fancy 6,222 lbs . 874

Soap, laundry 2,475,979 lbs . 222,351 .

Soap, powdered or flaked 102 lbs . 17

Scouring bricks, pastes, etc . 12 lbs . 3

Soap, n . e . s .67 ,589 lbs . 7,006 .

Lipsticks - 400



I90 FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARY


JORDAN'S SPECIAL, continued

Malt liquors, whiskey, dist . l i q u o r ,

wines, n . e . s . others 373 gals . $ 2,079 .

Rum 55 pfg . 466 .

Smoking tobacco 4 , 0 7 9 l b s . 3,520.

Cigars & cheroots 2 (M) 109 .

C i g a r e t t e s 5,729 (M) 11,959.

Fishing tackle, n . e . s . - 57,444 .

Books, bound, excl . educational 234,853 .

Stereopticons, magic lanterns, etc . 161,046 .

Amusement park & playground de-

v i c e s 4 , 3 5 2 .

Artwork, antiques, etc . - 100 .

Lamps, lanterns, parts, gasoline 27,201 .

O f f i c e s u p p l i e s - 23,110 .

Ink, writing 581 lbs . 342 .

Ink, printing & lithographic 2 2 , 0 9 1 l b s . 20,595 .

Carbon paper 1 3 , 2 5 6 l b s . 14,042.

Typewriter ribbons 155 doz . 651 .

Pencils, not mech . 3,653 gr . 24,533 .

Pencils, mech . p l a s t i c & n o n - p l a s t i c 230 doz . 1 , 3 8 3 .

Pencil leads 1 gr . 5 .

Pens, fount. & s t y l o , p l a s t i c & n o n -

p l a s t i c 51 doz . 3 , 5 9 9 .

Pens, points, metallic 231 gr . 553 .

Penholders, n . e . s . 242.

Ink, excl. writing, ptg . & lithog . - 4 , 5 3 8 .

Paste & mucilage 1 , 7 3 6 l b s . 289.

Machines, calculating, accounting,

etc. , n . e . s . - 34,483 .

Duplicating machines - 13,863 .

O f f i c e a p p l i a n c e s , t y p e s e t t i n g , . pri nt-

ing - 59,479 .




Cost in Dollarstem Quantity

JORDAN'S SPECIAL, continued

Phonograph records - $ 12,409 .

Pianos, new 2 530

Phonographs, except coin-operated 4 67

Band percussion instruments - 330

Band woodwind instruments 51 6,534 .

Musical instruments, n . e . s . - 1,630 .

Musical instruments, parts, n . e . s . - 51,720 .

Merchandise value $10 or less 36, 083 .

All other articles, n . e . s . - 32,752.

Plans, aircraft photo & blueprint - 6,500 .

Newspapers, current - 3,155 .

Roofing asphalt 2,000 sq. f t . 5,640 .

Platinum bar, ingot, sheet, etc . 75 Troy oz . 12,043 .

Platinum allied manufactures, excl .

jewelry 66 Troy oz. 714

Gold manufactures, n. e . s . - 438.

Bank vaults, doors & equipment 692 .

Fire-resistant safes, vault doors, fire-

resistant 1 138.

Bathtubs, iron & steel enameled

bath 10 580

Household heating-boilers & warm-

air furnaces 6 8,832 .

Pipes, tobacco 1 10 .

Shotguns 25.

Relief or charity, 1942 $ 10,457,417 .

Relief or charity, 1943 19,089,139 .

Relief or charity, 1944 25,479,722 .

Relief or charity, 1945 33,6 74,825 .

TOTAL "RELIEF . OR CHARITY" $ 88,7 01,103 .



CHAPTER TEN

My Visit to the State Department

in 1944

The stream of "diplomatic suitcases" passing without in-

spection through Great Falls weighed more heavily than

ever upon my conscience . During January, 1944, I made a

special trip to Washington to see whether something

couldn't be done .

When I explained my intention to Colonel O'Neill, he

agreed the matter was important enough for a trip to the

C a p i t a l a n d p r o m i s e d t o i s s u e t h e n e c e s s a r y o r d e r s . I l e f t

G r e a t F a l l s o n J a n . 4 , 1 9 4 4 , w h i c h w a s my 4 6 t h b i r t h d a y .

Because Colonel and Mrs. Kotikov wished to visit New

Y o r k a t t h i s t i m e , I g o t f i r s t - c l a s s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The C-47

i n w h i c h w e t r a v e l ed b e l o n g e d t o t h e u n s u s p e c t i n g C o l o n e l

Kotikov, and bore the Russian red star . L t . C o l . Boaz was

our pilot and when we landed in Minneapolis we were

photographed by The Minneapolis Star (see photo . ) .

I r e a c h e d W a s h i n g t o n o n t h e a f t e r n o o n o f J a n u a r y 6 . T h e

next morning I went to ATC headquarters at Gravelly

Point, and spent the day being shuttled back and forth

among eight. different offices . On the following morning I

appealed to Colonel Paige, who suggested that I try the

192



MY STATE DEPARTMENT VISIT 1 9 3

Chief Air Inspector, Brigadier General Junius W . J o n e s .

General Jones afterwards denied that he ever met me, but

m y d i a r y e n t r y f o r J a n . 8 r e a d s : "Saw Gen . J o n e s, C o l . W i l-

s o n , C o l. Vander Lugt . " A s a m a t t e r o f f a c t , J o n e s l i s t e n e d

t o m e f o r f i f t e e n m i n u t e s , a n d p r o m i se d t o s e n d o n e o f h i s

a c e i n s p e c t o r s t o G r e a t F a ll s . H e s a i d t h i s o f f i c e r w o u l d b e

Lt: Colonel Robert H . Dahm, who actually arrived on

Jan. 2 5 .

T h a t a f t e r n o o n I w e n t t o t h e o l d S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t B u i l d -

ing on Pennsylvania Avenue . I had been directed to John

Newbold Hazard, liaison officer for Lend-Lease . He was

s o o n t o a c t a s s p e c i a l a d v i s e r t o V i c e - P r e s i d e n t W a l l a c e o n

a m i s s io n t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d C h i n a , a n d i s t o d a y p r o -

f e s s o r o f p u b l i c law a t C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y a n d d i r e c t o r o f

i t s R u s s i a n I n s t i t u t e . I was not to meet Mr. Hazard, how-

e v e r , u n t i l s o m e m o n t h s l a t e r a t a m e e t i n g o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n

Forum .

From his private office, after I was announced, came a

y o u n g a s s i s t a n t .

"Major Jordan," he began, "we know all about you, and

w h y y o u a r e h e r e . Y o u m i g h t a s w e l l u n d e r s t a n d t h a t o f f i c e r s

w h o g e t t o o o f f i c i o u s a r e l i k e l y t o f i n d t h e m s e l v e s o n a n

i s l a n d s o m e w h e r e i n t h e S o u t h S e a s . "

With natural anger, I retorted that I didn't think the

State Department had any idea how flagrant abuses were

a t G r e a t F a l l s . I s a i d w e h a d v i r t u a l ly n o c e n s o r s h i p , o r i m -

migration or customs inspection. Crowds of Russians were

coming in of whom we had no record . P h o t o s t a t s o f m i l i -




tary reports from American attaches in Moscow were being

returned to the Kremlin . Planeloads of suitcases, filled with

confidential data, were passing every three weeks without

inspection, under the guise of "diplomatic immunity . "

"But, my dear Major," I was admonish ed with a jaunty

wave of the hand, "we know all about that . The Russians

can't do anything, or send anything out of this country,

without our knowledge and consent . They have to apply to

the State Department - for everything. I assure you the De-

partment knows exactly what it is doing . Good afternoon . "

I returned to Great Falls in low spirits . But I took heart

from Colonel Bernard C. Hahn, anoth er of General Jones's

Inspectors who did not conceal his indignation after I took .

him over the base and showed him the things I had pro-

tested about. "What can we do?" he asked. I replied that

the State Department was hopeless, and that our best chance

was to call i n Army Counter-Intelligence .

Colonel Kotikov was displeased when he learned of this

turn of events, and let me understand that he knew I was

responsible . An overall report was drafted, but has never

been made public. Its existence was confirmed to me in

1949 by the FBI, thro ugh th eir questions .

On March 28, 1944, however, a report had been prepared

by an unidentified special agent of Counter-Intelligence .

It ran, in part, as follows :

On 13 March, 1944, while in the performance of official duties,

this agent had occasion to contact Major George Racey Jordan,



MY STATE DEPARTMENT VISIT195

United Nations Representative at East Base, Great Falls, Mont .

. . . Major Jordan stated that he was desirous of conveying cer-

tain information to intelligence authorities . . . .

There is an incredible amount of diplomatic mail sent to Russia

through Great Falls . . . All of this was protected from censor-

ship by diplomatic immunity . It may be significant that it is not

at all uncommon for the Russian mail or freight shipment to be

accompanied by two men who openly state that they are to see

that the mail or freight is not examined and the diplomatic im-

munity privilege violated . . . .

This agent observed that Major, Jordan appeared to maintain

accurate, detailed files and was very anxious to convey his infor-

mation through intelligence channels . He requested that he be

contacted at a time when the Russian activity could be outlined

in minute detail, and was advised that this would be done . . . .

It is recommended that a prolonged interview be conducted

with Major Jordan ; that his records be scrutinized for informa-

tion of an intelligence nature ; and that he be contacted regularly .

I t i s further recommended that the facts contained herein be

given due consideration, with a view to contacting the State

Department in orde r that they may be ma de cognizant of the

situation and that corrective measures be taken . '

The recommendations were indorsed by the Acting Adju-

tant General of the U . S. Army, Brigadier General Robert

H Dunlop, who urged that their adoption, in his judgment,

would result in "a more comprehensive enforcement of

existing laws and regulations than hitherto has been the

case. " 2

When the -report and indorsement arrived at the State

Department, it was necessary to make at least a show of




activity . The matter was assigned to Charles E . Bohlen, who

later became Counselor of the Department . A specialist on

Russia, he acted at Teheran and Yalta as interpreter for

Mr Roosevelt, and at Potsdam as political adviser to Mr .

Truman.

On July 6 Bohlen called a m eeting of representa tives of

the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of Censorship,

Military Intelligence, Air Transport Command, Immigra-

tion and Naturalization Service, Bureau of Customs, Foreign

Economic Administration and State Department . If any

minutes or memoranda of the session were recorded by the

Department of State, they were not made available from

its files when the Un-American Activities Committee asked

for them in 1950 .

Bohlen had an in terview with the Second Secretary of

the Soviet Embassy, and followed with a written memoran-

dum dated July 28 . It presented a statement of U . S . customs

and censorship regulations, and advised that in future they

would be enforced. The warning appears to have been

ignored completely. On Sept. 20, 1944 security officers at

Great Falls reported that a C-47 left for Moscow with 3,800

pounds of non-diplomatic records . They had not been cen-

sored and were therefore in violation of the Espionage Act .

But local officers did not dare to remove the shipment from

the Pipeline .

An explanation of their timidity was found in a notarized

state ment submit ted to the Un-American Activities Com-

mitte e by Captain Har ry Decker, chief of a n ew Traffic



MY STATE DEPARTMENT VISIT 197

Control Unit set up in July, 1944 at Great Falls . Its function

was to make sure that overseas personn el and cargo, in and

outbound, were checked by the proper civilian agencies .

Customs, Immigratio n, Censorship and th e FBI now had

staffs at Great Falls. Captain Decker -had learned, as I had

had to, that it was possible to force the Russians to accept

inspection by refusing to clear American pilots flying Soviet

planes . Beyond that, nothing could be done . Captain Decker

said he had asked again and again for authority to gro und

any plane bearing contraband persons or freight, and to

hold it until the offense was rectified .

He was enlightened by a high offi cial of the Department

of Commerce, Irving Weiss, who ma de a trip to Great Falls .

Such authority, Weiss told him, could be granted only by

a top-echelon decision of the State Department, the Board

of Economic Welfare and the President's Protocol Com-

mittee. "It seemed," Captain Decker observed ruefully,

"that the power of enforcement lay at very high levels

beyond the reach of us there . " 8 Needless to say, no enforce-

ment order was issued .

By this time, I was no longer at Great Falls .



CHAPTER ELEVEN

The Priest Who Confronted Stalin

Many surprising things turned up on the Pipeline, but the

most unexpected of all was a priest .

Before I tell the story of Father Orlemanski, it is neces-

sary to recall some details of the tragic fate of Poland . In a

speech on Jan. 22, 1944 Winst on Churchi ll ga ve the first

clue that the Western Powers were planning to deliver

Poland, one of their staunchest allies, into Russian hands .

The Prime Minister could afford to take the public lead ;

he had no Polish constituency, while the United States had

3,000,000 citizens of Polish birth or descent. At Tehera n,

four months earlier , Poland's death-sentence had been ar -

ranged; it was to be executed at Yalta early in 1945 .

Prominent roles in the tragedy were playe d by two Amer-

ican citizens who were cleared from Great Falls to Moscow

on April 12 and 19, 1944 . Both had been equipped by the

State Department with passports a uthorizing travel to the

Soviet Union, and by the War Department with military

passes for the Western Defense Command (Great Falls)

and Alaska Defense Force (Fairbanks) .

First to arrive was Oscar Richard Lange, professor of

198



THE. PRIEST WHO CONFRONTED STALIN 199

economics at Chicago University . Born and educated in

Poland, he had been a traveling fellow of the Rockefeller

Foundation i n 1934-36 and had come to America in 1937 ,

at the age of 33. He was nat urali zed in 1943 .

I first heard of Oscar Lange from Colonel Kotikov, who

was leaving on one of his mysterious hurry-up flights to

Washington. He asked me to keep a particular look-out for

a.man "high in Polish affairs" who would be passing through

on. the way to Moscow . He could be identified because he

"walked with a limp." On account of an urge nt appoint-

ment in Edmonton, he was to be sent along without delay .

As my diary records, Professor Lange arrived on April 11

and departed early the next morning . In the press of other

business I took little notice except to examine his papers,

which were in order . But I sat up when a telegram was for-

warded by the Airbase Commander. It was from General

Marshall, who sent his personal order for t he professor's

clearance. I thought, "This Lange must r eally be a V.I.P. "

Never before, at Great Falls, had such intervention from the

Army Chief of Staff occurred .

The second American was Father Stanislaus Orlemanski .

To the best of my in formation, Professor Lange and Father

Orlemanski were the first Americans to pass the "Iron

Curtain" stretched across Bering Sea .

Father Orlemanski was the pastor of a church in Spring-

field, Mass . He was possessed by the idea of an heroic mis-

sion. He would confront Joseph Stalin face to .face and wrest

from him a promise that Communist persecution of religion




would cease. For such a dream there have not been too

many parallels since the Middle Ages . I n t h e y ea r 1 2 1 9 a n -

other of "God's fools," Saint Francis of Assisi, trudged

across a no-man's land in Egypt, through the Moslem camp

w h e r e t h er e w a s a p r i c e o n e v e r y C h r i s t i a n h e a d , a n d s t o o d

at last before the Saracen commander-in-chief . To Sultan

Malik-al-Kamil the friar preached the Gospel and im-

plored him to accept baptism . The monarch smiled, but

g r a n t e d s a f e - c o n d u c t t o F r a n c i s a n d r e m a r k e d t o h i s c o u r -

t i e r s t h a t f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e h e h a d m e t a " t r u e N a z a r e n e . "

On the morning of April 18 Colonel Kotikov telephoned

u s t h a t h e h a d be e n s t r a n d e d a t B i l l i n g s , M o n t a n a . I n a B - 2 5

bomber, Colonel Boaz, Major Paul Reid and I flew to the

r e s c u e, r e t u r n i n g a b o u t 2 : 1 5 t h e s a m e a f t e r n o o n .

T h e r e i n m y o f f i c e , s i t t i n g w i t h a n a i r o f t r a n q u i l p a t i e n c e ,

w a s a C a t h o l i c p r i e s t . H e w a s n e a r l y s i x f e e t t a l l a n d h a d

the build of a husky workingman . We shook hands and

exchanged names .

Quite simply, Father Orlemanski said that he was on the

way to Moscow. I , M a j o r J o r da n , w a s t o p u t h i m o n a p l a n e .

He spoke with the serenity of one who had taken to heart

t h e f a v o r i t e m a x i m o f S a i n t F r a n c i s o f A s s i s i : "Cast your

care upon God, and He will protect you . " T h i n k i n g o f t h e

f a t e i n s t o r e f o r a p r i e s t i n R u s s i a , I w a s h o r r i f i e d .

I demanded his credentials, never dreaming he could

have any. T o m y s t u p e f a c t i o n , h e o f f e r e d m i l i t a r y p a s s e s

for the Alaska Defense Force and Western Defense Com-

m a n d , b e a r i n g t h e n a m e s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c h i e f s , M a j o r



THE PRIEST WHO CONFRONTED STALIN 201

General Simon B. Buckner and Major General David Mc-

C o a c h , J r . N e x t h e p r o d u c e d a p a s s p o r t f r o m t h e S t a t e D e -

partment empowering him to travel to the Soviet Union by

w a y o f E g y p t , I r a q a n d I r a n . H e a l s o h a d v i s a s f o r t h e t h r e e

c o u n t r i e s .

I asked why he was in Montana instead of the Near East .

The Soviet Consulate in New York, he answered, had in-

s t r u c t e d h i m t o i g n o r e t h e v i s a s a n d r e p o r t t o m e i n G r e a t

Fa l l s . I went immediately to Colonel Kotikov, who showed

m e a w i r e f r o m t h e S o v i e t E m b a s s y d i r e c t i n g h i m t o f a c i l i -

t a t e t h e p r i e s t ' s d e p a r t u r e . He was bound for Moscow by

p e r s o n a l i n v i t a t i o n f r o m P r e m i e r S t a l i n h i m s e l f .

" B u t i t i s n ' t s a f e ! " I o b j e c t e d. "Your people have been

k i l l i n g p r i e s t s b y t h e t h o u s a n d s ! "

"Ho, ho!" Kotikov laughed . "Was years ago, during bad

p a r t o f R e v o l u t i o n . T o d a y , u n d e r t h e g r e a t S t a l i n , r e l i g i o n

i n R u s s i a v e r y f i n e . " H e s h r u g g e d o f f t h e v i s a s f o r E g y p t ,

Iraq and Iran .

"Stalin wants him . I s v i s a e n o u g h , " h e s a i d .

Full of worry, I went back to Father Orlemanski and

a s k e d h o w i t h a p p e n e d t h a t h e , a C a t h o l ic p r i e s t , h a d b e e n

invited to Moscow by Joseph Stalin . H e e x p l a i n e d t h a t h i s

f l o c k w a s m a d e u p e n t i r e l y o f P o l e s , b y n a t i v i t y o r h e r i t a g e ,

and that he had been besieged with questions, which he

c o u l d n o t a n s w e r , a b o u t t h e f a t e o f t h e C a t h o l i c r e l i g i o n i n

their homeland . Would it be suppressed? Would it be al-

lowed to survive? Would it be tolerated for an interval

and then destroyed? Had the hour not come for trying to




bring about good relations between the Vatican and Krem-

lin?

Believing in direct action, Father Orlemanski, sat down

and wrote an appeal to the one man in th e world who had

the answers .

No letter could have been more providential for Stalin .

He was preparing to swallow Poland, a morsel notoriously

indigestible . There was urgent need of help from quarters

which were Polish and non-Communist . Father Orleman-

ski was both . That he was also an American, and beyond

a l l else a Catholic priest, was too good to be true .

It happened that the Springfield cleric had published

some writings on the position due to labor in society . The

son and pastor of workingmen, and himself no stranger to

manual labor, h e had advanced ideas on the subject . His

writings came into Stalin's hands .

The result was one in which the pastor saw the hand of

God. Through the Soviet Consulate in New York he re-

ceived a cordial invitation to go to Moscow as Stalin's per-

sonal guest, for a discussion across the table of the matters

cited in his letter .

