Frog Farm Faq
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TheFrogFarmFAQMarch4th,1994
"Lawsaremadeforus;wearenotmadeforthelaws."-WilliamMilonoff
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
1....Introduction2....Disclaimer3....RevisionHistory4....ListofTopics5....ActualTopics
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INTRODUCTION
ThepurposeoftheFrogFarmistodiscussissueswhichinvolveaFreePeopleandtheirPublicServants,andhowtodealwiththevariousproblemsthatcanarisebetweenafreepersonwhoexercisesanddemandsRightsanderrantpublic
servantswhoexceedthescopeoftheirpowers.TopicscoveredincludetherightsofManandsubsequentobligations,thenatureofthecontractforgovernment,theFederalandStateConstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesandtheirAmendments,varioustypesofJurisdiction,anddefendingrightsinthecourtroom.
Thenewsgroupalt.society.sovereignhasrecently(May1993)becomerelativelyactiverecentlyinprovidingrelevantinformation.Thoseinterestedinthetopicspresentedarehighlyencouragedtothoroughlyreadthisdocumentbeforepostingorrequestingsubscriptionstothemailinglist.
TheFrogFarm'sFAQisuniqueamongFAQ'sinthattheanswersconsistof
informationderivedalmostentirelyfromasinglesource,thatbeingthecourtsofthefiftyStatesandthefederalSupremeCourt(andthustheonlyauthoritativesourceregardingthesubjectmatter).Theinformationinquestionisalsointheformoflegalcitations,ratherthanaquestionandanswerformat.TheSupremeCourtandthelesserappellatecourtshaverepeatedlyruledonmanypoints,andthesearerightfullydescribedas"wellsettled".Unfortunately,mostofthetimethisestablishedlawgoesunusedoutoffearorignorance.
TheFrogFarmisaclearinghouseforallinformationregardingdefendingone'srightsinthecourtroomsofAmerica.WiththerecentexpansionsoftheInternet'ssizeandscope,andthemillionsofparticipantsnowdiscoveringitsvast,untappedpotentialwhichisevennowstrugglingtothrowoffthe
lastvestigesofitsgovernmentalumbilicalcords,itishopedthatthisinformationwillfindanappreciativeaudience.
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DISCLAIMER
TheFrogFarmwascreatedtoprovideparticipantswithaforumwithwhichtosharetheirfindingsandopinionsbasedonresearchandanalysisofthesubjectmattercovered,drawingfrompersonalexperiencewhereapplicable.
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Informationisnotprovidedforthepurposeofprovidinglegaloranyotherprofessionalservices,whichcanonlybeprovidedbyprofessionals.Thematerialwrittenbythehostandotherprivateparticipantsonthismessagebaseisnotintendedtobeconstruedaslegaladvice.Informationcontainedhereinthatmaypertaintotaxorlegalsituationsisforinformationalordescriptivepurposesonlyandnoattempttoadviseisintendedorimplied.Informationrelativetosuchareasmaybeusedincooperationwithcompetentjuristsorotherwiseatthediscretionofthereader.Asthereisalwaysanelementofris inexercisinganddefendingone'slawfulrightsregardlessofthecountryonechoosestolivein,neitherthemoderator,authorofanypostedmessageortheadministratorofanysiteinvolvedinthetransmissionofanymessagesposted,assumesanyresponsibilityorliabilityforanylossordamageincurredeitherdirectlyorindirectly,asaconsequenceoftheuseofanyinformationhereinprovidedthroughtheFrogFarm.
Allinformationprovidedisapplicable,firstly,onlytothoselivingwithinthegeographicalboundariesofoneofthefiftyStatesofNorthAmerica.(ThoselivinginothercountrieswouldbewelladvisedtoeducatetheirfriendsandneighborsregardingAmerica'suniquelegalfoundation,andperhapsloo intothepossibilityofmovinghere.)
Afterthat,whetherornotyoucanexerciseanddefendRightswilldependonwhetherornotyouhavethefollowingthings:
oPencilandpaper.Atypewriterhelps;acomputermayalso.oAccesstoagoodlawdictionary.(Bouvier'sisthebest;useBlac 'sonlyifyouhavenootherchoice.)oTheabilitytocompetentlyreadandwriteatleast10%oftheEnglishlanguage.oThewilltolearn,changeyourStatusappropriatelyanddefendyourposition.Thefirstismuchmoreeasilyacquiredthantheothers.
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REVISIONHISTORY
1.0:ReleasedMay10,1993.Uploadedtouglymouse.css.itd.umuch.eduin/pub/Politics/FrogFarm.
1.1:ReleasedJuly4th,1993.AddednewinformationonJurisdictionandVenue;miscellaneouscleaningupandreorganizing.
1.2:ReleasedSeptember1st,1993.Cleanedupandreorganizedabitmore;addednewcitationsontheFirstAmendmentandCivilLiability;addedfirst-everFrequentlyAs edQuestion,towit,"Whythehec isitcalledtheFrogFarm?"
1.21:October28th,1993.FTPhostisnowetext.archive.umich.eduinthe
directory/pub/Legal/FrogFarm.
1.3:Betaversion,November1st,1993.Addedasecondactualtraditionalquestion-and-answer,somemorecitationsandanewsectionon"JudgmentProofing".
1.4:March25th,1994.Addedoversixtycitationsonvarioustopics;reorganizedandrelabeledtopicheaders;addedsectionson"Strategy","Property"and"Boo s".
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LISTOFTOPICS
Thebestwaytoviewthisfileistosearchforagivenstring.Eachentryinthelistoftopicsshowswhatstringyoushouldsearchforinordertofindthebeginningofeachtopicentry.Alltopicsarelistedintheordertheyarepresentedin.
TofindinformationaboutSearchforthis--------------------------------------------------------------------SOWHYTHEHECKISITCALLEDTHEFROGFARM,ANYWAY?:whyfrogWHATSHOULDIDOIFI'MARRESTED?:arrestJUDGMENTPROOFING:jproofBASICOVERALLSTRATEGY:stratPUBLICSERVANT'SQUESTIONAIRE:psqASHWANDERRULES:QUALIFYINGFORTHESUPREMECOURT:ashwandWHATISPROPERTYANDWHYISITSOIMPORTANT?:propertyRIGHTTOTRAVELVS.PRIVILEGETODRIVE:driveRIGHTSOFJURIES,ANDRIGHTTOJURYTRIAL:juryRIGHTSOFINDIVIDUALSVS.RIGHTSOFTHESTATE:stateSOMEFOURTHAMENDMENTSPECIFICCASES:4th
SOMEFIFTHAMENDMENTCASES:5thHALEVS.HENKEL:INDIVIDUALSARESOVEREIGN:haleWHATISSOVEREIGNTYANDWHOARESOVEREIGNS?:sovWHATISJURISDICTIONANDWHATAREITSLIMITS?:jurisWHATISMONEY?:moneySOMEQUICKNOTESONTHE2NDAMENDMENT:2ndINCOMETAXATIONANDTHEINFERNALREVENUESERVICE:irsWHATABOUTTHEFIRSTAMENDMENT?:1stTHERIGHTOFPARENTALEDUCATIONOFCHILDREN:educateMISCELLANEOUS:miscFORFURTHERREADINGONTHESEANDOTHERTOPICS...:boo s
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TOPICS
:whyfrog
Thereisatale,possiblyapocryphalormetaphorical,attributedbymosttoMar Twain,ofhowtocoo afrog.Ifyoudropafroginapotofboilingwater,sothestorygoes,he'lljumprightbac outjustasquic ly.Butifyouputhiminapotofcoldwater,andslowlyheatitup,he'llstayrightthere...untilit'stoolate,andhe'sboiledalive.
Thetaleisusuallymentionedinthecontextofgradualism,orthetendencyofgovernmenttoalwaysincreaseitspowerattheexpenseofthegoverned.
Aboutfouryearsago,Imetsomeoneonanelectronicbulletinboardwhocalledhimself"FrogFarmer",whointroducedmetothetopicsdiscussedherein.(AlthoughIusethemasculine,itshouldbenotedthatInevermetFFinperson,anditisequallyli
elyforFFtobefemale.)WhenIas
edhimwhyhechosethatparticularhandle,hetoldmetheabovestory.
Inhonorofhis/hertirelesssenseofhumor,andeverythings/heintroduced
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meto,thisFAQisdedicatedtohim/her.
:arrest
QUESTION:"WhatdoesFrogFarmeradvisethatIshoulddo(ornotdo)ifIamarrested--i.e.,whatcasesshouldIcite?WhatrightsshouldIdemand?Basically,whatshouldIsayandnotsay?"
ANSWER:Ananswertothesequestionsmightbeconstruedaslegaladvice.TheFrogFarmdoesnotprovidelegaladvice,nordoanyofitsparticipants,whomerelyspea fromtheirownexperienceand/or nowledge.
However,itispossibletobelesscrypticthanthis.
Thereisfartoomuchmaterialunderthisheadingtofithere,unlesscondensedgreatly.Anexamplemightbe:
-LearnhowtoreadandcomprehendapercentageoftheEnglishlanguage,asdescribedearlierinthisFAQ.
-Obtaintherelevantlawboo s(yourstate'sCodeofCivilProcedure,PenalCode,RulesofCourtandEvidenceCode,ortheappropriatefederalboo s
forafederalcase)andreadtherelevantsections.
-TypeupandsendConstructiveNoticesandNoticeofDishonortoallconcernedpartieswithin3daysofreceivingyourtic etorbeingarrested.
-Typeupsubpoenasforallarrestingofficersandthepersonwhosignedthecomplaintandscheduleamotionhearingwhereyouwillma eaMotionToQuashtheSummons,atwhichtimeyouobtainyourdepositionsfromthearrestingofficer.
Youshouldprepareyourlistofquestionstoas thewitnesseswhenyouhavethemonthestandatthemotionhearing.Theiranswerswillcausethejudgetodismissthecharges,ifyourquestionsaretherightones.Yourquestionshave
tobebaseduponthecodes,andtheanswerswillgotoshowthattheproceduresfollowedbythepolicewereallinvalidandthatthepersonsyousubpoenaedareallguiltyofperjury.Thebeautyofitisthatyoudon'tevenhavetotestifyyourself,andthecopsaresouneducatedinlawthattheywillnoteven nowthattheyareconvictingthemselvesoutoftheirownmouths.
However,thisONLYWORKSwhenthereisnoVICTIMorINJUREDPARTY.Italsoonlywor
swhenyouUNDERSTANDWHATTHEHECKYOUAREDOING,andarepreparedtoFOLLOWTHROUGHtotheutmost(seeWisconsinv.Yoder,summarizedbelow).Wewillassumethatthesetwoconditionsaretrue,forthepurposesofthisanswer.
Everyarrest,detention,stopandconfrontationwithgovernmentofficialsis
different,anditisimpossibletoimagine(inordertopretend)allthedifferentthingsthatmightbesaid,andwhen.Eachandeverysituationisunique,andthisiswhythequestioncannotbeanswered.However,ageneralconsensushasdeveloped,whichcanbesummarizedrelativelyeasilyasfollows:
-:-Neveras ,"AmIunderarrest?";rather,alwaysas ,"AmIfreetogo?".Anarrestisacertainprocedurethatmustmeetcertaincriteriainordertobedonelawfully.Youshouldnot"helpout"withyourownarrestbymerelyleavingituptothemtosay"Yes",butforcethoseresponsibletogothroughallofthedueprocessyoudemand.
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-:-Don'thasslepeopleaboutyourrights.Respecttheirpointofview,andwheretheyletyou,educatethemaboutthelaw.Ma eyourdemandswithaquietvoiceandafriendlysmile.Ifsomeoneisinsensitiveaboutyourrights,havethepatiencetowaituntilyougettothecourtroomtoreclaimthem.Alwaysbefriendly,regardlessofhowtheytreatyou...you'llgeteveninthecourtroom.Itcanbeveryris ytotheirfinancialhealthtoignoreorabuseyourrights.Butitcanjustaseasilyberis
ytoyourphysicalhealthifyouignoreorabusetheiroverlyinflatedsenseofimportance.There'snosenseintauntingbulls;justwaitforthemtogetoutofbreathchargingaroundbeforestic ingitto'em.
-:-Beforeas ingifyouarefreetogo,trytoascertainjustwhoitiswhoisaccostingyoubyas
ingtheiridentity.Iftheansweristhatit'sagovernmentagentofsome ind,as iftheywillfullyidentifythemselves.Theanswerisusually"yes",sopulloutyourPUBLICSERVANTQUESTIONAIRE(includedelsewhereinthisFAQ)andas themto indlyfillitout.Theywillusuallydecline,sooffertofillitoutforthemiftheywillanswerthequestions.Iftheyrefuse,informthemthattheirrefusaltofullyidentifythemselvesandcooperateinyourinvestigationwillbereportedtotheirsuperior,andsuggestatthattimethattheycallforbac -up,forseveralreasons:
1)Theyhaveviolatedyourrighttotherequestedinformation
2)Theyhaveproventhemselvesincompetenttounderstandthelaw3)Younowhavereasontodoubtwhatevertheysayregardingtheirbeinganofficerofthelaw(theycouldbeahighwayrobber,tryingtogetyoutodropyourguard).Iftheycanmanagetogetafewmorepeopleinpolicecarstothescene,youcanprobablyruleouttheirbeingarobberincostume.
