Fritz Emergence

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HE EMERGENCE OF ISRAEL IN HE WELF H ANDELEVEN H CEN URIES B.C.E.



B EL G. P , S E

A E B E z äW D W S , E

V 2

T E I f E C B



HE EMERGENCE OF ISRAEL IN HEWELF H AND ELEVEN H CEN URIES B.C.E.

V F z

J W. B

S B LA



HE EMERGENCE OF ISRAEL IN HE WELF H ANDELEVEN H CEN URIES B.C.E.

C © 2011 S B L

A D E I 12. 11. J (1996), © W. K G H S

A . N , ,

, x x 1976 C A . R q

R P O , SL , 825 H M R , A , GA 30329 USA.

L C C - -P D

F z, V .[E I 12. 11. J . C . E ]T I 12 11 BCE / V ;

J W. B .. . — (S B L

I x .ISBN: 978-1-58983-262-6 ( : . ) — ISBN 978-1-58983-633-4( )1. J —H — 1200 B.C. 2. B . O. .—H B —H . I. .DS121.F7513 2012222'.2095— 23 2011042797

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 5 4 3 2 1

P U S A - , ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) ISO 9706:1994 .



D A K ,



Contents

A ........................................................................................................ ..............................................................................................................x

M : P I A .......................................................................A F .........................................................................

I. T B P E ...........................................................

I.1. R ............................................................................................I.1.1. S j E j (N 21–36) ..................I.1.2. M ’ F S (D 1–34) .........................................I.1.3. W j (J 1–24) .........................

I.1.4. T P J (J 1–21) ..........................................6I.2. Q ........................................................................................................

I.2.1. S j E j (N 21–36) ..................I.2.1.1. T S (N 25–31 33–36) ..............................13I.2.1.2. T B O (N 22–24) .............................................16I.2.1.3. E j (N 21 32) .................I.2.1.4. R H J (D I.2.2. W j (J 1–24) .........................I.2.2.1. C q L (J 1–24) .............................................2I.2.2.2. A L (J 13–19) ........................................I.2.2.3. J ’ F S (J 24) ...........................................I.2.3. J D (J 1–21) .............................................I.2.3.1. H D (J 3–16) ...................................I.2.3.2. T A (J 17–21) .....................................................51I.2.3.3. T P (J 1:2) ...............................................................54I.2.4. T S ........................................................................59I.2.5. S .......................................................................................61

II. H R E ........................................

II.1. C F ........................................................................



II.2. C E L B z A .........................................II.2.1. T C C C -S ........................II.2.2. T C ..............................................................................76II.2.3. I M S ...............................................

II.3. T R L E I A (1200–1000) II.3.1. S R .......................................................................II.3.2. S F ...........................................................................85II.3.3. E S S S .................................II.3.4. M C .........................................................................1II.3.5. A S ........................................................................1

II.4. T L A q ................................................................................11II.4.1. L A q T ........................................................1II.4.2. T H apiru...................................................................................126II.4.3. N S H S M ..II.4.4. T N S F O I

I ...................................................................................135

II.5. T L C L ................................II.5.1. T S ............................................................13II.5.2. Y W .................................................................................145II.5.3. T ’ H ..............................................................1

II.6. T R Y ............................................................................15II.6.1. T N Y .................................................................159II.6.2. L D ................................................................................16II.6.3. T G A ..........................................................170II.6.4. C A ............................................................................173II.6.4.1. T A ........................................................................................173II.6.4.2. T ..............................................................................175II.6.4.3. T O C L .......................................................1II.6.5. C S ...................................................................................17

II.7. T P ............................................................................................1II.7.1. N O ........................................................................183II.7.2. S H .....................................................................1

II.7.3. M C .........................................................................1II.7.3.1. A ................................................................................18II.7.3.2. C ...............................................................................................189II.7.3.3. B ............................................................................................191II.7.3.4. P ..........................................................................................192

CON EN S



II.7.3.5. M ...................................................................................19II.7.4. H S ............................................................1

II.8. N P .................................................................................1II.8.1. P .................................................................................198II.8.2. A .....................................................................................199II.8.3. A ..................................................................................200II.8.4. M ......................................................................................202II.8.5. E ......................................................................................203II.8.6. M ....................................................................................20II.8.7. A ...................................................................................207

III. T L E ...........................................................................

III.1. H .........................................................................................21

III.2. R ........................................................................................................216

III.3. F ...........................................................................................................220

III.4. T R O .......................................................................III.5. O C L .................................................................2

IV. T T S E ..........................................

I x P N ..........................................................................................24I x M A ...................................................................................2I x B R ..........................................................................

CON EN S x



Abbreviations

AA Archäologischer Anzeiger ÄA Ä A

AASF A A S FAASOR A A S O RÄA Ä A AB A B ABLAK Au sätze zur Biblischen Landes- und Altertumskunde ADAJ Annual o the Department o Antiquities o JordanADPV A D P ä AJA American Journal o Archaeology AJBI Annual o the Japanese Biblical InstituteA B A B ANE Ancient Near Eastern exts Relating to the Old estament.

E J B. P . 3 . P , N.J.: P U P , 1969.

AOA A O A AOS A O SASOR A S O R AS I Annual o the Swedish Teological Institute

A AN A z T A N A D D A DBA Biblical Archaeologist BASOR Bulletin o the American Schools o Oriental Research BBB B B B äBE L B Bib BiblicaBK B K

BN Biblische NotizenB AVO B f z ü A V OBWAN B ä z W f A N BWA B ä z W f A BZ Biblische Zeitschrif

-x -



BZAW B f z Z f ü WC RB C R qCBO C B , O SCBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly Ev Evangelische TeologieFB F z BFRLAN F z R L A

HAL L K , W B , J. J. SHebräisches und Aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten estament.N . L : B , 1967–1995.

HA H z A HSM H S MH R Harvard Teological ReviewHUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IEJ Israel Exploration Journal IWW Internationale Wochenschri t ür Wissenscha t, Kunst und

echnik JBL Journal o BiblicaL Literature

JdI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts JNES Journal o Near Eastern Studies JPOS Journal o the Palestine Oriental Society JSO Journal or the Study o the Old estament JSO S J S O S JSS Journal o Semitic Studies J S Journal o Teological StudiesKS K S f z G V ILÄ Lexikon der Ägyptologie.E W H , E

O , W W . W : H1972.

MAOG M A G fMDOG M D O -G fMTS M T S MUSJ M élanges de l’Universit é Saint-JosephNEAEHL Te New Encyclopedia o Archaeological Excavations in the

Holy Land.E E S . 4 . J : I

Ex S C , 1993.OA O A qOBO O B OOLA O O L O L

x ABBREVIA IONS



O S O SPEFA Palestine Exploration Fund Annual PEFQS P Ex F Q SPEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly PJ Palästina-JahrbuchQDAP Quarterly o the Department o Antiquities o PalestineRB Revue bibliqueRlA Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäolo-

gie.E E E . B : G , SAVK S z A ü VSBLDS S B L D SSBLMS S B L M SSBS S BSB S B T SEÅ Svensk exegetisk årsbokSHAJ S H A JSJO Scandanavian Journal o the Old estament SMA S M A SS S S , R

SSN S S Studia TeologicaS AN S z A N

B T Bü : N B J

DO Teological Dictionary o the Old estament.E G.J B , H R , H z-JF . J . W , G W. B

D. E. G . 15 . G R : E , 1974–.TS T STWA Teologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten estament.E G.

J B H R . S, 1970–.

LZ Teologische Literaturzeitung RE Teologische Realenzyklopädie.E G K

G Mü . B : G , 1977–.Ru Teologische Rundschau

Z rierer theologische Zeitschrif UA exte aus der Umwelt des Alten estaments. E OK . 3 . Gü : M , 1982–1997.

ynBul yndale BulletinZ Teologische Zeitschrif

ABBREVIA IONS x



UF Ugarit-ForschungenV Vetus estamentumV S S V WMAN W f M z A N

WO Die Welt des OrientsWVDOG W f V ö D

fZAW Zeitschrif ür die alttestamentliche Wissenschaf ZDMG Zeitschrif der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaf ZDPV Zeitschrif des deutschen Palästinas-Vereins

x ABBREVIA IONS



imetables

N N E , B. T

Eras o Biblical Archaeology

N 8000–4000C 4000–3150

E B z I 3150–2950E B z II 2950–2650E B z III 2650–2350E B z IV 2350–2150M B z I 2150–1950M B z II A 1950–1750M B z II B 1750–1550

L B z I 1550–1400L B z II 1400–1200I I 1200–1000I II A 1000–900I II B 900–700I II C 700–587I III 587–332

Chronology o Egyptian History

P K . 3000–2950

-x -



E D P

1 D . 2970–29502 D . 2770–2640A P . 2640–2155

3 D . 2640–25704 D . 2575–24655 D . 2465–23256 D . 2325–2155

7 D . 21558 D . 2155–2134

F I P 2134–19919 –11 D

M K 1991– . 165012 D 1991–178513 D . 1785–165014 D . 1715–1650

S I P (H ) . 1650–155115 –17 D

N K 1552–1070 (1540–1070)18 D 1551–1306 (1540–1295)19 D 1306–1186 (1295–1188)

20 D 1186–1070L P21 D 1070–94522 D 945–72223 D 808–71524 D 725–71225 D 712–664

26 D 664–525P R 525–404

x IME ABLES



Damascus

B E T

H - R E

H O B

M A A C A H

G E S H U R

M A N A S S E H

B E N J A M I N G A D

J U D A H

D A N

N A P H T A L I

A S H E R

Z E B U L U N

I S S A C H A R

A R A M

- D A M A S

C U S

P H I L I S

T I A

S I M E O N M O A B

E D O M

N e g e b

D e a d S e a

S e a o f

G a l i l e e

A M M O NE P H R A IM

M A N A S S E H

Sidon

Dan

Qadesh

Astaroth

Hazor

Hamath

Kinneret

Tyre

Acco

Ramoth-gileadBeth-sheanTaanach

JezreelMegiddoDor

Samaria

Aphek

Bethel Rabbath-Ammon

MadebaGath

Ekron Ashdod

AshkelonLachish

GazaGerar

Beer-sheba Arad

Kir-Moab

Azekah

Dibon Aroer

Aroer

En-gedi

Hebron

Bethlehem

Gezer

Beth-shemesh

Jazer

Mizpah Ai

JerichoGibeah

Jerusalem

Tirzah

Shechem Jabbok

K a r m e l

J o r d a n

Jabesh-gilead

Ijon

Abel-beth-maacah

P I A



Acknowledgments or Figures

F . 1–4, 7, 10–11. Af I F ,Te Archaeology o the Israelite

Settlement ( . D. S z; J : I Ex S(1) 95 . 28, (2) 115 . 35, (3) 189 . 55, (4) 223 . 70, (7) 254 . 86,(10) 239 . 76, (11) 78 . 21.

F . 5. Af Z H z , “S F P A ,” Te Architecture o Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Per-sian Periods( . A K R R ; J : IEx S , 1992), 235 . 4.

F . 6. Af J A. C , “R , K ,”NEAEHL4:1253.F . 8. Af A M z , “G : A E I S

,”IEJ 31 (1981): 6 . 2.F . 9. Af A Z , “A E I A C S M E

S 1982–1987,”el Aviv 13–14 (1986–1987): 107 . 2.F . 12. Af Z H z ,Beer-sheba II: Te Early Iron Age Settlements(

A : A U , I A , 1984), 79 F . 13–14. Af V F z A K ,Ergebnisse der Aus-

grabungen au der H irbet el-Mšāš ( ēl Māśōś)(3 .; ADPV 6; W -: H z, 1972–1975, 1983), (13) 12 . 2, T S, (14) 32 . 5.

F . 15. Af M. K , “A O P J S ,” el Aviv 4 (1977): 5 . 3.

F . 16. Af G L ,Te Megiddo Ivories(U C O - I P 52; C : U C

1939), . 4:2 .F . 17. Af A M z , “A P BA

40 (1977): 83.F . 18. Af M D , Ashdod II–III: Te Second and Tird Seasons o

Excavations, 1963,1965(‘A q 9–10; J : D A q M , 1971), 193 . 91:1.F . 19. Af D ,Te Philistines and Teir Material Culture(N

H : Y U P , 1982), 107 . 8.

-x -



I. The Biblical Portrait of the Era

I.1. Representation

T

E M (Ex 1–14) J (J 1–12). T E q C

x f I x G ’ M : “I E ,

” (Ex 3:8). T (Ex 15:22–18:27 N 10:11

x , 19:1–N 10:10).

T q . O

, (N 14:10–35). A z (N 14:39–45

N 20:22. T J 1–12

J J , q

J . F , S

T , (Ex 15–18; N 10–20) q

1–12).

-1-



2 HE EMERGENCE OF ISRAEL

I.1.1. Sojourn in the Eastern ransjordan (Num 21–36)

T C H (N 21:1–3). W

x

. T z (N 21z x ’

M ’ G ’ f . T N , H ,

A P J 20). T K S H (H ā ) O B

. T (N 21:21

, q J 1–12. T

q , . T N 21–36

J .

T B N 22–24 -x. D M D S , B , M , B

P , E , M , Y ,

B . B , “G ; I

(N 22:35). A q B ’ , B

I . I , B .A

. A S (N 25:1–5). W I

Z M , P (N 25:6–18). N x

N 26 ( 1–10), L

. I , (N 27:1–11), J M ’ (N 27:12–23), , , (N

. T q M (N 31) ,



HE BIBLICAL POR RAI OF HE ERA 3

x — —

N 32 . S G , M q J . M

J . T R G - M

q I . W M q

I . T N 33:1–49 q

x M .” P

C q (N 33:50–34:29). T

M L

.

I.1.2. Moses’ Farewell Speech (Deut 1–34)

T D , ,

(N 21–36) z (J 1–12). T Ex 19–40, L 1–27, N

H S , D q

, H J D 1–3 ( . §I.2.1.4). O

: D 33 D 34. A , M ’ f ,

x , T D

. F f . L x ; J 1–2 K . N

D x J , 1–2 S , 1–2 K . G




D2 K “D H ”J S D

G , Ex , L , N orah, x . T

G D H , D

D H , G , Ex , L , N

K ,Grundriß der Einleitung in die kanonischen und deuterokanoniscSchrifen des Alten estaments,B 1,Die erzählenden Werke[Gü :Gü V G M , 1992], 47–131).

Ex , D

. B q

. R , D sui generis, 1–3. T -

M

I ’ ; , D I ’ J .

I.1.3. aking the Western ransjordan (Josh 1–24)

T q J Y J

D 34:1–9). J J , R ;

2). T J

, G (J 3:4). A f , J

, (J 5:1–9). T ’

F P , . J ’ Y f (J 5:13–15). T

J ,




(J 6). T A G

G ’ I . H , A G (J 7).