"When Mr. Stalin invited me," the priest told a corre-spondent in Moscow named Harrison E. Salisbury, "he sent

a message to Mr . Roosevelt and asked him if it was all right

for me to come over and, if it was, to fix it up a bout my

travel papers. "

Out of his native independ ence, Father Orlemanski r e -

spondedwith demands so uncompromising that they might




have served as an example for the White House and State

Department . H e h a d t h e b o l d n e s s t o d i c t a t e t h e t h r e e c o n -

ditions under which he would accept Stalin's invitation :

(1) He would not travel to Moscow unless there was a

sworn understanding that he would talk with Stalin him-

self . ( 2 ) I n case o f a n a t t e m p t t o e l u d e t h e p r o m i s e a f t e r h e

g o t t h e r e , a n d f o i s t s o m e l e s s e r p e r s o n u p o n h i m , h e w o u ld

take the next plane home . (3) Under no circumstances

would he travel with Professor Oscar Lange, who had been

suggested as a companion .

I told Father Orlemanski that transportation would not

b e a v a i l a b l e t i l l t h e f o l l o wi n g a f t e r n o o n . S o I p h o n e d f o r a

r e s e r v a t i o n a t t h e R a i n b o w H o t e l a n d a s k e d h i m t o t e l l m e

about himself .

He was 54 years old, and pastor of Our Lady of the

Rosary Church on Franklin Street, Springfield, Mass . H i s

father was an immigrant from Posen who had come with

h i s y o u n g b r i d e t o E r i e , P a . , i n 1 8 7 6 . T h e y h a d t e n c h i l d r e n ,

five girls and five boys, of whom four became priests . The

elder Orlemanski started life in America as a common

laborer, but gained a modest fortune in the contracting

b u s i n e s s . In 1912 he won a Carnegie medal for heroism : h e

h a d r i s k ed h i s l i f e i n a n e f f o r t t o s n a t c h a s t r a n g e r f r o m

d e a t h i n a r a i l r o ad a c c i d e n t .

In 1917, two years after ordination, Father Orlemanski

w a s s e n t t o S p r i n g f i e l d t o f o u n d a p a r i s h i n a s e t t l e m e n t o f

Polish-Americans who were employed in local mills . T h e r e

w e r e o n l y 8 0 f a m i l i e s , b u t t h e n u m b e r g r e w i n 2 7 y e a r s t o




9 6 5 , a g g r e g a t i n g a b o u t 3 , 0 0 0 s ou l s . B e g i n n i n g w i t h a r e n t e d

t e n e m e n t , h e d e v e l o p e d a p a r i s h c e n t e r , n o t w i t h o u t f a m e ,

which covered more than a city block and was valued at

h a l f a m il l io n d o l l ar s . I t b o a s t e d a s c h o o l , c o n v e n t , c o m -

munity house, rectory and an extraordinary new church,

d e d i c at e d i n 1 9 4 0 . Most of the construction was done with

their own hands by men and boys of the parish, who gave

their work free . A s c a r p e n t e r , p l a s t e r e r a n d p a i n t e r , : t h e

p r i e s t t o i l e d s h o u l d e r t o s h o u l d e r w i t h t h e o t h e r s . He him-

self designed the church. He finished with an expression

that was very old-fashioned and somehow touching in an

e r a o f i n s t a l l m e n t b u y i n g a n d p u b l i c d e f i c i t s : " T h e r e i sn ' t

a penny of debt!"

By this time I began to feel protective toward Father

Orlemanski . Though not a Catholic, I was moved by his

c o u r a g e, s i m p l i c i t y a n d f a i t h . I a s k e d w h e t h e r h e h a d f l o w n

b e f o r e . He had never been on a plane, and had traveled

from New York to Great Falls by railway, at his own ex-

pense. He had no parachute .

"Do I need one?" he asked .

Under regulations, he could not board a plane without

i t a n d i t w o u l d b e u s e f ul i n g e t t i n g t o t h e g r o u n d , I s a i d , i f

anything happened . H e l o o k e d s o d i s t u r b e d t h a t o n i m p u l s e

I offered to lend him my own. B u t h e m u s t b e s u r e t o r e -

t u r n i t , a s t h e A r m y w o u l d c h a r g e m e $ 1 2 5 i f i t w e r e l o s t .

(The parachute arrived by express several weeks later . )

To show how the apparatus worked, I buckled it over his

b l a c k c o a t .




" F a t h e r , " I w a r n e d , " i f y o u d o h a v e t o j u m p d o n ' t s t a r t

p r a y i n g t i l l y o u ' ve c o u n t e d 1 0 a n d p u l l e d t h e r e l e a se h a n d l e .

After that, you can pray your hardest ." He laughed, and

said he would remember. I s a w h i m t o t h e h o t e l a n d a s k e d

h i m t o l un c h a t t h e O f f i c e r s ' C l u b a t 1 1 A.M. t h e n e x t d a y .

We entered the club with Colonel Kotikov; in Red Army

uniform. Eyes bulged and jaws dropped . W h i l e t h e C o l o n e l

c h a t t e d w i t h o t h e r S o v i e t o f f i c e r s , I w a s g l a d t o h a v e t h e

p r i e s t t o m y s e l f , f o r I h a d a n o t h e r q u e st i o n , a n d a s e r i o u s

one. Did he have the sanction of the Catholic Church for

his one-man crusade?

A l o o k o f d i s t r e s s c r o s s e d h i s f a c e . To be frank, he ad-

mitted, he was acting against orders from his superior .

This was the Most Rev. Thomas M. O'Leary, Bishop of

S p r i n g f i e l d , w h o h a s s in c e d i e d . H e h a d t o l d B i s h o p O ' L e a r y

o f t h e i n v i t a t i o n f r o m S t a l i n , a n d h a d b e e n e x p r e s s l y f o r -

b i d de n t o a c ce p t i t . " T h e r e w e r e f e n c e s , " h e s a i d , " a n d I h a d

to leap over them. "

He realized . t h a t i f h e w e n t t o R u s s i a , i t w o u l d h a v e t o

b e a s a p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l . The Church must not be com-

mitted in any way . If he got back alive, and had accom-

p l i s h e d s o m e t h i n g o f b e n e f i t , t h e r e s t w o u l d b e u p t o h i s

Bishop. T h e p r i e s t h a d a p p l i e d f o r h is f i r s t v a ca t i o n i n 3 0

y e a r s a n d i t h a d b e e n g r a n t e d . S o h e r e h e w a s i n G r e a t F a l l s ,

s e v e r e d t e m p o r a r i l y f r o m h i s p a r i s h a n d f r e e , a s h e i m a g -

i n e d , t o a c t o n h i s o w n .

I had thought of a small service that would make the

t r i p t o F a i r b a n k s m o r e p l e a s a n t . Going to the ready-room,




where pilots waited for assignment, I asked whether any

of them spoke Polish . A stocky, blond lad, whose name I

have forgotten, came forward .

I introduced him to Father Orlemanski before the take-

o f f. They broke into happy exchanges in their own tongue

as Colonel Kotikov and I walked with them to the C-47 .

The priest's farewell word to me was : " B l e s s y o u , M a j o r ,

f o r s u c h a g o o d P o l i s h p i l o t ! " I w e n t t o m y o f f i c e a n d w r o t e

in the date-book : "Rev. S . Orlemanski departed for Mos-

cow, 14 : 4 0 . "

A t F a i rb a n k s , i t a p p e a r s , t h e t r a n s p o r t h a l t ed o n l y l o n g

e n o u g h t o t a k e o n g a s a n d a S o v i e t p i l o t . Father Orleman-

ski had no chance to dismount . I t s e e m s p r o b a b l e t h a t n o

one at Ladd Field knew he was aboard . T h e f i r s t n i g h t w a s

s p e n t i n S i b e r i a , a t t h e t h ir d a i r f i e l d b e y o n d N o m e . A c c o r d -

i n g t o m y l i s t , i t w a s N o v a M a r i n s k .

The flight across Asia was punishing . W i n t e r s t i l l p r e -

v a i l e d . D u e t o c o l d , a l t i t ud e o r m o t o r n o i s e , o r a l l t og e t h e r ,

t h e p r i e s t ' s h e a r i n g w a s p e r m a n e n t l y i n j u r e d . There was a

day when the plane got lost . The pilot was too stubborn

to consult his maps or too proud to admit that he didn't

know how to use them. Father Orlemanski was accustomed

t o t a k i n g c h a r g e a n d m a k i n g d e c i s i o n s . H e g o t o u t t h e m a p s ,

i d e n t i f i e d p o i n t s o n t h e g r o u n d a n d c o n v i n c e d t h e p i l o t he

w a s 1 5 0 m i l e s o f f t h e c o u r s e .

He arrived in Moscow on April 25, and was promptly

fastened upon by Professor Lange. T h e y w e r e i n a t h e a t r e

a t 1 0 P.M when a messenger notified Father Orlemanski




that a car was waiting to drive him to the Kremlin . He

arose, and so did Lange. T h e p r i e s t h a l te d .

" I f t h i s m a n i s g o i n g a l o n g , I ' l l s t a y h e re , h e a n n o u n c e d .

T h e e c o n o m i s t d r o p p e d b a c k i n t o h i s s e a t a n d t h e p r i e s t

w e n t a l o n e t o me e t S t a l in . A l s o p r e s e n t a t t h e K re m l i n w e r e

Molotov and the interpreter, Pavlov .

N o r e s p e c t e r o f p e r s o n s a n d t h e s o n o f a f e a r l e s s m a n , t h e

p r i e s t t a l k e d t o S t a l i n a s i f h e w e r e a m e m b e r o f h i s o w n

p a r i s h . At emphatic moments he did not hesitate to pound

t h e t a b l e a n d s h a k e h i s f i n g e r i n t h e a u t o c r a t ' s f a c e . H e a d -

d r e s s e d t h e G e n e r a l i s s i m o a s " M r . S t a l i n " o r s i m p l y " S t a l i n . "

Flatly he declared that Poland must never have Communist

rule, but a government modeled on the American system .

F o r h i s p a r t , t h e w i l y S t a l i n a c t e d t o p e r f e c t i o n a r o l e

that was to take in Americans more worldly than Father

Orlemanski . Such a performance tricked President Truman

i n t o p r a i s i n g h i m a s " g o o d o l d Jo e , " a n d l e d G e n e r a l A r n o l d ,

returning from Teheran, to swear that Stalin was not a

Communist at all, but the soundest of democrats .

I n e v e r y r e s p e c t h e w a s t h e j o l l y , f l a t t e r i n g h o s t , f u l l o f

deference and good humor . He made jokes, and laughed

h e a r t i l y a t t h o s e c r a c k e d b y t h e p r i e s t . Throughout he used

t h e r e s p e c t f u l t i t l e o f " F a t h e r . " No offense was taken when

the pastor charged that Communism was persecuting the

Catholic Church . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , S t a l i n p r o t e s t ed , h e w a s

an ardent champion of liberty of conscience and worship .

A f t e r a d e c e n t r e s i s t a n c e , h e a d m i t te d t h a t F a t h e r O r l e m a n -

s k i w a s r i g h t a b o u t e v e r y t h i n g .




W h e n h e s a w t h a t t h e s p e l l h a d t a k e n e f f e c t , S t a l i n g o t

d o w n t o b u s i n e s s . A t S u m y , h e r e v ea l e d , w a s t h e R e d A r m y ' s

f i r s t d e t a c h m e n t o f P o l i s h r e cr u i t s , n u m b e r i n g 8 , 0 0 0 . F o r

the moment, at least, they had been christened the "Kos-

ciuszko Division :' Tadeusz Kosciuszko, one of Russia's

most formidable enemies, was a hero of the American

Revolution, an aide to General Washington and an honor-

a r y c i t i z e n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Father Orlemanski himself

was the founder of a society in America named the "Kos-

ciuszko League." Visibly he was enchanted by what seemed

t h e h a p p i e s t o f o m e n s .

I f h e l i k e d , S t a l i n w e n t o n , i t w o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o a r r a n g e

for Father Orlemanski to inspect the camp, and perhaps

speak a few words to his countrymen . T h e p a s t o r a cc e p t e d

gratefully, and in his enthusiasm consented to a further

p r o p o s a l t h a t h e s h o u l d a d d r e s s t h e P o l i s h p e o p l e o v e r t h e

r a d i o . Two and a half hours had passed when the session

b r o k e o f f .

"You won't believe me," Father Orlemanski exclaimed

a f t e r w a r d t o a f r i e n d , " b u t w h e n S t a l i n w a s t a l k i n g t o m e

I c o u l d n ' t h e l p t h i n k i n g t o m y s e l f : `There is a man who

w o u l d m ak e a g o o d p r i e s t ! " ' S t a l i n , i t h a s b e e n s a i d , t r a i n e d

f o r t h e p r i e s t h o o d i n h i s y o u t h .

The Washington Bureau of the Tass Agency broke the

s t o r y f o r t h e m o r n i n g p a p e r s o f A p r i l 2 8 . I t w a s c o n f i r m e d

by Radio Moscow . All the globe was electrified by news

that Stalin and Molotov had been in conference with a

Catholic priest from America . Dispatches stated that no



THE PRIEST WHO CONFRONTED STALIN 3. 0 9

C a t h o l i c p r i e s t h a d e n t e r e d R u ss i a , a t l e a s t o p e n l y , s i n c e

1 9 3 4 . Only rarely, they emphasized, did Stalin receive a

p r i v a t e p e r s o n , a n d a l m o s t n e v e r a r e l i g i o u s o n e .

R u s s ia n n e w s p a p e r s , o n A p r i l 2 9 , g a v e t h e e p i s o d e a p l a y

r e s e r v e d f o r g u e s t s o f h i g h e s t o f f i c i a l r a n k . On front pages

were headlines and group photos of Stalin, Molotov and

Father Orlemanski. It was noted that the Generalissimo

was smiling broadly .

I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t h i s c a u s e d a t u m u l t . P o l i s h c l i q u e s

b r a n d e d F a t h e r O r l e m a n s k i a s a m a n o f " d i v i d e d l o y a l t i e s . "

The Springfield . chancellor announced that "diocesan au-

t h o r i t i e s h a d n o k n o w l e d g e o f t h e p a s t o r ' s t r i p t o R u s s i a "

a n d t h a t t h e j o u r n e y " w a s m a d e o n h i s o w n i n i t i a t i v e , w i t h -

out permission . " Speaking for the National Catholic

Welfare Conference, the Rt. Rev. Monsignor Michael J .

R e a d y , i t s g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y , d e s c r i b e d t h e m i s s i o n a s " a

p o l i t i c a l b u r l e s q u e , s t a g e d a n d d i r e c t e d b y c a p a b l e S o v i e t

a g e n t s . He added pointedly that one would like to know

"the exact part our own government had in the perform-

ance. "

Secretary Hull admitted that the State Department had

supplied passports to Russia for Father Orlemanski and

Professor Lange . T h e y w e n t a s p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s , h e d e c l a r e d ,

and in no way represented the American government . B o t h

had been invited to Moscow by Soviet authorities . At a

n e w s c o n f e r e n c e , t h e P r e s i d e n t d i v e r t e d i n q u i r i e s f r o m h i m -

s e l f t o t h e c h i e f o f t h e P a s s p o r t D i v i s i o n , M r s . R u t h B . S h i p -

le y. Everyone knew her severity in granting passports, he




p o i n t e d o u t, a n d w h e n e v e r a n a p p l i c a n t g o t b y Mr s . S h i p l e y ,

it was certain the law had been complied with .

One midnight, toward the end of April, I was aroused

by a telephone call from New York or Washington . The

s p e a k e r w a s a w o m a n c o r r e s p o n d e n t f o r a w i r e s e r v i c e . S h e

a s k e d w h e t h e r I h a d c l e a r e d a C a t h o l i c p r i e s t t h r o u g h G r e a t

Falls to Moscow .

S h e r e p e a t e d t h e q u e s t i o n i n s e v e r a l f o r m s , t a k i n g c a r e

not to mention Father Orlemanski's name . I w a s s l e e p y a n d

s h i v e r i n g w i t h c o l d . I i n s t r u c t e d h e r t h a t a n y i n f o r m a ti o n

about Father Orlemanski must come from Colonel William

W e s t l a k e , c h i e f o f p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e A r m y Ai r F o r c e s .

"Thank y o u , Major," the girl chuckled, "you've told me

exactly what I wanted to know . "

Newspapers revealed the next morning that Father Or-

lemanski had been routed through Great Falls . T h e a i r -

f i e l d ' s g a t e s . were thronged with reporters, who waylaid

mechanics and crewmen and learned from them that a

Catholic priest had been walking about with me .

A general in Washington got me on the phone . Had I

seen the newspapers? I had . "Well," he shouted, "you've

c e r t a i n l y s t u c k y o u r n e c k i n a s l i n g ! W h a t r i g h t h a d y o u t o

p u t a p r i e s t o n a p l a n e a n d s e n d h i m t o M o s c o w? " T h e v o i c e

was full of menace .

I hastened to remind him that Father Orlemanski, in

addition to a passport, had two permits from the War De-

partment, covering the Western Defense Command and

Alaska Defense Force . Evidently this, was news to the




General. There was a pause . I n a v e r y d if f e r e n t t o n e , h e

muttered : "Oh, I see!" He hung up, and that was the last

I heard from the Pentagon .

In the meantime, .Father Orlemanski visited the "Kos-

ciuszko Division" at Sumy. A s p e c i a l t r a in w a s p u t a t h i s

disposal for the four-day round trip . He was pleased to

note that the men were duly provided with Catholic chap-

l a i n s . H e a s s u r e d t h em i n a s p e e c h t h a t h e wa s n o C o m m un i s t ,

a n d l e d c h e e r s f o r P o l a n d , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s . B u t h e d e c l a r e d t h a t S t a l i n , t o h i s p e r s o n a l k n o w l -

e d g e , w a s a t r u e f r i en d o f P o l a n d a n d t h e C a t h o l i c r e l i g i o n .

O f s i m i l ar t e n o r w a s h i s r a d i o a d d r e s s t o t h e P o l i s h p e o p l e .

Back in Moscow, he was taken in charge by Salisbury,

b u r e a u c h i e f i n R u s s i a f o r t h e U n i t e d P r e s s , a n d b y a c o m -

mentator for the Columbia Broadcasting System, James

Fleming, who was a Catholic . They knew that turmoil was

raging in America, and were fearful about the reception

awaiting Father Orlemanski. The public would have o n l y

h i s w o r d , t h e y d ec l a r e d , t h a t S t a l i n ' s i n t e n t i o n s w e r e f r i e n d l y

and peaceable . T h e p a s t o r w o ul d b e " s l a u g h t e r ed " u n l e s s h e

c o u l d f u r n i s h t a n g i b l e p r o o f - s o m e th i n g o v e r S t a l i n ' s s i g n a -

t u r e , f o r e x a m p l e .

On that evening the priest had a second engagement at

the Kremlin, which also lasted two and a half hours . He

s a i d : "Mr. S t a l i n , I h a v e t o h a v e s o m e t h i n g i n w r i t i n g . I

m u s t h a v e s o m e s o r t o f s t a t e m e n t f r o m y o u t o t a k e b a c k t o

America. " T h e G e n e r a l i s s i m o a n s w e r e d t h a t i t w a s a " g o o d

i d e a . "




The remainder of the night was spent by Father Orleman-

ski in drafting two documents . One was his own statement

summarizing conclusions reached at both interviews . The

other contained two questions, for which Stalin was asked

to give signed answers . Father Orlemanski's statement,

sanctioned by Stalin, was released on the day the pastor left

Moscow. It read in part :

Unquestionably Marshal Stalin is the friend of the Polish

p e o p l e . I w i l l a l s o m a k e t h i s h i s t o r i c s t a t e m e n t : F u t u r e e v e n t s

will prove that he is well disposed toward the Catholic

Church . . .

"Poland should not be a corridor through which the enemy

p a s s e s a t w i l l a n d d e s t r o y s R u s s i a , " s a i d S t a l i n .

He really wants a strong, independent, democratic Poland to

p r o t e c t h e r s e l f a g a i n s t f u t u r e a g g r e s s o r s .

He has no intention of meddling in the internal affairs of

Poland. A l l h e a s k s f o r i s a f r i e n d l y P o l a n d .

A s t o r e l i g i o n , t h e r e l i g i o n o f o u r f o r e f a t h e r s s h a ll b e t h e

r e l ig i o n o f t h e P o l is h p e o p l e . M a r s h a l S t al i n w i l l n o t t o l er a t e

a n y t r a n s g r e s s io n s i n t h i s r e g a rd .