Whenthesuperiorofficerarrives,gothroughthewholethingagain.Ifthingsgetnasty,youcoulddemandtheirprobablecauseforbelievingyouguiltyofcommittingacrime,anddemanda4thamendmentwarrantandcounselpresentbeforeyouansweranyin-custodyinterrogation.Thiswouldinvo etheexclusionaryrule.
-:-CarrycopiesofDavisv.Mississippi,394U.S.721,toma
esurethey'veallbeeninformedregardingthefactthatyourfingerprintsareprivatepropertywhichcannotbeta enoveryourobjectionwithoutavalidcourtorder.
-:-Don'trefusetheirofferof"counsel"straightoff.Itcanbeusefultogetthecounseltorefusetohelpyouontheirown,oryoucanfiretheminopencourtforrefusingtoobeyyourinstructions,orforattemptingtowaiveanyofyourrights,li etherighttoaspeedytrial.Alwaysma eitclearthattheyarenotrepresentingyou,butmerelyservingascounsel.
Whenyoufinallydogotocourt,ma
efriendswiththecler
byconformingasmuchaspossibletothecler 'sdemandsforformat,timeliness,etc.(provided
thatyoudon'tgiveupanysignificantrightsintheprocess).Respectthelegalmaxim,"Thelawdoesnotbotherwithtrifles."
Don'tnecessarilyexacttheSha espearianpoundofflesh.Li ethegovernmentcourts,youcanputabusersonprobation.Theythen nowthatwhenyoucouldhaveputtheminjailfortheir"whitecollar"offenses,youdidn't.Whendealingwitherrantpublicofficials,youcanrefertothosesituations,andletthem nowthatalthoughyouwereeasythen,theyshouldn'tpushtheirlucnow.:-)
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Butthemostimportantthingisattitude.Ifyou'reafreeperson,ifyou'verescindedallcontractswithgovernment,thenactli
eit.Exerciseyourrights,andwhennecessary,defendthemaspassionatelyasyouexercisethem.
ArelevantcaseisWisconsinv.Yoder,406U.S.205(1972),whichestablishedthetestsnecessarytodistinguishabeliefbasedonCONVICTIONratherthanPREFERENCE.TheimportanceofthedistinctionisthataccordingtotheCourt'sdecision,onlyCONVICTIONSareprotectedbytheConstitution.Thetestconsistsoffivemajorcircumstancesyoumustmaintainyourbeliefinthefaceof,whichare:
1)Peerpressure2)Familypressure3)Threatoflawsuit4)Threatofjail5)Threatofdeath
Soonemustbesmartenoughtounderstandalltheresponsibilitiesinvolvedinhavingsovereignstatus,andmaintainone'sbeliefsinthefaceofallopposition.Otherwisethecourtwillviewyourstanceasaconvenientexcuse(preference)togetoutofthe"legalduties"incurredbysubjects("incometax","licensefees",etc)--i.e.,theywillassumeyouarelying,andthatyoureallyAREasheeple,onewhoissubjecttotheirjurisdiction.
Finallyandmostimportantly,beforeengaginginanysortofhazardousconductsuchasthis,youmustbecome"judgmentproof".Formoreinformationonthistopic,seetheheading,":jproof".
:jproof
[ThissectionbyA.Nonnymous]
QUESTION:"Ihearalotabout'judgmentproofing'.Whatthehec doesitmean,andwhyisitsoimportant?"
ANSWER:ThetopicofjudgmentproofingpracticallydeservesitsownFAQ,but
untilthatdaycomes,herearethebasicelements.
Judgmentproofingistheprocessofprotectingyourpropertyfromthieves.Itisafundamentalandnecessaryprocessthatshouldalwaysbefollowedbeforeunderta inganypotentiallyhazardousactivity(suchasdefendingRightsinthecourtroom).Tobejudgmentproof(proofagainstalegaljudgment)meansthatevenifyouarefinedorsubjecttoaciviljudgment,nothingcanbecollectedfromyou.
OneessentialaspectisLiquidity.Asanexample,ifyougooutandbuytenbagsofjun silvercoins,dividethemupintotenparcels,andburytheminvarioussecretlocationsinyourarea,youwillhavethe
indofliquiditywhichtheJewishpeoplefoundsohelpfulinEuropeinthe1930's.Withtheir
wealthsecureandmobile,thosewithgoldandsilverweremuchmoreabletostayonestepaheadofthosewhowouldhavedestroyedtheirlivesandstolentheirproperty.
Asidefromthenormalprivacyprotectionstrategies(youallreceiveallyourmailatmailreceivingservices,orhaveasmallnetwor ofabout10or15friendsthatcanreforwardmailforeachother,don'tyou?),thereareanumberofstepsthatcanbeta entoreduceyourvulnerabilitytojudgments.
1)Liveinrentedaccommodations.Homeownershipisabadidea.Itcanbe
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*Liquidity.Getridofattachableproperty,andasCharlesDic
enssaysinGreatExpectations,"Getholdofportableproperty."Mostpropertyshouldeitherbemobileandconcealable(e.g.,preciousmetals),inthenameofanotherentitywithbetterpoliticalconnectionsorprotection,oroffshore.Don'ttieupyourlifesavingsinvulnerablepropertyli
eanexpensivehouse;leaseorrent,orsellyourhousetoyourchildrenortofriends,andwriteupacontractstipulatingthatthenewownerisn'tallowedto
ic
youoffthepropertyaslongasyou'realive.(Politicalextortioncanta emanyforms--don'tinvestinrealestatewithoutlocalpoliticalconnections.)AsGeorgeGordonputsit,"Getridofyourtoys."
*"Poisonpills"thatrenderattachablepropertyworthlessuponconfiscation,ortriggerharmtotheconfiscatorinsomeway.Thesecanta
eawidevarietyofphysicalorlegalformsdependingonthepropertyinquestion.
*Avoidfutureblac mailbyminimizingpotentiallyharmfulinformationaboutyourpersonalhabitsgoingintothesystem.Useprivatemeansofpayment.Aren'tyouamazedathowmanypeoplerentX-ratedvideoswiththeircreditcard,lettheirban havetheirpersonalbudget,etc?
*Ta estepstochangeyouandyourfamily'sphysicaljurisdiction,andevenyour"TrueName"identityifnecessary.(Cf._HowtoDisappearCompletelyandNeverBeFound_,availablefromLoompanicsorsomesurvivalistmail-order
places).
*Cultivatetheloyaltyofclosefriendsandrelatives,and eepdamaginginformationawayfrompotentiallydisloyalones.MostIRSturns-insarebydisgruntledspouses.
Therearemanythingsthathavenotbeentouchedonhere.Atthispoint,beingjudgmentproof,li eclaimingsovereignstatus,isoutofreachformostpeople,bothpracticallyandasanintellectualexercise(rememberhowfewpeoplecanevenprogramtheirVCRs?),butascrypto-anarchymatures,itwillbecomebotheasierandmorenecessary.Thelessintelligentwhoareincapableofprotectingthemselveswillbehitquitehard.
Thepoorarecompletelyjudgmentproof.Itisharderfortherich,buttheycanbe*effectively*judgmentproof,inthesamewaythatdataencryptioncanbeeffectivelyunbrea
ablewithoutbeingabsolutelyunbrea
able.
Li eotheraspectsofclaimingsovereignstatus,judgmentproofingreliesmoreonourta ingtheinitiativetorestructureourownpartoftheworld,ratherthanonfutileattemptstoget"society"todoitforus.
:strategy
[ThiswasoriginallyfoundonBillThornton'snow-defunctBBS,Sovereign's
Paradise.Alladditionsandeditingarebythemoderator.ShouldyoudecidetoclaimandexerciseyourRights,thefollowingmayhelpyoumaintainaconsistentfocusuponyourultimateobjective,i.e.,minimizinganypossibledamagetoyourself.]
ELEMENTSOFAPREFERREDCOURTROOMSTRATEGY
Researchallpertinentstatutes,rules,regulations,legislativehistory,courtcases,andtreatises;inshort,becomeanexpertonthenarrowpoints
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refusedtoprovidetherequestedinformation,it'sprobablybetterforyourcasethaniftheyhadcooperatedinthefirstplace.
PUBLICSERVANT'SQUESTIONAIRE
PublicLaw93-579statesinpart:"ThepurposeofthisActistoprovidecertainsafeguardsforanindividualagainstinvasionofpersonalprivacybyrequiringFederalagencies...topermitandindividualtodeterminewhatrecordspertainingtohimarecollected,maintained,used,ordisseminatedbysuchagencies."
Thefollowingquestionsarebaseduponthatactandarenecessaryinorderthatthisindividualmayma
eareasonabledeterminationconcerningdivulgenceofinformationtothisagency.
1.Nameofpublicservant...............
2.Residence......City.....State......Zip......
3.Nameofdepartment,bureau,oragencybywhichpublicservantisemployed........supervisor'sname......
4.It'smailingaddress...........City......State....Zip......
5.WillpublicservantupholdtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates?
6.Didpublicservantfurnishproofofidentity?
7.Whatwasthenatureofproof?..............
8.Willpublicservantfurnishacopyofthelaworregulationwhichauthorizesthisinvestigation?
9.Willthepublicservantreadaloudthatportionofthelawauthorizingthequestionshewillas ?
10.Aretheanswerstothequestionsvoluntaryormandatory?
11.Arethequestionstobeas edbaseduponaspecificlaworregulation,oraretheybeingusedasadiscoveryprocess?
12.Whatotherusesmaybemadeofthisinformation?
13.Whatotheragenciesmayhaveaccesstothisinformation?
14.WhatwillbetheeffectuponmeifIshouldchoosenottoansweranypartorallofthesequestions?
15.Nameofpersoningovernmentrequestingthatthisinvestigationbe
made...............
16.Isthisinvestigation'general'orisit'special'?
17.Haveyouconsulted,questioned,interviewed,orreceivedinformationfromanythirdpartyrelativetothisinvestigation?
18.Ifso,theidentityofsuchthirdparties..........
19.Doyoureasonablyanticipateeitheracivilorcriminalactiontobe
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initiatedorpursuedbaseduponanyoftheinformationwhichyousee ?
20.Isthereafileofrecords,information,orcorrespondencerelatingtomebeingmaintainedbythisagency?Ifyes,which?
21.Isthisagencyusinganyinformationpertainingtomewhichwassuppliedbyanotheragencyorgovernmentsource?
22.MayIhaveacopyofthatinformation?
23.Willthepublicservantguaranteethattheinformationinthesefileswillnotbeusedbyanyotherdepartmentotherthantheonebywhomheisemployed?Ifnot,whynot?
Ifanyrequestforinformationrelatingtomeisreceivedfromanypersonoragency,youmustadvisemeinwritingbeforereleasingsuchinformation.Failuretodosomaysubjectyoutopossiblecivilorcriminalactionasprovidedbytheact.
Iswear(affirm)thattheanswersIhavegiventotheforegoingquestionsarecompleteandcorrectineveryparticular.___________Date:____/_____Witness:____________Witness:_______________
AuthoritiesforQuestions:
1,2,3,4Inordertobesureyou nowexactlywhoyouaregivingtheinformationto.Residenceandbusinessaddressesareneededincaseyouneedtoserveprocessinacivilorcriminalactionuponthisindividual.
5Allpublicservantshaveta enaswornoathtoupholdanddefendtheconstitution.
6,7Thisisstandardprocedurebygovernmentagentsandofficers.SeeInternalRevenueManual,MT-9900-26,Section242.133.
8,9,10Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(A)
11Title5USC552a,paragraph(d)(5),(e)(1)
12,13Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(B),(e)(3)(C)
14Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(D)
15PublicLaw93-579(b)(1)
16Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(A)
17,18Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(2)
19Title5USC552a,paragraph(d)(5)
20,21PublicLaw93-579(b)(1)
22Title5USC552a,paragraph(d)(1)
23Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(10)
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:ashwand
THEASHWANDERRULES:QUALIFYINGYOURCASEFORTHESUPREMECOURT
TheSupremeCourthasdevelopedsevenrules,calledthe"AshwanderRules"(Ashwanderv.TennesseeValleyAuthority297US288,346(1935))forqualifyingacasetobeheardthere.AccordingtoJusticeBrandeis:
"TheCourtdeveloped,foritsowngovernanceinthecasesconfessedlywithinitsjurisdiction,aseriesofrulesunderwhichithasavoidedpassinguponalargepartofalltheconstitutionalquestionspresseduponitfordecision.Theyare:
1.TheCourtwillnotpassupontheconstitutionalityoflegislationinafriendly,non-adversary,proceeding,decliningbecausetodecidesuchquestions'islegitimateonlyinthelastresort,andasanecessityinthedeterminationofreal,earnestandvitalcontroversybetweenindividuals.Itwasneverthoughtthat,bymeansofafriendlysuit,apartybeateninthelegislaturecouldtransfertothecourtsaninquiryastotheconstitutionalityofthelegislativeact.'Chicago&GrandTrun RRv.Wellman,143U.S.339,345.
2.TheCourtwillnot'anticipateaquestionofconstitutionallawinadvanceofthenecessityofdecidingit.'WilshireOilCo.v.US,295US188'ItisnotthehabitoftheCourttodecidequestionsofaconstitutionalnatureunlessabsolutelynecessarytothedecisionofacase.'Burtonv.US,196US283,295.