A ; ,

A M E J , f M ; , (J 8:30–35). T G

J ;

9). I G , J f H , J , L , E (10:1–14),

M (10:15–27). I J q

C (10:28–

, (11:1–23). T q

(12:1–24).T q ,

q f . T , . M

x J G , - M (J 13). T HC (J 14)

( . N 13–14). E J (J 15),

M (J 1 B , S , Z , I , A

N ( (J 10),

L A Jf (J 22). J ’

Y G (J 23:1–24:28). J ’ E z (J 24:29–33).T J

( §I.2.2). T




z (J 1–12) (J 13–24). T q

. A f z , ,

. T f q (12:1–24); f J ’ (24:1–28). T

, ’ q . T

, . B

f J . J ’ (1:1–6) (24:29–31)

. T

T J ’ , J

. J f ,

M I ’ ’ q . T J q

M . O M Ex 3, J 5:13–15 J M . C q , J ’ f

( . Ex 17:8–16; 24:12–14; 32:17; 33:11; N 11:28; 13:16; 14:6–38; 26:65).

I.1.4. he Period o the Judges (Judg 1–21)

T q f . T x

. T “ ” f , I

. T “ ” T J “ ” “ ” .

P J ,




(J 1). T

’ Y (2:1–5),

J ’ (2:6–10), - (2:11–23). A (3, E , S , f ,

(3:7–31). O M E E . O

E . T M , f C

- J 4 5. A ,

S J. T - .

A “ ” J S , G (J 6–8). A

M , : G ’, B , x

J , G ’ . D, . T A

T z . T J (J 10:1–5),

- . A

(10:6–16). T J A ,

A , E (10:17–12:7). N x “

I z , E , A , , , (12:8–15). S ’ P

. W D S , f

(J 14–16). T N z (J 13). A AC , M , A , P

I . T I ’ .




: M ’ , D

J , q 17–18). T x

B S (J 19–21). B

I f . T

q . S I (17:6; 18:

T f 1–2 S , S I

f .T J

J . T f q I ’

. F x : G (J 6–8), J (J 10:17–12:7), S (13–16). T

. T . O , J x

§I.2.3), S D (J 5) ( §III.1). E

. A J , G

, . T ’

S z

( §II.1). T J J . T

. I , - ( )

’ - .

I.2. Questions

A d, A. G . Joshua, Moses and the Land: etrateuch–Pentateuch–Hexateucha Generation since 1938(E : & C ,1980).C , F M . “




B K S D,Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History o the Religion o

(C , M .: H U P , 1973), 274–89.D , W .Prophetie und Geschichte: Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zum onomistischen Geschichtswerk(FRLAN 108; Gö : V & R1972).F dm , R E .Te Exile and Biblical Narrative: Te Formation o the Deuteronomistic and Priestly Works(HSM 22; C , C .: S P , 1981N , R D.Te Double Redaction o the Deuteronomistic History (JSO S 18;S : JSO P , 1981).N , M .Überlie erungsgeschichtliche Studien(2

.; ü : M. N , 1957).P k m, B .Te Composition o the Deuteron-omistic History (HSM 35; A : S P , 1985).P z , R . Moses and theDeuteronomist: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges(A L S DH 1; N Y : S , 1980).Sm d, R . “D G z Vö :D M A ,” Gesammelte Studien I (BE 99; M : K ,1986), 124–37.W , H . “D G : S

E F ,”Ru50 (1985): 213–49.V j , .DasKönigtum in der Beurteilung der deuteronomistischen Historiographie: Eine redsgeschichtliche Untersuchung (AASF, S . B, 198; H : S 1977).W , H W . “D K G

Gesammelte Studien zum Alten estament ( B 22; M : K , 1964), 308–24.S :Röm , .Te So-Called Deuteronomistic History: A SociologicalHistorical, and Literary Introduction(N Y : & C , 2007).

T x N 21–36, J 1–24, J 1–21 . I ,

. U J ,

( J 9:1–4; 10:1, 2; 11:1–3). I

J . E ,

;

. T q q . T - q

J A (J 6 8);

(J 10 11). I , - C

J 12 x . T .

S J . H , ,




,

f . T

f “ ” I B z

x - . A J

; f

x . T , x q. T

. A , f

. E q q , q . O . T

q . L q x x x

. N x q

. T -

x Sitz im Leben.Sitz im Leben

q .A

. H x , ,

. T - x .

T J J - DH . T x 2 K I

, . T




I xY Y , J

D ; , ,

x . T q ,

D . I - , D H

f . I J , J

; , f Y , . T ,

I Y , I G T D H x x :

1. T . A ,

D H (D H)

x . T - “D ,” z M

; -endenz , N (D N). A

x (D K (R. S , . V ).

2. T . T

J

x . W . T D H ,

x (F. M. C , R. D. N ).A ,

x . H , D H f




x , x

. A , .

T

H (D H); , f

, J J P ,

T q D H ’

f . T

’ Y G D . T x

. T

Y .

I.2.1. Sojourn in the Eastern ransjordan (Num 21–36)

F z, V .Israel in der Wüste: raditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung dWüstenüberlie erung des Jahwisten(M S 7; M : N.G. E , 1970).N , M .Numbers: A Commentary ( . J D. M ; O L; P : W

, 1968).R d , W .Der “Elohist” von Exodus bis Josua(BZAW 68;B : ö , 1938).S , A . Mose und Israel im Kon ikt: Eine redak-tionsgeschichtliche Studie zu den Wüstenerzählungen(OBO 98; F , S z :U ä , 1990).

T . B

S x . L ,

10 11 f x

. W K N 21–36,

:




1. N (24; 25; 31)

2. L (N 26; 33)3. L (27:1–11; 28:1–30:1; 30:2–17; 36)4. L

J (27:12–23; 33:50–34:29; 35)

W x B N 22–24, ,

B N 21, J

x M . A , N 21 32 - q

.

I.2.1.1. S (N 25–31 33–36)

T N 25 M B P (25:1–5);

( N ,Numbers,195–99). Y , x

P B -P . T

q B Y

9:10). T B -P I(D 3:29; 4:46; 34:6) J 13:20; , E (Onomasticon48.3–5) HA B

.T N 26 N 1:20 q (

§II.5.1). A , G 46:8–25. “T f

-à- , . T

” (N ,Numbers, 203). T f . E




N 1:20–47 xS f I ’ , f

P D ’ P D . T ,

- q .T N 27:1–11

x Z N ,

N 36, . W,

- q .T M

(N 27:12–23) MA (N 20:1–3) P

. T M D 32:48–52 D H

D 34:1 , 7–9. T J

D 3:23–29; 31:1–8; J 1:1, 2. H J z G -

q .T

28:1–30:1 L 1–7,

L 23, N 15:1–16 ( N ,Numbers, 219–23).A ,

x .W , N 30:2–17

x q .

T M N ,1 N 25:16–

1. E Ax K , Midian: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Palästinas und Nordarabiens am Ende des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.(ADPV 10; W : H z, 1988),160–69; O E , “P M ü NV 2. J .C .,” Kleine Schrifen V ( ü : M S , 1973),94–105; W J. D , “M —A L L ?”V 25 (1975): 323–37.




18. T “ ,

” (N ,Numbers,228). T x

T x M I

G (J 6–8). T I N 25:1–

.N 33:1–49

x ; R x Ex 12:37

A - . A ,

Ez - A .2 T - ,

. T , “

S ” (N , “D W z S [N 33]”). P

A x , fx f . T

, , - x . T

(Ex 15–N 2 x x .

T 33:5–34:29 . N 33:50–56

J D

2. G W. C , “T W I ,”CBQ34 (1972): 135–52; G. I. D ,“T W I : A C S ,”ynBul 25 (1974): 46–81; , “TW I C P ,”V 33 (1983): 1–13; Z -

K , “T W - K -B C : A S

H ,” JSS33 (1982): 175–184; J. M x M , “T I JT (A ) M M ,” JBL108 (1989): 577–95; M N ,“D W z S (N 33),” ABLAK 1 (1971): 55–74; J . W , “FE M : A S -C A W I ,CBQ39 (1977):20–33; W Z , “D D z I OUF 22(1990): 475–95.




ש ר “)י ל (” ח “)נ ”) . T N 34:1–12

J N R G

J ( . J 22)

. T Ez 47:15 z x

J . W N

J 13–19 N 34:17–18 N 1:5

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, q . BJ 5 ,




f ,

J 4 D H J 5.I J 4, D 1–3 23,

- .16 W , S f

I J 11:1. I J 7 9; 11 17

K N . T J 4:4–6, 8–10, 12–17 , 18–22

S J 5:24–27; , , J 5 J 4:6 N

. T z J 5:14, 15 (E

M , Z , I ) x f

M .T J 5 f . V

Y G I , 5:3–5 31 , f ,

T 5:3 13 . B ,

(5 ,

( . §III.1). T f ,

16. Y A , “J 4: I C F ,” JSO 39 (1987): 89–111; AB , “A R N S : A P I

J IV V,”V 40 (1990): 129–38; A. D. H. M , “T H C x

B S ,”V 19 (1969): 353–60; P. W , “D J zä Ex 14, J 10, R 4, 1 S 7,”Bib57 (1976): 38–73. S VF z, “T C x J 4 5 R P -S“I Will Speak the Riddles o Ancient imes”: Archaeological and Historical Studieo Amihai Mazar on the Occasion o His Sixtieth Birthday ( : A M. M P M ; 2 .; W L , I .: E , 2006): 2:689–98.




T G J 6–8 x x.17 T - , 6:32; 7:1; 8:29, 3

J , J 9:16, 19 12:11, J 2 S 11:21. I

q , . I

q J 6:25–32. T x

.

A J AJ 9:1, 5, 16, 18, 28, 57; , , G 6–8) A (J 9)

. T f ,

x . S J ,

9. T q G J

f . A f q , Gf A J 8:31.T G

z . B J 6:1 8:28

. A , J

. T E -H (‘Ē Ğā ū )

17. A. G A , “G : H H O V 39(1989): 257–67; W B , “G H

A ,”V 13 (1963): 1–25; J A. E , “G J ,” J S27 (1976): 289–312; H H , “G – J – A ,”ZAW 79 (1967):305–14; E K , “G B A J 6,11–24,” Kleine Schrifenzum Alten estament: Zum 65. Geburstag Ernst Kutsch( . L S K E -

; BZAW 168; B : G , 1986), 99–109; H N. Rö , “S z K Bü J R IV,”ZDPV 92 (1970): 10–24; L

S , Menschlicher Er olg und Jahwes Initiative: Studien zu radition, Interpreund Historie in Überlie erungen von Gideon, Saul und David (WMAN 38; N -V : N , 1970), 5–53; C F W , “T S S ,”V 7 (1957): 157–64. S E A ,Sel -Interest or Communal Inter-est: An Ideology o Leadership in the Gideon, Abimelech and Jephthah Narratives (J(V S 106; L : B , 2005).




V J z J (7:1–25). T , S P J (8:4–21). D

, . T f

, . T

P — -I —

M , “ ” Z Z . D ,

; , q f

” “ .” T K (8:10)

Q q S III 853, K A I x

(UA 1:361). E J G

, , f

. B , A. G AV 39[1989] 267) J 6–8* D J . I G

J ; G O , A , Z , N

x .W ,

G , . T J 6:7–10 Q (4QJ[4Q49])

( . R G. B , Judges: Introduction, ranslation, and Com-mentary [AB 6; G C , N.Y.: D , 1975], 40). I J 6:11–24

O . T

B (J 6:25–32) z J J 9 G

. T q 6:36–40 . T




, “I A z ?” T J 9

(8:24–27) G

; Ex 32 J 8:29–35

I G ’ , J (J 24:29–31). J 8:30, 31

J 10:1–5 12:8–15, J 9.

O J 6:2–6, 33–35; 7:1–2 G . T

, . T

, . T

, . P S P (8:4–21) q

, J 7 8 .T M G

(J8:24–27, 29–31) G x

Y ; . T x

f . T q

Y , Y ’ . T ,

f .T A S (J f .18 T x A

18. T A B , “S S : R S S ,” JSO 32 (1985): 45–56; L E. ., “T F C B â (S ),”BASOR169 (1963): 1–60, . 27–32; R J. B J

F. R , “T B S ’ S A ,”BASOR169 (1963): 27–32;E F. C J ., “J 9 B A ,” Te Word o the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor o David Noel Freedman in Celebration o His Sixtieth




9:22, 55 , 9:16–19 , 24, 57 q . T J F

9:5 , 16 , 19 –21, J F

A .19 I x , :

— G , A , A S ,

(9:26–41)

— A S

T z (9:1–5 , 6, 23, 25, 42–45, 50–54, 56).

- , G , A S

T , , z . T

J F x : A

. W

q A , S x J F

( . C L. M M. O’C ; W L , I .: E , 1983), V F z, “A S J IX,”V 32 (1982): 129–44; H R ,“T G S E -A P D AIEJ 16 (1966): 252–57; H N. Rö , “Ü z ‘A SJ IX,”V 33 (1983): 500–503; H H. S , “D H A (J Judaica26 (1970): 1–11; J. A S , “B z

S B z J 9,”ZDPV 83 (1967): 183–98.19. Rü B , “D J : E -

,”Z 41 (1985): 97–120; F C ü ,Die Widerstand gegen das König-tum(WMAN 49; N -V : N , 1978), 19–42; B L

“J ’ F : A N F -C A ,” J S24 (1973): 355–66; E H. M ,“T J F : A - ?”CBQ22 (1960): 299–302; R J. W , “TF O ,” A Stubborn Faith: Papers on Old estament and RelatedSubjects Presented to Honor William Andrew Irwin(D : S M UP , 1956), 3–26. S S , “J ’ F crux interpretumJ IX,”V 56 (2006): 105–24.




. I J 9:16 –1 S z . T

.T G

L B z A (1550–1200) - C,

I . A , S x

T S

, , A 2 S 11:21, B . T x J 9

S 2 S 11 ,

x , . T G

,

, Af . O A ,

. T

. T

J F S . T x

J F . T A D

D H , .J 10:1–5 f ,

12:8–15.20 T

20. A J. H , “T ‘M J ’: A R ,” JBL94 (1975): 190–200;H -W H z , “D R ,”LZ 79 (1954): 285–90; I ,“T L L : ‘I ’ P - P ,”RB80 (1973):514–30; N P L , “T J —O M ,”BN 20 (1983): 47–55; E. T -

M J ., “T ‘M J ’: S L H CCBQ 44 (1982): 185–201; M N , “D A ‘R I ,’ ” Festschrif, Al red Ber-




, - 10:6–16

J 10:17–12:6.I , J 1

, . I , J

. T , , J

T “ ” fx , , ’ , . I ,

I z , E , E . C ,

. T :

: S M EJ : K (Q ) GI z : B (Bē L ) ZE : A ZE : P (F ‘ ) E

S : N 26:23 I

P . J N 32:41, “ J ” ( . E

“H - ”) Z N 26:2

I z E ,

tholet zum 80. Geburtstag ( . W B .; ü : M S , 404–97; W R , “Z ‘R I ,’ ”ZAW 77 (1965): 40–72; H N.Rö , “D ‘R I ’: Rü A z,”BZ 25 (1981): 180–201; K -D S , “D R I A ,” Volume du Congrès: Genève 1965(V S 15; L : B , 1966), 252–62; , “F R RPro-

phetie und geschichtliche Wirklichkeit im alten Israel : Festschrif ür Sieg ried Herr65. Geburtstag ( . Rü L S W ; S : K364–70; J. A S , “D A ‘K R ’ I ,”V 30 (1980): 245–48;Z W , “C L E J ,”ZAW 89 (1977): 399–411.S R D. N , “I , G , L M JSO 31 (2007): 347–64.




