From Kitchen to Local Government: Understanding the challenges of local women political leader
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Transcript of From Kitchen to Local Government: Understanding the challenges of local women political leader
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Team mates
Tazlina Zamila KhanID: 15162004
Muhammad Rakib Hossain ID: 14262002
Shafayet Hossain ID: 14362002
Shangma BipulID: 14262020
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From Kitchen to Local Government: Understanding the challenges of local
women political leaders
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Women’s participation in politics
Traditionally women in our country are deprived of the right of decision-making and of effective political participation. Their roles have been identified as secondary. Their potentiality remains largely unrecognized and contributions are mostly unpaid.
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What our national leaders say?
“Women candidate could not survive in the election politics of violence and money. Moreover, the popular belief is that nominating a women for a seat is the other name of losing it” (2001)
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Participation & Empowerment
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Participation
Norman Uphoff a. Participation in decision making in
identifying problems, formulating alternative planning activities, allocating resources etc.
b. Participation in implementation in
carrying out activities, managing and operating programs.
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c. Participation in economic, social, political or other benefits individually or collectively.
d. Participation in evaluation of the activity and its outcomes for feedback purposes.
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Vanessa - a. Having control or gaining further control;b. Having a say and being listened to;c. Being able to define and create from women’s perspective;d. Being able to influence social choices and decision affecting the whole society;e. Being recognized and respected as equal citizens in human beings with a contribution to make.
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The capacity to analyse, organise and mobilise. This results in the collective action that is needed for collective change. It is often related to a rights-based approach to empowerment and the empowering of citizens to claim their rights and entitlements (Piron and Watkins, 2004).
Political empowerment
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A framework developed by Longwe (1991) provides some useful distinctions between different degrees of empowerment (with the numbered list below moving up towards increased empowerment):
• 1. The welfare ‘degree’: where basic needs are satisfied. This does not necessarily require structural causes to be addressed and tends to view those involved as passive recipients.
• 2. The access ‘degree’: where equal access to education, land and credit is assured.
• 3. The awareness-raising ‘degree’: where structural and institutional discrimination is addressed.
• 4. The participation and mobilisation ‘degree’: where the equal taking of decisions is enabled.
• 5. The control ‘degree’: where individuals can make decisions and these are fully recognised.
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Dimensions of power
Power Over: ability to influence and coerce
Power To: organise and change existing hierarchies
Power With: increased power from collective action
Power from Within: increased individual consciousness
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Constitution of the People’sRepublic of Bangladesh
Article 59(1) “Local Government in everyadministrative unit of the Republic shall be entrusted to bodies composed of persons elected in accordance with
law”
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Related articles • Article 10 : Steps shall be taken to ensure
participation of women in all spheres of national life.
• Article 19 (1): The State shall endeavor to ensure equality of opportunity to all citizens.
• Article 28 (1): The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
(2) : Women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of the State and of public life.
(4) : Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making special provision in favor of women or children or for the advancement of any backward section of citizens
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Provided direct elections to reserved seats for women in local level elections. It gave the structural framework for women’s participation in political decision making and provides an opportunity to bring women to the centre of local development and develop new grassroots level leadership.
Apart from the reserved seats, women can also contest for any of the general seats; previously, the process of selection of the women representatives was on the basis of nominations and or indirect elections.
A post of Vice Chairman in Upazilla Parishad has been created only for women.
The Local Government (Union Parishad) Second Amendment Act 1997 of Bangladesh
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Women in Local Government
Local government
Urban
City Corporation (11)
Pouroshova(284)
Rural
Zila Parishad (64)
Upazila Parishad (482)
Union Parishad (4451)
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Union Parishad
largest level of local governmentwomen can contest in general seats, and
in addition 3 seats are reserved In 1997 women's winning rates for the
chair 22.5% and general member 24 %But 2003, chair 9.5% and general 13.8%In 2011 only 22 out of 225 women
candidates (9.8 %) could win in the chair posts in the UP elections.
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Upazila Parishad
The RPO 2008 provides for two elected vice chairpersons in the second level of local elected bodies, one of which has to be a woman.
2009, 481 women vice chairpersons were elected in reserved seats and only 3 women were elected directly as chairman.
2014, out of 487 Upazillas, elections were held in 458 in which a total of 1507 women took part.
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City Corporation and Pouroshabha
10 to 30 seats are reserved for women depending upon the size in each of the six city corporations and 223 municipal bodies known as the Pouroshabha.
Bangladesh has one female City Mayor in Narayanganj
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Lets have a look over
the situation
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Union Parishad
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Dhaka Tribune March 16, 2014
• The participation of female politicians in the decision making levels in all political parties have remained at around 2%, even though the law stipulates at least 33% participation of women in all committees, including the executive committee, according to data collected Narir Joy Sobar Joy campaign.