Salisbury and Fleming were delighted when Father Orle-

manski produced the other document, signed by Stalin . The

document ran as follows

T r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e a n s w e r s o f M a r s h a l S t a l i n t o q u e s t i o n s b y

the Rev. S t a n i s l a u s O r l e m a n s k i .

Q Do you think it admissible for the Soviet Government to

p u r s u e a p o l i c y o f p e r s e c u t io n a n d c o e r c i o n w i t h r e g a rd t o t h e

Catholic Church?




A A s a n a d v o c a t e o f f r e e d o m o f c o n s c i e n c e a n d t h a t o f w o r -

s h i p , I c o n s i d e r s u c h a p o l i c y t o b e i n a d m i s s i b l e a n d p r e c l u d e d .

Q. D o y o u t h i n k t h a t c o o p e r a t i on w i t h t h e H o l y F a t h e r , P o p e

P i u s X I I , i n t h e m a tt e r o f t h e s tr u g g l e a ga i n st p e r s e cu t i o n a nd

c o e r c i o n o f t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h , i s p o s s i b l e ?

A. I think it is possible .

Stalin invited Father Orlemanski to a third meeting, from

which the priest excused himself . H e w a s i n h a s t e t o r e p o r t

t h e s u c c e s s o f h i s m i s s i o n a t h o m e . A f t e r 1 2 d a y s i n R u s s i a ,

he departed on May 6 in jubilation . The priest had no

doubt that he had managed single-handed to negotiate a

private concordat with Stalin guaranteeing the Catholic

Church against persecution throughout the Communist

world . A s e v i d e n c e t h a t C h r i s t i a n i t y w a s s t i l l f r e e i n R u s s i a ,

the guileless cleric took with him a basket of Easter eggs

procured in Moscow .

Disillusionment began at Fairbanks, where he arrived

t h r e e d a y s l a t e r . The War Department, alarmed by public

clamor, refused him transportation to Great Falls . Borrow-

ing $200 from a Catholic chaplain, he took passage on a

commercial airliner and reached Seattle May 10 . H i s j o u r n e y

across the continent was accompanied by a blare of head-

l i n e s. At a press conference in Chicago, he made public the

questionnaire signed by Stalin . He was welcomed by his

parishioners with music, banners and acclamations . From

Bishop O'Leary, however, came a missive ordering hint

i n t o s e c l u s i o n . The charges were "disobedience" and "treat-

ing with Communists . "



He was not helped by an announcement from the Apos-

tolic Delegate, Archbishop Cicognani, that Father Orleman-

ski, like every priest, was subject to his Bishop . There could

be an appeal, if h e wished, to the Pope, but the Apostolic

Delegate had no jurisdiction .

After two days the pastor surrendered . To Bishop O'Leary

he wrote a letter of apology . An old friend and enthusiastic

admirer of his acc omplishments as a parish priest, the

Bishop on May 21 allowed him to celebrate Mass onc e more

at Our Lady of the Rosary Church . His two papers, includ-

ing the document with Stalin's sig nature, were sent by

ordinary post, with a three-cent stamp, to Archbishop

Cicognani. Presumably they are now i n the Vatican

archives .

Early in the f ollowing June the Premier of Free Poland,

Stanislaus Mikolajczyk, arrived in Washington to off er a

last desperate prayer for the life of his country . He refused

to receive Professor Lange, whom he regarded as a notorious

Soviet propagandist. Mr. Bohlen, of the State Department,

sent for Mikolajczyk .

Although Lange was a Marxist, Bohlen asked the

Premier to see him in the interest of good relations be-

tween the USSR and the United States. Unable to refuse,

Mikol ajczyk had to listen to Lange's "realistic" views .

Stalin, he said, thought Poland unadapted to Communist

rule, did not wish to dominate the country and had no

interest in its internal structure .

Soon afterward the Premier had a conference with Mr .




Roosevelt, who thanked him for meeting Lange and sug-

gested that he talk also w ith Father Orlemanski, "a good

man, pure and decent, possibly too naive, but with the best

of intentions ." Father Orlemanski w ould tell him that Stalin

favored religious freedom and particularly freedom for the

Catholic Church .

Father Orlemanski had reported, he went on, that Stalin

was troubled by religious separatism . Obviously he did not

wish to become, like the Tsars, head of the Greek Orthodox

Church. He might agree to a union of the Catholic and

Greek Orthodox faiths, with the Pope in command of both .

What did Mikolajczyk think of sending Father Orleman-

ski to Rome to submit thi s idea to the Vatican? The Premier

answered dryly that he would be ready to believe in Stalin's

sincerity after he released many Catholic priests still held

in Soviet prisons .

Poland was sold down the river at Yalta in February,

1945. Three months later Stalin and Harry Hopkins met

companionably in Moscow to discuss the "Government of

National Unity" which was to be the intermediate step

toward that country's absorption in the Soviet empire . There

would be 18 or 20 ministries, the dictator said, of which

four would be off ered to Mikolajczyk's f action . The rest

would go to the pro-Soviet ` Lublin regime." What would

Hopkins think of Professor Lange as a member of the new

Cabinet? The only objection offered by Hopkins was that

the economist might be unwilling to give up his American

citizenship, ' which was only two years old. Shortly after-




ward Lange was in Warsaw getting himself re-naturalized

as a Pole .

It was decided that he should become Ambassador to the

United States. For an obscure pedagogue, he proved to

have unparalleled backing. Former Ambassador Davies

entreated him in a letter to accept the appointme nt for the

sake of Sov iet American friendship. Arthur Bliss Lane, Am-

bassador to Poland, warned the State Department that

Lange had been known for years as a Communist sym-

pathizer, but his warni ng was ignored . On July 5, 1945

Poland's Stalinist government was recognized by the

United States and the United Kingdom .

As for Father Orlemanski, he is still pastor of Our Lady

of the Rosary Church. But events in East Europe have

taught him that the only freedom of religion tolerate d by

Communism is freedom to serve as an organ of the state ;

and that Communist cooperation wit h any creed is impossible

save on terms of overlord and vassal .

One condition of his reinstatement was a promise of

silence regarding the mission to Moscow . He is quoted, how-

ever, as reflecting sadly : "Stalin tried to use me and I tried

to use him, for the good of my Church . He won, and I lost."

It is possible that he finds a bit of comfort in remember-

ing the occasion on which Stalin took him to admire Lenin's

tomb. The priest said to Stalin: "I suppose you'll be hav -

ing a bigger one ." Then he looked him in the eye and said :

"Because you know, S talin, you too will die some day, like

the rest of us . "



CHAPTER TWELVE

How Russia Got U . S . T r e a s u r y P l a t e s

I returned to Great Falls, for the last time as an Army

O f f i c e r , o n J u n e 1 3 t h , s i n c e I h a d j u s t b e e n r e p l a c e d b y L i e u -

tenant George Walewski Lashinski . I w a s d u e t o s p e a k i n

Omaha on the 16th, and this was my last chance to say

g o o d - b y t o m y f r i e n d s , i n c l u d i n g C o l o n e l K o t i k o v . O n a p e r -

s o n a l l e v e l , I h a d a l w a y s b e e n v e r y f r i e n d l y w i t h t h e C o l o n e l ;

he was one of the most unusual people I had ever known,

a n d h e h a d m a n y l i k a b l e t r a i t s a s a h u m a n b e i n g . I t w a s o n l y

w h e n p o l i t i c s i n t e r v e n e d , o r o r d e r s c a m e t o h i m f r o m a b o v e ,

t h a t h i s a t t i t u d e a n d m a n n e r s b e c a m e d i f f i c u l t .

D u r i n g o u r f a r e w e l l t a l k , C o l o n e l K o t i k o v m e n t i o n e d t h e

"money plane" which had crashed in Siberia and had been

r e p l a c e d . I asked what he meant by "money plane"? The

U S . T r e a s u r y , h e e x p l a i n e d , w a s s h i p p i n g e n g r a v i n g p l a t e s

a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l s t o R u s s i a , s o t h a t t h e y c o u l d p r i n t t h e

same occupation money for Germans a s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

was printing .

I w a s c e r t a i n h e w a s m i s t a k e n . I w a s q u i t e s u r e t h a t n e v e r

in history had we let money plates go out of the country .

How could there be any control over their use? "You must

217



218 FROM. MAJOR JORDAN ' S DIARY

mean, Colonel," I said, "that we have printed German

occupation money for Russia and shipped the currency

i t s e l f . "

"No, no," he replied . He insisted that plates, colored inks,

varnish, tint block s, sample paper-these and similar ma-

terials had gone through Great Falls in May in two ship-

ments of five C-47s each . The shipments had been arranged

on the highest level in Washington, and the planes had been

loaded at the National Airport .

I was still incredulous, but I was impressed enough to

pass these remarks on to Colonel Bernard C . Hahn, the Air

Force Inspector who had come on as a result of my trip to

Washington.

Not until 1950 did I learn all the partic ulars about these

money plates . The full story has never been released to the

general public, and only a few people in Washington seem

to know the detail s of this Lend-Lease scandal . I see no rea-

son why every citizen should not know how his public

servants handled such a grave matter in wartime .

The sum of money which we lost in redeeming the marks

which the Russians rolled off their presses, with no ac-

countability whate ver, appears to have been $250,000 ,000!

It was not until Septe mber, 1946, that we put a stop to the

siphoning of our treasury by refusing to redeem f urther

marks. By this time the p lates had been in Russian hands

over two years .

At the closed hearing in June 1947 Senator Styles B ridges,

chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, inquired of



HOW RUSSIA GOT U . S . TREASURY PLATES 219

Assistant Secretary of War Howard C. Petersen : "Does Rus-

sia still have the plates, s o far as you know?"

Mr Petersen : As far a s I know, they still have the plates .

Chairman Bridges : And as far as you know, are they still print-

ing the currency?

Mr. Petersen : As far as I know, they are still printing the cur-

rency .

Chairman Bridges : And has there been any protest from this

Government endeavoring to stop them?

Mr Petersen . There have been strenuous efforts from the

Allied Control Council in Berlin to obtain an accounting from

the Russians as to the amount of Allied military marks which

they have issued . Those efforts have been unsuccessful . '

Senator Bridges and Mr. Petersen had previously had this

exchange :

Chairman Bridges : Was there any action taken by the WarDepartment to restrict the number of notes issued by the Rus-

sians ?

Mr Petersen : The answer of the War Department is "No ."

Chairman Bridges : And, as far as you know, was there any

action taken by the State or the Treasury Department to restrict

Russia i n the number of notes she would issue?

Mr Petersen: To my knowledge, none'

Mr. Petersen later stated : "I know when we stopped the

use of them (the Allied marks) in Germany. It was Septem-

ber 1946 . "



220 FROM MAJOR JORDANS DIARYHere is the exchange between Senator William F. Know-

land of California and Assistant Secretary Petersen :

Senator Knowland : As I understand, there are $380,000,000

more currency redeemed than there were appropriations for?

Mr. Petersen : That is correct .

Senator Knowland : And you expect eventually that that

amount will be cut down to $160,000,000 ; is that right?

Mr Petersen : Yes . . .

Senator Knowland: Now what I would like to ask is, what is

the amount outstanding as of, let us say, the end of last month

(May, 1947) ?

Mr Petersen : That is $340,000,000 . 3

The hearing continued for two days. At its end there

were 141 printed pages of oral testimony, and in addition

31 pages of State Department documents, 59 pages of

Treasury Department documents, and 474 pages of War

Department documents. From this mass of unreleased ma-

terial it is possible to reconstruct the story chronologically,

step by step .

It started early in 1944, when the need for uniform oc-

cupation currency in Germany was acknowledged by the

Allies. On January 29th Ambassador Averell Harriman in-

formed our State Department from Moscow : "Great im-

portance is attached by th e British Government to the Rus-

sian Government's participation in this arrangement. " '

Cordell Hull informed Harriman on February 8th that the

U. S. would be glad to print the money for Russia : "The



HOW RUSSIA GOT U. S . TREASURY PLATES 221

p r o d u c t i o n o f s u f f i c i e n t c u r r e n c y t o t a k e c a r e o f S o v i e t r e -

q u i r e m e n t s , i f d e s i r e d , i s b e i n g c o n t e m p l a t e d . " 6

On February 15th Moscow's answer came from Harri

man: " T h e C o m m i s s a r i a t f o r F i n a n c e c o n s i d e r s t h a t i n p r e -

p a r i n g t h e c u r r e n c y i t w o u l d b e m o r e c o r r e c t t o p r i n t a p a r t

o f i t i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n o r d e r t h a t a c o n s t a n t s u p p l y o f

currency may be guaranteed to the Red Army . . . I t w i l l

be necessary to furnish the Commissariat for Finance, in

order that the M-marks may be of identical design, with

p l a t e s o f a l l d e n o m i n a t i o n s , a l i s t o f s e r i a l n u m b e r s , a n d

m o d e l s o f p a p e r a n d c o l o r s f o r p r i n t i n g . "

T h e R u s s i a n t e c h n i q u e w a s c l e v e r : d o n ' t a s k w he t h e r y o u r

demand will be met ; a s k w h e n i t w i l l b e m e t . Harriman's

c a b l e e n d e d a s f o l l o w s : " M o l o t o v a s k s i n c o n c l u s i o n t h a t h e

be informed soon when the Commissariat for Finance may

r e c e i v e t h e p r i n t s , m o d e l s o f p a p e r a n d c o l o r s , a n d l i s t o f

s e r i a l n u m b e r s . P l e a s e i n s t r u c t""Secretary Hull took over a month before replying on

March 23 : " I t i s not expected that the Combined Chiefs of

S t a f f w i l l f a v o r t h e d e l i v e r y o f p l a t e s t o t h e R u s s i a n s . " '

However, other departments of the Government were also

b e i n g c o n s u l t e d . I n s i d e t h e T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t g r e a t c o n -

c e r n w a s e x p r e s s e d b y t w o v e t e r a n c i v i l s e r v a n t s , M r . D . W .

B e l l , U n d e r S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , a n d M r . A . W. H a l l ,

Director of the Bureau of Engraving . In a memorandum to

h i s i m m e d i a t e s u p e r i o r B e l l s t a t e d ; " I t w o u l d b e v e r y d i f -

f i c u l t t o m a k e t h e p l a t e s - a v a i l a b l e _ t o t h e R u s s i a n s . The

Treasury had never made currency plates available to any-



222 FROM MAJOR- JORDAN ' S DIARY

body.' Mr. Hall reported to the same superior, pointing out

the gravity of the problem of accountability. His memoran-

dum said :

To acquiesce to such an unprecedented request would create

serious complications . To permit the Russian Government to

print currency identical to that being printed in this country

would make accountability . impossible . . .

The present contractor for the printing of invasion cur rency

for Germany is under heavy-bond to insure against the misappro-

priation, loss, of improper use of plates, paper, and printed

currency . . .

I do not believe that under any circumstances would the con-

tractor agree to the manufacture of duplicate plates by any agency

outside of his plant . Furthermore, it is doubtful that the Treasury

Department could force him to do so . Almost certainly his bond

would become forfeit if such an arrangement were resorted to . '

The immediate superior of Mr. Bell and Mr. Hall was arelative newcomer to the Treasury Department named

Henry Dexter White. Revealing testimony about Mr . White

has been made by Whittaker Chambers in his recent book,

Witness :

In the persons of Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White, the

Soviet military intelligence sat close to the heart of the United

States Government . It was not yet in the Cabinet room, but it

was not far outside the door . . .

Harry Dexter White had become Assistant Secretary of the

Treasury . In a situation with few parallels in history, the agents

of an enemy power were able to do much more than purloin



HOW RUS IA; GOT U.S . TREASURY PLATES 223

documents. They were in a position t o influence the nation's

foreign policy in the interests of the nation's chief enemy, and

not only on exceptional occasions like Yalta (where Hiss' role,

while presumably important, is still ill-defined), or through the

Morgenthau Plan for the destruction of Germany (which is gen-

erally credited to White), but in what m ust have been the stag-

gering sum of day-to-day decisions ."

With this clue in hand, the day-to-day progress of the de-

cision on the engraving plates makes fascinating reading .

Mr. Bell again conferred with Harry Dexter White . Hepointed out that the plates which had been engraved for the

Treasury Department were, in fact,

the property of the Forbes Company in Boston and if we insisted

that they should make duplicate sets available to the Russians, it

is possible that the Forbes Company would simply refuse to print

any further currency for us, on the grounds that security control

had been removed and they could not be responsible for any

thing that might happen to the printing of the currency from

that time on ."

He added that not only could the U .S. print all the cur-

rency the Russians could possibly desire , but "we could have

the first shipment ready for them before the Russians could

start manufacturing currency from plates that we might

make available to them. "

What did Harry Dexter White think of all this? White

said that he

. . had read with considerable interest the memorandum of

March 3 from Mr. Hall to Mr . Bell on this subject, but he was




s o m e w h a t t r o u b l e d w i t h t h e v i e w s e x p r e s s e d t h e r e i n , w h i c h i n d i -

c a t e d t h a t w e c o u l d n o t m a k e t h e s e p l a t e s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e R u s -

s i a n s . . .

Mr. W h i t e r e i t e r a t e d t h a t h e w a s l o a t h t o t u r n t h e R u s s i a n

r e q u e s t d o w n w i t h o u t f u r t h e r r e v i e w o f t h e m a t t e r . H e c a l l e d

a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h i s i n s t a n c e w e w e r e n o t p r i n t i n g

A m e r i c a n c u r r e n c y , b u t A l l i e d c u r r e n c y a n d t h a t R u s s i a w a s o n e

o f t h o s e a l l i e s w h o m u s t b e t r u s t e d t o t h e s a m e d e g r e e a n d t o t h e

s a m e e x t e n t a s t h e o t h e r a l l i e s . "

Never, of course, had any other ally asked for engraving

plates nor had we supplied them . We had printed other oc-

c u p a t i o n c u r r e n cy f o r u s e i n I t a l y a n d J a p a n , a n d . o u r o t h e r

a l l i e s w e r e p e r f e c t l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t , b u t M r .

White made no reference to this .

Mr. White then records his meeting with Ambassador

Gromyko at the Soviet Embassy in Washington on the eve-

ning of March 22. He relates that Gromyko "kept coming

back with a question which he asked a number of times,

namely, why the Forbes Company should object to giving a

d u p l i c a t e s e t o f p l a t e s t o h i s G o v e r n m e n t . H e s a i d t h a t a f t e r

all the Soviet Government was not a private corporation or

an irresponsible government . I explained to him how both

the Forbes Company and the American Banknote Company

felt but I am afraid he remained unimpressed with the

r e a s o n s I o f f e r e d . " "

At no point did Mr . White say that our Government, for

which he was in this instance the spokesman, objected to

providing duplicate plates because this would make ac-



HOW RUSSIA GOT U.S . TREASURY PLATES 225

c o u n t a b i l i t y i m p o s s i b l e . T h e r e w a s o n l y t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t w o

American business firms with which to meet Russian de-

m a n d s a n d p r o t e c t t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

The State Department also heard from Mr . Harriman in

M o s c o w t h a t " t h e R u s s i a n s c o u l d n o t a c c e p t t h e e x p l a n a t i o n

o f a p r i v a t e p r i n t i n g c o m p a n y i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h t h e p r o g r a m

u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e R u s s i a n s a s k e d t h a t t h e y b e t o l d

whether the plates would or would not be made available

to them . I n t h e e v e n t t h e p l a t e s w e r e n o t m a d e a v a i l a b l e ,

they were prepared to proceed with the printing of their

o w n v a r i e t y o f m a r k c u r r e n c y . " " T h i s t h r e a t h a d t h e d e s i r e d

e f f e c t .