.

A , , , x S 1 S 1

1 K 2:10–12, S 1 K 11:41–43, I J ; W

, , “ ( )

, ,

” (“ä [L ] R A z R R , A H z , z S z ” [Rö ,BZ 25 (1981): 189]). T

, D H . A f

,

. T T f f f , f

. T I f . C ט פ “)ש

”) . T “

I . I x ,

, I , .T J (J 10:17–12:6) 10:1–5 12:8–15.21A ,

21. W R , “D Ü J , R 10,17–12,6”Bib47 (1966):485–556; M Wü , “D E J , R Bib56 (1975): 464–79. S L. J M. C , “N CJ N ,” JNWSL22 (1996): 107–15; , “T F JN ,” JNWSL23 (1997): 203–19; N S , “T P H Sf W : A A J 11,” On the Way to Nineveh: Studies in Honor o




. D ם ק י “)ו ט (3 ,10:1) (” פ ש י “)ו ”; 12:8, 11, 13),

J

12:7, D H . E

x : “A H , J

, ” (“O J -Ü R , z

” [B ,Richterzeit,225]). W ט פ “)ש ”) x

B J 12:7 , J

, “q , J “ (J 3:11, 30; 5:31; 8:28) ;

. I , J x, ,

(3:8, 14; 4:3; 6:1) f 13:1 S . W J ,

,

. T D H “ ” f J

. N

A , D -

T A (J 9):

, (9:26–41),

George M. Landes( . S L. C S. C. W ; ASOR B 4; A : SP , 1999): 114–35; H z-D N , “J (J XI 29–4V 49(1999): 206–17; R J ,Gender, Sexualität und Macht in der Anthropologie des Richtebuches(BWAN 164; S : K , 2006), . 164–207; D Bö , Jifachund die ora: eine intertextuelle Auslegung von Ri 10,6–12,7 (Ö B S

34; F M : L , 2008).




. T , J ( . 10–16 ,

f I DH f , S , f , S , 1 S

, , .22

T J x J 10:17–12:7 11:29–40, f

I x (33),

. H , J ’ M

.O ,

J

. I , ; , . B

,

.23 T D H

J . I , q

, J ’ x . T

12:7 x18. T J J 11:29

22. S V F z, “D D Kö S Ü E 1 S 9-11,”ZAW 88 (1976): 346–62.

23. W O S , Jephthah and His Daughter: A Study in Comparative Lit-erature(N : U D , 1948); D M , Jephthah and His Vow(L : x P , 1986); U Hü , “H MöDie Hebräische Bibel und ihre zwei ache Nachgeschichte: Festschrif ür Rol Rendtor zum65. Geburtstag ( . E B , C M z, E W. S

-V : N , 1990), 489–501.




T . T J G (J 11:1–11) q

. A 11:12–28

. T E 12:1–6 8:1–3

E 12:1–6 f x

E ,

H S , J . A D

I S x J 13–16, . T

G J 13:1 16:31 J x

x , f J

x 24

24. J B , “S S J 13–16,” JBL82 (1973): 65–76;J L. C , “T S S : F D E AZAW 86(1974): 470–504; J. C Ex , “P F f : N A J JBL99 (1980): 43–59; , “A S B S JSO 19 (1981): 3–29; H G , “S ,” ,Reden und Au sätze(Gö -

: V & R , 1913), 38–64; O M , “S ’ F xV 35(1985): 224–29; P. N , “T R S ,”Bib66 (1985): 534–45; J R P ,“S ’ R : J XIV 14,18,” J S13 (1962): 106–9; A S , “T BM B : F S S . J N I J

14 15,” JNES9 (1950): 65–75. S C S , “S DA P P ?” JSO 76 (1997): 45–57; J K ,Te Structure o the SamsonCycle(K : K P , 1993); E A , “T S f N

A S ’ B (J 13),”Shnaton15 (2005): 21–38; PG z-F ,Samson: Te Hero and the Man: Te Story o Samson (Judges 13–16)(B

H 7; B : L , 2006); M W , “W S K : R B z J 13–16,”ZAW 112 (2000): 526–49; B L ,“T T S S W ,” Berührungspunkte: Studien zur Sozial- und Religionsgeschichte Israels und seiner Umwelt; Festschri t ür Rainer Albertz zu Geburtstag ( . I K , Rü S , J Wö ; AOA 350; MU -V , 2008), 179–92.




T “S I J 15:20 16:31 ,

. T J 16—S G z (16:1–3), S ’ (16

S ’ (16:23–31 )—

, J 16:1–3 S ’ x

. B ,

S J 16:4–22 23–31

- , “O S ,”

P . I , z . F

, x

. A , J 13

q Y ; S 1 S 1. T

S ’ J 13 q x.

T S R - (J L (15:18, 19)

S

. N , S f f J 15:9–17, J P

S J .

T J 14:1–15:8 S . H : P

, . T x

. T , S ,

q . T — , , ,




— , .

A , S f J P ,

. , x S

, x x

, . A

, I . T ,

15:8 J (15:9–17) S ,

. T x S ’ 13 16

z G - ,

I P . T ,

S x , f G .T S x

J 14:1–15:8. I S f ,

I , D H 15:20 S

Ex 15:18, 19, x x13:2–25 16:1–31 q

. I , x S J .

I.2.3.2. A (J 17–21)

J 17–18: D D .25 “T

25. Y A , “H P C q D : J XVII–XVV 40 (1990): 4–20; A M , “T D M P -IC q : A B N P ,”Bib51 (1970): 1–16; H M N ,Die Daniten: Studien zur Geschichte eines altisraelitischen Stammes(FRLAN 135; Gö -




D ” [(“D H ß S D K ” [N

R 17–18,” 134]). T D . T x D

1 K 12:28–30, D

J I . N , - .

T q J V . I

L q D . T f . A J 13:25,

‘ ) E (‘A ū )

x , J 19:41–46. S

D ( -Qā ī) J ( . 1 S 3:20; 2 S 3:10; 1 K 12:28–32; 15:20; 2 K 15:29). H

q D ,

. T

x .T

D . A , , D

, . T x . T ,

L q . B

, x M ’

D . I ,

: V & R , 1985), 61–147; M N , “D H17–18,” ABLAK 1 (1971): 133–47. S A. D. H. M , “D RI J 17-21,”BibInt 9 (2001): 241–58.




, D . T “ ” (“A , K

ü L z ” [N , “D H R 17–18,” 137]), x N q f

x J 18:30.T x J 17; 18

. S ,

A q , ,

- ” (“I S , P ü

ö ” [B ,Richterzeit,254]). S f D ,

D D J

. T endenz

.T x x B (J 1 - ,

, .26I

, . T x “L z F ” (“

J. A. S ),

fx

26. O E , “D H E zä (R 19–21),” ,Kleine Schrifen II ( ü : M S , 1963), 64–80;

H -W Jü ,Richter 19, ein Plädoyer ür das Königtum: Stilistische Analder endenzerzählung Ri 19,1–30a;21,25(A B 84; R : B I P , 198S L , “G H J 19: L ’ H I JSO

29 (1984): 37–59; E. J. R , “T B B (J 20:29–48) HN q ,”V 35 (1985): 417–33; K -D S ,Benjamin: Unter-suchungen zur Entstehung und Geschichte eines israelitischen Stammes(BZAW 86; B :

ö , 1963), 57–79; S , “‘I T D T W Nך ל מ

I (J 18–21),” ,King, Cult, and Calendar in Ancient Israel: Collected Studie (J : M P , 1986), 39–52.




N z , . T

J 19:16–26 G J 19:29 x

x S 11:4. S (J 2

x J 8. F , B

R S R L - q ( . E

Motive der Weltliteratur: Ein Lexikon dichtungsgeschichtlicher Längs[3 .; S : K ö , 1988], 170–85). M

, f . I ,

(“ R ”) J 20:45, 47; 21:13, G ( -Fū ), M z ( -N ), B (Bē ī ), J -

. T 12:1–6. T J 19–21

f . T x . A , x , B

. A ; q

I . A , J

J 17:6 21:25, “ I ;

.

I.2.3.3. P (J 1; 2)

A d, A. G . “J 1 H : A R ,”V 25 (1975): 261–85.M , E. , J . “J 1:1–36: D RB J ,”H R77 (1984): 33–54.O’D y , E . “ L P -

J 1:1–3:6,”CBQ18 (1956): 1–7.Sm d, R . “D L ,” ,Zur ältesten Geschichte Israels: Gesammelte Studien II (BE 100; M :

K , 1987), 217–28.W d, M . “ P C q J S E L S ,”V 17 (1967): 93–113. S :

F z, V . “D ‘ B z z ’ J 1,” Gott und Menschim Dialog: Festschrif ür Otto Kaiser zum 80. Geburtstag ( . M W ; 2 .;




BZAW 345; B : G , 2004), 1:375–89.K , Z . “J J1 B H ,” ,Biblical Historiography and Historical Geogra-

phy: Collection o Studies(B ä z E A J 44; F M : L , 1998), 243–60.

A , zJ 1 J S

, M , E , A , ND (1:22–36). T

- q J q

J . B , J 1 , , q . T ,

J . S ,

q x . O , I q

, 1–2 K . T

J x , J 1

, , J . T

: z , f

,

.T J 1 , D

. T J 1:1 q J

f q , q q . T

J . T f J S q J

J ’ T 2 S 5:6–10, J f q D ,

, f ,




B ( . J 15:9; 18:16). T J : J

f f .

A endenz q H1:11 q x

. T H C -P N 13, 14*,

J 15:13–14, x J C J 1:16 , K

( . J 4:11S 15:6), J ,

x .27I J 1:17 x

H , - N 21:1–3. T

f D 7:2 20:16–18. T z f P

J 1:18 q

G , J . A , , J 15:46–47,

P J I J 1:19 J ’ q z 1:9; 1:20 21

T B H J J q

J J 1:8. T B f B ,

I ( . G 28:10–22; 31:13; 35:7; 1 K 12:28–29; A 3:14; 4:4–5).F J 1:27 , , q

. T M —B - , , D M — J 17:11–13, q

Vorlage. W x I , 2 K 9:27 M ,

S (1 K 4:11, 12),

27. S S M , “R 1,16 S H ,”ZDPV 92 (1973): 212–35.




f . T f S x I ; ,

, x C H

. T J

: 1 K 4:11, 12 q q M . T

q 1–2 K ; ,

( . 1 K 9:15, 21). S I 1 K 4:11

.A G

1:29. T x J 16:10 Vorlage.T q J J

10:33 J 12:12 q C

G z J . A 1 K 9:16 q S

A f , z

. T J 1:29 q 1 K 9:16.

I x J 1:30–36, 31 36 . F Z , A , N , D J 19,

A Vorlage.T :

K N (J 1:30) J 19:15S A (J 1:31–32) J 19:28, 30B - B - (J 1:33) J 19:38A S (J 1:34–35) J 19:42

T , A S 1 K 4:9,

O , J 1




, xC

q . T

J . T J

P , ’ f ,

. T , q

, q ,

q ” (M , “J 1:1–36,” 53). W J

q

T - J 2:1–5 z . T B

, f B , S , A - ת) ו כ ן ב ו ל - ,(א “ ,” x B G 35:8. N

J , G J 4:19, 20; 5:9, 10; 9:6; 10:6, 7, 9, 15, 43; 14:6

G : “T .” T

. ’ , q

, I T D ( .

, J 2:1–5 J 1

, J 1 C q

, I ’ ;

C . T J x

: f




J 2:1–5 D

T J J 2:6–10 x J 24:29– .28T q J

T f Vorlage x J 2:10 ,

. A , f

Y , J .J 2:11–23 -

; x (2:11–16, 18, 19) 2:17 20–23.29 A J 10:6–16,

D - . I q ,

, Y , . T D

, Y . I

Y . O Y ; f

4:26; 8:19–20; 11:17; 30:18). P Y . I I ,

D .

I.2.4. he ribal Sayings

G w g , A H. J. “Ü S z L Sü (G 49; D 33; J 5),”ZAW 76 (1964): 245–55.Z , H -Jü .

Stammesspruch und Geschichte: Die Angaben der Stammessprüche von Gen 49

28. H N. Rö , “D Ü J - R ,”V 30 (1980):342–50.29. W B , “G H R Rradi-

tion und Situation: Studien zur alttestamentlichen Prophetie: Artur Weiser zum 70. Gstag am 18.11.1963( . E Wü O K ; Gö : VR , 1963), 1–30.




und Jdc 5 über die politischen und kultischen Zustände im damaligen “Israel” (BZAW95; B : ö , 1965).

T J S D J 5

. A f f . T

, ; f , x

x , J 5:13–18 : E , B , M , Z , I , R , G

A , N . T f T Sitz im Leben

. T

z . T

; z .T

G 49 D 33. S , I —

. T B x H -Jü Z , :

1. M , (G 49:9, 14, 17, 21, 22, 27; D 33:22)

2. P , x (G 49:13, 16, 19)3. D (G 49:10)4. I x (G 49:10–12, 15, 23–5. S (G 49:25–26; D 33:8–

12, 13–16, 17, 23)6. F (D 33:6, 7, 11, 18–19, 20–21, 24–25)7. S

(G 49:3–4, 8)

T ,




. A , x

J (G 49:9), D (49:17), B(49:27)

x -

. C q , ,

. N

, .

I.2.5. Syntheses

A , I (Ex 15–N 20) q

M (N 21; 32)

J (J 2–19 q , (J 3–16). T D

H J J . AD H

f z

.T D H f f x . T

D J . T

fT , , I

D H f ; x

,

x T q .

I I , D :




— A J 2, q J

— A J 8 A

— T J 10:12 , 13 , f

G A— A C

M S (J 10:16–27)— T A

(J 15:13–19)— A C (J 12:10–24)— B J B (J 15:1–

18:11–20)— T f J

15:20–63; 18:21–28)— P Z , I , A

N (J 19:10–39)

— A D (J 19:41–46)— T E (J 3:12–30)— T S D (J 5:12–17, 18 , 19–22, 24–30)— T G ’ M

6:2–6, 33–35; 7:1–25; 8:4–21)— T J F (J 9:8–15)— T G (J 9:26–41)— T (J 10:1–5; 12:8–15)— T J (J 11:29–4— T S ’

14:1–15:8)

T D H x . O ;

. T , x B U (B

J 10:13

S D J 5:12–17, 18 , 19–22, 24–30, , T , ,

J 10:12 , 13 .