3.TheCourtwillnot'formulatearuleofconstitutionallawbroaderthanisrequiredbytheprecisefactstowhichitistobeapplied.'LiverpoolN.Y.&P.S.S.Co.v.EmigrationCommissioners,113US33,39.
4.TheCourtwillnotpassuponaconstitutionalquestionalthoughproperlypresentedbytherecord,ifthereisalsopresentsomeothergrounduponwhichthecasemaybedisposedof.Thisrulehasfoundmostvaried
application.Thus,ifacasecanbedecidedoneitheroftwogrounds,oneinvolvingaconstitutionalquestion,theotheraquestionofstatutoryconstructionorgenerallaw,theCourtwilldecideonlythelatter.Lightv.US,220US523,538.
5.TheCourtwillnotpassuponthevalidityofastatuteuponcomplaintofonewhofailstoshowthatheisinjuredbyitsoperation.Tylerv.TheJudges,179US405Amongthemanyapplicationsofthisrule,noneismorestri ingthanthedenialoftherightofchallengetoonewholac sapersonalorpropertyright.
6.TheCourtwillnotpassupontheconstitutionalityofastatuteattheinstanceofonewhohasavailedhimselfofitsbenefits.GreatFallsMfg.Co.
v.AttorneyGeneral124US581.
7.'WhenthevalidityofanactofCongressisdrawninquestion,andevenifaseriousdoubtofconstitutionalityisraised,itisacardinalprinciplethatthisCourtwillfirstascertainwhetheraconstructionofthestatuteisfairlypossiblebywhichthequestionmaybeavoided.'Crowellv.Benson,285US22,62."
:property
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"Acitizenmayhavetheright,underthe14thamendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,totravelandtransporthispropertyuponthepublichighwaysbyautovehicle,buthehasnorighttoma ethehighwayshisplaceofbusinessbyusingthemasacommoncarrierforhire;suchusebeingaprivilegewhichmaybegrantedorwithheldbythestateinitsdiscretion,withoutviolatingthedueprocessorequalprotectionclauses."InReGraham93CalApp88."Thelicensechargeimposedbythemotorvehicleactisanexciseorprivilegetax,establishedforthepurposeofrevenueinordertoprovideafundforroadswhileunderthedominionofthestateauthorities,itisnotataximposedasarentalchargeoratollchargefortheuseofthehighwaysownedandcontrolledbythestate."-PG&Ev.StateTreasurer,168Cal420."Thesameprinciplesoflawareapplicabletothemastoothervehiclesuponthehighway.Itistherefore,theadaptationanduse,ratherthantheformor indofconveyancethatconcernsthecourts."IndianaSpringsCo.v.Brown,74N.E.615."Theautomobileisnotinherentlydangerous."Moorev.Roddie,180P.879,Blairv.Broadmore93S.E.632.
"Theuseoftheautomobileasanecessaryadjuncttotheearningofa
livlihoodinmodernliferequiresusintheinterestofrealismtoconcludethattheRIGHTtouseanautomobileonthepublichighwaysparta esofthenatureofalibertywithinthemeaningoftheConstitutionalguarantees..."Berberianv.Lussier(1958)139A2d869,872"Truc driver'sfailuretobelicensedaschauffeurdoesnotestablishhimorhisemployerasnegligentasamatteroflawwithrespecttoaccidentinwhichdriverwasinvolved,inabsenceofanyevidencethatlac ofsuchlicensehadanycasualorcausalconnectionwiththeaccident."Bryantv.TulareIceCo.(1954)125CA2d566
"TheRIGHTofthecitizentoDRIVEonthepublicstreetwithfreedom
frompoliceinterference,unlessheisengagedinsuspiciousconductassociatedinsomemannerwithcriminalityisaFUNDAMENTALCONSTITUTIONALRIGHTwhichmustbeprotectedbythecourts."Peoplev.Horton14Cal.App.3rd667(1971)"TheRIGHTtoTRAVELonthepublichighwaysisaconstitutionalright."TecheLinesv.Danforth,Miss.12So2d784,787."Therighttotravelispartofthe'liberty'thatacitizencannotbedeprivedwithoutdueprocessoflaw."Kentv.Dulles357U.S.116,U.S.v.Laub385U.S.475"Acitizenmayhavetheright,underthe14thamendmenttothe
ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,totravelandtransporthispropertyuponthepublichighwaysbyautovehicle,buthehasNOrighttoma ethehighwayshisplaceofbusinessbyusingthemasacommoncarrierforhire;suchusebeingaprivilegewhichmaybegrantedorwithheldbythestateinitsdiscretion,withoutviolatingthedueprocessorequalprotectionclauses."InReGraham93CalApp88."OnewhoDRIVESanautomobileisanoperatorwithinmeaningoftheMotorVehicleAct."Pontiusv.McClean113CA452
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"Theword'operator'shallnotincludeanypersonwhosolelytransportshisownpropertyandwhotransportsnopersonsorpropertyforhireorcompensation."StatutesatLargeCaliforniaChapter412p.833
"Therightofacitizentotraveluponthepublichighwaysandtotransporthispropertythereon,byhorse-drawncarriage,wagon,orautomobileisnotamereprivilegewhichmaybepermittedorprohibitedatwill,butacommonrightwhichhehasunderhisrighttolife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness."Slusherv.SafetyCoachTransitCo.,229Ky731,17SW2d1012,andaffirmedbytheSupremeCourtinThompsonv.Smith154S.E.579."CVC17459.Theacceptancebyaresidentofthisstateofacertificateofownershiporacertificateofregistrationofanymotorvehicleoranyrenewalthereof,issuedundertheprovisionsofthiscode,shallconstitutetheCONSENTbythepersonthatserviceofsummonsmaybemadeuponhimwithinorwithoutthisstate,whetherornotheisthenaresidentofthisstate,inanyactionbroughtinthecourtsofthisstateuponacauseofactionarisinginthisstateoutoftheownershiporoperationofthevehicle."CaliforniaVehicleCode"CVC17460.Theacceptanceorretentionbyaresidentofthisstateofadriver'slicenseissuedpursuanttotheprovisionsofthiscode,shallconstitutetheCONSENTofthepersonthatserviceofsummonsmaybemadeupon
himwithinorwithoutthisstate,whetherornotheisthenaresidentofthisstate,inanyactionbroughtinthecourtsofthisstateuponacauseofactionarisinginthisstateoutofhisoperationofamotorvehicleanywherewithinthisstate."CaliforniaVehicleCode
"Whenapersonappliesforandacceptsalicenseorpermit,heineffect nowsthelimitationsofit,andta esitattheris andconsequencesoftransgression."Shevlin-CarpenterCo.vMinnesota,218U.S.57.
:jury
INFORMEDJURIESOFBOTHLAWANDFACT"Itmaynotbeamisshere,gentlemen,toremindyouofthegoodoldrule,thatonthequestionoffact,itistheprovinceofthejury,andonthequestionoflaw,itistheprovinceofthecourttodecide....itispresumed,thatjuriesarethebestjudgesoffacts;itis,ontheotherhand,presumedthatthecourtsarethebestjudgesoflaw.But,itmustbeobservedthatbylaw...youhaveneverthelessarighttota
eituponyourselvestojudgeboth,incontroversy...bothobjectsarelawfullywithinyourpowerofdecision."JusticeJohnJaytothejury,Georgiav.Brailsford,3Dall1(1794)
"Thejuryhasanunreviewableandirreversiblepower...toacquitindisregardoftheinstructionsonthelawgivenbythetrialjudge."U.S.vDougherty,
473F2d1113,1139(1972).OtherinforelatedtoDoughertycase:16AmJur2d,Sec.177."Jurylawlessnessisthegreatestcorrectiveoflawinitsactualadministration.Thewillofthestateatlargeimposedonareluctantcommunity,thewillofamajorityimposedonavigorousanddeterminedminority,findthesameobstacleinalocaljurythatformerlyconfronted ingsandministers."Dougherty,citedabove,note32,at1130.
"Thepagesofhistoryshineoninstancesofthejury'sexerciseofits
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prerogativetodisregarduncontradictedevidenceandinstructionstothejudge.Mostoftencommendedarethe18thcenturyofPeterZengerofseditiouslibel,onthepleaofAlexanderHamilton,andthe19thcenturyacquittalsinprosecutionsunderthefugitiveslavelaw."Dougherty,citedabove,at1130.
"Thewaythejuryoperatesmayberadicallyalteredifthereisalterationinthewayitistoldtooperate."(Dougherty,citedabove,at1135.)Thejury'soptionsarebynomeanslimitedtothechoicespresentedtoitinthecourtroom...Thejurygetsitsunderstandingastothearrangementsinthelegalsystemfrommorethanonevoice.Thereistheformalcommunicationfromthe'judge'.Thereistheinformalcommunicationfromthetotalculture-literature;currentcomment,conversation;and,ofcourse,historyandtradition."Dougherty,citedabove,at1135.
"...thejuryhasthepowertobringinaverdictintheteethofbothlawandfacts."OliverWendellHolmes,1920HorningvDC.254US135
"...nofacttriedbyajuryshallbeotherwisereexaminedinanycourtoftheUnitedStates,thanaccordingtotherulesofthecommonlaw."U.S.Constitution,7thAmendment.[Onlyanothercommonlawjurycanreviewadecisionofajury.Thereisnootherappeal.NoteventheSupremeCourtcanreviewajury'sdecision.]
"Werecognize,asappellantsurge,theundisputedpowerofthejuryto
acquit,evenifitsverdictiscontrarytothelawasgivenbythejudge,andcontrarytoevidence.Thisisapowerthatmustexistaslongasweadheretothegeneralverdictincriminalcases,forthecourtscannotsearchthemindsofjurorstofindthebasisuponwhichtheyjudge.Ifthejuryfeelsthatthelawunderwhichthedefendantisaccusedisunjust,orthatexigentcircumstancesjustifiedtheactionsoftheaccused,orforanyreasonwhichappealstotheirlogicorpassion,thejuryhasthepowertoacquit,andthecourtsmustabidebythedecision."U.S.vs.Moylan,417F2d1002,1006(1969)."ThePeoplethemselveshaveitintheirpowereffectuallytoresistusurpation,withoutbeingdriventoanappealinarms.Anactofusurpationisnotobligatory:itisnotlaw;andanymanmaybe
justifiedinhisresistance.Lethimbeconsideredasacriminalbythegeneralgovernment,yetonlyhisfellowcitizenscanconvicthim,theyarehisjury,andiftheypronouncehiminnocent,notallthepowersofCongresscanhurthim;andinnocenttheysurelywillpronouncehim,ifthesupposedlawheresistedwasanactofusurpation."2Elliot'sDebates,94;2Bancroft,HistoryoftheConstitution,297.Trialbyjuryisaright:HillvPhilpott,445F2d144;JuliardvGreenmen,110U.S.421;KansanvColorado,206U.S.46(1907);ReismanvCaplan,375U.S.440(1964);USvMurdoc ,290U.S.389(1933);USvTarlows i,305F.Supp112(1969);DairyQueenvWood,369U.S.469.
"Thecommonlawrightofthejurytodeterminethelawaswellasthefacts
remainsunimpaired."StatevCroteau,23Vt.14,54Am.Dec.90(1849).
"Itseemsthatthecourtinstructsjuries,incriminalcases,nottobindtheirconsciences,buttoinformtheirjudgments,buttheyarenotdutyboundtoadoptitsopinionastheirown."LynchvState,9Ind.541,1857Ind.
"Aninstructionthatthejuryhavenorighttodeterminewhetherthefactsstatedintheindictmentconstituteapublicoffenseisanerror."HuddlestonvState,94Ind.426,48Am.Rep.171.
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"Thejuryhavearighttodisregardtheopinionofthecourt,inacriminalcase,evenonaquestionoflaw,iftheyarefullysatisfiedthatsuchopinioniswrong."PeoplevVideto,L.Par erCr.R.603,NY125.
"Defendantcannotcomplainofaninstructionthatitisthedutyofthecourttoinstructitastothelawofthecase,buttheinstructionsareadvisorymerely,andithastherighttodisregardthem,anddeterminethelawforitself."Wal
ervState,136Inc.663,36NE356.
"Incriminalcases,thejuryarejudgesofthelawaswellasofthefacts;anditiserrorinthecourttorestrictthemto'thelawasgiveninchargebythecourt.'"McGuthrievState,17Ga.497(1855).
:stateINALIENABLERIGHTSANDSTATES'RIGHTS"TherecanbenosanctionorpenaltyimposedupononebecauseofhisexerciseofConstitutionalrights."Sherarv.Cullen481F.946"WhererightssecuredbytheConstitutionareinvolved,therecanbenorule-ma ingorlegislationwhichwouldabrogatethem."U.S.SupremeCourtinMirandav.Arizona380U.S.436(1966)
"Constitutionalrightsmaynotbeinfringedsimplybecausethemajorityofthepeoplechoosethattheybe."Westbroo v.Mihaly2C3d756"Therighttocounselexistsnotonlyatthetrialthereof,butalsoateverystageofacriminalproceedingwheresubstantialrightsofacriminalaccusedmaybeeffected."Memphav.Rhay389U.S.128"Aconvictionobtainedwheretheaccusedwasdeniedcounselistreatedasvoidforallpurposes."Burgettv.Texas389U.S.109
"Foragovernmentofficialtomouthinaritualisticwaypartofthewarningabouttherighttocounsel,whileexcludingthepersonrelieduponascounsel
is,ineffect,toreversethemeaningofthewordsused...Whenafederalofficer'sinterferencewiththerightoffreeassociationta estheformoflimitingtheabilityofacriminalsuspecttoconsultwithandbeaccompaniedbyapersonuponwhomhereliesforadviceandprotection,hegravelytransgresses..."USvTarlows i,69-2U.S.T.C.&D.C.EA.Dist.N.Y.,305F.Supp112(1969).