W h e n S e n a t o r B r i d g e s a s k e d A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y P e t e r s e n

a t t h e c l o s e d h e a r i n g , " W h o i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s m a d e t h e

d e c i s i o n t o t u r n o v e r , t o t h e R u s s i a n s , U n i t e d S t a t e s e n -

g r a v e d p r i n t i n g p l a t e s f o r p r o d u c i n g c u r r e n c y ? " , P e t e r s e n

answered : " T h e r e c o r d a s I h a v e s e e n i t i n t h e W a r D e p a r t -

m e n t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n w a s m a d e b y t h e S t a t e a n d

Treasury Departments . . . " "

The decision was made on April 14,1944 . I t w a s r e c o r d e d

b y J a m e s C l e m e n t D u n n o f t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t i n t h e f o l -

lowing memorandum of his conversation with Secretary

Morgenthau . T h e p a r a g r a p h n e x t t o l a s t , r e f e r r i n g t o t h e d i f -

f i c u l t i e s r a i s e d b y t h e F o r b e s C o m p a n y , i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e

Treasury Department was ready and willing to assume,

u n d e r t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s W a r P o w e r s , t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w h i c h

t h e b u s i n e s s f i r m s w o u l d n o t u n d e r t a k e . H e re i s Mr . Dunn's

memo in full :



DEPARTMENT OF STATE

MEMORANDUM OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATION

Date : April 14, 1944 .

Subject : Duplicate plates to be furnished to

the Soviet Government .

Participants : Mr. Henry Morgenthau, Jr . ,

Secretary of the Treasury ;

Mr. Dunn.

Copies to : S EE-Mr. Bohlen .

- Mr. Morgenthau telephoned me this morning to say that hewas inform ing the Soviet Ambassador this afternoon that the '

duplicate plates for the printing of the Allied military mark to

be used in the invasion of Germany would be furnished to the

Soviet Government in response to that Government's request .

He asked whether the Department of State was in favor of this

action .

I replied that it was the opinion of this Department f rom the

political point of view, aside from any military considerations or

any technical questions or difficulties, that if possible it was highly

advisable to have the duplicate plates furnished to the Soviet

Government in order that the three Governments and the three

Armies entering Germany would be using the same identical

currency. The Soviet Government had informed us that if the

plates were not furnished to it, that Government would proceed

to produce a separate currency for use in Germany. It was our

opinion that it would be a pity to lose the great advantage of

having one currency used by the three Armies, which itself would

indicate a degree of solidarity which was much to be desired not

only for the situation in Germany but for its effect on the rela-



HOW RUSSIAGOT U S . TREASURY PLATES 227

tions in many other aspects between the Soviet, B ritish, and

United States Governments .

Mr. Morgenthau said he was v ery glad to have this expressionof the Department's views on this question as there might be

some technical difficulties arise which would require Treasury

to take over, under the President's War Powers, the plant which

is now using the original plates for the production of these marks .

This question has been up between the United States and

Soviet Governments sinc e last November, and it has become per-

fectly clear to us as a result of the exchanges of correspondence

on the subject that the Soviet Government is not ready to join

in the common use of the sam e currency unless it receives the

duplicate plates from us . In order to convince the Soviet Govern-

ment of our sincerity in the desire to have the closest collabora-

tion in these military operations against Germany, it becomes

essential that we make every eff ort within our possibility to fur-

nish the plates to that Government .

JAMES CLEMENTDUNN1 e

On the same day Secretary Morgenthau sent a memo to

S o v i e t Ambassador Gromyko saying, "There will be shipped

from Washington on Tuesday, April 8, glass negatives and

positives of all plates used for printing M-marks . The de-

signs are in negative and positive form since it is not known

which is preferred by the Soviet Government ." He ended by

saying, "The U. S. Treasury is desirous to cooperate with the

Soviet Government i n this matter in every possible way .""

It was . not until May 13 that the first shipment actually left

the Washington airport. There was a comedy of errors on



the second shipment, which was supposed to leave by plane

a t 6 A.M on Tuesday, May 23. Mr. Hall reported to Mr . B e l l

a s f o l l o w s :

T h e m a t e r i a l w a s l o a d e d o n t h e t r u c k s y e s t e r d a y , a n d a c r e w

of men brought in to work at 5 A.M . today (May 23), and de-

l i v e r y w a s m a d e t o t h e A i r p o r t b e f o r e 6 A. M . . . . I c a l l e d C o l o n e l

Frank H . C o l l i n s ( o f t h e A T C ) t o a s c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h e p l a n e s

h a d l e f t , a n d h e i n f o r m e d m e t h a t t h e c r e w s o f t h e f i v e p l a n e s

w e r e s t a n d i n g b y w a i t i n g f o r t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e ( S o v i e t )

Embassy . H e f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t t h e c r e w s w e r e b e c o m i n g i m -

p a t i e n t a s t h e y w a n t e d t o l a n d a t G r e a t F a l l s , M o n t a n a , b e f o r e

sundown . "

The trouble was that the Soviet Embassy had arranged for

t h e i r c o u r i e r s t o b o a r d t h e p l a n e s o n Ma y 241 T h e f i v e a i r -

planes were therefore held overnight with "a guard in each

plane, and a guard around the area where the planes were

parked." They left early on Wednesday, May 24, after each

courier arrived with an additional box weighing over 200

pounds. Colonel Collins said "he thought the extra boxes

contained American canned goods and American liquor :f19

A s f o r t h e t h i r d s h i p m e n t , s a i d M r . H a l l , " i t i s n o w n e c e s -

sary to uncrate all of the material and rearrange the whole

shipment . You will remember when we talked to the Ambas-

sador (Gromyko), he insisted upon complying strictly with

instructions he received from his government, and now that

h i s g o v e r n m e n t h a s r e v e r s e d i t s e l f , w e h a v e t o d o t h e j o b a l l

over again. This," concludes Mr . Hall, "has been a pretty

trying assignment for all associated with i t . " "



Was there anything else that Russia could possibly ask

f r o m t h e T r e a s u r y ? Y e s , i t c o u l d a s k u s t o repeat o n e o f t h e

planeloads. That is exactly what Gromyko asked on June

f i r s t , i n a n o t e t o M o r g e n t h a u w h i c h s t a t e d b r i e f l y t h a t " a l l

t h e m a t e r i a l s . . . perished in connection with a crash of

the plane which carried them . " 2 1 Gromyko said absolutely

nothing about when the crash occurred, or where .

D i d w e a s k f o r p r o o f o f t h e c r a s h , o r d i r e c t a n y q u e s t i o n s

whatever to Gromyko about the alleged accident? On the

contrary, Secretary Morgenthau promptly answered : "I am

p l e a s e d t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t t h e s e v e n i t e m s r e p r e s e n t i n g r e -

p l a c e m e n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l s l o s t i n t h e p l a n e c r a s h w i l l b e

ready for shipment on Wednesday, June 7 . . . I t r u s t t h a t

this arrangement meets with your approval . "Z a

Why was Russia so insistent on printing German occupa-

t i o n c u r r e n c y w i t h o u t a c c o u n t a b i l i t y ? T h e a n s w e r i s q u i t e

simple. They knew that the U .S. Army would convert such

c u r r e n c y i n t o d o l l a r s . ( R u s s i a , o f c o u r s e , r e f u s e d t o r e d e e m

t h e s a m e c u r r e n c y w i t h r o u b l e s . ) A s a r e s u l t , e v e r y R u s s i a n -

m a d e m a r k t h a t f e l l i n t o t h e h a n d s o f a n A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r

o r a c c r e d i t e d c i v i l i a n b e c a m e a p o t e n t i a l c h a r g e a g a i n s t t h e

T r e a s u r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

R u s s i a c o u l d p a y i t s o c c u p a t i o n a r m y i n m a r k s , a n d i n f a c t

did so, adding a, two-year bonus for good measure . I f t h e

Red Army could get anything out of the German economy

w i t h t h e s e m a rk s , ' a l l w e l l a n d g o o d . I f t h e y c o u l d g e t a n y -

t h i n g o u t o f A m e r i c a , e v e n b e t t e r . I n a n y e v e n t , t h e s e m a r k s



cost the Russian economy nothing whatever . With the ma-

terials provided from Washington, they took over a former

N a z i p r i n t i n g p l a n t i n L e i p z i g , d e e p i n t h e R u s s i a n z o n e , a t

a safe distance from American inspection, and started the

p r e s s e s r o l l i n g .

Any GI could buy a pack of cigarettes for 8 cents at a

US . Army Post Exchange. For this the Russian and German

black-markets would offer him 100 marks from the Leipzig

mint . T o r e a l i z e a p r o f i t o f a l m o s t $ 1 0 o n a n 8 - c e n t p a c k a g e

o f c i g a r e t t e s , t h e A m e r i c a n h a d o n l y t o t a k e h i s 1 0 0 L e i p z i g

marks to an Army Post Office, purchase a $10 money order

and mail it to the United States . It was revealed that the

s t a n d a r d o f f e r f o r a f i v e - c e n t c a n d y b a r w a s 5 0 m a r k s , o r $ 5 ;

$18 for one pound of Crisco ; $ 2 0 f o r o n e K - r a t i o n ; $ 2 5 f o r a

p o u n d o f c o f f e e , a n d $ 2 , 5 0 0 f o r a w r i s t w a t c h c o s t i n g $ 1 7 .

By December 1946, the U . S . Military Government found

i t s e l f $ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 o r ' m o r e i n t h e r e d . It had redeemed in

d o l l a r s a t l e a s t 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 m a r k s in excess of the total

marks issued by its Finance Office! The deficit could have

had no other origin than the Russian plant in Leipzig .

Let us read once again the War Department's testimony

at the hearing in 1947 :

Chairman Bridges : Was there any action taken by the War

D e p a r t m e n t t o r e s t r i c t t h e n u m b e r o f n o t e s i s s u e d b y t h e R u s -

s i a n s ?

Mr. P e t e r s e n :'The answer of the War Department is "No."

Chairman Bridges : A n d , a s ' f a r a s y o u k n o w , w a s t h e r e a n y



HOW RUSSIA GOT U S . TREASURY PLATES 231

action taken by the State or the Treasury Department to restrict

Russia in the number of notes she wou ld issue?

Mr Petersen : To my knowledge, none.

Chairman Bridges : Mynext question is, does Russia still have

the plates, so far as you know?

Mr. P e t e r s e n : As far as I know, they still have the plates .

Chairman Bridges : And as far as you know, are they still print-

ing the currency?

Mr. P e t e r s e n : As far as I know, they are still printing the cur-

rency .

Chairman Bridges : And has there been any protest from this

Government endeavoring to stop them?

Mr Petersen : There have been strenuous eff orts from the

Allied Control Council in B erlin to obtain an accounting from

the Russians as to the amount of Allied military marks which

they have issued . Those efforts have been unsuccessful . " '

To everyone's surprise, the Russians at one point agreed to

submit quarterly statements of the volume of money they

were putting in circulation. Their statements w ere so palpa-

bly rigged, however, that American officers called them

"unbeliev able ." In that case , smiled th e Russians, it would be

useless to mak e f urther reports .

It took 18 months before Russia's siphon into the Ameri-

can Treasury was severed. The Army's payroll in Germany

was shifted f rom Allied "marks to U . S . Military Certificates,

which were non-convertible .

In addition to the $250,000 ,000 , there was a further l o s s ,

which though small was mortifying. A charge of $ 18,102.84

was rendered to the Soviet Embassy, covering the expense




of the engraving plates and the materials in the three 1944

deliveries . The bill was ignored and is still unpaid . The Rus-

sians, as Mr. Petersen indicated, still have the plates and un-

doubtedly a good deal of knowledge regarding U. S . cur-

rency manufacture techniques .

As for Henry Dexter White, his ascent was steady . Five

months after the duplicate plates fiasco, there was a con-

ference of the Secretaries of State, War and the Treasury at

the Hopkins office in the White House . White read a

prospectus for the doom of Germany : its people were to be-

come a pastoral horde ; their entire industrial plant would be

removed or destroyed ; all equipment was to be torn from

the Ruhr mines, and its coal deposits would be "thoroughly

wrecked. "

Secretary Stimson was struck with horror-an emotion

which Secretary Hull shared . They learned with consterna-

tion two w eeks afterward that the "Morgenthau Plan" had

been initialed by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister

Churchill at the Quebec Conference of Sept . 11, 1944. To

Mr Roosevelt's face, Secretary Hull charged that Churchill's

signature was procured by Morgenthau with an offer of

$6,500,000,000 of postwar Lend-Lease for Britain ."

From Assistant to the Secretary, Mr . White moved up to

Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in 1945. During February,

1946, he was appointed by President Truman, and con-firmed by the Senate, as U . S. Director of the International

Monetary Fund, w ith a tax-exempt salary of $17,500 .

The name of Harry White became so important in the



HOW RUSSXA'GOT U . S. TREASURY PLATES 233

r e c o r d o f t h e S e n a t e c o m m i t t e e t h a t f i n a l l y S e n a t o r B r i d g e s ,

s u g g e s t e d c a l l i n g h i m a s a w i t n e s s . But White was absent

f r o m t h e c a p i t a l o n v a c a t i o n . I t w a s a n n o u n c e d t h a t M o r g e n -

thau and White would be placed on the stand at a future

s e s s i o n , b u t t h i s w a s n e v e r c a l l e d .

Mr. White submitted his resignation from the Interna-tional Monetary Fund on June 19, 1947, the day after the

c o m m i t t e e r e c e s s e d . W h e n t h e e c o n o m i s t w a s p u t o n o a t h i n

t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r , h e d e n o u n c e d t h e C h a m b e r s a c c u s a t i o n s

a s " u n q u a l i f i e d l y f a l s e ." He was not and never had been a

Communist, Whiteaffirmed,and

had committed no disloyal

a c t. But two weeks later his funeral was held at Temple

I s r a e l i n B o s t o n ; h e h a d d i e d o f a h e a r t a t t a c k .

In November of that year Whittaker Chambers produced

five rolls of microfilmed documents . Among them were

e i g h t p a g e s o f s c r i p t d i v u l g i n g U . S . m i l i t a r y s e c r e t s . Found

in possession of an acknowledged Communist courier, the

h a n d w r i t i n g w a s i d e n t i f i e d a s t h a t o f H a r r y D e x t e r W h i t e .



CHAPTER THIRTEEN

"The B roadcast Goes On Tonight"

My one desire, after retiring f rom the Army, was t o forget it .

I had had a surfeit of mi litary life dominated by polit ical

practices, and vowed to hav e nothing more to do with it .

The means of escape was to plunge up to my ears into

private business, taking up where I had left of f in 1942 .

As a side-line I kept up a modest career in public speakingg

which has continued until now . It started in Montana .

Colonel Meredith was frequently ask ed to deliver addresses .

He loathed them and got in the habit of ordering me to take

his place . I remember that my first effort was bef ore parents

and teachers of the Whittier Sc hool in Great Falls early in

1944 .

For some reason invitations persisted after I left the Army,

though I never sought an engagement nor was I connected

wit h a spea ke rs' b urea u . Prior to 1950 the subject was gen-

erally deeds of heroism on the Fairbanks flight and my ad-

ventures among Russians . Again and again I declared that

we knew nothing about the Russians, while they knew

everything about us . Understanding them for what they

2 34



THE BROADCAST GOES ON TONIGHT" 235

were, I stated, was now one of the crucial things in the

world .

The Smyth Report was issued in August, 1945, the month

of the Hiroshima announcement . M y f i r s t i n t i m a t i o n t h a t

uranium and the atom bomb had any connection derived

from summaries of the Smyth Report which filled news-

papers and magazines in the weeks following its appear-

ance .

In my memory the word "uranium" sounded an echo, but

I w a s n o t e v e n c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h e s p e l l i n g w a s t h e s a m e I

had written two and a h a l f y e a r s e a r l i e r . I m a d e a j o u r n e y t o

the safe' where my most important records were stored .

From a metal box I drew the memorandum on my f irst

s e a r c h o f t h e d i p l o m a t i c s u i t c a s e s . O n e o f i t s e n t r i e s r e a d :

"Uranium-92 . "

I t h o u g h t t o m y s e l f : " S o t h a t ' s w h a t t h e R u s s i a n s w a n t e d

w i t h u r a n i u m l " B u t m y a l a r m w a s q u i e t e d b y o f f i c i a l l u l -

l a b i e s . Because of "Russian ignorance and backwardness,"

t o p a u t h o r i t i e s s t a t e d , M o s c o w c o u l d n o t h o p e f o r y e a r s t o

achieve an atom bomb. L i k e t h e r e s t o f t h e n a t i o n , I b u r i e d

my head in the sand .

N e w s i n M a y , 1 9 4 9 , t h a t a f r a c t i o n m o r e t h a n a n o u n c e o f

U-235 had been lost or stolen at the Argonne Laboratory,

c o n v u l s e d t h e n a t i o n f o r m o r e t h a n a m o n t h . H e a d l i n e s b e l -

lowed and Congress roared .

My own response was indignation . I n v i e w o f t h e p e t t y

a m o u n t i n v o l v e d , s o c o l o s s a l a n u p r o a r a p p e a r e d a b s u r d a n d ,

s p u r i o u s . What was a single ounce of uranium compared to




the hundreds of pounds that had passed through Great

Falls? And why screech about Russian espionage when

Washington itself had delivered to the Sov iet Union one in-

stallment of 420 pounds and another of half a ton .

Of course, I was still unaware of the distinction between

uranium compounds and uranium metal . I had heard of

fissionab le U-235 and non-fission able U-238, but they w ere

phrases without meaning. In my untutored thought, ura-

nium was uranium, just as iron was iron. But my instinct

was not wholly wrong . The 1,465 pounds of uranium chemi-

cals handed by Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union contained a

potential of not merely one ounce of U-235 but of 6 .25

pounds, or 75 ounces .

In July, 1949 I took the plun ge and phon ed the of fic e of

Fulton Lew is, Jr . I had never met him, but I was one of his

radio fans . He was out of the city, and I told the story to his

secretary. Mr. Lewis never heard of my call .

On Sept. 23, 1949 Presiden t Trum an disc lose d that an

atomic explosion had just occurred in the Soviet Union .

I was shocked and stunned to the depths of my being .

American policy had suf fered a stupendous defeat . There

was evidence in my possession, I was convinced, proving

that the disaster was chargeable not only to spies but to

actual members of the Federal hierarchy . It was information

that the American people obviously should have . But I was

at a loss where to turn .

Eleven days after the President's announcement, I had

lunch with my friend Arthur Johnson at the Army and



"THE BROADCAST GOES ON TONIGHT" 237

Navy Club in Washington . O n c e m o r e I r e c i t e d t h e s t o r y o f

t h e P i p e l i n e a n d m y e x p e r i e n c e s a t G r e a t F a l l s . A t t h e c o n -

c l u s i o n , M r . J o h n s o n s o l v e d m y d i l e m m a w i t h s i x w o r d s . H e

w a s a n a t i v e o f N e w H a m p s h i r e a n d a p e r s o n a l f r i e n d o f i t s

s e n i o r S e n a t o r . A s w e l e f t t h e t a b l e , h e a n n o u n c e d : "I'm go-

i n g t o t e l e p h o n e S e n a t o r B r i d g e s . "

When I was received on the afternoon of Oct . 5 , t h e

S e n a t o r l o o k e d a t m e q u i z z i c a l l y . " W e l l , M a j o r, " h e s m i l e d ,

" I ' m a f r a i d y o u ' r e o n t h e w r o n g t r a c k . I h a v e b e e n a s s u r e d

t h a t i n 1 9 4 3 t h e r e w e r e n o t 1 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s o f u r a n i u m i n t h e

whole United States . "

"Who said the uranium came from the United States?" I

r e t o r t e d . "It came from Canada!" The Senator seemed

stunned . I t o l d h i m t h e r e h a d b e e n a p r e v i o u s s h i p m e n t o f

420 pounds from Denver and a later consignment of what I

then thought to have been 500 pounds .

"What is more," I went on, "Mr . H o p k i n s p e r s o n a l l y d i -

rected me to expedite the Canadian shipment . " I n c r e d u -

l o u s l y , M r . Br i d g e s e x c l a i m ed : " H a r r y H o p k i n s ? " I i n s i s t e d

that Harry Hopkins himself gave the order by telephone .

The Senator asked whether I would be willing to testify,

under oath, as to what I had charged . I answered that I

would . For two hours the Senator examined me closely . A s

I w a s l e a v i n g , h e s a i d t h e t h i n g s I a l l e g e d w e r e s o s h o c k i n g

t h a t a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y . He would need

time to decide on the course to be pursued . In the mean-

w h i l e , I m u s t p r o m i s e t o k e e p t h e m a t t e r s e c r e t . I gave my

word .