T 15; 18; 19

. S . W , , x

x fx

D H f . A

I .T J 10:1–5 12:8–15

D H . T

,

. M , f

f . T I

.T : q

, q ,

x z . A q

, E -D - q

z I q

I S D

C , ;

. I I

- q , , . T q I

;




J A , , - q

f DH . T J

z I , .

T . O , ,

S ; , x , G J . T D

H , . T

-D “ W R , D H

J 3–9 x , f

DH .

W x S D , f

. T E ,

. T G J MA x

fx . A S ,

f .T D H , x . A , ( . 1 S 13–

W , .

T x , J 15:13–19, f .

T S D J 5:12–17, 18 , 19–22, 24–30, J 10:12 , 13 ,




. A ,

. P ; I

x . T x

T , , fx , O ,

f . T

. F I , q

x. T

, Y

, z . B

f , Y . T G

D H .

T D H f . I

H . T

I D. H

. A , H

f

D . G ’

, .T D H

f Y G ,



, , . T -P x M . T

D H . T D q

J f . T

f Y - . T I

. T

.T

. S x, q z

. f . , ,

, x z , I

;

, x

x .




II. Historical Reconstruction of the Epoch

II.1. Chronological Framework

W D H fx k f . W

J , J v x

j . T ,

j x . T O 8 J 3:8

O 40 J 3:11 E 18 J 3:14

E 80 J 3:30 D 20 J 4:3

B k 40 J 5:31 G 7 J 6:1

G 40 J 8:2823 J 10:2

J 22 J 10:3J 6 J 12:7I z 7 J 12:9E 10 J 12:11A 8 J 12:14S 20 J 15:20

A , j; v f , v . O

v

-67-




. O , ,

, . A j . O

v k

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961 b.c.e. T v I

, . Ev k D H ,

v J , x

S :E 40 1 S 4:18S 2 1 S 13:1D v 40 1 K 2:11S 4 1 K 6:1

T , - x 349 j . A j

8:2; 29:4; J 5:6) 475 . T 1 K 6:1 v

fv . T D H , v

z . A

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: “H v Z E x v . F , H x . S

’ v x k



HIS ORICAL RECONS RUC ION OF HE EPOCH 69

N 13:22 E .

A , fx ; v , E fx . U

z , . E

f I x . F v

v f N K (E

v , v . T f

, . O

, : H M

K L . A , v

. O , v K , x . A ,

f E . A v f

N D E k H (H sto y o Anc ent Egy t: An Int od ct on[ .

D v L ; I , N.Y.: C U v P , 1999]):

N D R I 1295–1293S I 1293–1279R II 1279–1213M 1213–1203S II 1203–1196S 1196–1190

1190–1188 D

S k 1186–1184R III 1184–1153




R IV 1153–1146R V 1146–1142R VI 1142–1135R VII 1135–1129R VIII 1129–1127R IX 1127–1109R X 1109–1099R XI 1099–1070

C f v z , , :

M B z II 1950–1550L B z 1550–1200I I (E I A ) 1200–1000I II 1000–587

I v v L B z A I A

; v , k f ,

. T v f ,

v . T I S v k I A I, , E

II.2 Canaan at the End of the Late Bronze Age

B , G .C t es nd N t ons o Anc ent Sy : An Ess y on Pol t c l Instt ons w th S ec l Re e ence to the Is el te K ngdoms(SS 26; R : I SD V O , U v à R , 1967).D , W G. “ B

M B z A S -P ,” M gn l De , the M ghty Acts o God:Ess ys on the B ble nd A ch eology n Memo y o G. E nest W ght ( . F k M

C .; G C , N.Y.: D , 1976), 3–38.G , P .TeLev nt t the Beg nn ng o the M ddle B onze Age(ASOR D S 5; P: ASOR, 1983).M , A . A ch eology o the L nd o the B ble(2 v .;

AB R L ; N Y k: D , 1990, 2001), 1:174–294.H , W -.D e Bez eh ngen Ägy tens z Vo de s en m 3. nd 2. J h t send v.Ch .(2




.; ÄA 5; W : H z, 1971).M , B j . “ M B zA P ,”IEJ 31 (1981): 172–85.T , J N. “ MB II A P

P : I R S I O ,”Lev nt 15 (1983): 49–62.W , J M. “ E E P : A RBASOR241 (1981): 1–28.W , H .P läst n n vo hellen st sche Ze t (H

A ä ,V 2/1; M : B k, 1989), 200–343. S I ,D v . “ D I — M B z A ,” Te A ch eology o Soc ety n the Holy L nd ( . E. L v ; N Y k: F F , 1995): 29319.B , S . “O E E —L B z A (1500–BCE),” Te A ch eology o Soc ety n the Holy L nd ( . E. L v ; N Y k:F F , 1995), 320–31.F , I . “ -P SC L B z A ,”UF 28 (1997): 221–55.N ’ , N v. “ N -

k C L B z K C A ,”UF 29 (1998):599–626.

A , L v v v . T f z

, ,

M B z A II (1950–1550 b.c.e.) LA (1550–1200) 1200 b.c.e. C f

v x ; M v (12 ), L D v (49 ), H z , v 80 (198 ),

v x j . T v

; , x

E B z A II v

M B z A D , H z , M , B - , S , A k, J ,

, v , A , B v v M B z A z .

E , , v . E

, j . I ,

k ,




v - A x

k j T v , . T v

x , v ,

T v x —

x . T x k ,

- A . T x v v

, v .

T v - E v C . A

III (1479–1425), - j E v x

A E v L B z A .

II.2.1. he Collapse o the Canaanite City-States

F , V k . “D E ä z z S H z S Ü J 11 R 4,”UF 5 (1973): 123–39.G ,

R vk . “U C L B z P ,”BASOR253 (1984): 61–73.K -, A . Meg ddo: A C ty-St te nd Roy l Cent e n No th Is el (M

z v A ä 40; M : B k, :U , D v . “L v VII VI L E

B z A C ,” P lest ne n the B onze nd I on Ages: P e s n Hono oOlg nell ( . J N. ; L : I A , 1985)U . “ D M E L B zH S ,”el Av v 22 (1995): 240–67 = Med te ne n Peo les n ns -t on: T teenth to E ly enth Cent es BCE( . S G , A M z , E S ; J : I Ex S , 1998), 197–220.

A k L B,

, v . N




. T A . I ,

. A , . T k . I v

v v v z ; k v

. T , , .

W v . T v v ,

. T , b.c.e. M

. S v x . I

A , ,

K . T S P . T III

v S P k x Ev ,

, s ne q non

. A - . Ev

v ,

x ’ x . I

x x x v ’

, , .

W , v

k ; , . T x ,

. A v

k ’ x .




A v v , , v

. S , f v . I ,

v k v . L k .

, k E , -

. T v v

. I , E v . E ,

v v .T -

E . T z , v

. T x M T Iv f ; 1468 T v . E

-

, x x A M ;

. T k -

x 1200.T L B z A x ,

, f . Tf E

M -

M III B M III 1190 b.c.e. F

III B , 1190 te m n s d q em x .

T C H z ( XIII) S




. I S , H z —

S ( X B)— ( XII XI); x f , C . A

, A k ( X 12) v .

T x 1190 M III C v

R II (1279–1213). T B - , x f

R III (1184–1153). I M R VI (1142–1135),

v x . T C v 1135, 1200 ( VII B). G z

, v RR III, R IV (1153–1146), R VIII (1129–1127), RIX (1127–1109) v j . A

v , C x G z I S , A

C M . T v VI B VI A C ( VII A), C v . A

. A v

v B - A ( K ā A ).

T C v . O ,

v . A z

H z , S , A k, L , k x

. B , M , G z , B - , A —

. T

. T x v




- 1200 v C v

v

II.2.2. he Canaanites

A , M C. “ O ‘C ’, ‘P ’, JNES24 (1965): 346–50.L , N P .Te C n n tes nd Te L nd: Te

d t on o the C n n tes(JSO S 110; S : JSO P , 1991).M , B j . “C C ,” ,B bl c l Is el: St te nd Peo le(J -

: M , 1992), 16–21.V S , J . “ ‘A ’ ‘H O ,”V 22 (1972): 64–81. S :K , A E.B bl c l

Peo les nd Ethn c ty: An A ch eolog c l St dy o Egy t ns, C n n tes, Ph lnd E ly Is el, 1300–1100 B.C.E.(SBLABS 9; A : S B L

2005).

“C ” v L v . T vן ע נ כ

(“C ”) J v ע נ H ,כ

“ ,” “ .” A , C f , “ ” “ .” C

, :

v . A , v k n h h v . T C

v x

A k , N z , U , A ( v M. W ,RlA5:352–55).S , . I E , C ( ꜣ Kn‘n) R , D , H (Rt nw, D ꜣ hj,

H ꜣ w). I B , C

I .I “C ,” v , nomen gent l c m

“C ” ( L ,C n n tes,28–52). A , j v

. T “C v 1200 “C ” v

“C ,” k




“C ” x I .

A C v v - f

B - , M , AB , f v H z , S

L C v v .

T . I v

S 1 K 4:7–19, v I .1 T v

: v v

I S , I C

,

S D v . T , , C v ,

v C . T

Ev , “C ” C z I C A , H , P zz , J , H v , G

10:15–18 ; 15:19–21; Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 23:23, 28; 33:2; 34:11; N 13:29;D 7:1; 20:17; J 3:10; 9:1; 11:3; 12:8; 24:11; J 3:5; 1 K 9:20; 1 8:7; Ez 9:1; N 9:8). C

1. S A A , “I G S ,” ,Kle ne Sch fen z Gesch chte des Volkes Is el II (2 .; M : B k, 1959); G. E W , “T P

S ,”E etz Is el 8 (1967): 58–68; Y A , “T S D

el Av v 3 (1976): 5–15; H N. Rö , “Z ‘G ’ S ,”ZDPV 100 (1984):84–90; N v N ’ ,Bo de s nd D st cts n B bl c l H sto og hy: Seven St dB bl c l Geog h c L sts(J B S 4; J : S , 1986), V k F z, “D V S 1 Kö 4,7–19,” Me lenste n: Fest- g be ü He be t Donne z m 16. Feb 1995(ÄA 30; W : H z, 1995),19–26. S P S. A , “S ’ ? D ? L ,” JSO 67 (1995): 67–86.




x , ,

. T k , x : , .Ev k

, x k J J . T

x

B k - , v “C ”

v .

A C , v , z

-I C j x

v -I C , v

T “A ” Am , E

v M v , k A S

S P v , S A v AI , A C x ,

j ( N 21:13; J 2:10; 9:10; 24:8; J11:20). P , A

;

.“H ” I -G

M . T 1600 x 1200

v . I 1 K 10:29 2 K 7:6, A H k S ,

v . T H




P 1 K 11:1, v H ( . 1 S 26:6; 2 S 11:3–24). T

A P .

T “H v ” B ; G 43:2; 36:2; J 9:7; 11:3, 19; J 3:3

. S ,2 -I

k O , “P zz ”

13:7; 34:30; J 1:4, 5 C ; J 17:15 R J

. T י ז ר ,פ “

” (“ S ä v ä , LB vö ” [HAL, 909]). P zz v

v f , .

T “J ” v J ( . J 15:8; 1 J J (J 15:63; 18:28; J 1:21; -I J .

T “G ” G C . T

H v f .F

C , H , A , . T

v k f . A J k v v

,

. O

2. S v M Gö , “H 13. J .v.C .,”UF 8 (1976):53–55; O M , “T H v ,”ZAW 100 (1988): 60–70; G E. M ,Te enth Gene t on: Te O g ns o the B bl c l d t on(B : J H k U - v P , 1973); 154–63; R N , “T H v ,”B b54 (1973): 43–62.




v .

II.2.3. Israel and the Merneptah Stele

A ö, Gö W.Who We e the Is el tes? (W L k , I .: E , 1986).E , H . “D S M ,”B b60 (1970): 373–99.F , G -

. “D I , G A ,” Fontes tq e Pontes: E ne Festg be ü Hellm t B nne ( . M Gö ; ÄA 5; W : H z, 1983), 1H , E k. “D I M ,” Gö ,Fontes tq e Pontes,224–33.O , E k . “E ä z P ä ‘I -S ’ ZDMGS IV (1979): 131–33.R , D B. “ A k R K k I S ,”IEJ 36 (1986): 186–200.S , E. “D E ä A Nל א ר ש ZAW 34 (1914): 1–15.S”,י , I . “M -

’ C C ,”BASOR269 (1988): 1–10.S , L E. “M ,I S P ,”E etz Is el 18 (1985): 56*–64*. S :F , D vN , D vM . “‘H S N ’: 13 -C BCE I ,” Con ont-

ng the P st: A ch eolog c l nd H sto c l Ess ys on Anc ent Is el n Hono o WG. Deve ( . S G , J. E W , J. P. D ; W L

E , 2006), 295–301.H , M G. “M ’ I R O I ,” Te Ne E st n the So thwest: Ess ys n Hono o W ll mG. Deve ( . B A N k ; AASOR 58; B : ASOR, 2003), 19–44.K ,K A. “ V M , N R JSO 28(2004): 259–72.Y , F k J. “M ’ C C I

,” Exod s: Te Egy t n Ev dence( . E S. F L H. LW L k , I .: E , 1997), 27–55.

T x I

M T . O v f (1208) E v L . O N

v :

, š ; .

, H ,C (?) v ,

A k , G z z ; Y ,I .H E .A ;

v k




k E ,“B’- - ‘ v A ,” R , M ,

k R v .I v

. A L (Τ h nw) v : H S , C P

H (= H ), k P C . B

A k (‘A ā ), G z ( A ū Šūš = Y ( Nā‘ ). A , “I ”

, f . S k

, , , . A

v v .A , v

1896 x k x M S f . I

, k x v

f M . A , v f

; v ,

. Ev M N E , I

f . A , I

S P , . T . A , vv C - k ( . §§II.4.1 2). T

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, . T M S

, v k T v j-s- - - H ל א ר ש י

v 1 -




N K . T v , v , j . T k- x H ה 5–12:4 ר “)ש ”).T

J I . T ל א ר ש El (“G י ”) j

. B v k .

F , I S D J 5:2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11

. Ev “ k ” N 10 v ,

J v ( . P 6:5 [E . 6:4]; 90:13; 126:4).D , , “I ”

- . A

17:52; 18:16;nte l) (1 S3:20; 10:20;nte l). A v ל א ר ש י

J T f x

I , M S

“I ” E P , v

.

II.3. The Resettlement of the Land in the Early Iron Age(1200–1000)

A C x v . T v ,

. T C

, fx . T

A .