"Ifthereisanytruthtotheoldproverbthat'Onewhoishisownlawyerhasafoolforaclient,'theCourt,byitsopiniontoday,nowbestowsaconstitutionalrightononetoma eafoolofhimself."FarettavCalifornia,422US806(1975).
"Lac ofcounselofchoicecanbeconceivablyevenworsethannocounselat
all,orhavingtoacceptcounselbeholdentoone'sadversary."BurgettvTexas,389US109.
"Uponthetrialofcriminalcases,counsel,intheirargument,mayreadlawtothejuryinthehearingofthecourt,subjecttothecorrectionofthecourtinitscharge."McMathvState,55Ga.303.
"Inacriminalcase,counselmay,insummingup,arguethelawofthecasetothejury."LynchvState,9Ind.541;CommonwealthvPorter(?),HannahvState,79Tenn.201.
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"Counselwillnotbepermittedtoarguebeforeajuryquestionsoflawnotinvolvedintheinstructionas edandsubmittedtothecourt."USvWat ind,Fed.Case.No.16,649(3Cranch,C.C.441).[Soalwayssubmitinstructionstothejury!]
"Aplaintiffwhosee sdamagesforviolationofconstitutionalorstatutoryrightsmayovercomethedefendantofficial'squalifiedimmunityonlybyshowingthatthoserightswereclearlyestablishedatthetimeoftheconductatissue."Davisv.Scherer,82L.Ed.2d139,151."AlllawswhicharerepugnanttotheConstitutionarenullandvoid."Marburyv.Madison,5US(2Cranch)137,174,176,(1803)"TheBillofRightswasprovidedasabarrier,toprotecttheindividualagainstarbitraryexactionsofmajorities,executives,legislatures,courts,sheriffs,andprosecutors,anditistheprimarydistinctionbetweendemocraticandtotalitarianprocesses."STANDLER.SupremeCourtofFloridaenBanc,36So2d443,445(1948)"Governmentmaynotprohibitorcontroltheconductofapersonforreasonsthatinfringeuponconstitutionallyguaranteedfreedoms."Smithv.U.S.502F2d512CATex(1974)
"Whererightssecuredbytheconstitutionareinvolved,therecanbenorule-ma ingorlegislationwhichwouldabrogatethem."Mirandav.Arizona(U.S.SupremeCourt)380US436(1966)"TherecanbenosanctionorpenaltyimposedupononebecauseofhisexerciseofConstitutionalrights."Sherarv.Cullen481F2d946(1973)"Wefinditintolerablethatoneconstitutionalrightshouldhavetobesurrenderedinordertoassertanother."Simmonsv.US,390US389(1968)"TheclaimandexerciseofaConstitutionalrightcannotbeconvertedtoacrime."Millerv.US,230F486at489
"Whenanycourtviolatesthecleanandunambiguouslanguageoftheconstitution,afraudisperpetratedandnooneisboundtoobeyit."Statev.Sutton63Minn167,65NW262,30LRA630"Thestatecannotdiminishrightsofthepeople."Hurtadov.California110US516."AstatemaynotimposeachargefortheenjoymentofarightgrantedbytheFederalConstitution."Murdoc v.Pennsylvania,319U.S.105(1943)
"JusticeDouglasmaintainedthattheprivilegesandimmunitiesclausewastheproperbasisfortheholdingandfurtherinsistedthatfreedom
ofmovementwasarightofnationalcitizenshipbindinguponthestatesandrecognizedassuchbyCrandallv.Nevada(73US35)beforethe14thAmendmentwasratified."inEdwardsv.California314US160"Moreover,adistinctionmustbeobservedbetweenaregulationofanactivitywhichmaybeengagedinasamatterofrightandonecarriedonbygovernmentsufferenceorpermission.Inthelattercasethepowertoexcludealtogethergenerallyincludesthelesserpowertoconditionandmayjustifyadegreeofregulationnotadmissableintheformer."Pac ardv.Banton264US140
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"Failuretoobeythecommandofapoliceofficerconstitutesatraditionalformofbreachofthepeace.Obviously,however,onecannotbepunishedforfailingtoobeythecommandofanofficerifthecommanditselfisviolativeoftheconstitution."Wrightv.Georgia373US284"Constitutionalrightsmaynotbeinfringedsimplybecausethemajorityofthepeoplechoosethattheybe."Westbroo
v.Mihaly2C3d756
"Constitutionsarenotprimarilydesignedtoprotectmajorities,whoareusuallyabletoprotectthemselves,butrathertopreserveandprotecttherightsofindividualsandminoritiesagainstarbitraryactionsofthoseinauthority."HoustonCountyv.Martin,232A1511.
"...fundamentalrightsdonothangbythetenuousthreadofalayman's
nowledgeofthenicetiesofthelaw.Itissufficientifitappearsthatheisattemptingtoasserthisconstitutionalprivilege.Theplea,ratherthantheforminwhichitisasserted,determineswhethertheprivilegeagainstself-incriminationistobeupheld."USvSt.Pierre,128F2dat980.
"...goodfaithisnotenoughtoconstituteprobablecause.Thatfaithmustbegroundedonfactswithin nowledgeofthe...agent,whichinthejudgmentofthecourtwouldma ehisfaithreasonable."DirectorGeneralvKastenbaum,263U.S.25.
"Constitutionalrightsmaynotbedeniedsimplybecauseofhostilitytotheirassertionandexercise.Vindicationofconcededconstitutionalrightscannotbemadedependentuponanytheorythatitislessexpensivetodenythemthantoaffordthem."WatsonvMemphis,375U.S.526.
:4thSOMEFOURTHAMENDMENTSPECIFICCASES
"...wheneverapoliceofficeraccostsanindividualandrestrainshisfreedomtowal away,hehas'seized'thatperson."TerryvOhio,392US1(1968);
alsorecognizedinBrownvTexas,443US47.
BrownvTexas,443U.S.47(1979):"Twopoliceofficers,whilecruisingnearnooninapatrolcar,observedappellantandanothermanwal ingawayfromoneanotherinanalleyinanareathathadahighincidenceofdrugtraffic.Theystoppedandas edappellanttoidentifyhimselfandexplainwhathewasdoing.Oneofficertestifiedthathestoppedappellantbecausethesituation'loo
edsuspiciousandwehadneverseenthatsubjectinthatareabefore.'Theofficersdidnotclaimtosuspectappellantofanyspecificmisconduct,nordidtheyhaveanyreasontobelievethathewasarmed.Whenappellantrefusedtoidentifyhimself,hewasarrestedforviolationofaTexasstatutewhichma esitacriminalactforapersontorefusetogivehisnameand
addresstoanofficer'whohaslawfullystoppedhimandrequestedtheinformation.'Appeallant'smotiontosetasideinformationcharginghimwithviolationofthestatuteonthegroundthatthestatuteviolatedtheFirst,Fourth,Fifth,andFourteenthAmendmentswasdenied,andhewasconvictedandfined."
HELD:TheapplicationoftheTexasstatutetodetainappellantandrequirehimtoidentifyhimselfviolatedtheFourthAmendmentbecausetheofficerslac edanyreasonablesuspiciontobelievethatappellantwasengagedorhadengagedincriminalconduct.Detainingappellantto
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requirehimtoidentifyhimselfconstitutedaseizureofhispersonsubjecttotherequirementoftheFourthAmendmentthattheseizurebe'reasonable.'Cf.Terryv.Ohio,392U.S.1;...Delawarev.Prouse,440U.S.648.Here,thestatedoesnotcontendthatappellantwasstoppedpursuanttoapracticeembodyingneutralcriteria,andtheofficer'sactionswerenotjustifiedonthegroundthattheyhadareasonablesuspicion,basedonobjectivefacts,thathewasinvolvedincriminalactivity.Absentanybasisforsuspectingappellantofmisconduct,thebalancebetweenthepublicinterestincrimepreventionandappellant'srighttopersonalsecurityandprivacytiltsinfavoroffreedomfrompoliceinterference.Pp.50-53.
Mr.ChiefJusticeBurgerdeliveredtheopinionofthecourt;"Thisappealpresentsthequestionwhetherappellantwasvalidlyconvictedforrefusingtocomplywithapoliceman'sdemandthatheidentifyhimselfpursuanttoaprovisionoftheTexasPenalCodewhichma
esitacrimetorefusesuchidentificationonrequest."
"Appellantrefusedtoidentifyhimselfandangrilyassertedthattheofficershadnorighttostophim."
"TheFourthAmendment,ofcourse,`appliestoallseizuresoftheperson,includingseizuresthatinvolveonlyabriefdetentionshortoftraditionalarrest.'Davisv.Mississippi,394U.S.721(1969);Terry
v.Ohio,392U.S.1,16-19(1968).'[W]heneverapoliceofficeraccostsanindividualandrestrainshisfreedomtowal away,hehas'seized'thatperson...andthefourthAmendmentrequiresthattheseizurebe'reasonable'.'U.S.v.Brignoni-Ponce,422U.S.873,878(1975)"
"Butevenassumingthatpurpose(preventionofcrime)isservedtosomedegreebystoppinganddemandingidentificationfromanindividualwithoutanyspecificbasisforbelievingheisinvolvedincriminalactivity,theguaranteesoftheFourthAmendmentdonotallowit..."
"WeneednotdecidewhetheranindividualmaybepunishedforrefusingtoidentifyhimselfinthecontextofalawfulinvestigatorystopwhichsatisfiesFourthAmendmentrequirements.SeeDunawayv.New
Yor
,442U.S.200,210n.12(1979);Terryv.Ohio...thecountyjudgewhoconvictedappellantwastroubledbythisquestion,asshownbythecolloquysetoutintheappendixtothisopinion."
"Accordingly,appellantmaynotbepunishedforrefusingtoidentifyhimself,andtheconvictionisReversed."
"APPENDIXTOTHEOPINIONOFTHECOURT"THECOURT:...Whatdoyouthin aboutifyoustopapersonlawfully,andthenifhedoesn'twanttotal toyou,youputhiminjailforcommittingacrime?"
"MR.PATTON[prosecutor]:Wellfirstofall,Iwouldquestionthedefendant'sstatementinhismotionthatthefirstamendmentgivesanindividualtherighttosilence."
"THECOURT:...I'mas ingyouwhyshouldtheStateputyouinjailbecauseyoudon'twanttosayanything?"
"MR.PATTON:Well,Ithin there'scertainintereststhathavetobeviewed."
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"THECOURT:O ay,I'dli eyoutotellmewhatthoseare."
"MR.PATTON:Well,theGovernmentalinteresttomaintainthesafetyandsecurityofthesocietyandthecitizenstoliveinthesociety,andtherearecertainlystrongGovernmentalinterestsinthatdirectionandbecauseofthat,theseinterestsoutweightheinterestsofanindividualforacertainamountofintrusionuponhispersonalliberty.Ithin
theseGovernmentalinterestsoutweightheindividual'sinterestsinthisrespect,asfarassimplyas inganindividualforhisnameandaddressunderthepropercircumstances."
THECOURT:Butwhyshoulditbeacrimetonotanswer?"
"MR.PATTON:Again,Icanonlycontendthatifananswerisnotgiven,ittendstodisrupt."
"THECOURT:Whatdoesitdisrupt?"
"MR.PATTON:Ithin ittendstodisruptthegoalofthissocietytomaintainsecurity_over_itscitizenstoma esuretheyaresecureintheirgainsandtheirhomes."
"THECOURT:Howdoesthatsecureanybodybyforcingthem,underpenaltyofbeingprosecuted,togivingtheirnameandaddress,even
thoughtheyarelawfullystopped?"
"MR.PATTON:WellI,you now,underthecircumstancesinwhichsomeindividualswouldbelawfullystopped,it'spresumedthatperhapsthisindividualisuptosomething,andtheofficerisdoinghisdutysimplytofindouttheindividual'snameandaddress,andtodetermineexactlywhatisgoingon."
"THECOURT:I'mnotquestioning,I'mnotas ingwhethertheofficershouldn'tas questions.I'msuretheyshouldas everythingtheypossiblycouldfindout.WhatI'mas ingiswhat'stheState'sinterestinputtingamaninjailbecausehedoesn'twanttoanswersomething.Irealizelotsoftimesanofficerwillgiveadefendanta
Mirandawarningwhichmeansadefendantdoesn'thavetoma
eastatement.Lotsofdefendantsgoaheadandconfess,whichisfineiftheywanttodothat.Butiftheydon'tconfess,youcan'tputtheminjail,canyou,forrefusingtoconfesstoacrime?"