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THE BROADCAST GOES ON TONIGHT"

Twenty days passed and, on Oct . 2 5 , 1 9 4 9 F u l t o n L e w i s

telephoned from Washington . Senator Bridges had spent

the weekend with him, he stated, and they had gone over

m y s t o r y i n d e t a i l . I t w a s d e c i d e d t o u s e t h e L e w i s s t a f f f o r a

t h o r o u g h i n v e s t ig a t i o n , a n d t h e n , i f t h e s t o r y s t o o d u p , t o

b r e a k i t b y r a d i o . I w a s t o j o i n Mr. L e w i s a t b r e a k f a s t n e x t

morning at a hotel in New York and bring my documents .

At 9 A.M on Oct. 26 we got down to work . The com-

mentator went through my chief records page by page, item

by item, and word by word . His q u e s t i o n s w e r e p i t i l e s s ; i t

s e e m e d t o m e t h a t t h e b a r h a d l o s t a g r e a t p r o s e c u t i n g a t -

torney. F i v e h o u r s l a t e r , a t 2 P .M . , he rose and stood for

some minutes looking out of the window . Then he wheeled

about and let me know the verdict .

"I suppose the next stop," he drawled, "will be your

f o r m e r s u p e r i o r , C o l o n e l G a r d n e r , i n M a n s f i e l d , O h i o . "

As I was collecting my papers, he added : " I ' m s o r ry ,

M a j o r , b u t t h i s i s s o m e t h i n g I ' l l h a v e t o t u r n o v e r t o t h e

FBI . "

I heard nothing from Mr. L e w i s f o r a l m o s t a m o n t h , b u t i t

was not long before Edgar Hoover's boys started to haunt

my days, from early morning to midnight . I n p a i r s t h e y b e -

l e a g u e r e d m y o f f i c e . My three metal cabinets, brought up

from the basement, were ransacked folder by folder . E n d -

l e s s p h o t o s t a t s w e re t a k e n . L o o k i n g f o r d i s c r e p a n c ie s , t h e y

h a d m e t e l l t h e s t o r y a g a i n a n d a g a i n . S o m e t i m e s t h e i r q u e s -

tions were new . M o r e o f t e n t h e y w e r e t h e s a m e o n e s , a s k e d

o n d i f f e r e n t o c c a s i o n s , t o c h e c k p r e v i o u s a n s w e r s .




When I slipped away for a quiet Thanksgiving to the

home of my mother-in-law in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania,

t h e r e , w a i t i n g i n a c h a i r o n t h e p o r c h w h e n I a r r i v e d , w a s a n

FBI man, with twenty typewritten questions .

On Dec . 1 t h e r e w a s a c a l l f r o m M r . L e w i s .

"Major," he announced, "I've checked your story from

s t e m t o st e r n . T h e F B I m a d e a p a r a l l e l i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d h a s

given me permission to break it over the radio . T h e f i r s t

broadcast will be on Monday 'night, Dec . 5 . We're going

ahead from there a whole week, and maybe longer . "

He invited my wife and me to his home in Maryland for

the weekend .

The next day we were sipping cokes in his living-room

a n d m y w i f e , K i t t y , i n a l l i n n o c e n c e , d r o p p e d a b o m b s h e l l .

" B y t h e w a y , R a c e y , " s h e a s k e d , " d i d y o u g e t t h o s e c a l l s f r o m

Walter Winchell?" Mr. L e w i s s l o w l y p u t d o w n h i s g l a s s . I

h u r r i e d t o e x p l a i n t h a t W i n c h e l l ' s o f f i c e h a d b e e n t e l e p h o n -

i n g s i n c e N o v . 2 8 a n d t h a t i n t w o d a y s t h e r e h a d b e e n s e v e r a l

calls . The commentator rose .

" I t h i n k , " h e a n n o u n c e d , " t h a t w e w o n ' t w a i t t i l l M o n d a y .

The broadcast goes on tonight. L e t ' s g e t a t m y t y p e w r i t e r ! "

T h e r e w a s t h e c h a n c e t h a t W i n c h e l l , o n S u n d a y , m i g h t t r y

t o b e a t t h e g u n . And so our opening interview went on the

a i r t h a t e v e n i n g , F r i d a y , D e c . 2 , 1 9 4 9 .



T h e f i r s t F u l t o n L e w i s b r o a d c a st h a d s c a r c e l y e n d e d , w h e n a

m u l t i t u d e o f o f f i c e r s a n d s e r v i c e m e n , t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n -

t r y , s p r a n g t o m y s u p p o r t - a t t h e r i s k , i n a f e w c a s e s , o f

postwar government jobs. S e v e r a l p a r t i c i p a t e d i n l a t e r b r o a d -

c a s t s f r o m t h e L e w i s s t u d i o , o t h e r s o n l o c a l r a d i o p r o g r a m s

and newspaper interviews . A number were my former col-

l e a g u e s a t N e w a r k , G r e a t F a l l s , a n d F a i r b a n k s . The names

o f m o s t o f t h e o t h e r s I h a d n e v e r h e a r d b e f o r e . Some dis .

c l o s e d i n c i d e n t s o f q u e s t i o n a b l e a i d t o R u s s i a t h a t l a y o u t s i d e

my own experiences .

The WAC sergeant who worked in my office was one of

t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s t o c o m e f o r w a r d . She was now Mrs. Gordon

B e a n o f M e a d v i l l e , P a . , b u t a s S e r g e a n t G e o r g i a n n a P i l k i n g -

t o n s h e h a d a c t e d f o r a y e a r a s m y c h i e f m i l i t a r y c l e r k a t

G r e a t F a l l s . When my date-book was produced, she recog-

nized the volume as the identical one she had often seen

while tidying my desk . I n i t s p a g e s , s h e s a i d , I w a s a l w a y s

e n t e r i n g " c o p i o u s n o t e s a b o u t e v e r y t h i n g . " S h e s a i d I k e p t i t

u n d e r l o c k a n d k e y i n t h e t o p d r a w e r , w h e n e v e r I l e f t t h e

office .




"Major Jordan told me freq uently," declared Mrs . Bean,

"that he was very much concerned about how much in-

formation was going through." She observed that I was

troubled by the importance a s well as volume of these con-

traband shipments . When Colonel Kotikov was dissatisfied,

she related, it was common knowledge that all he had to do

was call Washington to get whatever he wanted :

It was also disclosed that traffic in black suitcases started

before I ever dreamed of their existence . This was revealed

by former Corporal Henry J. Cauthen of Company' G,

Fourth Infantry Regiment, which was stationed at Nome,

Alaska. He was employ ed in 1949 by an engineering firm in

San Jose, Cal . In an interview he told of an experience at

Nome one Sunday afternoon in late November or early

December, 1942. That was one month bef ore I arrived in

Great Falls and three months before my first search of Rus-

sian suitcases .

"Some friends and I were watching an A-20 take off for

Russia," said C authen . "About five miles f rom the base it

crashed and burned . We skied over to see whether we could

rescue any of the men . The plane was destroyed and four

Russians were dead . On the ground were f our suitcases. Two

had been almost consumed, but the others were intact ex-

cept that the light straps with which they were bound had

split apart. All were black and very cheap ly made .

"We examined one of them. There were maps on top, and

beneath was a stack of blueprints . The first chart had been

made for the Air Corps by American Army Engineers . I t



CLOUDS OF WITNESSES243:

was in English, but there were markings in Russian showing

a l l o u r p o s i t i o n s a n d d e f e n s e s i n a n d a r o u n d t h e N o m e A i r -

b a s e .

"While we were looking at this map, some Russians came

o v e r i n a s k i m o b i l e . O n e o f f i c e r w a s v e r y d i s t u r b e d t o s e e

t h a t w e h a d o p e n e d t h e s u i t c a s e , a n d d e m a n d e d t h a t I g i v e

i t t o h i m . I d i d s o. He wrapped it up and carried it away .

This w a s w i t n e s s ed b y s e v e r a l o f o u r o w n A i r C o r p s o f f i c e r s

w h o w e r e t h e r e a t t h e t i m e . " 2

Corroboration of the charge that uranium information

went to the Soviet Union came unexpectedly from a senior

GI student at Clemson College, S . C . He was Royall Ed-

w a r d N o r t o n , 2 9 y e a r s o l d a n d m a r r i e d , w i t h o n e s o n .

Norton consulted the president of Clemson College, Dr .

Robert F . P o o l e , w h o s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e y a s k c o u n s e l f r o m

former justice James F . B y r n e s , w h o w a s a r r i v i n g n e x t d a y

t o d e l i v e r a n a d d r e s s . B y r n e s a d v i s e d N o r t o n t o s e n d a f u l l

report to the Un-American Activities Committee . T h u s i t

happened that Mr . Lewis made a special trip to Clemson,

w h i c h i s n e a r G r e e n v i l l e , S . C .

Norton enlisted in the Navy during October, 1941, and

s e r v e d t i l l t h e c l o s e o f t h e w a r , i n t h e N o r t h a n d S o u t h A t -

l a n t i c , t h e C a r i b b e a n , A f r i c a , S i c i l y a n d A l a s k a . H e s u f f e r e d

shipwreck aboard the USS Motole a n d i n j u r i e s t o h i s foot

a n d b a c k i n a n a i r p l a n e c r a s h . He was honorably discharged

w i t h t h e r a n k o f C h i e f P e t t y O f f i c e r , f o u r l e t t e r s e n d o r s i ng

h i s c a n d i d a c y f o r a c o m m i s s i o n , a n d a g e n e r a l s e r v i c e r a t i n g

t h a t w a s e x c e p t i o n a l l y h i g h .




A letter of commendation for his service with the Red

Army Air Forces covered a tour at the Coast Guard Air

S t a t i o n , E l i z a b e t h C i t y , N C . , a n d t h e n a v a l b a s e o n K o d i a k

I s l a n d , A l a s k a . At Elizabeth City planes were conditioned

f o r d e l i v e r y t o R u s s i a - a n d S o v i e t p i l o t s w e r e t r a i n e d t o f l y

them . A t K o d i a k t h e y w e r e r e c o n d i t i o n e d , s t r i p p e d o f s u r -

p l u s g e a r a n d c a r g o , i n s p e c t e d a n d r e l o a d e d . H e g a v e F u l t o n

L e w i s t h e f o l l o w i n g a c c o u n t o f o n e o f h i s A l a s k a n e x p e r i -

e n c e s :

"A PBM-a Catalina type without landing gear*-was

b e i n g l o a d e d f o r t h e t a k e - o f f t o R u s s i a . I h a d f i n i s h e d c h e c k -

ing the cargo against my inventory when I noticed three

extra parachute bags that obviously were not filled with

p a r a c h u t e s .

" I s t a r t e d t o i n s p e c t t h e m , a n d i n t h e f i r s t o n e f o u n d a

w o o d e n b o x a b o u t 1 8 i n c h e s l o n g , l e s s t h a n a f o o t w i d e a n d

maybe 8 or 10 inches deep . The top of the box was not

f a s t e n e d d o w n o r s e a l e d i n a n y w a y , a n d I l i f t e d i t u p t o s e e

w h a t w a s i n s i d e .

"The Soviet pilot, who was making a final check in the

c o c k p i t , s a w w h a t I w a s d o i n g a n d p u t o n ' a t e r r i f i c s c e n e .

H e t r i e d t o m a k e m e s t o p , y e l l i n g i n E n g l i s h : ` P e r s on a l g e a r

-personal!' I went on long enough to see what was in the

box. I t c o n t a i n e d a so l i d s t a c k o f b l u e p r i n t s , a l l o f a b o u t t h e

*This seaplane was requested by the Russians only for its Wasp engine,

which they could not get from us any other way . Since they never used

seaplanes, this PBM (and how many others?) was presumably discarded

after being cannibalized .



CLOUDS OF WITNESSES 245

s a m e s i z e a n d g e n e r a l a p p e a r a n c e , a s i f t h e y b e l o n g e d to a

se t .

" I u n f o l d e d t h e o n e o n t o p a n d e x a m i n e d i t f a i r l y c a r e -

f u l l y . I h a d h a d s o m e l i t t l e e x p e r i e n c e i n r e a d i n g b l u e p r i n t s .

This was very unusual and different from . a n y t h i n g I h a d

e v e r s e e n . But I had studied enough chemistry i n s c h o o l to

r e c o g n i z e i t a s a h i g h l y c o m p l i c a t e d p a t t e r n o f a t o m i c s t r u c -

t u r e . Protons and neutrons were shown .

"In the lower right hand corner was a group of words,

which were probably an identification of the blueprint . I

c a n n o t r e m e m b e r t h e t e rm s , b u t I d o r e c a l l t h e f i g u r e ` 9 2 ' . I t

meant nothing to me at the time, as I had never heard of

atomic energy or atomic bombs . I n t h e l i g h t o f M a j o r J o r -

dan's broadcast, this was undoubtedly a blueprint of the

a t o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e 9 2 n d e l e m e n t , u r a n i u m . " '

N o r t o n a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t h e e n t e r e d a p r o t e s t a g a i n s t R u s -

s i a n d e m a n d s f o r a c o m p l e t e s e t o f a s t r o n o m i c a l c h a r t s o f a l l

Alaska and the Aleutian island chain .

" I c o u l d n o t s e e w h y t h e y h a d a n y n e e d f o r su c h a t h i n g , "

s t a t e d h e . "A simple course map would have been enough .

The astronomical charts gave them a tremendous amount

of additional information, far beyond what was necessary .

B u t t h e R u s s i a n s w e r e a b l e t o u s e e n o u g h i n f l u e n c e , d e s p i t e

m y o b j e c t i o n , t o g e t 1 5 c o m p l e t e s e t s . f 4

During the Fulton Lewis broadcast of Dec . 7 , h i s r e -

searcher Russell Turner quoted Marcus McCann, a civilian

m e m b e r o f t h e l o a d i n g c r e w a t G r e a t F a l l s , a s s t a t i n g h e w a s

present when I opened a large brown-paper bundle on a




plane being turned over to the Russians . I n t h i s p a c k a g e

M c C a n n s a w r a i l r o a d m a p s a n d p l a n s o f f a c t o r i e s .

Another of the freight-handling crew, Elmer Williams,

w a s r e p o r t e d t o h a v e e x p l a i n e d t o T u r n e r t h a t t w o k i n d s o f

shipments went through Great Falls. One was sent openly,

a n d t h e o t h e r c o n s i s t e d o f h u n d r e d s o f " d i p l o m a t i c " p o u c h e s ,

boxes, bags and suitcases, accompanied by armed guards

who never left them, but slept with them in the ware-

houses .

Crewmen weighed these secret shipments, Williams said,

so that planes could be kept in balance when they were

l o a d e d , b u t h a d n o i d e a o f t h e c o n t e n t s . " V i r t u a l l y a n y t h i n g

could have gone through," he asserted. Among open de-

l i v e r i e s h e r e m e m b e r e d t h o u s a n d s o f p o u n d s o f p r i n t e d m a -

t e r i a l - b o o k s, t e c h n i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s, n e w s p a p e r s , p l a n s a n d

b l u e p r i n t s ; a s w e l l a s s p e c i a l s h i p m e n t s o f m o t o r p a r t s a n d

t o o l s , s u c h a s w r e n c h e s a n d f i n e p r e c i s i o n d r i l l s . '

Colonel Frank C. L y n c h o f P a s a d e n a r e l a t e d t h a t h e w a s

an ordnance expert at the Aberdeen Proving Ground . I t w a s

o n e o f h i s d u t i e s t o a c c o m p a n y a R u s s i a n o f f i c e r a s s i g n e d

t h e r e a n d m a k e s u r e h e l e a r n e d n o t h i n g a b o u t s u p e r - s e c r e t

weapons . T h e y i n c l u d e d a n a n t i - a i r c r a f t c a n n o n t h a t a i m e d

i t s e l f , s o t h a t a l l t h e g u n n e r s h a d t o d o w a s f e e d i t w i t h

s h e l l s . I n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 4 4 h e w a s o r d e r e d t o c r a t e t h i s

miracle gun for shipment to Russia . He accompanied the

w e a p o n t o P h i l a d e l p h i a , C o l o n e l L y n c h r e l a t e d , a n d s a w i t

l o a d e d o n a f r e i g h t e r .

Harvey Hart, port manager of Longview, Wash . , d e c l a r e d



CLOUDS OF WITNESSES,

that one of the last shipments to Russia included items

labeled "301A Geiger tubes" and "401A registers," pur-

chased from the Cyclotron Specialties Company . Geiger

c o u n t e r s a r e u s e d f o r d e t e c t i n g r a d i o a c t i v i t y . T h e s e i n s t r u -

ments left for Vladivostok on the steamship Surikov, s a i d

Hart .

L l o y d C h e s t l e y o f P r e s q u e - I s l e , M a i n e , v o l u n t e e r e d t h at i n

1944 he gave information about American radar to a Soviet

General . C h e s t l e y w a s a n A i r F o r c e s r a d a r o f f i c e r , w i t h t h e

r a n k o f C a p t a i n , a t a U . S . a i r b a s e n e a r G l u n t o e , I r e l a n d . He

stated that an American officer accompanied the General,

who was armed with "authorization" to inspect secret equip-

ment .

Robert K. Califf of Lake Worth, Fla., who was weights

and balances officer at the Washington airport, with the

rank of , First Lieutenant, revealed that he was often pre-

vented from inspecting Russian shipments . I n h i s i n t e r v i e w ,

as quoted, he declared :

I c a n s a y I w a s p r e v e n t e d m a n y t i m e s f r o m e x a m i n i n g p a r c e l s

and pouches which I should have inspected . I w a s p r e v e n t e d

f r o m e x a m i n i n g t h e s e a r t i c l e s b y h i g h e r a u t h o r i t i e s , o n t h e

g r o u n d t h a t t h e y c a r r i e d " d i p l o m a t i c i m m u n i t y :"

Private George F . R o b e r t s , o f S e a t t l e , t o l d r e p o r t e r s h e w a s

stationed during the war at an Army base near Edmonton,

and that he was driven away from transports bound for

Siberia by civilians wielding tommy guns and speaking a

foreign language . H e s a w l a r g e b o x e s i n t h e p l a n e s , b u t w a s




prevented from inspecting their contents . Superiors ordered

him, Roberts declared, to "stay off C-47s . "

An offer to produce the manifest for a cargo containing

two helicopters and thirty large U .S . Army tanks, whic h left

the Erie pier in Jersey City on the Russian freighter

Chutokea for Siberia by way of the Panama Canal in 1948,

was made by Herbert Cooney, a former C ongressional in-

vestigator, of 1419 University Ave ., Bronx. Appare ntly as a

ruse, he said, the tanks were earmarked for Turkey .

Two intelligence off icers, residents of Los Angeles, told

newspapermen they had been questioned by FB I operators .

Lt.-Colonel Lewis J . Clarke, Jr., said that during four years

at Fairbanks and Great Falls he made daily reports on Rus-

sian activities to G-2 in Washington. "I could only tell the

FBI what any other offic er could tell them," reported Major

Perry W. Parker, "namely, that the Russians in Montana

and Alaska spent most of their time trying to worm out

secret information from Americans . "

One of the Navy's specialists in small arms and special

weapons, whose name was withheld because he was still in

active service, related that he was placed in charge of a train-

ing program at Governors Island, N .Y. He was harassed by

Russian off icers who demanded inf ormation about weapons

so new that they had not yet been tested or even built . When

he refused, the Russians threatened to appeal to Washington

and have him dismissed . He was haled before Navy supe-

riors at 90 Church Stree t and reprimanded . His request for

transfer was granted .



The War Department itself announced that during 1944

a dozen Russian offic ers were trained in radar operations at

Fort Monmouth, NJ . , Signal Corps Center. They were in-

structed in three types of radar-for aiming artillery, identi-

fying aircraft and tracing low-flying bombs and planes .

My former superior, Colonel Gardner, was interviewed by

Fulton Lewis . In his Dec. 5 broadcast M r . Lewis told me :

I talked with Colonel Gardner this afternoon and he told me

he had the same experience at Newark that you had . Every time

the Russians were displeased with the way things were going

which was freq uently-they would get on the telephone to their

Embassy in Washington and have the Embassy contact Mr . Hop-

kins. All the difficulties would be straightened out immediately .