II.3.1. Settlement Regions

Ax , L E .Te Lo d Rose U om Se : St d es n the H sto y nd d t oo the Negev nd So the n J d h( . F k H. C ; CBO 25; S kA & W k I , 1987).C , R B., K W.W .Te Eme gence o E ly Is el n H sto c l Pe s ect ve(S W B A

5; S : A , 1987).F , I .Te A ch eology o the Is el teSettlement (J : I Ex S , 1988).F , V k . “E ä -

z S N E I-Z (1200–1L A H bet el-Mšāš ,”ZDPV 91 (1975): 30–45.G , Zv .Lowe G l lee d ng the I on Age(W L k , I .: E , 1992).G , N .Ex lo t ons n E ste n P lest ne I–IV (AASOR 14, 15, 18–19, 25–28; N H v : ASOR, 1934–51).M , S .Be t äge z S edl ngs- nd e to-

lgesch chte des nö dl chen Ostjo d nl ndes(ADPV 2; W : H z,1970). S :F , I , N v N ’ , .F om Nom d sm to Mon chy: A ch eolog c l nd H sto c l As ects o E ly Is el (J : Y Iz k B -Zv , 1994).F , I ,L v ng on the F nge: Te A ch eology nd H sto y o the Negev, S n nd Ne ghbo ng Reg ons n the B onze nd I on Age(M

M A 6; S : S A P

T v , . O , E I A

A ; , v x . O ,

, v 0.5 1 v . B v

.R G

, I F k ( f . 1 v Zv G . D L

x E I A v

- -. A v f ,

B z A . I , L B z A f -

A , - . A , E I A

B z A .




F 1. M G A E I A I F k .

KARMIEL

TIBERIASHannathon

SEA OFGALILEE

Nazareth

Gath-hepher

Tel Ḥarashim

Mi‘ilya

Kedesh

Horvat ‘Avot

el-Khirbe

Hazor

Iqrit

Tel RoshSasa

Har Adir

SAFED

Chinnereth

Modern City

Iron Age I Settlement

Modern Road

Israelite Settlement(Aharoni Survey 1957)

Late Bronze AgeSettlement




A N G k’ S f M ’ v . F J k Y k, x J , f L B z A v - A ; f - v

x v (f . 2). I , fv

v vI L

v k v EY v M E

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v F v v . I x , v ,

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II.3.2. Settlement Form

T E I A C v T L B z A




F 2. M j B z A E I A S M

Iron Age I/II Settlement (Glueck surveys)Iron Age II Settlement (Mittmann 1970)Iron Age I Settlement (Mittmann 1970)

Late Bronze Age Settlement (Mittmann 1970)

J o r d a n R i v e r

W. Zarqa (Jabbok)

Y a r m u k

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JARASH

‘AJLUN




, x . B f ,

x : . O ,

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v E I A . A , k v .

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E B z A ( H z ) C . F

F 3. M M E A E I A I F k .

FOOTHILLS

NORTHERN

NORTHERN

CENTRAL

CENTRAL

MOUNTAINS

MOUNTAINS

Late Bronze Age SettlementEarly IronAge I SettlementLate IronAge I SettlementUndefned IronAge I Settlement

SOUTHERN

SOUTHERN

HILL COUNTRY

HILL COUNTRY




- z x , x , -S ‘, -

v T E x ,

. I x

z x v

x v . D 1150 1000

x ,

. O , , f E f .

H z Ov v , v

, x 3 T , XII XI, x

. T x - . S XII v , v , . I XI

v v x

, , v fx v Q ī x 9 k M

J z V ; kA v A IIA, MIIB. T k

-R , v f v , v

v .4 I VIII

C k ,

3. Y Y ,H zo , w th Ch te on Is el te Meg ddo(S L 1970;L : Ox U v P B A , 1972); D I A I H z L R Ex v ,”IEJ 51 (2001): 148–70.

4. A B - Y. P , “ Q : A V J zQedem 24 (1987): 80–103.




- . I VIII B v , v

. I VIII A, - v f , x

. A v , f

. O v . T

k k ; D

x “ ” . T

: - - v

. (S IX .)

A , S (H Sē ū ) f- , k k

P ( . 1 S 1–4; J 21:15–25). F E, , v ;

M B z A f .5 C , , ,

v v v. T

, — tho j — k (f . 4). T v x

v .A - Wā ī -Ğ

x 5 k R v B 3 k B ī. T E I A

E B z A , x v 11 6

5. I F k , .,Sh loh: Te A ch eology o B bl c l S te(M S ,S M N I A , Av v U v 10 A , Av v U v , 1993).

6. S J A. C , “D G A ( - ) 1964–1972,” Ant ke Welt 11/3 (1980): 38–46; Z Z v , “A L SBASOR251 (1983): 23–35.




I x ,

T , , 1 (2.5 ) (f . 5). P

, v; ,

. S - . F

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F 4. I E I A




F 5. T E I A A .

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F 6. T - H R ā .

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F 7. T v H -D .

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F 8. T Bē Ğ .

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F 9. T E .

7 7 5

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7 8 2

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F 10. P ‘Iz S , III.

17

D E F G H J K L M N O P Q

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16

15

14

13

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F 11. P ‘Iz S , II.

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F 12. R -S ‘, VII.

0 10 m

F 13. R I A H -Mšāš, II.




, v ,

. A v . P k ; - . N

v k , ; f

1200 x 1050,

. I ,

; . T

v k .I H R ā , R ,

v x A .7 I A , v

- , v (f . 6). C v , v

xT v H -D - E .8T

v j v . T k

, 2.3 3.1 v 90 x 70 . T v

k , k

k, v ; v

v . D , k z k

. I v v

7. R E. C , “A S v Ex v R B ,”BASOR201 (1971):

9–19; I F k , “I A I K - K RL ,” “U to the G tes o Ek on”: Ess ys on the A ch eology nd H sto y o the E ste Med te ne n n Hono o Seymo G t n( . S W C ; J : W. A I A R , 2007), 107–13.

8. I F k , “Ex v K -D : A I A J ,”el Av v 17 (1990): 163–208.




Gī ō x Bē Ğ J . A

, E I A v v 9 I v , (f . 8). T

v

T v . T

v v z 1200.

A v E , x v 10 T

v v (f . 9). A j

x, v f ,

. I , . T

E x .T ‘Iz S

E v A k.11 A 1200 v , x

. F , III, - v v (f . 10). T

v f . v

v N ; v , f 12 T

z v

9. A M z , “G : A E I S S JIEJ 31(1981): 1–36.

10. A Z , “A E I A C S M E ,”el Av v 13–14(1986–87): 105–65.11. F k , A ch eology o the Is el te Settlement,73–80.12. S R C , “T I A F C N v,”BASOR236

(1979): 61–79; Z ’ v H z , “E S N WB -S ,”BASOR251 (1983): 41–49.




v v k . Ev v . T z B ,

, v

. A . T k

v . v ,

‘Iz S II (f . 11).I v z . T 12 v ,

. I , , . I v

T f v x O -S ‘

x k T f V , v v v

.13 T IX v

Wā ī -S ‘. T v 12 . P

.

T fx f VIv . T

v , ,

VII. O ,

. A . P

. T

13. Z ’ v H z ,Bee -Sheb , v . 2,Te E ly I on Age Settlements(P I A 2; Av v: Av v U v , I A




VII, v , v

j x v v k v .

A 1000, VI, f

V. A VII, f . T

v ,

f .I A ( ‘A ā )

v x v ; ,

v .14T v , , z

k. T v ,

, . T f k . T v .

ē ‘I ā x 20 k B - v .15T v -

III z v x 120 . S

, v . T

. W x , v x v ; 90

. I - v

. O , . T

v . T .

14. Z ’ v H z , “T F M A : A I R ,”el Av v 29(2002): 3–109.

15. M K v , “Ex v E ” (H ), At qot 5 (1969): 14–48.




I Wā ī -S ‘ E I A H -Mšāš, z vv v .16 F x , . (T v II

, III B, , v ,

fx III A

. T x v - v

/ I II x , v

(7.5 ). A v v v

. I , v -

T v f v

. W 120 2, j z . -

v , f

. T , z . O

. I , , . O - v

. N x fx v A

f v ; E .17 A 30

x ; v

16. V k F z A K k ,E gebn sse de A sg b ngen de H

-Mšāš ( ē Māśōś) (ADPV 6; W : H z, 1972–75, 1983), 7–113.17. S H R k ,De G nd ß des Am n -Wohnh ses(A O -G -A 4; L z : H

F z, “D V A -W KD m szene M tte l ngen3 (1988): 27–34; K S , “T T -D F

A H ,” Jo n l o Egy t n A ch eology 90 (2004): 123–52.




k II x x. I

- f k E , x

T z v v H -Mšāš

. T ,

. T v z ,

- E , P , P

A . C v A P . O

, I v v , v . F , x

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z T E I A ,

. T , C . I , v

v . v -

D A XII, f , . C

. T

k , z

. T j v ,

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v . T x C

v v . T j v x

v

- . T

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. T v v . S

,

v v z fx .

II.3.3. Economic System and Social Structure

B , O . Ag c lt e n I on Age Is el (W L k , I .: E ,1987).H , D v C.Te H ghl nds o C n n: Ag c lt l L e n the E ly I o Age(S W B A 3; S : A , 1985).T , W .D e soz le Entw ckl ng Is els n vo st tl che Ze t (N k -V : N k -

, 1980).

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A , v v ’ . T k ,

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. B z . P

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18. A A , “D A Kö z ER I J ,” ,Kle ne Sch fen z Gesch chte des Volkes Is el (3 v .;M : B k, 1959), 3:348–72; F k C ü ,De W de st nd gegen d s Kön gt m(WMAN 49; N k -V : N k , 1978).




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. F . T s gene s I S D J 5:14–18. T

,

J 5:13 “ Y ,” v v

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II.3.4. Material Culture

B

, . T

, z , v x .

, E I A ; v ,

v , I A II.19

B - , v . T

. T

19. F ç B ,L’ ch tect e domest q e d Lev nt à l’ ge d e (P L v ; P : E R v , 1982); V k

H k P I ,”ZDPV 93 (1977): 30–45; Y S , “TF R H : I S F I C ,”IEJ 20 (1970): 180–90. S E N z , “D A I A ,” Te A ch tect e o

Anc ent Is el om the P eh sto c to the Pe s n Pe ods: In Memo y o Imm n el (MD n yevsky ( . A K k ; J : I Ex S , 19S B v z Av F , “B I : T F -R

I M ,” Symb os s, Symbol sm, nd the Powe o the P st: C n n, Anc ent Is el, nd Te Ne ghbo s om the L te B onze Age th o gh Rom n P l est n( . W -

G. D v ; W L k , I .: E , 2003), 411–23.




, v v (f . 14.1 2).

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. T . T -

v v

. T f , f . W -

.

T v . D E I A C z

L B z A x ,

, , . T

A . N v , L B z A ,

. T v L B z A

( B āš ), v x20 Ev

20. G L. K A M z , “ B ( ) Ex vP R (1981–1983),”BASORS 23 (1985): 93–120. S A




v C , f -

, v , . I , , v

- f E

. T , L B z A , -

v v v

M z , mn h ( el B t sh). I, St t g hy nd A ch tect e(2 v .; Q 37; J :I A , H U v J , 1997).

F 14. C E I A : 1 2. ; 3. - ; 4. - .

3

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v L B z A ,

v v E I A .I E I A v T k k

x . P , v

( . §II.6.5). S f k , E I A v .

T v C k v .21 A ,

, v v . C , v

, . T ,

v . T — — v k

. Tk te s , v . T k v

, v z x . N - k

v v . T j k v . T thos

v v k v I A . T thos ,

- 1.5 ; , v k , . I

f ;

“ - j .”22 R j , -

21. R A , Anc ent Potte y o the Holy L nd: F om Its Beg nn ngs n the Neol thPe od to the End o the I on Age(N B k, N.J.: R U v P , 1

191–293.22. M. M. I , “T C R J E I A ,” A ch eology nthe Lev nt: Ess ys o K thleen Kenyon( . R M P P ; WA & P , 1978), 116–26; D L. E , “T C R J : S

C ,”SJO 2 (1991): 99–116. S E Y , “T O D C -R P K : A C C




v . T j ;

W j , v . T - k k , . B , yx s M, . D

, L B z A v , k v . I

, L B z A

.I , C

. T f M , B - , -S ‘ī ī J V v

C 23 B

I A . I , k v , x , z — Fē ā

A . I , E I A , - L B z A .24

P A N E F F M“I W ll S e k the R ddles o Anc ent mes”: A ch eolog c l nd H sto c l St d es n H Am h M z on the Occ s on o H s S xt eth B thd y ( : A M. M P M j ; 2 v .; W L k , I .: E , 2006): 1:89–112; A E.“T C P C x : A , , F

,” St d es n the A ch eology o Is el nd Ne ghbo ng L nds: In Memo y o Dl s L. Esse( . S R. W ; SAOC 59/ASOR B k 5; C : O I

U v C ; A : ASOR, 2001), 377–98; Av R , “SC -R P S -L v S ,” St d es n the A ch eology o Is el

nd Ne ghbo ng L nds: In Memo y o Do gl s L. Esse( . S R. W ; SAOC 59/ASOR B k 5; C : O I U v C2001), 493–518.

23. O N , “T C C B z k L

E I A ,”el Av v 1 (1974): 159–72.24. A H , G. W , E Ax K , “A ä ä U G v F , W

),”De Anschn tt 37 (1985): 163–95; V k F z, “V ü G B qā el-Hetīye G vFēnān, Wādī el-‘A b(J ) 1990,”ZDPV 110

(1994): 125–50. S T E. L v ., “H -P R




T v .25 A z ,

. T . , k .

v . T

f . T z . I f z

k v k . I

Ev v z ,

, v f v v .

O , E I A . O , C . O

v . I

, v v . D v

E I A . N v ,

v C v . W

v v . A , v k

f .

H B A S J ,”P oceed ngs o the N t on l Ac d-emy o Sc ences105 (2008): 16460–65.

25. T A. W J D. M , .,Te Com ng o the Age o I on(N H v : Y U v P , 1980); S -W , J D. M x -H , R. M , “I E I M

M ,” AJA85 (1981): 245–68; J C. W ,F om B onze to I on: Tens t on om the B onze Age to the I on Age n the E ste n Med te ne n(SMA 54;

Gö : A ö , 1978).




II.3.5. Alphabetic Script

C , F k M . “E A S ,” Sym os Celeb t ng the Sev-enty-F fh Ann ve s y o the Fo nd ng o the Ame c n Schools o O ent l Res(1900–1975)( . F k M C ; C , M .: ASOR, 1979), 97–C . “N F I O C E PBASOR238 (1980): 1–20.D , A . “A P -C A D

P J I I H

el Av v 4 (1977): 14–27.N , J .E ly H sto y o the Al h bet: An Int od c-t on to West Sem t c E g hy nd P l eog hy (2 .; J : M , 1987).S , B j .St d Al h bet c : On the O g n nd E ly H sto y o the No thwSem t c, So th Sem t c, nd G eek Al h bets(OBO 102; Gö : V k & R , 1991). S :S , B j .Te Al h bet t the n o the M l-lenn m: Te West Sem t c Al h bet c . 1150–850 BCE; the Ant q ty o the A bG eek nd Ph yg n Al h bets( Av v, O P 4; Av v:

C Y P A , 2005).

A f E , k . N v , ‘Iz S

v (f . 15). T x v fv : f mem

F 15. T ‘Iz S .




H , ‘ y n e . T

-. G v f f , v x ,

L v . W , ,

E , f .