Davisv.Mississippi,394U.S.721(1969):"Ourdecisionsrecognizenoexceptiontotherulethatillegallyseizedevidenceisinadmissibleattrial,howeverrelevantandtrustworthytheseizedevidencemaybeasanitemofproof.""Fingerprintevidenceisnoexceptiontotherulethatallevidenceobtainedbysearchesandseizuresinviolationoftheconstitutionisinadmissibleinastatecourt.Pp.723-724.TheFourthAmendmentappliestoinvoluntarydetentionoccurringattheinvestigatorystageaswellasat
theaccusatorystage.Pp.726-727.DetentionsforthesolepurposeofobtainingfingerprintsaresubjecttotheconstraintsoftheFourthamendment..P.727."Norcanfingerprintdetentionbeemployedrepeatedlytoharassanyindividual,sincethepoliceneedonlyonesetofeachperson'sprints...thegeneralrequirementthattheauthorizationofajudicialofficerbeobtainedinadvanceofdetentionwouldseemnottoadmitofanyexceptioninthefingerprintingcontext."
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:5th
SOMEFIFTHAMENDMENTSPECIFICCASES
"Youcan,andmust, eepyourmouthshutforprotectionundertheFifthAmendment."BelnapvUS,Etal,DistrictCourt(Utah),NoC.149-71.
"Theconstitutionalprivilege[oftheFifthAmendment]wasintendedtoshieldtheguiltyandimprudent,aswellastheinnocentandforesighted."MarchettivUS,390U.S.39,51.
"Governmentsee
ingtopunishindividualmustproduceevidenceagainsthimbyitsownindependentlabors,ratherthanbythecruel,simpleexpedientofcompellingitfromhismouth...Privilegeagainstself-incriminationisfulfilledonlywhenpersonisguaranteedrighttoremainsilentunlesshechoosestospea
inunfetteredexerciseofhisownwill...Defendant'sconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolatedifhisconvictionisbased,inwholeorinpart,oninvoluntaryconfession,regardlessofitstruthorfalsity,evenifthereisampleevidenceasidefromconfessiontosupportconviction...Fifthamendmentprivilegeisavailableoutsideofcriminalcourtproceedingsandservestoprotectpersonsinallsettingsinwhichtheirfreedomofactioniscurtailed,frombeingcompelledtoincriminatethemselves...Prosecutionmaynotuseattrialfactthatdefendantstoodmuteorclaimedhisprivilegeinfaceofaccusations...Anystatementta enafterpersoninvo esfifthamendment
privilegecannotbeotherthanproductofcompulsion...Anyevidencethataccusedwasthreatened,tric edorcajoledintowaiverwillshowthathedidnotvoluntarilywaiveprivilegetoremainsilent."MirandavArizona,384U.S.468.
"Theprivilegeagainstself-incriminationisneitheraccordedtothepassiveresistant,northepersonwhoisignorantofhisrights,nortooneindifferentthereto.Itisafightingclause.Itsbenefitscanberetainedonlybysustainedcombat.Itcannotbeclaimedbyanattorneyorsolicitor.Itisvalidonlywheninsisteduponbyabelligerentclaimantinperson."USvJohnson,76F.Supp538.
:haleHALEVS.HENKEL:INDIVIDUALSEXISTFORTHEIROWNSAKEANDARESOVEREIGNSOVERGOVERNMENT
Halev.Hen el,201U.S.43:
"...weareoftheopinionthatthereisacleardistinctioninthisparticularbetweenanINDIVIDUALandaCORPORATION,andthatthelatterhasnorighttorefusetosubmititsboo sandpapersforanexaminationatthesuitofthestate.Theindividualmaystanduponhisconstitutionalrightsasacitizen.Heisentitledtocarryonhisprivatebusinessinhisownway.Hispowertocontractisunlimited.He
owesnodutytothestateortohisneighborstodivulgehisbusiness,ortoopenhisdoorstoaninvestigation,sofarasitmaytendtocriminatehim.Heowesnosuchdutytothestate,sincehereceivesnothingtherefrom,beyondtheprotectionofhislifeandproperty.Hisrightsaresuchasexistedbythelawofthelandlongantecedenttotheorganizationofthestate,andcanonlybeta enfromhimbydueprocessoflaw,andinaccordancewiththeConstitution.Amonghisrightsarearefusaltoincriminatehimself,andtheimmunityofhimselfandhispropertyfromarrestandseizureexceptunderawarrantofthelaw.Heowesnothingtothepublicsolongashedoesnottrespassupontheir
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rights.Upontheotherhand,thecorporationisacreatureofthestate....""Therightofapersonunderthe5thAmendmenttorefusetoincriminatehimselfispurelyapersonalprivilegeofthewitness.Itwasneverintendedtopermithimtopleadthefactthatsomethirdpersonmightbeincriminatedbyhistestimony,eventhoughheweretheagentofsuchperson."
AndthiscasealsogivesusoneoftheFrogFarm'sGoldenRules:
"Rightsareonlyaffordedthebelligerentclaimantinperson."
Someotherlinesofdefensecanbeseeninthefollowingcases:
Powellv.Alabama,287U.S.45:"Inthiscourtthejudgementsareassaileduponthegroundsthatthedefendants,andeachofthem,weredenieddueprocessoflawandtheequalprotectionofthelaws,incontraventionoftheFourteenthamendment,specificallyasfollows...(2)theyweredeniedtherightofcounsel,withtheaccustomedincidentsofconsultationandopportunityofpreparationfortrial;""Howeverguiltydefendants,upondueinquiry,mightprovetohavebeen,theywere,untilconvicted,presumedtobeinnocent.Itwasthedutyofthecourthavingtheircasesinchargetoseethattheyweredeniednonecessaryincidentofafair
trial,withanyerrorofthestatecourtinvolvingallegedcontraventionofthestatestatutesorconstitutionwe,ofcourse,havenothingtodo.Thesoleinquirywhichwearepermittedtoma eiswhetherthefederalConstitutionwascontravened...andastothat,weconfineourselves,asalreadysuggested,totheinquirywhetherthedefendantswereinsubstancedeniedtherightofcounsel...""Itishardlynecessarytosaythat,therighttocounselbeingconceded,adefendantshouldbeaffordedafairopportunitytosecurecounselofhisownchoice.Notonlywasthatnotdonehere,butsuchdesignationofcounselaswasattemptedwaseithersoindefiniteorsocloseuponthetrialastoamounttoadenialofeffectiveandsubstantialaidinthatregard.""Inanyevent,thecircumstancelendsemphasistotheconclusionthatduringperhapsthemostcriticalperiodoftheproceedingsagainstthesedefendants,thatisto
say,fromthetimeoftheirarraignmentuntilthebeginningoftheirtrial,whenconsultation,thoroughgoinginvestigationandpreparationwerevitallyimportant,thedefendantsdidnothavetheaidofcounselinanyrealsense,althoughtheywereasmuchentitledtosuchaidduringthatperiodasatthetrialitself.Peopleexrel.Burgessv.Risley,66How.Pr.(N.Y.)67;Batchelorv.State,189Ind.69,76;125N.E.733."
"Itisnotenoughtoassumethatcounselthusprecipitatedintothecasethoughttherewasnodefense,andexercisedtheirbestjudgementinproceedingtotrialwithoutpreparation.Neithertheynorthecourtcouldsaywhatapromptandthoroughgoinginvestigationmightdiscloseastothefacts.Noattemptwasmadetoinvestigate.Noopportunitytodosowasgiven.Defendantswereimmediatelyhurriedtotrial."
"Underthecircumstancesdisclosed,weholdthatdefendantswerenotaccordedtherightofcounselinanysubstantialsense.""Itisvaintogivetheaccusedadayincourt,withnoopportunitytoprepareforit,ortoguaranteehimcounselwithoutgivingthelatteranyopportunitytoacquainthimselfwiththefactsorlawofthecase."
"Asearlyas1798itwasprovidedbystatute,intheverylanguageoftheSixthamendmenttotheFederalConstitution,that'Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoytheright...tohavetheassistanceof
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counselforhisdefence;"
"What,then,doesahearinginclude?Historicallyandinpractice,inourowncountryatleast,ithasalwaysincludedtherighttotheaidandassistanceofcounselwhendesiredandprovidedbythepartyassertingtheright.""TheUnitedStatesbystatuteandeverystateintheUnionbyexpressprovisionoflaw,orbythedeterminationofitscourts,ma eitthedutyofthetrialjudge,wheretheaccusedisunabletoemploycounsel,toappointcounselforhim."
[FrogFarmersez:Becareful!Usethedueprocessprovisionsofthe5thamendment,nottheunlawful14th!Powellclaimed14thamendmentcitizenship.]
Almeida-Sanchez,413U.S.266:Petitioner,aMexicancitizenandholderofavalidwor
permit,challengestheconstitution-alityoftheBorderPatrol'swarrantlesssearchofhisautomobile25airmilesnorthofthemexicanborder.Thesearch,madewithoutprobablecauseorconsent,uncoveredmarihuana,whichwasusedtoconvictpetitionerofafederalcrime...
Held:Thewarrantlesssearchofpetitioner'sautomobile,madewithoutprobablecauseorconsent,violatedtheFourthAmendment.Pp269-275.(a)Thesearchcannotbejustifiedonthebasisofanyspecial
rulesapplicabletoautomobilesearches,asprobablecausewaslac
ing;norcanitbejustifiedbyanalogywithadministrativeinspections,astheofficershadnowarrantorreasontobelievethatpetitionerhadcrossedtheborderorcommittedanoffense,andtherewasnoconsentbypetitioner.Pp269-272.
"ThesearchinthepresentcasewasconductedintheunfettereddiscretionofthemembersoftheborderPatrol,whodidnothaveawarrant,probablecause,orconsent.ThesearchthusembodiedpreciselytheevilthecourtsawinCamarawhenitinsistedthatthe'discretionoftheofficialinthefield'becircumscribedbyobtainingawarrantpriortotheinspection."
"Twootheradministrativeinspectioncasesrelieduponbythegovernmentareequallyinapposite.ColonnadeCateringCorp.v.U.S.,397U.S.72,andU.S.v.Biswell,406U.S.311,bothapprovedwarrantlessinspectionsofcommercialenterprisesengagedinbusinessescloselyregulatedandlicensedbytheGovernment...Acentraldifferencebetweenthosecasesandthisoneis...petitionerherewasnotengagedinanyregulatedorlicensedbusiness."
Justincaseourrightsareviolatedbysomewell-meaningbuterrantpublicservant,wehavethishandylittlelawtoassistusinobtainingredressofourgrievances:
Title42USC)1983:
"Everypersonwho,undercolorofanystatute,ordinance,regulation,custom,orusage,ofanyStateorterritory,ortheDistrictofColumbia,subjects,orcausestobesubjected,anycitizenoftheUnitedStates,orotherpersonwithinthejurisdictionthereof,tothedeprivationofanyrights,privileges,orimmunitiessecuredbytheConstitutionandlaws,shallbeliabletothepartyinjuredinanactionatlaw,suitinequityorotherproperproceedingsforredress."Noticethatthisstatuterecognisesthefactthat"statutes,ordinances,andregulations"togetherwith"custom",canbe
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unconstitutionalandviolateourrights.Wheretheydoso,itisuptoustochallengetheirjurisdictionoverus.Failuretochallengejurisdictionatthefirstinstanceofarightsviolationcanbefataltoyourcase,andwillbeseenasanadmissionthatthelawinquestiondoesindeedhavejurisdictionoveryou.Soyoubetter nowyourrights,right?"Tomaintainanactionunder42USC1983,itisnotnecessarytoallegeorprovethatthedefendantsintendedtodepriveplaintiffofhisConstitutionalrightsorthattheyactedwillfully,purposefully,orinafurtheranceofaconspiracy...itissufficienttoestablishthatthedeprivation...wasthenaturalconsequencesofdefendantsactingundercoloroflaw...."Ethridgev.Rhodos,DCOhio268FSupp83(1967),Whirlv.KernCA5Texas407F2d781(1968)Title18UnitedStatesCode,Section241,providesthat..."anypersonwhogoesonthehighwayindisguisetopreventorhinderthefreeexerciseandenjoymentofanyrightsosecuredbylaw...shallbefinednotmorethan$10,000.00orimprisonednotmorethantenyearsorboth.Further,Title18,UnitedStatesCode,Section242,providesforoneormorepersonswho,undercoloroflaw,statute,ordinance,regulation,orcustom,willfullysubjectsanyinhabitantofanystate,territory,ordistricttothedeprivationofrights,privileges,orimmunitiessecuredbytheConstitution,orlawsoftheUnitedStates...shallbefinednotmorethan$1,000.00orimprisonednotmorethanone
yearorboth.Title18,UnitedStatesCode,Section242,withitscoloroflawprovision,givesacauseofactiontoapplyTitle18,UnitedStatesCode,Section241,becauseSection241needstwopersonsindisguiseandSection242providesthesecondpersonundercoloroflawasthe"QUASISUMMONS"mentionedhereinimpliesthatajudgeintheMunicipalCourtisactinginconcerttocommitanovertactoffraudandextortionforconversion.Further,UnitedStatesCode,Title18,section242providesforoneormorepersonswho,undercoloroflaw,statute,ordinance,regulation,orcustom,willfullysubjectsanyinhabitantofanystate,territory,ordistricttothedeprivationofrights,privileges,orimmunitiessecuredorprotectedbytheConstitutionorlawsoftheUnitedStates...shall
befinednotmorethan$1,000orimprisonednotmorethanoneyearorboth.Usually,itcanbephrasedsomethingli
e:
"DemandisuponyoutowithdrawtheinvalidNotice#_____withinten(10)daysfromreceiptofthisNoticeandDemandorActionwillcommenceintheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtpursuanttoRule7(a)and(c)ofthecriminalrulesofprocedurebythejurisdictionprovidedinTitle42,UnitedStatesCode,sections1983and1985;Title28,U.S.C.sections1331and1343andotherswithTitle18,U.S.C.,sections241,242,872,1621,1622,and1623providingfortheadministrationofthepenalties."