I asked Col onel Gardner how he knew it wa s Mr. Hopkins who

did the job. He said it was common information . The Russians

referred to it, and so did everyone else . It was general routine

knowledge, he declared . "

In a broadcast of his own, Colonel Gardner was kind

enough to remark that "Major Jordan was one of my best

and most trusted officers ." He continued :

I know nothing first-hand about the shipment of atomic mate-

r i a l s . I do know t hat, while I was in command at Great Falls

and in charge of this operation, the Russians could and did m ove

anything they wanted to without divulging what was in the

consignment . '

Before a microphone in Mansfield, Ohio a week later,

Colonel Gardner declared: "There is more ben eath the sur-

face than has yet come to light, and it is to be hoped that the




investigating committee will forget partisan politics and go

to the very bottom. We in America must know whether

public servants in Washington are still giving our secrets

away. If so, they should be eliminat ed . We have had enough

of f ellow-travelers and Americans who believe in foreign

ideologies. " '

He then quoted a letter from "one of the outstanding air-

men of all tim e," Roscoe Turner, of Indianapolis .

Many thanks for your good letter of Dec . 6 and the attached

statement of yours in support of our mutual f riend, Racey Jordan .

I am needling the Legion on this support too because, after

all, there may be an attempt to hush this thing up, as it is stepping

into too many high places .

I also wrote Jordan and told him not to lose his nerve since

he has done such a magnif icent job in uncovering it ."

Major John C. Starkie came forward in San Francisco f or

the Fulton Lewis broadcast of Dec. 9 :

I recall an occasion late in 1943 when Major Jordan ca me into

my office and raised quite a row because Russian aircraft had

come in with equipment he thought the Russians shouldn't have .

He was in communication with his superiors. We di scove red

that none of us was familiar with the apparatus . It was a secret

type of electronic eq uipment which was not authorized for the

Russians and which we removed. It did not go to Russia .

I was in Great Falls for a year and a half . During 1943 Major

Jordan and I were closely associated . His office was across the

hangar from mine and we had lunch together nearly every day

at the Officers' Club . He w as United Nations Representative




f o r the 34th Sub-Depo t, in which I was assistant m aintenance

off icer for the Ferrying Section, with jurisdiction over repair,

maintenanc e and utilization of UN aircraf t .

Major Jordan mentioned Harry Hopkins' name quite often. . . Concerning materials of whic h I had personal knowledge,

and so far as my observations went, everything Major Jordan

has said checks out ."

Lt: Colonel Bernard C. Hahnn of Washington, Pa., was on

duty several months at Great Falls as personal representative

of the Army Air Inspector, Brigadier General, Jones . In a

newspaper interview, Colonel Hahn said that he "helped

Major Jordan break open some of those mysterious black

suitcases the Russians were sending home." He continued :

Through 1943-44 Great Falls- was the tak e-off point fo r thou-

sands of planes supplied to Russia through Lend-Lease . I noticed

cheap, black composition suitcases that the Russians were putting

aboard planes going to Siberia . It was not my job to inspect them.

My principal duty was to watch for sabotage and def ects in these

planes .

Shortly after I arrived at Great Falls, Major Jordan became

much concerned over the black suitcases . I told him he'd better

take it up with the security officer at the base .

He did so, and one morning the security offic er, whose name I

have forgo tten [Col . O'Neill] ; Colonel William B oaz, the tech-

nical officer at the field ; Major Jordan, and I moved in and began

examining suitcases . We found no Oak Ridge plans, documents

or heavy water. But I do know they were sending to Moscow

enough U . S . roadmaps and technical magazines to cover all the

pantry shelves in Russia ."




Colonel Kotikov, Hahn added, requested that a WAC

Sergeant be assigned to watch over his wife . Mrs. Kotikov

complained to Colonel Hahn, the latter stated, that her hus-

band didn't trust her `and has that woman follow me every -

where." He reflected tha t Colonel Kotikov probably has as

little privacy as his wif e, and explained that "an enlisted

man on Kotikov's staff was at his heels day and night ." The

reference was, of course, to Sergeant Vinogradsky .

The first person to whom I confided the story of my search

of "diplomatic suitcases" was the security of ficer of the 34th

Sub-Depot, at Gore Field, Lt: Colonel George F. O'Neill .

Without losing a moment's time, Colonel O'Neill published

a pledge to "support Major Jordan to the limit ." His inter-

view was dispatched from Los Angeles, where he had taken

a post, af ter retirement, with the Veterans Administration .

He was quoted as follows :

There is one instance which off ers conclusive proof of Major

Jordan's story. I have detailed this evidence to the FBI . For that

reason I cannot speak about it at this time . I'm ready to tell the

whole matter under oath ..

All of us at the Great Falls airbase k new that Russia had the

ear of the White House . That was common knowledge among

t h e o f f i c e r s .

If the Russian mission didn't like the w ay something was go-

ing, in no time at all they'd hav e the White House on the wire

and then we'd be jumping .

As far as anything Major Jordan says, I knew him to be a

square-shooter . I have absolute faith in his integrity .

Only people who were at the base could understand the diffi-




c u l t t i m e s w e h a d t h e r e . I t w a s m e n l i k e J o r d a n w h o n e v e r s l e p t

t h a t - m a d e a n i m p o s s i b l e j o b p o s s i b l e . "

The former commandant of Gore Field, Col . d ' A r c e , d e -

clared in an interview that the Russians "could have sent

the Capitol dome to Moscow without our knowing what

was in the boxes ." Under, prevailing instructions, he ex-

p l a i n e d , i t w a s n o t t h e d u t y o f A m e r i c a n o f f i c e r s t o q u e s t i o n

the nature of shipments to Russia but to speed the cargo

t h r o u g h a s f a s t a s p o s s i b l e . "I remember Major Jordan very

w e l l , " s a i d C o l . d ' A r c e . "He is not the type of man to make

up a story out of whole cloth . "

The Lewis broadcast of Dec . 6 p r e s e n t e d - quotations from

an interview with Lt:Colonel J . D . McFarland -of Hamilton,

Ohio, formerly an inspector for the Alaskan Wing of the

Air Transport Command . " I b e l i e v e , " h e a n n o u n ce d , " t h a t

I can substantiate everything Major Jordan says . " H i s s t a t e -

ment was c i t e d i n p a r t a s f o l l o w s :

I was in Great Falls every couple of weeks . Major Jordan

r e p e a t e d l y r a i s e d h e l l a b o u t u n c o n t r o l l e d d e l i v e r i e s g o i n g t o

Moscow .

The Russians wanted no restrictions from t h e U .S . Army .

E v e r y t i m e t h e i s s u e g o t h o t , t h e y w o u l d t e l e p h o n e W a s h i n g t o n ,

a n d t h e y a l w a y s h a d t h e i r w a y . "

According to the Cincinnati Inquirer, Colonel McFarland,

who was in close touch with General Gaffney in Fairbanks,

declared that I was transferred from Great Falls in 1944 as

a consequence of my activities against uninspected ship-




ments to the Soviet Union. He had personally examined the

diary, he said, in which I kept records of such consign-

ments .

As commander of the Great Falls Army airbase, Colonel

Russell L . Meredith was in nominal command of the Soviet

movement. By his own wish, I seldom bothered him with

problems in that area . More than once he protested that it

was my job to keep the Russians out of his hair .

With good cause, I hold Colonel Meredith in respect and

g r a t i t u d e . N a t u r a l l y h e w a s i n d i g n a n t o v e r a s c a n d a l a l l e g e d

t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n a p o s t u n d e r h i s a u t h o r i t y . I t w a s o n l y

human that his impulse should have been to denounce some

f e a t u r e s a s " p r e p o s t e r o u s . "

An officer of proved equity, Colonel Meredith may have

revised his opinion now that fuller information is at hand .

In November, 1949, there had not been a single Lewis

Jordan broadcast and the Un-American Activities Commit-

tee had not heard a single witness in the case . I q u o t e t h e

ensuing dialogue between Fulton Lewis and Russell Turner

during the Dec. 6 b r o a d c a s t :

Turner : I interviewed the former commandant of the base,

C o l o n e l R u s s e l l M e r e d i t h , n o w r e t i r e d ; a n d s e v e n c i v i l i a n s w h o

h a d b e e n m e m b e r s o f t h e g r o u n d c r e w a t t h e L e n d - L e a s e d e p o t

t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a c t u a l l y h a n d l e d t h e f r e i g h t .

Lewis : W e l l , l e t ' s h a n d l e t h e C o l o n e l f i r s t . He i s one of t h e

p e o p l e q u o t e d a s s a y i n g t h a t M a j o r J o r d a n ' s s t o r y i s " u n b e l i e v -

a b l e . "

Turner : He told me the same thing . B u t h e a l s o s a i d h e h a d



~1C~a rltevA.A fat-ur 2t)<e EVN1G~o IEN44?Y %~ .y r D

(Cl.E ISToN, v l . ,s 4 ' - *ft . E

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n

n

1

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KR ARENKe,Co)LP. .__ 1 .1 . ,

Names of Soviet personnel expedited through Great Falls by Major

Jordan . "D" stands for "departing" and "E" for "entering ." Couriers

are underlined .

8E I.bIAKDV,AS .')-_44 • b

Sostbsv,)--r. M . Y . ' r , • . . - * ,e EnS(4s 6RIWNIKer,ttve.c/vy

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SHA~-NIKoV,M,Y . f ) / - 4V

SHERISMEY,A .A . _'I31-Vy

STRoGALEV,~T•Co) A. 'Y4-' *

"IYII IV 'P a •SPAT REt , KOJr.$T-~NTIN(

A.-+-~a+ .*- M/, ~IJ P.C .

SAsvs . e t I , M Niaowu 4 lt •YV

r Sa~v, Y,C+~, I vd . v f , e , e , r

$TSPANev,$R.I-T voucm



found a notation in his own diary-that he could not understand

how 10 tons a month of printed material passing th rough the

Great Falls base was going to help the Russians win that par-

ticular war .

Lewis: So this statement in itself confirms the fact that tre-

mendous quantities of printed matter were going through the

Great Falls base?

Turner : More than that. He stated that he himself had per-

sonally protested against the quantity of stuff that was going

through, but was told to lay off-that such policy matters were

being decided by "top brass ." He said he didn't recall any spe-

cific occ asion on which names were mentioned, but that at the

time, in his own mind, he presumed Hopkins and Wallace to

have been the persons referred to,

Lewis: Did the Colonel have any other information to off er?

Turner : He said once again it was difficult to remem ber any-

thing specific, but that generally speaking the material going

through seemed to be everything the Russians could lay their

hands on about American industries, locations, plans, mechanical

designs and scientific data of all kinds- and that there was a

mountain of i t ." "



Conclusion

As final corroboration of the story which I have set forth

in this book, I am going to call on testimony which comes

from the other side of the Iron Curtain . It is the testimony

of four people, two of whom are Russian and two American .

The first witness is a former member of the Soviet Pur-

chasing Commission, Victor A . Kravchenko, author of I

Chose Freedom, who was questioned by the counsel for the

House of Representatives Committee on Un-American Activ-

ities, Frank S. Tavenner, Jr., as follows :

Mr. Tavenner: What position did you hold with the Soviet

Government while you were in the United States?

Mr. Kravchenko : I was economic attache of the Soviet Pur-

chasing Commission from August 1943 to April 1944 .

Mr. Tavenner : Will you explain to the committee the set-up

of the Soviet Purchasing Commission, that is, who controlled

the activities in which the Commission was engaged, and any

other pertinent matter regarding its functions which this com-

mittee would be interested in?

Mr. Kravchenko : Yes. First I ask your permission to explain

the general features of the situation during the war . Before we

came to the United States-when I say "we" I mean all mem-

257



258 . FROM MAJOR JORDAN'S DIARY

bers of the Communist Party who had more or less responsible

duties or more or less responsible jobs-before we came to the

United States, we had received instructions from the party .

Mr. Tavenner: By "party" are you referring to the Commu-nist Party?

Mr. Kravchenko: Communist Party, of course, because in theSoviet Union there is only one party . In conversations which I

had-with officials of the Central Committee of the Party, I was

told repeatedly : 'You are going to the capitalistic United States .

We are allies today because we need each other, but when the

war is over and we shall have won victory-and we are sure we

shall win it we shall again become open enemies . We shall

never modify our philosophy and our doctrine . We are allies in

trouble, but both partners know that they hate each other . Sooner

or later a clash between the two is inevitable . Until then the

Allies will remain our friends and we shall cooperate in our

mutual interests. For this reason and with an eye to the future

we must study carefully the industry in the United States, the

military industry, the civilian industry, all technological and in-

dustrial processes, and we must get hold of their secrets so that

we can achieve similar results in our country and when the time

comes we will be ready for the fight : '

Rep. Francis E . Walter: Did the Russians regard the United

States as their enemy during the period we were fighting for the

common cause?

Mr. Kravchenko: Ideologically and secretly, yes. For example,every week we had closed Party sessions in our office in Moscow .

Somebody would come from the Central Committee or from the

Politburo . He would give us a speech on the international situa-

tion, the war situation, and so on, and would make it absolutely

clear-I mentioned it in my book and it is not necessary to re-

peat, but I would like to mention that they always said and



CONCLUSION 259

always repeated : "We are Allies because there is a war on . But

we must realize that the Americans will never like us and we

will never like them." Also, "We will never like the English and

the French; I mean their political attitudes ." And practically-

as a practical result of all this-every Soviet official, when he goes

to the United States or to any other country, he always has two

duties to perform. These duties go parallel : One of them is an

official duty . For example, a man comes as a simple engineer to

the Soviet Purchasing Commission, but before he comes to the

United States, the Central Committee of the Party or some spe-

cial government office or department, issues orders indicating

where in the United States he must work, which factory or

chemical plant, or any kind of industry he has to watch . I am

talking now about engineers, because I was one of them and I

know their work best . I don't know what orders were given by

the general staff .

Now, when this man came to the United States he had to do

two jobs at the same time . The one was open and legal, and the

other was conspiracy. And when he went back to the Soviet

Union, the Soviet Government would appreciate his work in the

US .A. according to the secret information he had gathered for

the Soviet industry o r for the military, staff. All of us had such

duties .

Mr. W a l t e r : I s that true of the diplomats as well?

Mr. Kravchenko : Absolutely . They are absolutely no different .

In 1943 or 1944 Mr. Rudenko, who was chairman of the Soviet

Purchasing Commission, had an office at 3355 Sixteenth Street in

Washington . General Serov was military attache at that time .

Gromyko was Soviet Ambassador to Washington. Gusev, i n NewYork, was head of the organization Amtorg. All these officers

worked together . Of course there was competition among them,

because everyone wanted the "thank you" from the Soviet Union




so that upon his return to the Soviet Union he would receive a

higher position.

Mr. W a l t e r : Do I understand the Soviet diplomatic representa-

tives in the United States were engaged in espionage?

Mr. Kravchenko : Absolutely . Mr. Chairman, that is their sys-

tem. We must understand that they all received special training,

for instance, Mr. Malik, now representative in the United Na-

tions; Mr. Zarubin, Soviet Ambassador in London*; Mr. Pa

nyushkin in Washington, who has good experience in military

intelligence. All of them-there is no question-all of them are

members of the Party. That comes first. Their first duty is not

diplomatic ; their first duty is to be devoted members of the

Party. They must do everything the Politburo of the Soviet

Union requires, at any price .

Now, I come back to your question . For example, the Soviet

Purchasing Commission during the war had more than a thou-

sand employees. Some of them came to the United States a s

simple engineers, but in reality they were in top positions in

industry or in scientific research . Some came as civilians, but

really they were officers of the Navy or artillery or tank troops

or the air force .

No official of the Soviet Purchasing Commission came to the

United States as a member of the Communist Party . If you look

at the records in the Department of State you will find that no

Party members came from the Soviet Union .

This was the psychologically favorable moment for the Soviet

Government. We were in the midst of a war. Many American

people paid great respect to the Soviet Army. Everybody was i n

sympathy with and liked to talk to men in Soviet military uni-

form

In the Soviet Purchasing Commission, Mr. Rudenko, Mr.

Gorgy Zarubin is now Ambassador to the United States .



CONCLUSION 261

Serov, and a few chairmen of departments were called "the

Politburo of the Purchasing Commission ." On the seventh floor

of the Soviet Purchasing Commission, behind an iron door at

3355 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D.C.-it was not in Moscow-

there was a special department of the NKVD .

Everything that came from the Soviet Union, for instance a

secret communication, came to the seventh-floor department

Also, the seventh-floor department kept agents in every depart-

ment, in the metal department or chemical department or avia-

tion department . Secret material went to the special department,

one of whose officials was Mrs . Arutunian . Her husband was son

of the Deputy Commissariat of Railroads of the Soviet Union .

She also worked for this special department and all secret papers

went through her hands. With this department I had some

trouble, and I know what I am talking about. All of us knew

about the functions of the special department, but we never knew

who the representative of the Soviet Secret Police was in the

Soviet Purchasing Commission .

Mr. Tavenner : Did I understand you to say Rudenko was re-

sponsible to the NKVD which had its headquarters on the sev-

enth floor? Is that a correct statement?

Mr. Kravchenko : The special department formally was under

Mr. Rudenko, because he was head of the Soviet PurchasingCommission ; this is natural . But in fact they were independent,

the NKVD section was independent from the chief of the Pur-

chasing Commission.

Mr. Tavenner : And the head of the Purchasing Commission,

Mr. Rudenko, was compelled to carry out certain activities thatwere outlined by the NKVD? Is that a correct statement?

Mr. Kravchenko : This i s absolutely natural . You see, he had

two bosses. The one boss-may I make this clear?-was Mr .

Mikoyan, the member of the Politburo, and second assistant of




Mr. Stalin during the war . Mr. Mikoyan was Commissar ofForeign Trade. During the war Mr. Mikoyan was in charge of

Lend-Lease. That was his duty a s a member of the Politburo . A l l

supplies for the Soviet Government passed through the hands of

Mr. Mikoyan.

As to Leonid Rudenko, I had known him many years. We

worked at the same factory in the Ukraine in about 1924 or 1925 .

Mr. Rudenko received orders from Moscow from Mikoyan, fromthe foreign office, from the general staff, and from the Party .

What he did for ,one office or another I don't know, but the fact

i s that all these offices were represented in the United States .

At the end of 1943 or beginning of 1944, one day we received

orders issued to all responsible members of the Communist Party .

It was after work, after 5 o'clock . The office door was closed, and

Mr. Serov came in with several sheets of paper containing ordersfrom Mikoyan to Mr. Rudenko and to all members of the Party

in the Soviet Purchasing Commission. These orders made it

absolutely clear that we had to find out all secret information

about the industrial development in the United States, and espe-

cially in the military industry, . and Mr. Mikoyan said, "We shall

appreciate you according to your ability to comply with this

order." This document was read to us and we were asked to sign

a statement that we knew about this order and that we would

make every effort to fulfill it. This was what I saw, what I knew .

It was absolutely clear ; there was no mistake about it .

Mr. T a v e n n e r : What effect did this order have upon the activi-

ties of the Russians who were members of the Soviet Purchasing

Commission?

Mr. Kravchenko : First I will mention a few names and give

you a practical example of what they did .

One day I saw big books like this, approximately (indicating)

which contained many pictures of the aviation industry, the spe-

cial machines, special details, and so on . There were pictures and



CONCLUSION 263

blueprints. Three large volumes. This material was signed by

General Belayev, Alexander Rostartchouk,* and Engineer Khimu-

chin. General Belayev was chairman of the Soviet Purchasing

Commission ; Alexander Rostartchouk was head of the metal sec-

tion; and Engineer Khimuchin, who came to the United States

as a simple engineer, actually was doctor of technical sciences

and was working on research at an institute in Moscow in that

capacity . He came to the United States as a simple engineer .

How they obtained those pictures and blueprints, how they found

all this information about the development of aviation in the

United States, I don't know . I just saw these documents ; I saw

the signatures; and I know General Belayev took them when he

flew to Moscow. This is the first example .

Second example : I can't mention a certain name in open ses-

sion of the committee. I have some good reason for that . But I

know this : Two Soviet Navy captains obtained information on

the production of American submarines, on technological proc-

esses and details and on the perspective of development of the

submarine industry . That is the second example .