• As per the 2009 RPO Act, all political parties must have 33% of women participation in all committees, including the executive committee, before 2020.
• Seeking anonymity “We are working for our party but no one recognizes us as politicians. When they think of a representative for an area, they always choose male candidates,” said a female politician, who tried to bag a party nomination in the recent elections.
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Daily star March 20, 2014
Women's share in party leadership abysmal: Report
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What’s stopping them?
Ideological and
psychological
Socio-economic
Political
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3Ms as major obstacle
Money Man Masculine
Political hindrance:
Lack of party support such as limited financial support for female candidateLack of contacts and co-operation with other public organisation such as trade unions and women’s groups
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Barriers to Women’s Participation in Local
Government Imbalance in the ratio of men and
women – Women limited scope to influence decisions
Rise in recent political violence
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Barriers to Women’s Participation in Local
Government Lack of clarity in the constitution on
the role of women in local government
Patriarchal system, ideology and practice
Male-biased environment - women cannot give attention to their issues
Lower educational achievements and prevalence of social norms
Lack of nomianation
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• Lack of financial resources/Poverty
• The duel burden of domestic work and professional obligations
• Lack of transport problem
• Family and society’s support
• Sexual identity• Negative perception on
women• Pre-determined social
role assigned to men and women
• Women participation on politics seen as “dirty”
• The way in which women are portrayed in the media
Socio-economic barriers
Ideological and psychological
hindrance
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Let’s go
through
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Rokeya Sultana elected member from Shikdar
Para Village under Cox’s Bazar
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Encouraged to take part in UP electionElected but faced many hurdlesOpposition tried to convince with threat and
other means to withdraw candidature“I was not given any development work in my
area although elected. I assured my people that I would play a role to develop the constituency and social net activity”
“If I cannot play my role what is the point of getting elected to Union Parishad ?” (New Age 2012)
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“We are losing our popularity as the UCs do not allow us to work for people who voted us to
power ” (Chowdhury 2009)
The UP male leaders do
not invite them to UP
meeting or if they are
invited the meeting are
scheduled at night so
that they can’t take part
(Shehabuddin 2008)
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One study finds women were given the tasks related to family planning, cottage craft, education and women and children’s affairs.
They are also expected to deal with the women in the community, NOT THE MEN
Most of the women don’t have any committee assignment at all
Shefali et al. 2005
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Survey Data Women’s Experience of Corruption: Lessons from Two Unions of Bangladesh (March 2015)
Women UP members reported that they were compelled to give signatures on blank cheques as the Chair of the Standing Committee on Development.
A survey on representation and violence against women in politics in Bangladesh (March 2009)
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Respondent 302… half of them Women 48.6 percent agreed about violence
against women in politics resultinga) Threatb) Divorcedc) Police harassment d) Mental stress from familye) Lack of transportation…security
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RecommendationsTraining and sensitization of the male representatives is a very important requirement for ensuring women's empowerment in the local government structures of the country More nomination to female candidate More emphasis on 33% women participation in all committees Mass awareness Grassroots level training programs and involvement of the national leadersDecentralizationWomen should be given various opportunities for leadership training, training regarding the activities of Union Parishad and education in order to encourage them to take up political and leadership position. Supportive services should be provided to allow women to participate in these training courses
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Lailufar Yasmin Mam
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Reference1. ''WOMEN'S POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT IN BANGLADESH PROSPECTS AND
CHALLENGES'' by Brochure-Aparajita-29.09.2014.2. ''WOMEN, PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT:
BANGLADESH UNION PARISHAD PERSPECTIVE'' by MD. MOSTAFIZUR RAHMAN KHAN FARDAUS ARA in Asian Affairs, Vol. 29, No. 1 :73-00, January-March, 2006
3. A survey on representation and violence against women in politics in Bangladesh on March 2009 by DemocracyWatch
4. Strengthen Local Government Towards Deepening Democracy, Annual Report July 2012-June 2013, Bangladesh Mahila Parishad
5. The Nature of Political Empowerment and Gender in Local Governance: A Comparative Study of Dhaka City Corporation and Narayangonj Municipality by Farhana Zaman
6. The Impact of Women’s Political Leadership on Democracy and Development by Commonwealth Secretariat, Farah Deeba Chowdhury, Margaret Wilson, Colleen Lowe Morna, Mukayi Makaya Magarangom
7. Women’s Experience of Corruption: Lessons from Two Unions of Bangladesh by TIB, March 12, 2015
8. Understanding the Local Power Structure in Rural Bangladesh by David Lewis and Abul Hossain
9. Understanding and operationalising empowerment by Cecilia Luttrell and Sitna Quiroz, with Claire Scrutton and Kate Bird, November 2009, Overseas Development Institute