"...an...officerwhoactsinviolationoftheConstitutionceasestorepresentthegovernment."Broo fieldCo.vStuart,(1964)234F.Supp94,99(U.S.D.C.,Wash.D.C.)
"...anofficermaybeheldliableindamagestoanypersoninjuredinconsequenceofabreachofanyofthedutiesconnectedwithhisoffice...Theliabilityfornonfeasance,misfeasance,andformalfeasanceinofficeisinhis'individual',nothisofficialcapacity..."70AmJur2ndSec.50,VIICivilLiability.
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"Decency,security,andlibertyali edemandthatgovernmentofficialsbesubjectedtothesamerulesofconductthatarecommandstothecitizen.InaGovernmentoflaws,existenceofthegovernmentwillbeimperiledifitfailstoobservethelawscrupulously.Crimeiscontagious.Ifgovernmentbecomesalawbrea er,itbreedscontemptforthelaw...itinviteseverymantobecomealawuntohimself...andagainstthatperniciousdoctrine,thiscourtshouldresolutelysetitsface."OlmsteadvU.S.,277US348,485;48S.Ct.564,575;72LEd944.
"Lawandcourtproceduresthatare'fairontheirfaces'butadministered'withanevileyeoraheavyhand'wasdiscriminatoryandviolatestheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment."Yic
Wov.Hop
ins,Sheriff,118US356,(1886).
"Judgesmustmaintainahighstandardofjudicialperformancewithparticularemphasisuponconductinglitigationwithscrupulousfairnessandimpartiality."28USCA2411;Pfizerv.Lord,456F2d532;certdenied92SCt2411;USCtAppMN,(1972).
"StateJudges,aswellasfederal,havetheresponsibilitytorespectandprotectpersonsfromviolationsoffederalconstitutionalrights."Grossv.StateofIllinois,312F2d257;(1963).
"Governmentimmunityviolatesthecommonlawmaximthateveryoneshallhavea
remedyforaninjurydonetohispersonprproperty."FiremensIns.Co.ofNewaw ,N.J.v.WashburnCounty,2Wisc2d214(1957)
"Nofreemanshallbeta en,orimprisoned,ordisseised,oroutlawed,orexiled,oranywisedestroyed...butbylawfuljudgmentofhispeersorbythelawoftheland."MagnaCharta,Chapter39.(SometimesreferredtoasChapter29?)
:sov
WHOARESOVEREIGNS?
"...attheRevolution,thesovereigntydevolvedonthepeople;andtheyaretrulythesovereignsofthecountry,buttheyaresovereignswithoutsubjects..withnonetogovernbutthemselves;thecitizensofAmericaareequalasfellowcitizens,andasjointtenantsinthesovereignty."CHISHOLMv.GEORGIA(US)2Dall419,454,1LEd440,[email protected].
"Thewords'sovereignpeople'arethosewhoformthesovereign,andwhoholdthepowerandconductthegovernmentthroughtheirrepresentatives.Everycitizenisoneofthesepeopleandaconstituentmemberofthissovereignty."Scottv.Sandford,Mo.,60US393,404,19How.393,404,15L.Ed.691.
"Sovereigntyitselfis,ofcourse,notsubjecttothelaw,foritisthe
authorandsourceoflaw,butinoursystem,whilesovereignpowersaredelegatedtotheagenciesofgovernment,sovereigntyitselfremainswiththepeople,bywhomandforwhomallgovernmentexistsandacts...For,theveryideathatonemanmaybecompelledtoholdhislife,orthemeansofliving,oranymaterialrightessentialtotheenjoymentoflife,atthemerewillofanother,seemstobeintolerableinanycountrywherefreedomprevails,asbeingtheessenceofslaveryitself."Yic
Wov.Hop
ins,Sheriff,118U.S.356.
"'Sovereignty'ingovernmenttothatpublicauthoritywhichdirectsororders
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whatistobedonebyeachmemberassociatedisrelationtotheendoftheassociation.Itisthesupremepowerbywhichanycitizenisgovernedandisthepersonorbodyofpersonsinthestatetowhomthereispoliticallynosuperior.Thenecessaryexistenceofthestateandthatrightandpowerwhichnecessarilyfollowis'sovereignty'.By'sovereignty'initslargestsenseismeantsupreme,absolute,uncontrollablepower,theabsoluterighttogovern.Thewordwhichbyitselfcomesnearesttobeingthedefinitionof'sovereignty'iswillorvolitionasappliedtopoliticalaffairs."CityofBisbeev.CochiseCounty,28P.2d.982,986,52Ariz.1.
"'Sovereignty'isatermusedtoexpressasupremepoliticalauthorityofanindependentstateornation.Whateverrightsareessentialtotheexistenceofthisauthorityarerightsofsovereignty.Therightstodeclarewar,toma etreatiesofpeace,tolevytaxes,andtota
epropertyforpublicuses,termedthe'rightofeminentdomain,'areallrightsofsovereignty.Inthiscountrythisauthorityisvestedinthepeople,andisexercisedthroughthejointactionofthefederalandstategovernments.Tothefederalgovernmentisdelegatedtheexerciseofcertainrightsorpowetrsofsovereignty,andwithrespecttosovereignty,'rights'and'powers'aresynonymousterms;andtheexerciseofallotherrightsofsovereignty,exceptasexpresslyprohibited,isreservedtothepeopleoftherespectivestates,orvestedbythemintotheirlocalgovernment.Whenwesay,therefore,thatastateoftheUnionissovereign,weonlymeanthatshepossessessupremepoliticalauthority,exceptastothosemattersoverwhichsuchauthorityisdelegatedtothefederal
governmentorprohibitedtothestates."Moorev.Smaw,17Cal.199,218,79Am.Dec.123.
"The'sovereignpowers'ofagovernmentincludeallthepowersnecessarytoaccomplishitslegitimateendsandpurposes.Suchpowersmustexistinallpracticalgovernments.Theyaretheincidentsofsovereignty,ofwhichastatecannotdivestitself."Boggsv.MercedMin.Co.,14Cal.279,309.
"Inallgovernmentsofconstitutionallimitations'sovereignpower'manifestsitselfinbutthreeways.Byexercisingtherightoftaxation;bytherightofeminentdomain;andthroughitspolicepower."UnitedStatesv.Douglas-WillanSartorisCo.,22P.92,96.3Wyo.287.
"Theterm'sovereignpower'ofastateisoftenusedwithoutanyverydefiniteideaofitsmeaning,anditisoftenmisapplied.PriortotheformationofthefederalConstitution,thestatesweresovereignintheabsolutesenseoftheterm.TheyhadestablishedacertainagencyundertheArticlesofConfederation,butthisagencyhadlittleornopowerbeyondthatofrecommendingtothestatestheadoptionofcertainmeasures.Itcouldnotbeproperlydenominatedagovernment,asitdidnotpossessthepowerofcarryingitsactsintoeffect.Thepeopleofthestates,bytheadoptionofthefederalConstitution,imposedcertainlimitationsintheexerciseoftheirpowerswhichappertaintosovereignty.Butthestatesarestillsovereign.Thesovereigntyofastatedoesnotresideinthepersonswhofillthedifferentdepartmentsofitsgovernment,butinthepeople,fromwhomthegovernmentemanated;andtheymaychangeitattheirdiscretion.Sovereignty,then,in
thiscountry,abideswiththeconstituency,andnotwiththeagent;andthisremar istrue,bothinreferencetothefederalandstategovernments."Spoonerv.McConnell,22Fed.Cas.939,943.
"Sovereigntymeanssupremacyinrespectofpower,domination,orran ;supremedominion,authorityorrule."Brandesv.Mitteriling,196P.2d464,467,657Ariz349.
"'Government'isnot'sovereignty.''Government'isthemachineryorexpedientforexpressingthewillofthesovereignpower."CityofBisbeev.Cochise
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County,78P.2d982,986,52Ariz.1.
"The'sovereignty'oftheUnitedStatesconsistsofthepowersexistinginthepeopleasawholeandthepersonstowhomtheyhavedelegatedit,andnotasaseperatepersonalentity,andassuchitdoesnotposssessthepersonalprivilegesofthesovereignofEngland;andthegovernment,beingrestrainedbyawrittenConstitution,cannotta epropertywithoutcompensation,ascantheEnglishgovernmentbyactof
ing,lords,andParliament."FilbinCorporationv.UnitedStates,D.C.S.C.,266F.911,914.
"'Sovereignty'istherighttogovern.InEuropethesovereigntyisgenerallyascribedtotheprince;hereitrestswiththepeople.Therethesovereignactuallyadministersthegovernment;here,neverinasingleinstance.Ourgovernorsaretheagentsofthepeople,andatmoststandinthesamerelationtotheirsovereigninwhichregentsinEuropestandtotheirsovereign.Theirprinceshavepersonalpowers,dignities,andpre-eminences.Ourrulershavenonebutofficial,nordotheyparta einthesovereigntyotherwise,orinanyothercapacitythanasprivatecitizens."Chisholmv.StateofGeorga,Ga.,2.U.S.(2Dall.)419,471,1L.Ed.440.
"Statesandstateofficialsactingofficiallyareheldnottobe'persons'subjecttoliabilityunder42USCSsection1983."Willsv.MichiganDept.ofStatePolice,105L.Ed.2nd45(1989).
"Statutesemployingtheword'person'areordinarilyconstruedtoexcludethesovereign."56L.Ed.2d.895
"AforeignsovereignpowermustincourtsofUnitedStatesbeassumedtobeactinglawfully,themeaningof'sovereignty'beingthatdecreeofthesovereignma eslaw."EasternStatesPetroleumCo.v.AsiaticPetroleumCorporation,D.C.N.Y.,28F.Supp.279,281.
"Theverymeaningof'sovereignty'isthatthedecreeofthesovereignma eslaw."AmericanBananaCo.v.UnitedFruitCo.,29S.Ct.511,513,213U.S.347,53L.Ed.826,19Ann.Cas.1047.
"'Sovereignty'meansthatthedecreeofsovereignma eslaw,andforeign
courtscannotcondemninfluencespersuadingsovereigntoma
ethedecree."MoscowFireIns.Co.ofMoscow,Russiav.Ban ofNewYor &TrustCo.,294N.Y.S.648,662,161Misc.903.
:juris
JURISDICTIONANDLAWSVOID_abinitio_"WhenanycourtviolatesthecleanandunambiguouslanguageoftheConstitution,afraudisperpetratedandnooneisboundtoobeyit."Statev.Sutton,63Minn.147,65N.W.262
"Nooneisboundtoobeyanunconstitutionallaw...Sinceanunconstitutionallawisvoid,thegeneralprinciplesfollowthatitimposesnoduties,confersnorights,createsnooffices,bestowsnopowerorauthorityonanyone,affordsnoprotection,andjustifiesnoactsperformedunderit...andnocourtsareboundtoenforceit."16AmJur2d177.
"Thegeneralprinciplethatlegaleffectshouldnotbegiventounconstitutionallawshasbeenappliedtostatutescreatingcriminal
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offenseswhichareinviolationoftheConstitution.Ithasbeendecidedthatanoffensecreatedbyanunconstitutionallawisnotacrime.Aconvictionunderitisnotmerelyerroneous,butisillegalandvoidandcannotbealegalcauseofimprisonment;thecourtsmustliberateapersonimprisonedunderitjustasiftherehadneverbeentheformofatrial,convictionandsentence.Thus,oneimprisonedbythejudgmentofacourtunderanunconstitutionallawmaybedischargedbythewritofhabeascorpus."11Am.Jur.,Sec150."Itcannotbeassumedthattheframersoftheconstitutionandthepeoplewhoadoptedit,didnotintendthatwhichistheplainimportofthelanguageused.WhenthelanguageoftheConstitutionispositiveandfreeofallambiguity,allcourtsarenotatliberty,byaresorttotherefinementsoflegallearning,torestrictitsobviousmeaningtoavoidthehardshipsofparticularcases.Wemustaccepttheconstitutionasitreadswhenit'slanguageisunambiguous,foritisthemandateofthesovereignpower."Coo ev.Iverson122N.W.251"Underourformofgovernment,thelegislatureisnotsupreme...li eotherdepartmentsofgovernment,itcanonlyexercisesuchpowersashavebeendelegatedtoit,andwhenitstepsbeyondthatboundary,itsacts,li ethoseofthemosthumblemagistrateinthestatewhotranscendshisjurisdiction,areutterlyvoid."Billingsv.Hall7CA1
"Thepowersofstategovernmentarelegislative,executive,andjudicial.PersonschargedwiththeexerciseofonepowermaynotexerciseeitheroftheothersexceptaspermittedinthisConstitution."ArticleIII,Section3,ConstitutionoftheStateofCalifornia
"IfthelegislatureclearlymisinterpretsaConstitutionalprovision,thefrequentrepetitionofthewrongwillnotcreatearight."Amosv.Mosley,77SO619.AlsoseeKingsleyv.Merril,99NW1044
"WherethemeaningoftheConstitutionisclearandunambiguous,therecanbenoresorttoconstructiontoattributetothefoundersapurposeorintentNOTMANIFESTINITSLETTER."Norrisv.Baltimore192A531
"NolegislativeactcontrarytotheConstitutioncanbevalid.Todenythiswouldbetoaffirmthatthedeputyisgreaterthanhisprincipal;thattheservantisabovethemaster;thattherepresentativesofthepeoplearesuperiortothepeople;thatmen,actingbyvirtueofpowersmaydonotonlywhattheirpowersdonotauthorize,butwhattheyforbid.ItisnottobesupposedthattheConstitutioncouldintendtoenabletherepresentativesofthepeopletosubstitutetheirwilltothatoftheirconstituents.AConstitutionis,infact,andmustberegardedbyjudgesasfundamentallaw.Ifthereshouldhappentobeanirreconcilablevariancebetweenthetwo,theConstitutionistobepreferredtothestatute."A.Hamilton,FederalistPapers#78
SeealsoWarningv.TheMayorofSavannah,60Georgia,P.93;First
TrustCo.v.Smith,277SW762,Marburyv.Madison,2LEd60;andAm.Juris.2dConstitutionalLaw,section177-17816Am.Jur.2d256:"Thegeneralruleisthatanunconstitutionalstatute,whetherfederalorstate,thoughhavingtheformandnameoflaw,isinrealitynolaw,butiswhollyvoid,andineffectiveforanypurpose;sinceunconstitutionalitydatesfromthetimeofitsenactment,andnotmerelyfromthedateofthedecisionsobrandingit,anunconstitutionallaw,inlegalcontemplation,isasinoperativeasifithadneverbeenpassed...sinceanunconstitutionallawisvoid,the
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generalprinciplesfollowthatitimposesnoduties,confersnorights,createsnooffice,bestowsnopowerorauthorityonanyone,affordsnoprotection,andjustifiesnoactsperformedunderit...NOONEISBOUNDTOOBEYANUNCONSTITUTIONALLAW[myemphasis],andnocourtsareboundtoenforceit."
