From Cognition to Emotion: An Overview of OCCAndreas.Herzig/Org/WsSintelnet12/Slides/Ortony.pdf ·...

From Cognition to Emotion: An Overview of OCC

Andrew Ortony

Northwestern University

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Cognition

Individual Attitudes

Ultra-simple Model

Cognitive Foundations

Group Attitudes and Social Interactions

of

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Simple Model

Individual Attitudes

Group Attitudes and Social Interactions

Cognition

Differentiated Affect

Undifferentiated Affect

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Affect . . . .

has to do with value—valence: positive-negative, good-bad, beneficial-harmful, etc.

more general than emotion: includes feelings, moods, preferences, attitudes, as well as emotions

can be undifferentiated or differentiated

• simple good-bad, positive-negative feelings

• more complex feelings, elaborated with meaning

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Everything important in our lives is affectively colored

Key issue concerns affective or emotional rather than cognitive foundations

Most affective coloring has cognitive content or cognitive antecedents, i.e., it is emotional

But we can explore the foundational role of cognition in emotion

Attitudes are affectively tinged (i.e., evaluative) beliefs

Affect . . . .

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Attitudes are valenced beliefs—emotional foundations

Emotions vs. Attitudes • Feelings vs. dispositions to feel

• Except for “sacred” values, attitudes can change

Emotions also drive social interactions

So, we need a theory of the cognition-emotion relation

Best candidates are “appraisal” theories: emotions result from appraising (evaluating) events or things

Affect in Attitudes and Social Interaction

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Different appraisal theories, different foci

Specificity at level of individual emotions

Serious attention to emotional coping

Serious attention to emotional intensity

Serious attention to motivation-emotion connection

Serious attention to temporal trajectory issues

Amenable to implementation

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Different appraisal theories, different foci

e.g., Rainer Reisenzein and Stacy Marsella (and Gratch)

• Reisenzein’s CBDTE: Computational Belief-Desire Theory of Emotion1 focus on desires (motivation) rather than appraisals (beliefs)

• Gratch & Marsella’s EMA: Emotion and Adaptation2 attends to change over time

In computational contexts, most widely used is OCC

1. Reisenzein, R. (2009). Emotional experience in the Computational Belief-Desire Theory of Emotion. Emotion Review, 1, 214-222.

2. Inspired by Lazarus, as in Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. (1990). Emotion and Adaptation. In Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality: theory and research (pp. 609-637). NY: Guilford Press, and Clark Elliott’s Affective Reasoner, based on OCC.

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Different appraisal theories, different foci: OCC foci

Specificity at level of individual emotions

Serious attention to emotional coping

Serious attention to emotional intensity

Serious attention to motivation-emotion connection

Serious attention to temporal trajectory issues

Amenable to implementation

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So, what is OCC?

Andrew Ortony

Gerald Clore

Allan Collins

The cognitive structure of emotions.

New York: Cambridge University Press (1988).

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Who does what, and where, with OCC?

Formalized in BDI logic – right here in Toulouse!

Sentiment analysis – Tokyo

Embodied artificial characters – Eindhoven

3D virtual characters – China

Integrating with WordNet – Trento

Affect perception in educational software – Greece

Agents making moral decisions – London

All sorts of stuff at DFKI – Saarbrücken • OCC + emotion + DFKI > 6000 hits!

• OCC + emotion > 430,000 hits

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What is an emotion?

• Cognitive-interpretive component appraisal of the world in self-relevant terms

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Much disagreement, but three main components

OCC view:

• Valenced reaction to a construal of environment

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Subjective-Experiential

Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/

Norms/Standards/Principles/

Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component

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What is an emotion?


• Somatic component: ANS and bodily effects

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OCC view:


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Component



Tastes/Attitudes


Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/

Sweating/Piloerection/

Butterflies

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What is an emotion?


• Somatic component: ANS and bodily effects

• Motivational-behavioral component: inclinations to act (or not), and actual actions (or inactions)

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OCC view:


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Component



Tastes/Attitudes


Motivational-Behavioral

Component

Urges/Inclinations/Actions/

Facial Expressions/Laughing/

Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/


Butterflies

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Component



Tastes/Attitudes



Component



Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/


Butterflies

. . . all interacting . . .

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Component



Tastes/Attitudes



Component



Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/


Butterflies

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. . . the subjective-experiential component, the subjective feeling of beliefs, desires, sensations, etc.

. . . all interacting to give . . .

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. . . what we think of as the experienced emotion. . .

