From Genes to Proteins
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Transcript of From Genes to Proteins
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Nucleic acids:– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Monomers: ‘Nucleotide’– 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)– Phosphate group– Nitrogen base (cytosine, guanine, thymine,
cytosine)
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Phosphorus• Sugar-Phosphate backbone
Nitrogen base pairs with the complementary base
Double Helix
Base pairing rules:– G pairs with C– T with A
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Same structure except:– 5-carbon sugar is ribose– Uracil replaces thymine – Single stranded, not
double stranded
Types– mRNA (messenger)– rRNA (ribosomal)– tRNA (transfer)
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Segments of DNA contain genes
Genes • information to code for
the production of polypeptides
• on the surface of the ribosome.
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Before a proteins can be built: – DNA must undergo replication
–Helicase separates the strands of DNA–DNA polymerase assembles the nucleotides
Occurs during Interphase• S-Phase
Replicate this strand of DNA– AAGCCGTTA
–Animation
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Information from DNA must be transported to the ribosomes
DNA unwinds and is copied by RNA– mRNA
mRNA moves out of the nucleus (pores) and attaches to the ribosomes
Transcribe this stretch of DNA– AAA TGC
•Animation•Animation II
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Pre-mRNA will lose non-coding sequences called introns– ‘junk DNA’
Information codes for polypeptide (protein)– Exon
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Amino acids • assembled on the surface of a
ribosome
Amino acids • tRNA binds an amino acid• In cytoplasm
tRNA bonds with sequences in the mRNA• codons– anticodon on tRNA bonds with
codon on mRNA
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The codon sequences of mRNA may be translated into amino acids using the genetic code
Always read from the mRNA!
Translate: • AUG CAC GUU GGU
•Animation
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A single stand of mRNA can produce hundreds of the same polypeptide in a short period of time.