"Toconstitute[jurisdiction]therearethreeessentials:First,thecourtmusthavecognizanceoftheclassofcasestowhichtheonetobeadjudicatedbelongs;second,theproperpartiesmustbepresent;andthird,thepointdecideduponmustbeinsubstanceandeffectwithintheissue."ReynoldsvStoc ton,140U.S.254,268.
"Oncejurisdictionischallenged,itmustbeproven."HagensvLavine,415U.S.533,note3.
"Wherejurisdictionisnotsquarelychallenged,[it]isresumedtoexist."Bur svLas er,441U.S.471.
"Nosanctioncanbeimposedabsentproofofjurisdiction."StandardvOlsen,74S.Ct.768.
"...meregoodfaithassertionsofpowerandauthority(jurisdiction)havebeenabolished."OwensvTheCityofIndependence(CITEMISSING!Pleasesendmailifyoucantrac thisonedown!)
"TheConstitutionwaswrittentobeunderstoodbythevoters;itswordsandphraseswereusedintheirnormalandordinary,asdistinguishedfromtechnicalmeaning;wheretheintentionisclear,thereisnoroomforconstruction,andnoexcuseforinterpolationoraddition."Martinv.Hunter'sLessee,1Wheat304;Gibbonsv.Ogden,9Wheat419;Brownv.Maryland,12Wheat419;Craigv.Missouri,4Pet10;Tennesseev.Whitworth,117U.S.139;La eCountyv.Rollins,130U.S.662;Hodgesv.UnitedStates,203U.S.1;Edwardsv.CubaR.Co.,268U.S.628;ThePoc etVetoCase,279U.S.655;(Justice)StoryontheConstitution,5thed.,Sec451;Cooley'sConstitutionalLimitations,2nded.,p.61,70.
"Itcannotbepresumedthatanyclauseintheconstitutionisintendedtobe
withouteffect;..."Marburyv.Madison,5U.S.137,174(1803)
"TheConstitutionisawritteninstrument.Assuch,itsmeaningdoesnotalter.Thatwhichitmeantwhenitwasadopted,itmeansnow."SouthCarolinav.UnitedStates,199U.S.437,448(1905)
"HistoryisclearthatthefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitutionwereadoptedtosecurecertaincommonlawrightsofthepeople,againstinvasionbytheFederalGovernment."Bellv.Hood,71F.Supp.,813,816(1947)U.S.D.C.--So.Dist.CA
"Thenecessitieswhichgavebirthtotheconstitution,thecontroversieswhichprecedeitsformationandtheconflictsofopinionwhichweresettled
byitsadoption,mayproperlybeta
enintoviewforthepurposesoftracingtoitssource,anyparticularprovisionoftheconstitution,inorderthereby,tobeenabledtocorrectlyinterpretitsmeaning."Polloc
v.Farmers'Loan&TrustCo.,157U.S.429,558.
"ThevaluesoftheFramersoftheConstitutionmustbeappliedinanycaseconstruingtheConstitution.InferencesfromthetextandhistoryoftheConstitutionshouldbegivengreatweightindiscerningtheoriginalunderstandingandindeterminingtheintentionsofthosewhoratifiedtheconstitution.Theprecedentialvalueofcasesandcommentatorstendsto
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increase,therefore,inproportiontotheirproximitytotheadoptionoftheConstitution,theBillofRights,oranyotheramendments."Powellv.McCormac ,395U.S.486,547(1969)
"Todisregardsuchadeliberatechoiceofwordsandtheirnaturalmeaning,wouldbeadeparturefromthefirstprincipleofconstitutionalinterpretation.'InexpoundingtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,'saidChiefJusticeTaneyinHolmesv.Jennison,14U.S.540,570-1,'everywordmusthaveitsdueforceandappropriatemeaning;foritisevidentfromthewholeinstrument,that,nowordwasunnecessarilyused,orneedlesslyadded.Themanydiscussionswhichhaveta enplaceupontheconstructionoftheConstitution,haveprovedthecorrectnessofthisproposition;andshownthehightalent,thecautionandtheforesightoftheillustriousmenwhoframedit.Everywordappearstohavebeenweighedwiththeutmostdeliberationanditsforceandeffecttohavebeenfullyunderstood.'"Wrightv.UnitedStates,302U.S.583(1938)
"ThelanguageoftheConstitutioncannotbeinterpretedsafely,exceptwherereferencetocommonlawandtoBritishinstitutionsastheywerewhentheinstrumentwasframedandadopted.Thestatesmenandlawyersoftheconventionwhosubmittedittotheratificationofconventionsofthethirteenstates,werebornandbroughtupintheatmosphereofthecommonlawandthoughtandspo einitsvocabulary...whentheycametoputtheirconclusionsintotheformoffundamentallawinacompactdraft,they
expressedthemintermsofcommonlaw,confidentthattheycouldbeshortlyandeasilyunderstood."ExParteGrossman,267U.S.87,108.
"Thecourtsarenotboundbymereforms,noraretheytobemisledbymerepretences.Theyareatliberty---indeed,areunderasolemnduty---toloo atthesubstanceofthings,whenevertheyenterupontheinquirywhetherthelegislaturehastranscendedthelimitsofitsauthority.Iftherefore,astatutepurportingtohavebeenenactedtoprotectthepublichealth,thepublicmorals,orthepublicsafety,hasnorealorsubstantialrelationtothoseobjects,orisapalpableinvasionofrightssecuredbythefundamentallaw,itisthedutyofthyecourtstosoadjudge,andtherebygiveeffecttotheConstitution."Muglerv.Kansas,123U.S.623,661
"Constitutionalprovisionsforthesecurityofpersonandpropertyshouldbeliberallyconstrued.Itisthedutyofthecourtstobewatchfulofconstitutionalrightsagainstanystealthyencroachmentsthereon."Boydv.U.S.,116U.S.635.
"Wherethewordsofaconstitutionareunambiguousandintheircommonlyreceivedsenseleadtoareasonableconclusion,itshouldbereadaccordingtothenaturalandmostobviousimportoftheframers,withoutresortingtosubtleandforcedconstructionforthepurposeoflimitingorextendingitsoperation."AStateExRel.Torrysonv.Grey,21Nev.378,32P.190.
"Alonganduniformsanctionbylawrevisersandlawma
ers,ofalegislativeassertionandexerciseofpower,isentitledtoagreatweightinconstruing
anambiguousordoubtfulprovision,butisentitledtonoweightifthestatuteinquestionisinconflictwiththeplainmeaningoftheconstitutionalprovision."Kingsleyv.Merril,122Wis.185;99NW1044
"Economicnecessitycannotjustifyadisregardofcardinalconstitutionalguarantee."Rileyv.Carter,165O al.262;25P.2d666;79ALR1018
"Disobedienceorevasionofaconstitutionalmandatemaynotbetolerated,eventhoughsuchdisobediencemay,atleasttemporarily,promoteinsomerespectsthebestinterestsofthepublic."Slotev.BoardofExaminers,
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theaccusation.Hearsayevidencemaynotbeprovided.Anyoneelsetestifyingthattheyheardthatanotherpartywasinjureddoesnotqualifyasdirectevidence.
5.Theaccusationmustbemadeunderpenaltyofperjury.Ifperjurycannotreachtheaccuser,thereisnoaccusation.Otherwise,anyonemayaccuseanotherfalselywithoutris .
6.Tocomplywiththefiveelementsabove,thatisfortheaccusationtobevalid,theaccusedmustbeaccordeddueprocess.Accusermusthavecompliedwithlaw,procedureandforminbringingthecharge.Thisincludescourt-determinedprobablecause,summonsandnoticeprocedure.Iflawfulprocessmaybeabrogatedinplacingacitizeninjeopardy,thenanymeansmaybeutilizedtodepriveamanofhisfreedom,andalldissentmaybestifledbyutilizationofdefectiveprocess.
"Theessentialelementsofdueprocessarenoticeandanopportunitytodefend."SimonvCraft,182US427.
"...oneisnotentitledtoprotectionunlesshehasreasonablecausetoapprehanddangerfromadirectanswer.Themereassertionofaprivilegedoesnotimmunizehim;thecourtmustdeterminewhetherhisrefusalisjustified,andmayrequirethatheismista eninhisrefusal."HoffmanvUS,341U.S.486.
7.Thecourtmustbeoneofcompetentjurisdiction.Tohavevalidprocess,thetribunalmustbeacreatureofitsconstitution,inaccordwiththelawofitscreation,i.e.,ArticleIIIjudge.
Lac inganyofthesevenelementsorportionsthereof,(unlesswaived,intentionallyorunintentionally)alldesignedtoensureagainstfurtherprosecution(doublejeopardy);itisthedefendant'sdutytoinformthecourtoffactsallegedfordeterminationofsufficiencytosupportconviction,shouldonebeobtained.Otherwise,thereisnolawfulnotice,andchargemustbedismissedforfailuretostateanoffense.Withoutlawfulnotice,thereisnopersonaljurisdictionandallproceedingspriortofilingofapropertrialdocumentincompliancewiththesevenelementsisvoid.Alawfulactisalways
legalbutmanylegalactsbygovernmentareoftenunlawful.Mostbureaucratslac elementary nowledgeandincentivetocomplywiththemandatesofconstitutionaldueprocess.Theywillma emista es.Numbersbeyondcounthavebeenconvictedwithoutbenefitofgovernmentaladherencetothesesevenelements.Today,informationsarebeingfiledandprosecutedby"acceptedpractice"ratherthandueprocessoflaw.
SeeCorpusJurisSecundum(CJS),Volume7,Section4,Attorney&client:Theattorney'sfirstdutyistothecourtsandthepublic,nottotheclient,andwhereverthedutiestohisclientconflictwiththoseheowesasanofficerofthecourtintheadministrationofjustice,theformermustyieldtothelatter.Clientsarealsocalled"wards"ofthecourtinregardtotheirrelationshipwiththeirattorneys.
CorpusJurisSecundumassumescourtswilloperateinalawfulmanner.Iftheaccusedma
esthisassumption,hemaylearn,tohisdetriment,throughexperience,thatcertainquestionsoflaw,includingthequestionofpersonaljurisdiction,mayneverberaisedandaddressed,especiallywhentheaccusedisrepresentedbythebar.(Sometimeslicensedcounselappearstota eonthecharacteristicsofafoxguardingthehenhouse.)
Jurisdiction,oncechallenged,istobeproven,notbythecourt,butbythepartyattemptingtoassertjurisdiction.Theburdenofproofofjurisdiction
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lieswiththeasserter.Thecourtisonlytoruleonthesufficiencyoftheprooftendered.SeMcNuttv.GMAC,298US178.TheoriginsofthisdoctrineoflawmaybefoundinMaxfield'sLesseevLevy,4US308.
DIFFERENTKINDSOFJURISDICTION
INPERSONAM:Powerwhichacourthasoverthedefendant'sperson.Itisabsolutelyrequiredbeforeacourtmayenterapersonaljudgment.Jurisdictionoverapersonmaybewaivedbyconsent.
InPersonamjurisdictionmaybeacquiredbyanactofthedefendantwithinajurisdictionunderalaworstatutebywhichthedefendantimpliesconsenttothejurisdictionofthecourtoverhisperson.
Examplesofhowacourtmayacquirepersonaljurisdiction:Entryofappearance,properservice,orimplication(e.g.,theoperationofamotorvehicleonthehighwaysofaStatemayconferjurisdictionoftheoperatorandowneronthecourtsofthatState).
Formoreinfo,seeHessvPawlos i,274US352.