The third example: From 1925 or 1926 I have known Semen

Vasilenko . Semen Vasilenko, now in the Soviet Union, is head

of the whole production of pipes and tubes in the Soviet Union,

as part of the metallurgical industry .

Mr. Tavenner: Will you repeat that?

Mr. Kravchenko : He.is head of the production of pipes and

tubes in the Soviet Union .

Mr Tavenner: Will you spell that name?

*Edward R. S t e t t i n i u s , J r ., has recorded, in Lend-Lease: Weapon for

Victory, p. 211: "My own dealings with the Soviet Union have been

chiefly through General Belyaev, . . . and Alexander Rostochalk . . .

Rostochalk had studied metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-

nology under Dr. G . B . Waterhouse, now the Lend-Lease consultant on

metals. "




Mr. Kravchenko : S-e-m-e-n V-as - i - l - e - n - k - o. Semen Vasilenko .

I knew him many, many years. Vasilenko was a member of the

Party; he had been a member of the Ukrainian Government and

was awarded a Stalin premium, and also he had a few decora-

t i o n s . H e c a m e t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r t h e s o l e p u r p o s e o f f i n d -

ing some special information about the metallurgical and tube

i n d u s t r y a n d m i l i t a r y i n d u s t r y .

One day in February 1944, I don't remember the date, Vasi-

l e n k o , m y s e l f , a n d V d o v i n g o t r e a d y t o f l y t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n

s i x large bags, and Vasilenko took the six bags to the Soviet

Union. I s a w t h a t m a t e r i a l . S o m e o f t h i s m a t e r i a l w a s a b o u t t h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f p l a n e s a n d t h e n e w t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s ; some

w a s a b o u t a r t i l l e r y ; s o m e w a s a b o u t n e w t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c es s e s

in m e t a l l ur g y ; s o m e w as a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f i n d u s t r i a l

development .

Mr. Kearney : Would the witness mind repeating that?

Mr. Kravchenko A m o n g t h i s m a t e r i a l t h e r e w a s a l s o a n o u t -

l i n e o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f i n d u s t r i a l d e v e lo p m e n t . I mean t h e

p e r s p e c t i v e : f o r e x a m p l e , w h a t w a s p l a n n e d 5 o r 1 0 y e a r s a h e a d ;

w h a t t h e p l a n s f o r t h e p r e s e n t a r e ; and so on ; a l s o t h e p l a n i n

perspective for the general development of industry. Do you

understand?

I k n o w a l l t h i s m a t e r i a l w as f o u n d i n a n u n o f f i c i a l w a y . What

c o u l d b e t h e r e a s o n f o r M r . Vasilenko, a former member of the

government, or for somebody else, to do work as a plain work-

man? They were working as plain workmen .

W e c l o s e d t h e d o o r . N o b o d y c o u l d s e e t h i s m a t e r i a l . A n d V a s i -

l e n k o t o o k t h i s m a t e r i a l a n d f l e w t o t h e So v i e t U n i o n .

Now, one more example . A t t h e e n d o f 1 9 4 3 o r b e g i n n i n g o f

1 9 4 4 , Va s s i l i S e r g e i e v w a s d e p u t y o f M r . Mikoyan . M r . S e r g e i e v *

'My diary records that Vassili Sergeiev, his wife Nina, Petre Makeev,

Valentina Batanova, and Anatoli Baranovsky were expedited through



CONCLUSION

carne to the United States. He had meetings here and saw many

responsible industrial people and so on . He brought from Mos-

cow another order about various types of information which

should be obtained . Sergeiev gathered the heads of the depart-

ments and explained what kind of material they are expected to

get at any price .

I must make it clear, Mr . Chairman, all departments of the

Soviet Purchasing Commission-aviation, transportation, all of

them-were working for this purpose . We transferred to the

Soviet Union not just this one package ; we transferred to the

Soviet Union dozens of tons of material, and not just by airplane .

We also were using Soviet ships that came from Lend-Lease for

the Soviet Union, and they called this material Super Lend-

Lease . (Laughter . )

Well, it is true . And they sent material by these ships for the

only reason, that the Soviet Government never believed in peace

between these two countries . They worked very hard to prepare

themselves . They understand very well that a new war, if it

comes, will be a great technical war, much more so than the last

war, and they know very well that the United States is a great

industrial country . They must find all material they can, all kinds

of information, to be on a level with this country in its military

and industrial developments ; also, to be up to date .

Mr Walter: Do you know how this Super Lend-Lease mate-

rial was concealed before it was put aboard the ships?

Mr. Kravchenko : Lomakin simply could come to any boat, or

anybody else could come, and bring whatever they wanted. And

any captain and any sailor could go ashore to New York or

Philadelphia or Baltimore . They did as they pleased. How could

you check on them? I saw Soviet ships in New York . We

Great Falls to Moscow on March 9, 1944 . They were allowed to depart

with nearly two tons o f personal and "diplomatic" baggage .



I

266 FROM MAJOR JORDANS DIARY

brought this material on the ship . Who cared what we took?

Had we taken the Empire State Building and put it on a ship,

nobody would have cared! That is true. I know ; I saw that. No-

body opened boxes and checked. I witnessed it. I saw dozens of

times how Soviet boats were loaded, and I know what I am

talking about .

Mr. Walter : So no check was made, and these packing cases

containing plans and blueprints were freely passed on the ships

with other Lend-Lease material?

Mr. Kravchenko : You see, Mr. Chairman, it was absolutely

natural during the war . In the United States, as in many coun-

tries in the world, there was much respect for the Red Army . I t

was a natural feeling . I am talking now about the policy and

psychology of the Soviet Government. They did everything

against the United States during the war, and now why-should

they change?

Mr. Kearney : Were any of these packages under diplomatic

seal?

Mr. Kravchenko : Yes. Vasilenko flew to the Soviet Union with

all this luggage ; possessed diplomatic immunity . And Vasilenko

was not an exception. Everybody who went back always took

something with him under diplomatic immunity . And during

the war the Soviet Government received plenty of airplanes

from the United States. These airplanes were flown by Soviet

pilots to the Soviet Union. It was part of our activity during the

war .

Mr. Tavenner : If I understood you correctly, Vasilenko packed

these six bags behind closed doors?

Mr. Kravchenko : That is right .

Mr. Tavenner: Were you there when they were packed?

Mr Kravchenko : Yes. I was helping him .

Mr. Tavenner : You helped him pack them?



Mr. Kravchenko : Yes. We worked like simple workmen be-

c a u s e t h e y d i d n ' t t r u s t a n y b o d y .

Mr. Tavenner : T h e n y o u d i d a c t u a l l y a s s i s t i n p a c k i n g t h a t

s o r t o f m a t e r i a l ?

Mr. Kravchenko : Yes, I d i d .

Mr. Tavenner: Do you recall the month and year in which

V a s i l e n k o f l e w t h os e p a c k a g e s t o Mo s c o w ?

Mr. Kravchenko : I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r e x a c t l y t h e d a t e , b u t I r e -

m e m b e r v e r y w e l l i t w a s s o m e t i m e i n F e b r u a r y , 1944.

Mr. Tavenner : F e b r u a r y , 1944?

Mr. Kravchenko : T h a t i s r i g h t .

Mr. Tavenner: Mr C h a i r m a n , i t w a s t h e t e s t i m o n y o f M a j or

George Racey Jordan, from his diary, that Vasilenko came

t h r o u g h G r e a t F a l l s o n t h e 1 7 t h o f F e b r u a r y , 1944 e n r o u t e t o

Moscow with diplomatic mail'Besides corroborating so dramatically the espionage jour-

ney of Semen Vasilenko through Great Falls, which I had

recorded in my diary, Mr . Kravchenko also confirmed

many other names and duties of Russian agents who ap-

peared on the list which I had turned o v e r t o the FBI.

My second witness, an American, is Father Leopold Braun .

For eleven years he was the only American priest in Russia .

He served from 1934 through 1945 as the pastor of the

Church of Saint Louis de Francais, in Moscow . S i n c e h i s

return to the United States, Father Braun has made few

public appearances, one of which was at a Communion

breakfast held at the Hotel Brevoort in New York .

At that time Father Braun went on record with these ob-




servations, based on what he saw at first :hand during the

crucial war years in the Russian capital :

T h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e w e r e f o o l e d i n t o b e l i e v i n g t h a t o u r w a r -

t i m e a i d t o R us s i a w a s a i d i n g t h e R u s s i a n p e o p l e , w h e n i n s t e a d

i t w a s i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e h a r s h a n d b r u t a l r e g i m e o f S t a l i n a n d

t h e P o l i t b u r o . Organized appeasement hid from the American

p e o p l e t h e t ru t h a b o u t w h a t w a s h a p p e n i n g t o t h e m i l l i o n s o f

d o l l a r s ' w o r t h o f a i d t h a t w e , g a ve R u s s i a .

Lend-Lease aid to Russia during the war was diverted to a

s e c o n d , s e c r e t R e d A r m y w h i c h w a s u s e d e x c l u s i v e l y f o r t h e p u r -

p o s e o f s u p p r e s s i n g r e v o lt s a g a i n s t t h e K r e ml i n r e g i m e .

N a i v e t e o n t h e p a r t o f r e s p o n s i b l e p e r s o n s i n t h e S t a t e D e p a rt -

m e n t h a s s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e g r i p o f t h e P o l i t b u r o a n d t h e C o m -

m u n i s t P a r t y . O u r S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t h a s a b s o r b e d S o v i e t p r o p a -

g a n d a t i m e a n d a g a i n , a n d i f b y c h a n c e t h e y d i d n o t a b s o r b i t ,

t h e y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y d i d n o t u n d e r s t a n d i t ?

Father Braun saw Lend-Lease supplies, which were in-

tended solely to fight a war against a tyrant named Adolf

Hitler, used by the Soviet for purely domestic purposes-

j u s t a s t y r a n n i c a l , o f c o u r s e .

Two final witnesses, American and Russian, also confirm

the main contention of this book-that there were Lend-

Lease shipments of a non-military nature. They confirm it

explicitly and concretely, and they are the two people who

r e a l l y o u g h t t o know : Harry Hopkins and Joseph Stalin .

I said I would cite testimony from behind the Iron Cur-

tain only. Well, that is where Mr . Hopkins' words were



spoken-in the Kremlin, to Stalin's face. It was in May,

1945, during Hopkins' last trip to Moscow, following Presi-

dent Roosevelt's death .

Former Secretary of State James F. Byrnes quotes the

words verbatim, and he tells us that their source is Hopkins'

and Averell Harriman's "report of their conversations with

Marshal Stalin, which they sent to the President,s" meaning

of course President Truman, who asked Byrnes to read this

record of the meeting before embarking for the Potsdam

Conference .

The report reveals that Stalin, at this final meeting with

Hopkins in the Kremlin, "was particularly irritated by the

manner in which Lend-Lease shipments had been suspended

at the end of the European war . " 4 He stated that Russia

had intended to make "a suitable expression of gratitude"

to the United States for the Lend-Lease assistance during the

war, but the way in which it had been halted "now made

that impossible to do. " ' In other words, we were officially

told that we were not going to get even a "thank you" from

the Russian people or their master for our eleven billions of

Lend-Lease, and of course we never have got one .

Naturally Hopkins was very much upset by Marshal

Stalin's remarks, which reflected on the one operation of

the war nearest his heart, the vast program in which he had

chief responsibility. Stalin noticed Hopkins' reaction and

stated later in the meeting that "he was afraid that his re-

mark concerning Soviet public opinion had cut Mr. Hopkins

to the quick."' In any event, Hopkins did not let Stalin's




ungrateful gibes about Lend-Lease go unanswered, and at

once "explained that cancellation of Lend-Lease was neces-

sary under the law because Lend-Lease was authorized only

for the purpose of prosecuting the war . "

Hopkins then proceeded, in an understandable state of

emotion, to make this historic admission : "He reminded the

Marshal," Secretary Byrnes tells us, "of how liberally the

United States had construed the law in sending foodstuffs

and OTHER NON -MILITARY rrEMS t o t h e i r a i d ."

In stating how liberally the United States construed the

law, Mr. Hopkins was, of course, referring to himself. As

William Henry Chamberlain has said, Hopkins was, "after

the President, the most powerful man in America during

the war.s' He was Administrator of Lend-Lease . The law

under which he operated was at no time submitted to any

court for interpretation or test, and therefore it was he who

"construed" the law, he who decided what we supplied

Russia under Lend-Lease, and he himself tells us, addressing

Marshal Stalin directly, that he construed the law liberally

in sending non-military items to Stalin's aid .

And what did our final witness, Joseph Stalin, have to

say to this? A man of few words, he replied in character .

There is neither ambiguity nor obscurity in his reply and,

with these eight words, I rest my case :

"Stalin readily acknowledged the accuracy of Hopkins'

statement.`

And what of my friend, Colonel Kotikov ? In August,

1945 the Soviet Government announced rewards "for the



CONCLUSION 271

s u c c e s s f u l e x e c u t i o n o f t a s k s a s s i g n e d t o t h e m b y t h e S o v i e t

Government, according to stipulations of the Red Army and

Navy." Second on the list, receiving the Order of the Red

B a n n e r , R u s s i a ' s h i g h e s t d e c o r a t i o n a f t e r t h e O r d e r o f L e n i n ,

stands the name of A . N. Kotikov Y° The United States of

A m e r i c a d i d n o t r a t e R u s s i a ' s o f f i c i a l " t h a n k y o u , " b u t i t i s

at least interesting to know that Colonel Kotikov did .

K



CHAPTER ONE : "MR. BROWN" AND THE START OF A DIARY

1 . Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History, Robert E. Sherwood,

Harper, 1948, p. 5 6 0 .

2 . I b i d ., p . 5 8 8 .

CHAPTER TWO: THE "BOMB POWDER" FOLDERS

1 . The Strange Alliance, John R . Deane, Viking, 1947, p . 9 0 - 9 1 .

2 . I b i d ., p. 78 .

CHAPTER FIVE: THE BLACK SUITCASES

1 . Hearings Regarding Shipments of Atomic Materials to the Soviet

Union during World War I I , House of Representatives Committee

on Un-American Activities, U. S . G o v er n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , t e s t i -

mony of General Groves, Dec. 7 , 1 9 49 , pp . 9 4 7 - 5 0 .

2 . On Active Service in Peace and War, Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge

Bundy, Harper, 1947 .

CHAPTER SIX: "DON'T MAKE A BIG PRODUCTION"

1 . H e a r i n g s , General Groves, p . 941 .

2. I b i d . , p . 9 4 5 .

3. I b i d . , p . 9 0 0 .

4. I b i d . , p . 9 4 8 .

5. I b i d . , p . 9 4 7 .

6. Speaking Frankly, James F. B y r n e s , H a r p e r , 1 9 4 7 , p . 2 6 3 .

CHAPTER SEVEN: THE STORY OF THE "HEAVY WATER"

1 . H e a r i n g s , testimony of Hermann H . R o s e n b e r g , J a n . 2 4 , 1 9 5 0 , p . 1 0 3 5 .

2. H e a r i n g s , General Groves, p. 9 5 4 .



274 FROMMAJOR JORDAN' S DIARY

3. Hearings, testimony of Major Jordan, Dec . 5 , 1 9 4 9 , p . 9 3 2 .

4. I bi d . , M a r c h 3 , 1 9 5 0 , p . 1 15 5 .

-5. Kansas City Star, March 17, 1950 .

6. Roosevelt and Hopkins, p . 368 .

7. Newsweek, Dec. 1 9 , 1 9 4 9 .

8. Hearings, General Groves, p. 9 4 7 .

9. The Secret Alliance, p . 89

10. Life, June 30, 1949.

CHAPTER EIGHT: A LOOK AT LEND-LEASE

1 . TwentyFirst Report to Congress on LendLease Operations, TheWhite House, Jan . 31, 1946, U . S . Government Printing Office, p . 2 5 .

2. I b i d . , T a bl e 8 , p . 2 4 .

3 . I b i d .

4. Soviet Supply Protocols, State Department Document No . 2759, U. S .

Government Printing Office, 1946 .

5 . Twenty-First Report, Table 9 , p. 2 5 .

6. Soviet figures (Jordan Diary) .

7. I b i d .

8. I b i d .

9. I b i d .

CHAPTER TEN: MY VISIT TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT IN 1944

1 . Hearings, testimony of Donald T. Appell, March 2, 1950, pp. 1128-29 .

2 . I b i d . , p. 1146.

3. I b i d . , p. 1140.

CHAPTER TWELVE: HOW RUSSIA GOT U . S . MONEY PLATES

1 . Occupation Currency Transactions Hearings before the Committee on

Appropriations, Armed Services and Banking and Currency, U . S.

Senate, U. S . Government Printing Office, 1947, p . 2 7 .

2. I b i d ., p . 2 7 .

3. I b i d . , p . 8 .

4. I b i d ., p . 1 4 7 .

5. I b i d ., p . 1 4 7 .

6 . I b i d ., p . 1 4 8 .

7. I b i d ., p . 1 5 0.

8 . I bi d . , p. 1 7 8 .



9 . I b i d ., p. 175-76.

1 0 . Witness, Whittaker Chambers, Random House, 1952, p. 4 2 7 .

1 1 . Occupation Currency Transactions Hearings, p . 178 .

1 2 . I b i d . , p. 178-79.

1 3 . I bi d . , p. 1 8 3 .

1 4 . I b i d ., p . 1 5 1 .

1 5 . I b i d ., p . 1 6 - 1 7 .

1 6 . Ib i d . , p. 152-53.

17. I b i d . , p . 1 8 6 .

1 8 . I b i d ., p . 206-7

19. I b i d . , p . 2 0 8 .

20. I b i d . , p . 2 0 7 .

2 1 . I b i d . , p . 2 0 8 .

22. I b i d . , p . 2 1 1 .

23. I b i d . , p . 2 7 .

24. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Macmillan, 1948, Vol. I I , p p . 1613-18 .

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: CLOUDS OF WITNESSES

1 . Interview with WAC Sgt. Bean, Fulton Lewis broadcast, Dec. 5 , 1 9 4 9 .

2 . Corp. Henry Cauthen, Fulton Lewis broadcast, Dec. 1 9 , 1 9 4 9 .

3. Royall Edward Norton, Fulton Lewis broadcast, Dec . 14, 1949 .

4. I b i d .

5. Interview with Great Falls crewmen, Fulton Lewis broadcast, Dec . 7,

1949.

6. Interview with Robert Califf, Associated Press, Dec . 5, 1949 .

7. Fulton Lewis broadcast, Dec . 5 , 1949 . Interview with Col . Gardner .

1 . Hearings Regarding Shipments of Atomic Materials, testimony of

Victor A. Kravchenko, March 7, 1950, pp. 1179-86 .

8. I b i d .

9. Ibid.

10. Letter of Roscoe Turner to Col. Gardner, Dec . 8 , 1949.

1 1 . Major Starkie, Fulton Lewis broadcast, Dec . 9 , 1 9 4 9 .

12. Interview with Lt. C o l . Hahn, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Dec . 14, 1949 .

13. Interview with Lt . C o l . O'Neill, Los Angeles Examiner, Dec 5, 1949.

14. Interview with Lt. C o l . McFarland, Cincinnati I n q u i r e r , Dec. 7, 1949 .

1 5 . Fulton Lewis broadcast, Dec. 6 , 1950 .

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: CONCLUSION



2. New York Times, A p r i l 1 2 , 1 9 5 2 -

3. Speaking Frankly, p . 6 1 .

4. I b i d ., p . 6 2 .

5. Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 896

6 . I b i d ., p . 8 9 8 .

7. Speaking Frankly, p . 62.

8. America's Second Crusade, William H . Chamberlain, Henry Regnery

& Company, p. 1 8 7 .

9 Speaking Frankly, p . 62.

10. Bulletin No . 781, American Russian Chamber of Commerce, Aug. , 1 9 4 5 .



Aberdeen Proving Ground, 76, 246

Actinium, 34fn .