T f , ,

, . T P -S P -C

. I P -S v S -H ā S ,

k E . T , x , k

.26 T k v

j v .T P -C k

v j ; x . A

L B z A , x v k . (T x

.) T P -C

A 1000 v -

P H A , . B

P S G v

x , G k v .27W P -C

26. W F x A ,Te P oto-S n t c Insc t ons nd Te Dec he ment (C , M .: H v U v P , 1966).

27. A H k,Sch f (A H 3, K 10; Gök & R , 1979).




H , E I A .

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Rhe n sch-West äl schen Ak dem e de W ssensch fen78 (1988): 43–95.O , E k .“I W z K ,”Teolog sche Rev e85 (1989): 3–10.W , H ,

M W . “D V I L ,”R 56 (1991):341–90.W , M .Te Settlement o the Is el te bes n P lest ne: A C t -c l S vey o Recent Schol ly Deb te(SB 2/21; N v , I .: A , 1971).

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A ,”BASOR74 (1939): 11–23.A , A . “ S I P ,” Ess ys on Old est ment H sto y nd Rel g on( . R A.W ; G C , N.Y.: D , 1967), 173–222.A . “E ä ü L I P ä ,” ,Kle ne Sch fen z Gesch chte desVolkes Is el (3 v .; M : B k, 1953), 1:126–75.C , J A. “A N P -

v H C S C I A I,” P lest ne n theB onze nd I on Ages: P e s n Hono o Olg nell ( . J N. ; L :I A , 1985), 31–49.C , M v L. “A PP M v F P I ,” P lest ne n n-s t on: Te Eme gence o Anc ent Is el ( . D v N F D v F kG ; S W B A 2; S : A , 198C , R B. “E I ,”SJO 2 (1991): 35–46.F , I .Te A ch eology o the Is el te Settlement ( . D v S z; J : I Ex SF . “ E E I : A , E v

,” JAOS110 (1990): 617–86.F , V k . “D L S ä K ,”ZDPV 106 (1990): 63–77.G , C. H. J. .Te bes o Is el: AnInvest g t on nto Some o the P es os t ons o M t n Noth’s Am h ctyony Hy (SSN 18; A : V G , 1976).G , N K.Te bes o Y hweh: ASoc ology o the Rel g on o L be ted Is el, 1250–1050 B.C.E.(M k , N.Y.: O

B k , 1979).H , B .Te Eme gence o Is el n C n n(SBLMS 29; C ,C .: S P , 1983).H , A J. “I ’ C P : A ’ R ?” JSO 7 (1978): 2–19.H , S . “B F I

S C ,” B bl c l A ch eology od y: P oceed ngs o the Inte n t onCong ess on B bl c l A ch eology, Je s lem, 1984( . A. B ; J I : I




Ex S ,1985), 47–53.I , B k S.J. “ I CC : A C v V A A ,”PEQ115 (1983): 85–94.

L , P W. “ C P L AConco dTeolog c l Monthly 38 (1967): 283–300.L , N P .E ly Is el: Anth o o-log c l nd H sto c l St d es on the Is el te Soc ety be o e the Mon chy (V S 37;

. F k H. C ; L : B , 1985).M , A .“I C W C C ,” Sym os Celeb t ng the Seventy- fh Ann -

ve s y o the Fo nd ng o the Ame c n Schools o O ent l Rese ch (1900–197( .F k M C ; C , M .: ASOR, 1979), 35–56.M , A . “I S C L A ExB bl c l A ch eology od y,61–70.M , B j . “ E I S

H C ,” Te E ly B bl c l Pe od: H sto c l St d es( . S A v B A. L v ; . R E v R ; J : I

S : 1986), 35–48.M , G E. “ H C PBA25 (1962): 66–87 =B bl c l A ch eology Re de III (1970), 100–120.M , J.M x . “A I C C : S MO v ,”PEQ109 (1977): 87–93.N , M . “G ä z z D

ä B B P ä ,” ABLAK 1 (1971): 3–16.N . “D B A ä z G I ,” ABLAK I (1971): 34–51.R , M B. “ F H P ,” An tol n St d-

es16 (1965): 375–87.R . “U A N E v ,” JNES 32 (1973): 201–15.R . “E N ,” Jo n l o the Econom c nd Soc l H sto y o the O ent 17 (1974): 1–30.R . “D S O ens Ant q s15 (1976): 17–31.R . “D S PE ,” JNES36 (1977): 181–98.S , A . “ I C : x

Ev A A ,” Te L nd o Is el: C oss- o ds o C v l z t ons(OLA 19; . E. L ń k ; 1985), 77–92.S , Y . “E D v P I C ,”IEJ 28 (1978): 36–51.S .“ C W , F R H , E P IBASOR268 (1987): 3–16.S , L E. “M , I S P

N L O R ,”E etz Is el 18 (1985): 50–64.S . “ A - F A I ,”BASOR260 (1985): 1–35.T , W . “Vv ä z v ä I ,”LZ 113 (1988): 313–40.V x , R .

“ S I S P O J ,” nsl t ng nd Unde st nd ng the Old est ment: Ess ys n Hono o

He be t Go don M y ( . H F k W L. R ; N vA , 1970), 108–34.V , D . “Ü z L

S ä B ü k äZDPV 109 (1993): 20–36.W , M . “ P I SC ,” Cong ess Vol me: Je s lem 1986 ( . J. A. E ; V S 40; L :B , 1988), 270–83.W . “H F I S

,”V 38 (1988): 324–56.W , M . “ I ‘C ’ Ev j ,” C ,Sym os ,15–34.Y , Y . “

S S S C Sym os ,57–68.Y , S .Te Is el te Conq est o C n n(U v v




N H -A I I 27; IH -A I N j O , 1971).

S :B -T , A . “ F C H z : ‘W ’ ‘W ’ Q ,” Med te ne n Peo les n ns t on: T teenth to E ly enthCent es BCE( . S G , A M z , E S ; JI Ex S , 1998), 456–67.D , W G.Who We e the E ly Is el tes, nd Whe e D d Tey Come F om? (G R : E , 2003).F -

, I . “ G : ‘C ’ H R S ,” Te A ch eology o Soc ety n the Holy L nd

( . E. L v ; N Y k: F F , 1995), 349–65.F . “E - O I I S H C : C

S U ?”BA59 (1996): 198–212.F , Av .Is el’s Ethnogenes s: Settlement,Inte ct on, Ex ns on nd Res st nce(A A A; L : E x, 2006).H , Z ’ v. “B V A

I B R ,” Cong ess Vol me: Le den, 2004( . A éL ; V S 109; L : B , 2006): 81–102.K , A E. “ E -

A I : S B ‘M x M“I W ll S e k the R ddles o Anc ent mes”: A ch eolog c l nd H sto c l St d es o Am h M z on the Occ s on o H s S xt eth B thd y ( : A M. M P

M j ; 2 v .; W L k , I .: E , 2006), 2:555–72.N , B

A . “I H z : I I S GTe Ne E st n the So thwest: Ess ys n Hono o W ll m G. Deve ( . B A N k ;AASOR 58; B : ASOR, 2003), 131–51.

T k J . A , v

f : J v J . P x C

I . T v k , k C

cōnūb m ( . D 7:1–6). A ,

x I

k , v vT k J v

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I ( . §II.2.2.1). S f I

v , v k v k

v v v . O , k J

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I , J .

H J A

f .28 I J k ;

v xF A , v k

E B z A II (2950–2650) x A ,

b.c.e. A , I A v . T I J A . T

J 6 8 x . T k

. S ,

II.4.1. Land Acquisition heories

M , v

28. C . A K k , “H H -‘A ?” Wo t nd Gesch chte: Festsch f ü K l Ell ge z m 70. Geb tst g (AOA 18; K v : B z & B k , 1973), 115–19

M N , “B A ,” ABLAK 1 (1971): 210–28; H M W“J E z ,”ZDPV 92 (1976): 105–48; J A. C , “T S f I A V (A (E - ),” P oceed ngs o the F fh Wo ld Cong ess o Jew sh

St d es( . P P ; 4 v .; J : W U J S , Z Z v , “T P A : N T R j B DEx H S Ev v ,”BAR11.2 (1985): 58–69.




. T , , v

, v , .

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f T f v v C. H. J. G , NG , N P L , I F k . S

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v ; z D . O

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v . T f

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z .

II.4.2. heH apiru

B é , J .Le oblème des H b (C S é é 12; P, 1954).G , M .Te H b/ (AOS 39; N H v : A

F. R ,El Am n blets 359–379: S lement to J. A. Kn dtzon, D e E.-Am n

eln(2 .; AOA 8; N k -V : N k , 1978). C EA ; W L. M , .,Te Am n Lette s(B : JH k U v P , 1992); Y v G , I F kN ’ ,Insc bed n Cl y: P oven nce St dy o the Am n blets nd Othe Anc eNe E ste n exts(M S 23; Av v: E C Y PA , 2004).




x . I “T h k ” (EA 286,50) “h k k ” (EA 288,36–38). T A x : “T k

h , U , Bê -N , k , ,

K ” (EA 190,12–18). O h

O E S ,

“S , M k v v k h ” (EA 287,29–31; . 289,18–24).

A J v , h v

. S , A k v .B h

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.31 W x , “H J (G 39:14, 17; 40:15; 41:12; 43:32),

x v (Ex 1:15, 19; 2:7, 13; 3:18; 5:3; 7:16; 9:1, 13; 10:3) 1 S (1 S 4:6, 9; 13:3, 19; 14:11, 21; 29:3). A

, v . T , I

, f . S h , “H ” (‘ b î )

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31. K K , “D H ä v A z Ä z G ßV 19 (1969): 37–81; N P L , “ ‘H ’ N N IS 33(1979): 1–23; D v N F B. E. W י“ , ר ב ”,ע DO 10:430–45.




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, A ;

, - k . T

. A , v , k v k

33. S C G F ,L tente no e: Cont b t on ethnog h q e à l’h sto ec lt elle des nom des(N Sk : E f k R kk 2; CI k G , 1944); v F ,ents: A ch tect e o the Nom ds(G C , N.Y.: D , 1979).




, z v . T

fx , — — .2. A , S k v

v , v v .

3. A , T v

. D v v , . T

v . A k . T

x .4. T f k x

v k te m l sv . A ,

— v ,

v ( x ). B v x v ; v

v .5. A

, v , . v v

x ,

, v k k . “T

, ” (H ,Übe Lebens m,31: “J k G

j S S ß , kB z ”). T

- , , v

6. T v v . T k

v k . T




v

v v .T x v v v v -

H , S v M E ,

. O , , ,

. ,

, 1200 A

. T z ,

v v . F k

Bī ‘A B ( -A )Bī B ā G z ( H ā )J ‘ S ‘ (Z )Bī A A ( R ‘ )

T A ,

E . A O , S , . T v

A. T A x , A

v . T - v

k

z . P

- S v x , A .

O P , S (š ꜣ św) k E




; . S A

O ( N ī M ); . S -

v E . A ,

III (1184–1153) x S , : “I

S B [S ] . I z :

, , , v , E . I v Ev ” ( ANE , 262).O , S v

A ;

v k ,

E ” (SD s Im ge

de Nom den,37). H v , S E D E A , k . A ,

. T z S I, M ,

D z , S z E

(S , f . 15–48).B ,

M VII A f S . T , v

; k — z

E (f . 16). T

v ,

x . T C S . Ev v M ,

x , xC - S . A S




z k . I

E D v . T S E

41–44 f . 25–27). A R III S j ,

.

II.4.4. he New Settlement Form and the Origin o Its Inhabitants

T v ;

L B z A . I , k S M G z v

, . T

z

D v S . T v x 1200. A , v

C N E . T

v v v

;

, h S . T v

F 16. Iv v M VII A.




v v .

T E I A - . T

14). A , -

,

. D k

v v . I k

L B z A ; v E I A

T v ,

. P - - x

.S L B z A ,

’ . Ev v ,

. W , ,

L B z A . T - v v

. T

- z v x v

, Ev - - -

- v v . A v -

M v , - . T

v . P ,

,




. T v L B z A .

Y v . Ex x ,

. I , , . I

,

. T

Y v , , ,

v . I L B z A ,

. T , ns l e z v M

VII B VII E I A v ,

A S , v E I A k z

z .A

v , -

L B z A ,

. “T L B z A

” (N ’ , “H H ,” 277). I

- , v

— v . F ,

h )

S ( §§II.4.1 2). I , k ,

.




T j . Ov E

1200 C . T k , v . A k C

v , k . T ,

v .

T v v . Th

v - v . I , ,

k

, k x

.

F v , I . D , I . T v

f k H S v . M v , C

v . T C - x

. A v x , M S

I ( §II.2.3). I z ,

x I C . T

; , ,

, . H v

v ,

I .




II.5. The Life of the Tribes in the Cultivated Land

II.5.1. he System o the ribes

Bä ,O . Am h ktyon e m Alten est ment: Fo sch ngsgesch chtl che St d e zHy othese von M t n Noth( Z S 6; B : F R , F ,G . “ ‘A k ’ ‘B ’?” ,St d en z lttest mentl -chen Teolog e nd Gesch chte(BZAW 115; B : G , 1969), 84–119.G ,C. H. J. .Te bes o Is el: An Invest g t on nto Some o the P es os t on M t n Noth’s Am h ctyony Hy othes s(SSN 18; A : V G , 1976).H -

, S . “W v J -A k ?”Z 48 (1992): 304–14.M ,A. D. H. “I P - P ,”V 23 (1973): 151–70.N ,K . “R v - S I ”AJBI 2 (1976): 29–59.N ,M .D s System de zwol Stämme(BWAN 52; D : W

B , 1930).S ,H . “E ä z S z S ä ,”ZAW 90 (1978): 196–220.S , R . “G ö Jz v I ?” ,Ges mmelte St d en II: Z ältesten Gesch chteIs els(BEv 100; M : K , 1987), 200–209.W ,H .“D -

S S ä I ,”V 23 (1973): 76–89. S :G ,N K.he bes o Y hweh: A Soc ology o the Rel g on o L be ted Is

1250–1050 BCE( B S 66; S : S AS , E . “B J A : PI (1200-1020 BCE),”Old est ment Ess ys14 (2001): 494–509.B , P

Ev v S . “ , , : A N F k I A S J N v,”BASOR323 (2001): 21–47.K , Z -

. “A N v - S I ,”V 49 (1999): 125–27.S ,Ev J. v . “ P S P NEA69 (2006): 27–36.

T I v x S D

5:12–17, 18 , 19–22, 24–30. A xf k ,

S v . T

f J 5:19. A x ,

V J z , x . M VII A 113 x C

S ( VI B–V A). I , , f




, ; ,

v . A , T v f

x f v ,

C . T v

x x v I k, I J 5:2 .

: (J 5:14, 15 ), (5T v

E , B j , M , Z , I R , G , D , A , N

.T x

. T v k

. T v v

. T , v

v C

.W

: (1) k , (2) v . P

B j D ,

S vA J S H v v z ,

. T x

A S , J D v A I , v v S , k M




“G , A , J z , E , B j , v I ” T

k (2 S 20:1; 1 K 12:16):W v D v ,

J .Ev , O I !