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Component



Tastes/Attitudes



Component



Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/


Butterflies

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Component



Tastes/Attitudes


OCC is about the cognitive-interpretive component

• appraisal of the world in self-relevant terms

• mental representations that underlie emotions • factors that influence intensity

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different kinds of concerns relate to different kinds of representations

• goals, standards, tastes

“cognitive” does not mean conscious

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OCC main claims

different kinds of representations underlie (three) different classes of emotions

• motivational (goals), moral (standards), aesthetic (tastes)

people appraise the world in terms of their concerns • my concerns ≠ your concerns

start with appraisals, not emotion words

emotion intensity must be taken seriously

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Overall structure of emotion types

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appraised in terms of

joy distress

hope fear

relief

disappointment

etc. _____________ GOAL-BASED

EMOTIONS

anger gratitude

gratification

remorse

etc. _____________

COMPOUND EMOTIONS

pride shame

admiration reproach

etc. _____________ NORM-BASED

EMOTIONS

love hate

etc. _____________ TASTE-BASED

EMOTIONS

EVENTS, AGENTS, OR OBJECTS elicitors

representations

emotions

desirability praiseworthiness appealingness

goals (for events)

norms/standards (for agents’ actions)

tastes/attitudes (for objects)

criteria

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The least cognitively differentiated group

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HOPE EMOTIONS

TYPE SPECIFICATION: (pleased about) the prospect of a desirable event

TOKENS: anticipatory excitement, looking forward to, hope, etc.

VARIABLES AFFECTING INTENSITY:

(1) the desirability of the event

(2) The likelihood of the event

IF PROSPECT(p, e, t) AND DESIRE (p, e, t) > 0

THEN set HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) = f(|DESIRE (p, e, t)| , LIKELIHOOD (p, e, t))

IF HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) > HOPE-THRESHOLD (p, t)

THEN set HOPE-INTENSITY (p, e, t) =

HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) – HOPE-THRESHOLD (p, t)

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DISAPPOINTMENT EMOTIONS

TYPE SPECIFICATION: (displeased about) the disconfirmation of the prospect of a desirable event

(i.e., a bad feeling about something potentially positive that didn’t transpire)

TOKENS: dashed hopes, despair, disappointment, frustration, heartbroken, etc.

VARIABLES AFFECTING INTENSITY:

(1) the intensity of the attendant hope emotion

(2) the effort expended in trying to attain the event

(3) the degree to which the event was realized

IF HOPE (p, e, t) > 0 AND BELIEVE (p, not (e), t2)

THEN set DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) =

f(|HOPE (p, e, t), EFFORT (p, e), REALIZATION (e, t2), Ig (p, e, t2)|)

IF DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) > DISAPPOINTMENT-THRESHOLD (p, t2)

THEN set DISAPPOINTMENT-INTENSITY (p, e, t2) =

DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) – DISAPPOINTMENT-THRESHOLD (p, t2)

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Ultimately, emotions are different ways of feeling good or bad, for example:

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feeling good about . . . feeling bad about . . .

… something positive (pleased, etc.)

… someone/thing appealing or attractive (liking, loving)

… something negative (displeased, etc.) t

a

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… someone/thing unappealing or unattractive (disliking, hating)

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… something potentially positive (hope)

… something potentially negative that didn’t transpire(relief)


… something negative (displeased, etc.)

… something potentially negative (fear, anxiety, etc.)

… something potentially positive that didn’t transpire (disappointment)

g

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b

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… something potentially positive (hope)

… something potentially negative that didn’t transpire(relief)

… a self-initiated praiseworthy act (pride, gratification)

… an other-initiated praiseworthy act (gratitude, admiration)


… something negative (displeased, etc.)

… something potentially negative (fear, anxiety, etc.)

… something potentially positive that didn’t transpire (disappointment)

… a self-initiated blameworthy act (remorse, self-anger, shame, etc.)

… an other-initiated blameworthy act (anger, reproach, etc.)

g

o

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b

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Intensity

OCC proposes two kinds of intensity variables

• Global: Can affect the intensity of any emotion, e.g.,

sense of reality

surprisingness

• Local: Only affect the intensity of particular emotion groups, e.g.,

event likelihood (prospect-based emotions)

deservingness (fortunes-of-others)

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Some Final Thoughts

Notion of basic emotions not helpful (feeling good or bad)

Surprisingness not a basic emotion, not an emotion at all

• not intrinsically valenced

• it can affect the intensity of all emotions

• what effects its own intensity?

Interesting questions about individual differences

before, during, and after an emotion

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Front end: Different construals of the world • some perceive threat were others don’t • some perceive humor where others perceive insult • different sensitivities to cues for punishment and reward

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During: Different likelihoods of emotional experience and intensity • people differ in emotional volatility • different thresholds for emotional experience

Back end: Emotion regulation and coping • people differ in their ability to mange their emotions • people differ in their ability to manage the emotion-inducing

situation

Individual differences before, during, and after

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Thank You

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From Cognition to Emotion: An Overview of OCCAndreas.Herzig/Org/WsSintelnet12/Slides/Ortony.pdf ·...

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