Agriculture, Department of, 77

Agricultural Products, 127

Air Service Command, 34th Sub-

Depot, 42

Air Transport Command, 9fn. , 4 1 ,

90,196

Air Transport Command, Alaskan

Wing, 42

Air Transport Command, 7th Ferry-

ing Group, 41-42

A i r b a s e s , S o v i e t , 2 9

Alaska, 37-38, 39,49-65

Alaska Defense Force, 57, 58, 65,

198, 200, 210

Alcan highway, 55

Aluminum tubes, 33,117

American Airlines, Inc. , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 5

American Banknote Company, 224

American Steel & Wire Company,

133

Amtorg Trading Corporation, 76,

98, 136, 259

Anisimov, Alexei A . , 55, 56-57, 60,

64, 70,110

Anoufriev, Vladimir, 95

Apparel, 135, 156-158

Index

277

Appell, Donald T . , 6 - 9

Argonne Laboratory, 235

Army Counter-Intelligence, 194

Arnold, General Henry H . , 3 8 , 4 4 ,

72,207

A r t i l l e r y s h e l l c a s e s , 1 3 3 - 1 3 4

Arutunian, Mrs . , 2 6 1

Atom bomb, 6, 33, 35, 86, 96, 108-

109, 114, 116-117, 118, 119, 121,

122,235

Atomic materials, sent to Russia,

142

Ballard, Col. Richard H ., 44

Baranovsky, Anatoli, 264fn.

Batanova, Valentina, 264fn.

Bean, Mrs. Gordon, 241-242

Belayev, General, 263

Bell, D. W. , 2 2 1 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 8

Berryman, Paul R., 11

Blair House, 30

Board of Economic Warfare, 95,

98-99

Board of Economic Welfare, 197

Boaz, Lieutenant Colonel William,

1 9 2 , 2 0 0 , 2 5 1

Bohlen, Charles E . , 1 9 6 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 6

Bradley, Major General Follette, 41



278

B r a s s , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3

Braun, Father Leopold, 267-268

Bridges, Senator Styles, 6, 86, 218-

219, 225, 230-231, 233, 237

Bronze, 132

Brown, Lieutenant Ben L . , 9 4 - 9 5

Buckner, Major General Simon B . ,

201

Bullitt, William G . , 1 2 3

Burlington railroad, 100

Burman, Lawrence C. , 1 0 7

Burns, Major General James H ., 35

Bush, Dr. Vannevar, 122

Byrnes, James F. , 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , 2 4 3 , 2 6 9 -

270

Cadmium, 33, 116-117, 118

Califf, Robert K. , 2 4 7

Canada, 98fn .

Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp .

of New York, 103, 105, 116

Canvas articles, sent to Russia, 156

"Carolina Pines," 71

Catholic Church, 205, 207, 212-213,

215

Cauthen, Corporal Henry J . , 2 4 2

Censorship, Office of, 9fn . , 1 9 6 , 1 9 7

Cerium, 36,118

Chamberlain, William Henry, 270

Chambers, Whittaker, 7, 222, 233

Chelyabinsk,, 37

Chematar, Inc . , 9 9 , 1 0 5 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3

Chemical Warfare Service, 106

Chemicals, sent to Russia, 163-172

Chestley, Lloyd, 247

Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul &

Pacific Railway, 99

Chicago University, 115

Chirchik, 37

Churchill, Winston, 122-123, 198,

232

Chutokea ( f r e i g h t e r ) , 2 4 8

Cicognani, Archbishop, 214

Cincinnati Inquirer, 253

Civil Aeronautics Board, 24, 26, 29

Clarke, Lieutenant Colonel Lewis,

J r . , 2 4 8

Clemson College, 243

Clothing, sent to Russia, 135, 156-

158

Cobalt, 117, 118

Cockrell, Lieutenant Thomas J ., 41

Cohn, Major Alexander, 42

Collins, Colonel Frank H. , 2 2 8

Columbia Broadcasting System, 211

Columbia University, 116,193

Commerce, Department of, 77, 95,

136,197

Cook, Sergeant, 26, 64

Cooney, Herbert, 248

Cooper Metallurgical Laboratory,

107

Copper, 130, 132-133

Cotton goods, sent to Russia, 159-

161

Crowley, Leo A. , 1 2 2

Customs, Bureau of, 9fn . , 1 9 6 , 1 9 7

Cyclotron, 120

Dahm, Lt. Colonel Robert H . , 1 9 3

d'Arce, Colonel L Ponton, 64, 89,

90,253

Davies, Joseph E, 96, 216

Davyshev, A. D., 32

Deane, Major General John R ., 3 4 ,

38, 123



Decker, Captain Harry, 196-197

Deuterium oxide, 111, 112

D i e s e l e n g i n e s , 3 4

Diplomatic immunity, 69

Doronin, Colonel A. P

. , 3 2 - 3 3

Doty, Lieutenant Colonel P . I . , 4 8 ,

6 2

Douglas, William 0., 132

Dunlop, Brigadier General Robert

H, 195

Dunn, James Clement, 225-226

duPont de Nemours, E. I ., & Co. ,

F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a , 2 8 , 3 9 , 4 1 , 4 5 , 4 8 ,

5 3 , 5 5 , 6 3

Federal Bureau o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

9fn. , 2 9 , 1 9 4 , 1 9 6 , 1 9 7 , 2 3 9 - 2 4 0 ,

2 4 8 , 2 5 2 , 2 6 7

Fermi, Enrico, 116

Fleming, James, 211, 212

Fomichev, N. S., 32

Fomin, B. N., 32

F o o d s t u f f s , s e n t t o R u s s i a , 1 7 3 - 1 7 6

Forbes Company, 223, 224, 225

Ford, Henry, 37

Foreign Economic Administration,

9 f n . , 9 5 , 12 1 - 1 2 2 , 1 9 6

Fort Monmouth, NJ . , 249

Fort Nelson, 60

Four Continent Book Company,

136

F r a n c i s , S a i n t , o f A s s i s i , 2 0 0

Frank, Major General, 47

Gaffney, Brigadier General Dale V . ,

5 6 - 5 7 , 6 2 , 6 4 , 2 5 3

4 1 , 4 5 , 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 7 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 7

G r e a t F a ll s C i v i c C e n t e r , 4 1 - 4 2

Greek Orthodox Church, 215

Gromov, Anatoli B. , 1 1 7 f n .

Gromyko, Ambassador, 224, 227,

2 2 8 , 2 2 9 , 2 5 9

Groves, Major General Leslie R . ,

34fn. , 7 9 , 8 1 - 8 6 , 9 8 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 4,

1 0 6 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 9, 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 ,

134

Gusev, 259

139 Gardner, Colonel Roy B . , 2 3 , 2 5 ,

4 1 , 4 2 , 4 8 , 6 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 9E a r l y , S t e p h e n , 3 0

" E a s t B a s e , " 6 5

Eastman Kodak Company, 105, 106

Edmonton, Canada, 50, 51, 61

G e i g e r - c o u n t e r s , 2 4 7

General Electric Company, 135

Generating equipment, sent t o

R u s s i a , 1 7 8 - 1 7 9Eldorado Mining & Refining, Ltd . ,

9 9 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 4

George, Major General Harold L . ,

89E l e c t r i c B o a t C o r p ., 136

E l e c t ri c a l e q u i p m e n t , s e n t t o R u s s i a ,G i t z i n g e r , Co l o n e l , 7 , 6 7 - 6 8

Gore Field, 39, 41, 42, 59, 6 9 , 9 9 ,154-156

1 1 1 , 1 1 3Eadofy, Colonel Maxwell E ., 39

Eremin, I. A . , 3 2G o v e rn o r ' s I s l a n d , N.Y. , 248

G r a p h i t e , 3 3 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7E r i e R a i l r o a d , 1 0 5

Espionage Act, 196G r a v e l l y P o i n t , 1 9 2

G r e a t F a l ls , M o n t a n a , 5 , 7 , 8 , 2 8 , 2 9 ,



280

Hahn, Colonel Bernard C. , 1 9 4 ,

2 1 8 , 2 5 1 - 2 5 2

Hall, A. W. , 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 8

Hanford, Washington, 116

Hanford Engineer Works, 115

Hanford Plutonium Works, 91

Hanks, Abbot A . , I n c . , 1 1 3

Hardy, Randolph K. , 6 7

Harriman, W. A v e re l l , 37 , 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 ,

2 2 5 , 2 6 9

Houdry Process Corporation, 1 3 8 ,

139

Hug, Robert A., 11

H u l l , C or d e l l , 38 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 1 , 2 3 2

Hydrogen bomb, 117,142

Hyman, Sidney, 122

Immigration and Naturalization

S e r v i c e , 9 f n . , 1 9 6 , 1 9 7

I n d u s t r i a l M a t e r i a l s & P r o d u c t s , 1 2 7

International Monetary Fund, 232

I r o n , s e n t t o R u s s i a , 1 4 9 - 1 5 2

J o f f e , P r o f es s o r , 1 2 0

John C. Fremont, S.S . , 34fn.

Johnson, Arthur, 236

INDEX

J o l i o t - C u r i e , F r e d e r i c , 1 1 5

Jones, Brigadier General Junius W . ,

193,251

Kaldalaksha, 22

Kamensk-Urlaski, 37

Kane, Captain Frederick J . , 5 6

Kasenkina, Mme., 77

Kashirstroi (Russian steamship),

105

Kavanagh, Captain, 115fn .

Kazakh Republic, 119

Kearney, Bernard W . , 9 , 2 6 4 , 2 6 6

Khimuchin, Engineer, 263

K i r i l o v, 1 2 0 - 1 2 1

K i r o v e l e c t r i c a l p l a n t , 1 2 0

Kitchingman, Lieutenant Colonel

Raymond F . F ., 64

Knerr, Hugh J ., 63

Knowland, William F . , 2 2 0

Koenig, Colonel, 23

Kojevnicov, Engeny, 91

Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 208

"Kosciuszko League," 208

Kotikov, Colonel Anatoli N . , 5 , 6 ,

2 1 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 6 , 4 7 , 4 9 ,

5 0 , 5 8 , 6 7 - 6 8 , 6 9 - 7 2 , 7 9 , 8 6 - 8 7 , 8 8 ,

9 0 - 9 4 , 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 5 ,

1 1 0 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 , 1 3 6 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 4 , 1 9 9 ,

2 0 0 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 7 , 2 4 2 , 2 5 2 ,

270

Kotikov, Mrs. Anatoli N. , 4 9 - 5 0 ,

9 0 - 9 1 , 2 5 2

Kravchenko, Victor A . , 8 , 2 5 7 - 2 6 7

Kuibeyshev, 41

Kukay, John, 111

L a d d F i e l d , 4 8 , 5 5 , 6 0 , 6 5 , 2 0 6

La Guardia Airport, 23, 29

Harrison,

Hart, Harvey,

Hazard,

Heide, Captain,

H i s s , A l g e r,

84

John

7 7 - 7 8 ,

246-247

Newbold,

6 1

222-223

193

H i t l e r , A d o l f , 268

Hoover, J. E d ga r, 2 9 , 2 3 9

Hopkins, Harry, 8 - 9, 10 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 ,

3 0 - 3 1 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 8 , 80-84, 9 0 ,

9 2 - 9 4 , 9 6 , 9 8 , 1 2 1 - 1 2 4 , 1 30 , 13 2 ,

135, 139, 140fn. , 2 1 5 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 7 ,

2 4 9 , 2 5 1 , 2 5 6 , 2 6 8 - 2 7 0



INDEX

Lane, Arthur Bliss, 216

Lange, Oscar Richard, 198-199, 203,

206-207, 209, 214-216

Leather goods, sent to Russia, 172-

173

Lenin, 216

Leningrad, 120

Lewis, Fulton, Jr. , 6 , 7 8 f n . , 8 6 , 1 11 ,

119, 137, 236, 239, 240, 241, 243,

2 4 4 , 2 4 5 , 2 4 9 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 3 , 2 5 4 , 2 5 6

Library of Congress, 128

Life, 116

Litvinov, 30

Lomakin, Yakov M. , 7 7 , 2 6 5

Long Island Daily Press, 6

Lugt, Colonel Vander, 193

Lynch, Colonel . Frank C. , 2 4 6

McCann, Marcus, 245-246

McCoach, Major General David, Jr . ,

201

McFarland, Lieutenant Colonel J .

D. , 2 5 3

MacArthur, General Douglas, 34

MacDaniel Trucking Company, 105

Machine tools, sent to Russia, 152-

154

Machines, sent to Russia, 152-154

Mackay, A. D., I nc . , 1 0 7

Magnitogorsk, 37

Makeev, Petre, 264fn .

Malik, Jacob A. , 2 6 0

Malik-al-Ramil, Sultan, 200

Manhattan Engineering District, 33,

79,81

Manhattan Project, 79, 85-86, 96,

98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108,

116,118,120,121, 122,134

Manufacturers Chemical Co . , 1 0 7

Marshall, General, 199

Martin, Eldon, 11

Marzall, John, 137

Mensinger, Colonel, 51-52, 59

Meredith, Colonel Russell L . , 7, 43,

62-63, 234, 254

Merritt, Dr. P h i l l i p L . , 1 0 6

Metals & metal manufactures, sent

to Russia, 143-149

Mikolajczyk, Stanislaus, 214, 215

Mikoyan, A . 1 . , 79 , 2 6 1 - 2 6 2 , 2 6 4

M i l i t a r y I n t e l l i g e n c e , 9 f n . , 1 9 6

Miller, Brigadier General Lester T . ,

47

"Million Dollar Valley, The," 53

Milwaukee (cruiser), 126fn .

Minneapolis Star, The, 192

Miscellaneous items, sent to Russia,

180-191

Molotov, Vyacheslaff M . , 3 0 - 3 1 , 3 8 ,

7 9 , 2 0 7 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 1

Money plates, 217-233

Moore, William C . , 1 1 3

Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. , 2 2 5 , 2 2 6 ,

2 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 3

Morgenthau Plan, 223, 232

Morphine, 69, 70, 75

Mortimer, Captain Robert P. , 5 8 , 5 9

Moscow, 41

Motole, USS, 243

Moynihan, John F . , 1 0 3

Munitions, 125-126

Murmansk, 22

National Airport, 218

National Catholic Welfare Confer-

ence, 209



2 3 0 - 2 3 1 , 2 3 2 1 0 3 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3

282 INDEX

Nelson, Donald M., 132

Neoprene, 139

New York Times, 43

Petroleum Products, 127

P h o t o gr a p h i c s u p p l i e s , s e n t t o Rus-

s i a , 1 7 9 - 1 8 0

Newark Airport, 5, 21 23, 25, 28,

2 9 , 3 3 , 3 7 , 4 2 , 1 0 3

Pilkington, Georgianna, 241

Piskounov, Major General S. A ., 32

Newark News, 103

N i c o l a i e v , G e o r g e s , 9 1

Nixon, Senator Richard M . , 6 - 8

N i z h n i - T a c i l , 3 7

North Portland, Oregon, 105

Pius XII, Pope, 213

Plutonium, 114, 116

P o c a t e l l o , I d a h o , 4 5

Pokryshkin, Colonel Alexander, 72

P o l an d , 1 9 8 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 4 , 2 1 5

Norton, Royall Edward, 243-245

Nova Marinsk, 206

Novikov, Field Marshal A . , 7 2

Novo-Sibirsk, 37

Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 81, 91, 99,

108

Poole, Dr. Robert F. , 2 4 3

Port Hope, Ontario, 99

Potsdam Conference, 269

P r e g e l , B o r i s , 1 1 6

Protoactinium, 118

Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, 240

Ogden, Utah, 45

O'Hare, Sergeant, 60

Quebec Conference, 232

Radar, 247, 249

O i l s , s e n t t o R u s s i a , 1 7 7 - 1 7 8

O'Leary, Most Rev. Thomas M. ,

205,213

Radio Moscow, 208

Radium, 34fn. , 1 1 9

Randers, Gunnar, 119

Omsk, 37

O'Neill, Colonel George F., 87, 192 ,

251,252

Rasnoimport, 112

Ready, Right Rev. Monsignor Mi-

c h a e l J . , 2 0 9

O r l e m an s k i , F a t h e r S t a n i s l a u s , 1 9 8 -

216

Reid, Major Paul, 200

R e s i n s , s e n t t o R u s s i a , 1 7 7 - 1 7 8

Oxalate, 36

Paige, Colonel H. R a y , 4 4 , 1 9 2

Panama Canal Commission, 76

Rich, Colonel William L ., 10

Rickenbacker, Captain "Eddie," 28

Roberts, Private George F ., -247

248

Panyushkin, Georgy, 260

Parker, Major Perry W. , 2 4 8

P a t e n t O f f i c e , U .S . , 136-137

Rockefeller Foundation, 199

Rodzevitch, .Eugene, 32, 33

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10, 72,

Patrinkoff, Dr. , 1 3 7 - 1 3 9 80fn. , 8 6 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 2 , 1 9 6 , 2 0 2 ,

P a v l o v , i n t e r p r e t e r , 2 0 7 2 1 5 , 2 3 2 , 2 6 9

Petersen, Howard C. , 2 1 9 - 2 2 0 , 2 2 5 , Rosenberg, Hermann H, 9 9 , 1 0 0 ,



INDEX

Rostartchouk, Alexander, 263

Rounds, Colonel H . E . , 1 4 0 f n .

Royce, General Ralph, 39

Rubber, synthetic, 138-139

Rubber commodities, sent to Russia,

158-159

Rubber Reserve Corporation, 138-

139

Rudenko, Lieutenant General

Leonid G . , 1 07 , 2 5 9 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 2

Rush, Captain Arthur C . , 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 4 ,

60,61

Russian Aid Rally, 31

Rykounin, Leonid, 91

Salisbury, Harrison E . , 2 0 2 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2

Sayre, 77, 77fn .

Seattle, Washington, 41

Seeds, sent to Russia, 176-177

Scrgeiev, Nina, 264fn .

S e r ge i e v , V a s s i l i , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5

Serov, General, 259, 261, 262

Shattuck, S. W., Chemical Co., 100,

103,114

Sherwood, Robert E ., 80fn. , 1 2 2 ,

132

Shields, Mayor Ed, 42

Shipley, Mrs. Ruth B . , 2 0 9 - 2 1 0 -

Shipments, list of, 141-191

Shumovsky, Colonel Stanislau, 137

Smyth, Dr. Henry DeWolf, 114,

115,119-120, 235

Soviet Consulate in New York, 201,

202

Soviet Embassy (Washington), 25,

108, 228, 231

Soviet Purchasing Commission, 8,

32, 55, 69, 72, 91, 99, 103-104,

283

106-107, 112, 113, 115, 118, 257,

2 5 9 , 2 6 0 - 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 5

S p i e s , 6 6

Stalin, Joseph, 38, 39, 72, 79, 108-

109, 123, 129, 199, 201-203, 205,

207-209, 211-213, 214-215, 216,

262,268-270

Stalingrad, 35, 39

Standards, Bureau of, 81

Starkie, Major John C. , 2 5 0

State, Department of, 9fn . , 77-78,

8 6 , 9 9 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 7 , 1 3 9 , 1 9 2 - 1 9 7 , 1 9 8 ,

201, 203, 209, 216, 219, 220, 225,

226-227, 260, 263, 268

S t e e l , s e n t t o R u s s i a , 1 4 9 - 1 5 2

Stettinius, Edward R, Jr. , 12 1 - 1 2 2 ,

263fn.

Stevens, .John Frank, 11

Stimson, Henry L, 86, 1 0 6 , 1 1 5 , 2 3 2

Stokes, Richard L . , 11

Stratemeyer, Major General E ., 64

Strontium, 118

Strontium nitrate, 36

Stuart Oxygen Co . , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3

Sulphuric acid, 111, 114

Superintendent of Documents, 128

Surikov (steamship), 247

Sverdlovsk, 37

Szilard, Leo, 116, 119

Tail Winds, 28

Tanana River, 57

Tannu-Tuva, 119

Tass Agency, 76, 208

Tavenner, Frank S ., Jr. , 1 0 5 f n ., 2 57,

261-263,266-267

Teheran Conference, 198

Terre Haute, Indiana, 105



284

Texas Company, The, 36

Thorium, 34, 34fn . , 1 1 8

Treasury, Department of, 67, 95,

132, 217-233

War, Department of, 87, 133-134,

198, 210, 213, 219, 220, 225, 230,

249

War Production Board, 99, 100,

From Major Jordans Diaries-George Racey Jordan With Richard L Stokes-1952-269pgs POL

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Transcript of From Major Jordans Diaries-George Racey Jordan With Richard L Stokes-1952-269pgs POL