P , I S ), v

J . T x J ) k ; v

.O J 5:14–17, 18 , E , B j , Z

I , R , D , A , N M G ,

B M 37; 32:39–42, . D 3:13–15),

M . T v J 5, J S . T

49 D 33 s gene s - ; v

, v - I

f f k

O v K 4:7–19) N , A , I ,

v v v , E G

f v .A v v

: . f G 29:31–30:12

20; 35:22–26; 46:8–25; 49:1–27; Ex 1:2–4; 1 C 2:1, 2; 27:16–22. T P P: N 1:5–15, 20–47; 2:3–31; 7:12–83; 10:14–28; 13:4–15; 26:5–51. T

L v ,




J ’ E M v . T k :

G N 26:5–51

G G 29:31–30:12; 35:16–20

R RS S

G L v

J JI DZ N

M GE AB j I

D ZA J

N B j

T f -P . T

P D ,

. A P L v L v

. T v L v “ ”

P D ; , L

J E MI -P ,

, v J (G 29:31–30:12 35:16–20). I I : v

J ; , IJ . I k x




v J v I , k , v

J 5, L v , G , S j v

O J , f

D v ’ v k ( . 2 S 2:1–4 ).A -P

. T S v

v v G ’ ’ f v

, . T “ ”

v . S v

z k, .

G , , . O , S D v J . A v

k ; J f f ,

.T v

j — k D v

T x k x v J 5:14–17, 18 ; f , D v -S k

v C - . I v ,

. D v

I k v J “ I ,

- ,




” I one (F , “A k ,” 103“k B B v z

G I v S v v ”).S v J ,

, v k . T

, v v v v k I J . I

k N

. A

J 21; 1 C 6 12; D 33 .

T I M

. F

, N G k I v v . T

v . C

.T , N I j

v v v , Y

G F j v x

v j x . S j J 10:1–5 1

k ( §I.3.2.1), v I j

j . T j v

I

. T I ,




v , S .

K , , K .

A k . T C . T

I , C k v . R

G v , Y G

Y ” (J 5:13). T , v v , ,

Y ’ . T j x v f . I

S , . W ,

.D v , Y

. O k v

Y . , v k G

S D , Y I Y Y

S v Y v

I ’ , x . I ,

I D H , I x ( . J 6). I C ’ H

f “ v (S ,Y hweh W , 36), I

( . 2 C 20).I S D , v , Y

; v k f Y v

. T




x . Y I , v

, G . T v

, f v . N

x f k .

II.5.3. he ribes’ Habitations

F ,V k .D s B ch Jos (HA 1/7; ü : M S k, 1994).K ,Z .H sto c l Geog hy o the B ble: Te b l e to es o Is el (J -

: M , 1986).L ,B . “ I J ,” St d esn the H sto c l Books o the Old est ment ( . J. A. E ; V S 30; L :

B , 1979), 95–112.N ,M . “S z -

D k J ,” ABLAK 1 (1971): 229–80.S ,K -D .Benj m n: Unte s ch ngen z Entsteh ng nd Gesch chte e nes s el t schen St m(BZAW 86; B : ö , 1963).

A I f v v ,

f f . I , S D ,

I z f . T ט ב v v (ש ה) ח פ ש ,(מ

ב) ת א י A .(ב , . N v ,

, . T

. , v

. A “ ” z x vk . O , v f . Ev

f




,

I A .T v k v v j v

1 K 4:7–19, v v . B

k x v v v C

v , v v . T S

j x E ם) י ר פ (א

v x ר פ “א .” T - P

ם י ר פ ר א “ ,ה E ” ( ,nte l ,J 7:24;17:8; 18:2; 19:1, 16, 18). T

, E ,

M J ’ J . G v S D , E J . T f (G

E , k M , J ’

, E M “H J ף) ” ס ו ת י י G ;ב 43:18, 19; 50:8; J 17:17; 18:5; J

1:22, 23, 35; 2 S 19:21; 1 K 11:28; A 5:6; O 18; Z 10:6). T

. A , M S D ,

x v . A , M , f

. S v v k : E

, I .

A , M P

( Š A ū Z ) J z VJ 17:7–13). I , J

Y k M ( J 13:29–31;




42). T J — M S D

( x ) x . T , , M x , M

z I

H v , E ,

J 16:5–9, E B j , - R ā , x

. T “ E ,” f

v A 1 K 4:8, E

v , I , S D E f

, , ,

E I A .A J 5:14, B j ן) י מ י נ k (ב . I k

x k . I G 49:27, B j

, v . T

v T , S , f k , j ,

. S D v S (2 S 16:5–14) S (2 S 20). T

k . Ev v B j3:15–30) v f

M , v x . T v

19–21) k j k ( §I.2 k

I .T Benj m n, v f “

” v v v , x




E . T xmā ū y mīn ’(“ ”) B j

.A v k 927, B j ,

J . D k B j

( S k,Benj m n,140 .). T - v

J 18:11–20 J f . T

N 11:31–35 f x . N v , ,

j . T E (J 16:2

J (J 15:5 –9), J V

J 18:11–20, v . F v J ( -S ā )

v B (Bē ī ) B H (Bē ‘Û ).T K -j (Dē -Az ) ( ),

J V . T fx

B j E J B

S , vM ר) י כ J (מ 5:

x x , M M . I

z , M

M v E ,

E , I . I ,

I M , J . I

M . A




v v . T ; vל ב “)ז ”) v . A J 19:10–16, v

G J z V . S J 19:10–16 f D H

v Z ,

Z v S B ō , k

. I x . T

v V AT I ר) כ ש ש (י

S , v v k , v

G 49:14. T k

v ,

, f J 6:5; 11:12; 39:5–8). I v. T J 19:18–20

G L k G ; B -S

v . T v k , G

Z , I - , U G A .

R ן) ב א (ר ; , f

, J . T A v M (N 32) R J

( §I.2.1.3). B R

J ; R v J

J 13:15–23, 32:34–38, R x v

A R v . S




K M M , v v .

J , R k A. A R f , k .

G ד) ע ל (ג v H Ğ ‘ J

G J k -‘A ),

‘Ağ ū ). W M G M , G

G ( . J 13:24–31). A M G, G v v

J S G f

J (1 K 4:19); .

D ן) v (ד ( J 13:2

v Z (S ‘ ) E (H Dē Sū ē ).T (J 5: x . B ,

P J 19:41–46, D

S k Y ; v ,

I v D x P

; J

, D J§I.2.3.2) . I ,

D 33:22 .A ר) ש v (א v

S (1 K 4:16) v

J 5:17. A ; G 49:20 D

. T ר ש “ ,א




I

.(2) T G P

. N V ,

M

(3) I R , J G . T G M f J ,

. S M , G , R ,

; , . T

J v . I V .

A , v

. T . F , v C - ; , v

T

“ .” , ,

, ,

I k . T I “ D B - ” j k

. I , j v ,

z . S S v . I ,

v , 2:9 . P IA ’ v , k S ;

. T “ v I ”

v G , A , J z , E , B j . T S D ; J




J z V , Z I . Ev , J z ,

, 2 S 2:9 5:14–17, 18 , , N , D , M , R ; x v I

. B x f .

T v

, f . T

v v v v v . E v v

, , v .

II.6. The Religion of Yahweh

I D , z . T D

H Y G -P

Y A (G 4:26). A v , I : Y

G , G I E

G Dו נ י ה ל א

ה ו ה י

ד ח ה א ו ה A .י H ,

x ,36

36. S E N , “W J G J ” (D 6:4Be t ägez lttest mentl chen Teolog e: Festsch f ü W lthe Z mme l z m 70. Geb tst g ( .H D .; Gö : V k & R , 1977), 288–301 j , “Hö I ! D S H v D VI 4-9,”V 42 (1992):

528–41; G B k, “D D G M,St d en z Teolog e des De te onom ms(S A z äS : K B k, 1988), 257–300. O S v

, R M , “O P - C F ‘TG ,’” Te Develo ment o Isl m c R t l ( . G H ; . A. G

G ; B , V .: A , 2006); . “Z V




: H z, 1988), 43-63.M L ,E. C. B. “YHWH: O ,”V 12 (1962): 439–63.M ,R . “D G L

F ,”BZ .F. 2 (1958): 26–53.M ,S . “ N G M ,”HUCA32 (1961): 121–33.R ,M . J hwe: z m St e t mden lttest mentl chen Gottesn men( S 122; Z : V , 19S ,H. “JHWH, G H ä ,” J d c25 (1969): 257–66.S ,A.“D G J ,”ZDMG90 (1936): 679–702.S ,W v . “J ,‘E , E ,’”WO 3 (1964–66): 177–87. S :D T , K -

. “ N G : P — S M W ,”lect o d c l o 2 (2005); : :// .

. . /05_2/ _ _ _ . .K , G H. v , .heRevel t on o the N me YHWH to Moses: Pe s ect ves om J d sm, the P g n GRom n Wo ld, nd E ly Ch st n ty ( B N v 9; JC ; L : B , 2006).

A D , Y G G , . Ov ,

v x . Y G

, I . T v f . A , G

, . T “ Y

5:13 x A v z Gה ו ה (Yhwh)י

, “Y ” ו, , , ה = Yhw)י

Y hû) , . T ה Yh = Y)י h) ו ) (Yw = Yô)י v M. W ,RlA5:246–53). A

M, H -Qō H Bē Lē ,

A L ( v D. N. FTWA 3:535–39). A S -

f v : vh-y-h(“ ”). T G

O A :Y ‘ūq,“ ”;Y ‘būb,“ ”;Y ġūt,“ ” ( v K , M d n,44). S h-y-h , v ” “ v ” (W. v S ). T




Y f .

O , Y ’ v

Y , S , E . (J 5:4)

Y S , S

H M P

M -k . (D 33:2)G

H O M P . (H 3:3)

A Y S A . H v ,

, x v .

J 5:4 k S D , E , A . B “ R ” v

J , S “ ” v N . T

- . B N K ( M W , “E

RE9:291–99). T E . T f - , E

. Y ’ :

x yhwꜣ . T - v

v C Y ’M Z ( . P 48:3 [E . v. 2]; I 14:13).40T

v Y E S

40. S O E ,B l Z hon, Ze s K s os nd de D chz g de Is el ten d ch Mee (B ä z R A 1; H : NF x A ,“B l-Z hon,” Festsch f, Al ed Be tholet z m 80. Geb tst g ( .




104:32).42 I , v v

S A ( K , M d n,56–60).I f S , -P

k x k - f v

v P . A , k י נ י ה ( syny)ס נ (snh)ס

v S M Ex 3. I ,

k G . A , J 5 Ex 19. I , S v

.T S v Ex 19

Y ’ A (J 5:4).T v v G S ,

x , Y ’ J

. S x -P, Y ’ v E S

. T k

D v S . T Y k .I , v , f E

Y A S ,

’ v k 1000 v

, , Y G

42. Jö J ,Teo h n e: D e Gesch chte e ne lttest mentl chen G tt ng

(WMAN 10; N k -V : N k , 1965); F k SK E G A ,”ZAW 76 (1964): 1–21. S N F S P. J. N , “T -S H Jo n l o Sem t cs11 (2002): 256–81; B J. S z, “T P A T L v S ,” exts, em les, nd d t ons: A b te to Men -hem H n( . M V. F x .; W L k , I .: E , 1996): 103




. I f D v S I

C . A I G Y , C

f G I .I k Y

. S G v , f Y

I G . I , Y

v f v v

. A Y ,

G . O 1000 Ik , v

Y . M v , C

II.6.2. Local Deities

T

v v . N S D v

x ;

T v f C v

P . Ev v C , x .

f 43

43. S J. A S , “D z ö S k 10. J ,”ZAW 78 (1966): 179–204; F z S z,St kt en nd F g en m




A v , C . U

, v I , v fx “E I . N

k v v -P , x

v . T x k

v .

י א ל ר G :( l ’y’)א 16:14

I H v G 16:1 , 2, 4–7 , 8, 11–14,

v H G י א ל ר B“ :א Y , k , : Y G A k x G . T v

י א י ר ח ר ל א T .ב v י א ר G ה א ר f - x. -

v . H ’ Gי א ל ר א v

. I k E - Y “G

I xל א vל א

י א x ר v Y . F ,

Y , Y v , k “G .” T v Y

H , H ’ I . T I

Y . B v G , , Y G ,

k v . I

K lt von Je s lem(BZAW 118; B : G , 1970); E k O , “E JHJ ,”V 30 (1980): 318–29.




— . G H z k (2 C 32:17)— . G D (D 6:27 [E . v. 26])— . G S , M , A (D 3:28

“ G ( ) + x”— G (G 31:5, 42; . Ex 15:2; 18:4)— G ( .) (G 31:29 LXX; 46:3; 50:17; Ex

3:6; . 1 C 28:9)— G ( .) (G 31:29; 43:23)— G (G 31:53)— . G (2 C 17:4)

CG 25:24; 28:13; 32:10; Ex 3:6, 15, 16; 4:5; . 2 K 10:5 = I 38:5;

1 C 29:10; 2 C 21:12; 34:3

A v + NN— h d I (G 31:42 , 53 )— M O J (G 49:23–24)

“ G ( [ ] + x) A J ”

(Ex 3:6, 13, 15 .; 4:5; . D 11:37 v D H -

C ’ H )

T

v x . F G Y v Y x “ G Y v

( . G 4:26). I v , f Y , “I G A ,

26:24) “I Y , G A , , I ” (G 28:13). T

G ; Y . A G

; “G ” loc s cl ss c s,G 31:53, “G

N ” x G A . T v




G v YG k k G .

T G -P k vfx . I

” “G A ” , v , h d Y s h āq (G 31:42 , 53 )

G ; v v v ( . G 24:27; 47:29).45 I ,

fx v G . T G

I v .

II.6.4. Cultic Arti acts

T . Y v

. k, , . H v , I .46

II.6.4.1. A k

F , S ,R .Zelt nd L de ls Tem lttest -mentl che W ssensch f (Gü : G. M , 1972). S : B ,K .“E L ,”ZAW 39 (1921): 1–42.D ,M .D e L de J hves: E ne el - g onsgesch chtl che Unte s ch ng (FRLAN 7; Gö : V k & R1906).G ,H .D e L de J hves nd d s Alle he l gste des s lomon schen

em els(BWA .F. 1; B : W. K , 1920).H ,M . “ A k C : S S B RIEJ 9 (1959):

30–38, 89–94.H ,R .“Z L ,”ZAW 37 (1917–18): 209–44.M ,J .D s lt s el t sche L dehe l gt m(BZAW 93; B : ö ,

45. S K K , “ h

d j s

h

q— G z ?” St d en z lltest -mentl chen nd lto ent l schen Rel g onsgesch chte: Z m 60. Geb tst g von Kl s K( . E k O ; Gö : V k & R , 1988), 206–14; M M

h d j s h q(G XXXI 42–53) O T ,”V 35 (1985): 192–200.46. S V k F z,em el nd Zelt: St d en z m em elb n Is el . z d. Zel-

the l gt m d. P este sch f (WMAN 47; N k -V : N k , 1977).