INREM:Powerofacourtoverathing,sothatitsjudgmentisvalidagainsttherightsofeverypersoninthething.Anactioninremisaproceedingthat
ta
esnocognizanceoftheowner,butdeterminestherightinspecificpropertyagainstalloftheworld,equallybindinguponeverybody.
Inthisaction,thecourtisrequiredtohavecontrolorpoweroverthething.Examples:Aboatorothervehicleinsideofwhichnarcoticsarediscovered;ajudgmentofregistrationoftitletoland.
Formoreinfo,seeCaleroToledovPearsonYachtLeasingCo.,416US663.Alsoloo atanycaseswhichareintheformof"UnitedStatesvX",whereXisathinginsteadofaperson,e.g.,"$20,000inUnitedStatescurrency"or"FortyBarrelsandTwentyKegsofCoca-Cola".
QUASIINREM:Thepowerofacourtoverthedefendant'sinterestinproperty,
realorpersonal,withinthegeographicallimitsofthecourt.Thecourt'sjudgmentordecreebindsonlythedefendant'sinterest,andnotthewholeworld,asinthecaseofinrem.Thistermisappliedtoproceedingswhicharenotstrictlyinrem,butarebroughtagainstthedefendantpersonally,thoughtherealobjectistodealwithparticularproperty,ortosubjectpropertytothedischargeofassertedclaims.
Examples:Foreclosureofamortgage,quietingtitle,effectingapartition.
Formoreinfo,seeFreemanvAlderson,119US185.
SUBJECTMATTER:Thepowerofaparticularcourttohearatypeofcase.Threeelementsmustbepresentforacourttohaveproperjurisdictionoverthe
subjectmatter:
1)Thecourtmusthavecognizanceoftheclassofcases.2)Theproperpartiesmustbepresent.3)Thepointdecideduponmustbe,insubstanceandeffect,withintheissue.SeeReynoldsvStoc ton,140US254.
"ThecriminaljurisdictionoftheUnitedStatesiswhollystatutory."U.S.vFlores,289US137,,151(1933).
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"ThelegislativeauthorityoftheUnionmustfirstma eanactacrime,affixapunishmenttoit,anddeclarethecourtthatshallhavejurisdictionoftheoffense."U.S.vHudson,7Cranch32,34(1812).
Subjectmatterjurisdiction,unli epersonamandvenue(seebelow),mayNOTbewaivedorconferredbyconsentofthepartiesandthecourt.
VENUE:Venuedoesnotactuallyrefertojurisdictionatall."Jurisdiction"meanstheinherentpowerofthecourttodecideacase."Venue"designatesthePARTICULARGEOGRAPHICALAREA(county,city,district,state,etc)inwhichacourtwithjurisdictionmayproperlyhearacase.
Infederalcases,theprosecutor'sdiscretionregardingthelocationoftheprosecutionislimitedbyArticleIII,Section2ofthefederalConstitution,whichrequirestrialintheStatewheretheoffense"shallhavebeencommitted",andtheSixthAmendment,whichguaranteesanimpartialjury"oftheStateanddistrictwhereinthecrimeshallhavebeencommitted".
Theaddressingofvenueinreferencetoanaccusationoffailingto"fileadocument"canbeseeninU.S.vLombardo,241US73,76-7.Here,interestingly,thecourtstatedthat"filingisnotcompleteuntilthedocumentisdeliveredandreceived...totheofficeandnotsentthroughtheUnitedStatesmails."
Achallengeofvenuemaybewaived,soasalways,itiscrucialthatifa
challengeistobemade,thatitbetimely.
[FurtherreviewofthetopicsofjurisdictionandvenueshouldbemadepriortosubmittinganyMotions.Goodsourcesthatwillleadtoothersourcesarethelawencyclopedias_AmericanJurisprudence_and_CorpusJurisSecundum_.]
Thingstothin aboutandta ecareofinatypicalcase:(partiallist)
Theactoromissioninquestion:Isitdeclaredbylawtobeacrime?Researchthelaw/code/ordinanceThevictim:Who?WhatLife,LibertyorPropertywasharmed?
IsthepersonNaturalorJuristic?IsheAtLaw,orinEquity?Isthepersoncompetenttotestify?Thecomplaint:Verifiedbyaffidavitsignedbyvictim?Ifnovictim,serve&fileconstructivenoticeongov'tagentandjudgeTendayslater,fileSuitGrandjuryindictment/informationGrandJuryrepresentsthePeopleDistrictAttorney=TheStateObjecttoprosecutionbyinformation,DemandGrandJuryIndictment.Warrant-Madeoutforthepartyarrested?Chec
spelling-JoeBlowisnotJoBloe!Signedbyajudge?
Chec
"judge's"OathofOffice/comparewithrequiredoathinConstitutionArrest-YouhavetherighttoremainsilentYouhavetherighttocounselpresentNotrequiredtogivefingerprints[Davisv.Mississippi]GiveMiranda/Titles18,42warningWritofHabeasCorpusArraignment-StartscalendarforspeedytrialAppearspecially,notgenerallyDemandallrightsatalltimesDisclaimequityjurisdiction
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GiveMiranda/Titles18,42warningDemandtoseeaverifiedcomplaint-Mustbesworntobycomplainantwithin15daysofNoticetoAppearMusthavethesealofthecourtDefendentcannotunderstandchargeswithoutcounselDemandcounselofchoiceObjecttodenialbyjudgeCitecasesFilewrittenDemandforCounselofChoiceIfjudgeappointsPublicDefender,object!Youhavetotal withPublicDefenderbeforeyoucanaccepthimascounsel.Youcannotrelatetohim.YouhavenoconfidenceinhimYoucannotbeforcedtoemploycounselbeholdentoyouradversaryStand"mute"Judgewillenter"Notguilty"pleaObject!LettherecordshowthatdefendantstandsmuteFile"Arraignment&Plea"FileDemandforPlaintifftoShowConstrainingNeedorintheAlternativetoDismissFileDemandforJuryTrialinwhichthejurydecidesboththelawandthefactsAtLawFileNoticeofintentiontotaperecordtheproceedingsperRule980(f)"unlessotherwiseorderedforcause"
FileDemandforcourtreportertota
etranscriptsatallhearingsFileDemandfortranscriptsofallproceedingsFileDemandforEvidentiaryHearingFile/serveDeclaration-PetitionforRedressofGrievancesThePreliminary(Evidentiary)HearingAppearspecially,notgenerallyClaimallrightsatalltimesChallengejurisdiction
ADMINISTRATIVEANDPROCEDURALMATTERSDemandformal,verifiedcomplaintYouintendtochallengejurisdictionbutyouneedcounseltoadequatelyarguejurisdiction
Appearingproper,notproseGetjudicialnoticeofdemandforcounselofchoiceandsupportingbriefGetjudicialdeterminationfortherecordthatthecourtisdenyingunfetteredcounselofchoice[finaljudgementonthematter]DemandthathearingbepostponedsothatdenialofcounselmaybeappealedtohighercourtDoescourthonordemandforrightssuasponte?Demandthatthecourtprovebothagency'sandcourt'sjurisdictionontherecord."Jurisdictioncannotbeassumed&mustbedecided"Mainev.Thiboutot100S.Ct.2502(1980)"Jurisdictioncannotbepresumed"Smithv.McCullough46S.Ct.338(1926)Examine/cross-examinewitnesses
Discovery:File/serveDemandSuppressionhearingfileDemandtoSupressEvidenceFormulatejuryinstructionsTheymusthavefoundationintherecordintheEvidenceExhibitsintheTestimonyofWitnessesFormulatequestionsforwitnessesForCross-examForDirectexam
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KeepProposedJuryInstructionsinmindSubpoenaWitnessesExpertwitnessesGov'tagentsWitnessesatsceneofarrestAlibiMotion[Demand]HearingGiveequitydisclaimer/DemandrightsChallengeensignv.flagGiveMiranda/Title18warningFileConstructiveNoticeDemandCounselofchoiceFilepaperDemandDismissalforLac
ofJurisdictionFilejurisdictionbriefsonStatus,StatusofCitizens,MerchantAtLaw,Rights,MemorandumofLaw,Equity,TheMonetarySystemDemandRightsSuaSponteFilepaperDemandjurytrialw/12jurorsFileNotice&DemandJurySelectionQuestionsforJurorsProsecution'sOpeningStatementDefenseOpeningStatement(maywait)
ProsecutionExaminesWitnessesObject!Object!Object!DefenseCross-examinesDefensemaytestifyNotrequiredtota eOathProsecutionClosingStatementProsecutionrestsDefensechallengesPrimaFacieCaseCodePleadingDefensemovesfordirectedverdictofaquittalDefenseOpeningStatementifdelayedDefenseExaminesWitnessesProsecutioncross-examines
Object!Object!Object!DefenseClosingStatementDefenserestsProsecution2ndClosingStatementJudge'sInstuctionstoJuryObject!Object!Object!JuryDeliberationsJuryVerdictDefenseMotionforVerdictofAquittalNotwithstandingJuryVerdictMotionforNewTrialifappropriateNoticeofAppealDemandforStayofExecutionPendingAppealandOrderIfdenied,fileWritofHabeasCorpus
Demandfortranscriptsatgov'texpenseProposedstatementonAppealUsecourt'sformasacoversheetFillblan swith"seeProposedSettledStatement[Attached]Don'tputsignatureonformProsecution'sAmendmentsDefenseRevisedProposedStatementSettlementconferenceOpeningBriefonAppealProsecution'sRebuttaltoabove
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Prosecution'sOpeningBriefDefenserebuttalDefenseClosingBrief
:money
THEFEDERALRESERVE,MONEY,ANDDEBTCurrentLaw:NoStateShallMa
eAnyThingButGoldAndSilverCoinATenderInPaymentOfDebt.(U.S.Constitution,Art.1,sec.10)CurrentLaw:31UnitedStatesCode371:"ThemoneyofaccountoftheUnitedStatesshallbeexpressedindollarsorunits,dimesortenths,centsorhundredths,andmillsorthousandths,adimebeingthetenthpartofadollar,acentthehundredthpartofadollar,amillthethousandthpartofadollar,andallaccountsinthepublicofficesandallproceedingsinthecourtsshallbe eptandhadinconformitytothisregulation."Thequestionwasputtoanattorney:IsArticle1,section10,oftheUnitedStatesConstitution,particularlythewords"Nostateshall...ma eanyThingbutgoldandsilvercoinatenderinpaymentofdebt..."stillbindingonaState?
Hereplied,inwriting,"...theonlylawfulanswerisYes.Meantto'crushpapermoney'byunanimousconsentoftheconstitutionalConventionof1787,thissectionprohibitstheStatesfromimposinguponthepeopleapapercurrency,papermoney,oranythingelseotherthangoldorsilvercoinasamediumofexchangeinthedischargeofdebts.SincetheConstitutioncanbechangedbyamendmentonly,andsincenoamendmenthaschangedthissection,nofederalactioncanexcuseaStateofthisprohibition.
Theeffectofthissectionisthus:
IfapaperFRNisdeliveredto,orreceivedfromaState-authorized
partywithoutparticularobjectiontoitsbeinganunlawfultenderunderArticle1,Section10,noConstitutionalquestionhasarisen,andthepayor/payee,inremainingsilent,hasrenouncedhisindividualrightsflowingfromtheConstitutionalprohibition.
Thoserightsarethefollowing:
A.Dischargeofthedebtingoldorsilvercoin,ifprovidedforinthedebt;
B.Dismissalorforgivenessofthedebtaltogether,ifthedebtisnotdenominatedingoldorsilvercoin,sinceanyruleorjudgementthatisrepugnanttotheConstitutionisvoid,invalid,andwithouteffect.
Aswithotherrights,therighttogoldandsilvercoin,andtherighttobeforgivenofanydebtnotdenominatedinsame,areconsideredwaivedunlessproperlyandtimelyasserted."Specificallyregarding"notes"andsuch,thecourtshavehadsomeequallyinterestingthingstosay:
"Theyhadacertaincontingentvalue,andwereusedasmoneyinnearlyallthebusinesstransactionsofmanymillionsofpeople.They
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mustberegardedtherefore,asacurrencyimposedonthecommunitybyirresistableforce."75U.S.11
"Consideredinthemselves,andinthelightofsubsequentevents,thesenoteshadnorealvalue,buttheyweremadecurrentasdollarsbyirresistableforce.Theyweretheonlymeasureofvaluewhichthepeoplehad,andtheirusewasamatterofalmostabsolutenecessity.Andthisusegavethemasortofvalue,insignificantandprecariousenoughitistrue,butalwayshavingasufficientlydefiniterelationtogoldandsilver,theuniversalmeasureofvalue,sothatitwasalwayseasytoascertainhowmuchgoldandsilverwastherealequivalentofasumexpressedinthiscurrency."75U.S.13"Oneissaidtoactinafiduciarycapacitywhenthebusinessthathetransacts,orthemoneyorpropertywhichhehandles,isnothisown..."A"fiduciaryrelation"caninclude"informalrelationswhichexistwheneveronemantrustsandreliesuponanother--itexistswherethereisspecialconfidencereposedinonewhoinequityandgoodconscienceisboundtoactingoodfaithandwithdueregardtointerestsofonereposingtheconfidence."Blac 'sLawDictionary,4thed.
TheFederalReserveitselftellsyouthatitis"confidence"thatisthereasonthatanyoneatallacceptsFRNs!Byacceptingthegovernment'sobligationsin