1965).M ,J . “ A k, E , ‘ MHUCA17 (1942–43): 153–266; 18 (1943–44): 1–52. S :M C ,

C. M k. “F B x : D v A k D H S l n Sto y nd d t on( . C S. E ; FA 47; ü : M S k, 2175–86.

T k S (1 K 8:1–11)

v v ( . P 99:5; 132:7; 2 C 28:2). T

k J D v - k v (1 S 4–6; 2 S 6).47A v , k S (H Sē ū ) P E z v-‘Ē ). T v k P

v B - , f K -j (Dē -Az ). F

J v S D H

D j k f k

A , k G . T k

, , . T , . I

( 2 S 11:11). A v G , v k v

A ( . J. M ), ; f v ( D ,D e L de J hves,111–19; H ,

“Z L ,” 236–37).

47. H , “D L zä (1 S 4–6; 2 S 6) K

G k ,”Ev 26 (1966): 509–26; K A. D. S k,“T A k N v R ,”OtSt 25 (1989): 128–44. S E k E k ,“T R B E N v (1 S . 1–4) A k N2 S . 6:1–19),” P st, P esent, F t e: Te De te onom st c H sto y nd the P o hets( .J C. M H F. v R ; O S ë 44;2000), 88–106.




T f E , S . I k

Y D v f v k f I k Y

, .48 A k

G , v k v . S

G , .

II.6.4.2.

D ,A E. “I â /E ,” JBL76 (1957): 216–24.G ,M .“A L k R ’ ,” JBL81 (1962): 239–48.H ,H A. “H š H e â hîm,” JNES27 (1968): 61–68.J ,A .“D M S B z

M k,”B bl c34 (1953): 78–80.L ,C. J. “ :

A N P I E ,”V 16 (1966): 115–17.R ,H , J T . “ ym, é ê ’ è 1 11–17 x è ’A N z ,”V 37 (1987): 340–61.S ,S v .In Is el g b es B lde : N ch chten von d stellende K nst m Alten est ment (OBO74; Gö : V k & R , 1987), 136–54. S :H ,M . “N L E G 31: “Und Mose sch eb d eses L ed ”: St d en z m Alten est ment nd z m Alten O ent( .M D I K ; AOA 250; Mü : U357–62.T , K v . “ N B

C Ev ,”CBQ52 (1990): 203–22.

ם) י פ ר , (ת. T k H

v H -Ht š,“( v ) ,” “ ,” . T

48. S O E , “S J ,” ,Kle ne Sch fen III ( ü :

M S k, 1966), 417–25; M N , “J I ,Te L ws n the Pent te ch nd Othe St d es( . D. R. A -T ; L :O v & B , 1966), 132–44; E k O , “S J ,”Z 32 (1976): 65–77;Jö J , “L Z ,” P obleme b bl sche Teolog e: Ge h d von R d z m 70.Geb tst g ( . H W W ; M : K , 1971), 181–98; M N

S ,” ABLAK 1 (1971): 148–56.




II.6.4.3. O C L

D ,W . “D ‘L ’ Z 80(1971): 195–200.F ,I .E hod nd Choschen m L chte des Alten O ents(W B ä z 12; V : H , 1968).L ń ,E . “U ī

ī ,”V 20 (1970): 495 .M ,J . “U ,”K os11(1969): 22–38.P ,R . “D O I ,”ZAW 51 (1933): 121–40,227–55.R ,E . “ ‘Ū ī ī : W W ?”V 14(1964): 67–74.S ,E . “E ,” JPOS14 (1934): 185–93. S

:V D , C .Te U m nd T mm m: A Me ns o Revel t on n Anc ent Is el (W L k , I .: E , 1997).

I k S k J J

. T ,

G v . T ,

k G

f ( J 7:13–14). U T . I v Y ’

v , x v -

.T ד) ו פ ; (א (1 S 2:18; 22:18; 2 S 6:14), P

v (Ex 31–35; 35:9, 27; 39:1–21, 22–29). I 1 S 23:9–12 30:7–9, v ,

A ( 1 S 2:28; 14:3, 18; 21:10). , j Y

. A x , - - . “D v k , ‘W z

S ?’ Y , ‘Y ’” (1 ST . S

, v . T

T k . N v J




.

O G U T ם) י מ ת ם ו י ר ו T .(א ,

T x (Ex 28:30; L v 8:8; D2:63; N 7:65), s o toto 1 S 28:6 N 27:21 1 S 14:41 LXX. T P

ן ש (ח (Ex 28:30); j k

G v 1 S 23:2 2 S

T .L k , v -

P U T , v k k .

v , , — v v . Ev

,

v Pv - . T A k

(L ń k ,V 14 [1964]: 496). S f , . P U T

G v v

x x

G ’ .B v I

, v . T

v G . B k

, k G,

- - x T ,

. S v ,




II.6.5. Cultic Sites

T k J J J v , “ Y M z ” (J

M z G . I J 24:26 S . A J 3:4, x J

. Av x J 17–18 19–21 I

-Qā ī) B (Bē ī ) M z B j ( ).R j

v D H ,

M Ex 17:15, J J 8:30, G6:24, S 1 S 7:17 . T

,

, 14:35) D v (2 S 24), 2 S 24

J T v f . S

- v G , v x Y

12:7–8; 13:3, 4, 18, A S , BM ; G 21:33 A k BJ B - G

, I B - (G 26:23–25). I35:14, m s s ēbâ B J , J

S L z B (G 33:18–20; 35:7). T -P k

. T v x .

B , S . T S

Sē ū ) x ל כ י 1 S ( hykl)ה 1:9 3:3, P v

7:12, 14; 26:6, 9; P 78:60). T N S D v ,

21:2–10; 22:6–23). T x




v , x v

f ; , f v , k (

, , k . T f

. T E v .A -

Ğ ī S .53 I z 21 ,

x . T , . N

, . T E I A . T

f z . T f . I

, v

v . T , x , , k ה מ (ב

. S v v f ,

.I A , XII

, z v .54 I , v

I A II E I A v v

c l A ch eology od y, 1990: P oceed ngs o the Second Inte n t on l Cong ess on B b A ch eology ( . Av B .; J : I Ex S ,

53. A M z , “T ‘B S ’—A I A I O C P ,”BASOR247(1982): 27–42; R W E Z , “E ä B -H

G Z A ä I ,”ZDPV 102 (1986): 75–86.54. Y A , “N E N L : R IBA39 (1976): 55–76; M A , “T P S 12–11 I A

A ,”E etz Is el 15 (1981): 181–204. S Z ’ v H z , “T F M A : A I R ,”el Av v 29 (2002): 3–109; L S -Av z, “A : T I

A P A ,”el Av v 29 (2002) 110–214.




, . F P

, . T P ’ ,

z .G v v , . A ,

f M ( VII A) B -S ( VI) E z v C x

III R . T P v

E . I kP ’ P

, P y s H s I ( ANE , 260–62), v .59 I ,

P — S P — R III j 1177

v C

B “ ” P R III v v . T A

1200, v k x - D60T

v A S P f . T

, C A M P , v .

T v PA 9:7 , “D I I EP C A K ?” T

v v f f x I , f

59. S A A , “Ä P ä L

,” ,Kle ne Sch fen z Gesch chte des Volkes Is el I (2 .; M : B k,1959), 216–30; I S , “T B P S CN B P ,”el Av v 12 (1985): 109–22.

60. P Å ,D s Ende de myken schen F ndstätten dem g ech schen Festl nd (SMA 1; L : C. B , 1962); V. R. ’A. D ,Te L st Mycen e ns nd Te S ccesso s: An A ch eolog c l S vey, c. 1200–c. 1000 B.C.(Ox : C , 1964).




. B , X, x 14 x 8 v ,

j (f . 17). T v x . L k v v v I ,

.T

v . T - , v f

v . P L B z A v x v H z C ( - F 69

T v .

R v P , C , C , E

. A j , (ke no), v

C v A G z v , .

f , P M ( Ph l s-

t nes, 234–49). T f A , , “A

T f M . T -

A . A , v

f j lek ne). TP f

A , f vC . S x

Q , v f .

69. S A M z ,Exc v t ons t ell Q s le, P t 1: Te Ph l st ne S nct y: A ch tect e nd C lt Objects(Q 12; J : I A , HU v J , 1980), 63 f . 15.




II.7.3.5. M

F 1200 , z .71 T v k , f : (1)

, z ; (2)

v C v ; (3)

x .

T v v z . T P

. A f v M

1200) A . D j v P

x v 72

N v , P v f v E I x v ;

. T E

Y ( k k H - II.73 T , C

P , v

71. J D. M , “H I C A W — P M E ,”B bl c l A ch eology Rev ew8 (1983): 40–54.72. M z ,Exc v t ons t ell Q s le, 6–8; D , “I K v

M -Ek ,”E etz Is el 20 (1989): 154–63.73. H L z R L. F k, “T D I S P

L B z A S Y ’ . P R ,” Jo n l o F eld A ch eology 11 (1984): 265–80; V k F z, “E M k ü E z

v.C .) H bet el-Ms s N ,” A chäomet ll g e de Alten Welt: Be t äge z mInte n t on len Sym os m “Old Wo ld A ch eomet ll gy,” He delbe g 1987 = Old Wo A ch eomet ll gy: P oceed ngs o the Inte n t on l Sym os m “Old Wo ld A ch eoml gy,” He delbe g 1987 ( . A H , E P k , Gü A. WD A B 7; B : S v D B -M223–26.




P k . A vP fv G z , Ek , G ), E v

E R

. T x J E

I .T P k

S J 13–16— v f fx . Tv 1 S 4–6 2 S 6 . O I

k S k P

(1 S 13–14). W S ’ D v v A G (

I P G , S (1 S 31). O , D v ,

v v (2 S 5:17–25; 8:1).T z

; fv A (X–VI)

, v , , k . N

III (745–726) -A (UA 1:373, 375, 379, 290, 406),

z f P . T P

; P

II.8. Neighboring Peoples

L k I

I, f 1000 b.c.e. T k O , x N 21:21–35 ( . D 2:26–37; 3:1–11) v f . G v

x , ( §I.2.3); S O f k




I k J , , M , M , A C P I

( J 3:12–30; 6–8; 10:17–12:6). T j k .

. T x

f II, v I A I

.

II.8.1. Phoenicians

T P L ,

.75 T , , , S , B , B , A v . T

k B z A ,

v E ; P I A . T G k T , H , ,

- . T - B z A . I

- P

S . T P k v

v v . T v 76A -

, f

75. S S M ,Te Wo ld o the Phoen c ns( . A H ;

L : W & N , 1968); D B k ,Phoen c nd the Phoen c ns (B : K , 1961); A é P , M H. C é , S MLes Phé-n c ens: l’ex ns on hén c enne, C th ge(L’ v 23; P : G , 19M í E A ,Te Phoen c ns nd the West: Pol t cs, Colon es, nd de( .M ; C : C U v P , 1993).

76. P M B k ,Te Potte y o y e(W : A & P , 1978).




A k T B N 24:20. T

A k f x v .S , A k

N z ,

. (A 1 S 15, K A , v A z I

. SN ,

J . S I J

(1 S 15); A k “ A k

fx ; .) Ev

v v x

. A S , A k Z k ( -S ‘) Z k v D v A G .88 D v ,

, k ,

v . T A k , N

J k v .

88. O Z k , V k F z, “D B A ä P ä B v Z k ,”ZDPV 106 (1990): 78–85.



III. The Literature of the Era

Almost nothing has survived o the literature o the era, since stories andaccounts were recited and transmitted orally and had probably already becomelost during the course o the monarchy. Te composition o individual ormsas substantial works was frst introduced during the monarchy. Tus, songspredating the ormation o the state were preserved only by their integrationin prose narratives. But apparently there was still a collection o premonar-chic songs in the early monarchic period, because Josh 10:13 and 2 Sam 1:18

mention explicitly a “Book o the Upright” (ר ש י ר ה פ ס

; “Book o Jashar”) as asource. Tis re erence, however, does not prove the existence o such a collec-tion, since the statement could be the work o the Deuteronomistic Historian.Similar reservations apply to the name “Book o the Wars o Yahweh” (ר פ סה ו ה ת י ו מ ח ל .in Num 21:14 (מ

From the context o the books o Joshua and Judges, the only portionsexpressed as songs are the ragment in Josh 10:12b–13a and the elements o the Song o Deborah in Judg 5:12–17, 18b, 19–22, 24–30. Yet the hymns o praise in Gen 4:23 and 1 Sam 18:7 = 21:11 probably originated prior to the

ormation o the state, and the two uneral or lamentation songs in 2 Sam1:19–27 and 3:33–34 belong to the beginning o the monarchic period. Allthe remaining songs, which otherwise might be considered just as old, mustbe dated to the monarchic period based on their content and language; tothose belong the Song o Miriam in Exod 15:21 and the Well Song in Num21:17–18. Nevertheless, di erent orms o songs with distinguishableSitzeim Leben can be assumed or the time be ore the ormation o the state o Israel.

Additional genres were admitted into the prose narratives o the book o Judges, and their development prior to the monarchic period is at least pos-sible. Riddles stand in the middle o the narrative o Samson’s marriage (Judg14:14, 18); this simple orm is connected with no particular era and can thusbe assumed rom an early time, even i Solomon’s riddle sayings cannot be

-209-




dated precisely. A able is ound in connection with the traditions about Abi-melech in Judg 9:8–15, which evinces a criticalendenz against the monarchy and thus originated in the monarchic period. Regardless o the unquestion-ably old age o the genre o uneral songs—since those frst appear in thebooks o Samuel—only hymns o praise, riddles, and ables can be treated asbiblically attested genres rom the books o Joshua and Judges.

III.1. Hymns of praise

A k , James S. “Prophecy and War in Early Israel: A Study o the Deborah-Barak Story,”BASOR220 (1975): 5–13.B , Ulrike.Das Deboralied zwischenGeschichte und Fiktion: Eine exegetische Untersuchung zu Richter 5(St. Ottilien: EOS,1989).B k , Joseph. “Ballad Style and Psalm Style in the Song o Deborah:A Discussion,”Biblica 42 (1961): 61–76.C , Michael D. “A Structural Analy-sis o the Song o Deborah,”CBQ 40 (1978): 132–66.C , Peter C. “ he Song o Deborah and the Epic o ukulti-Ninurta,” JBL88 (1969): 253–65.G , Gillis.“ he Song o Deborah in the Light o Stylistics,”V 1 (1951): 168–80.G , John.“Israel in the Song o Deborah,” in Ascribe to the Lord: Biblical and Other Studiesin Memory o Peter C. Craigie(ed. Lylel M. Eslinger and Glen aylor; JSO Sup 67;She ield: JSO Press, 1988), 421–55.M , A. D. H. “ he Historical Context o theBattle against Sisera,”V 19 (1969): 353–60.Mü , Hans-Peter. “Der Au bau desDeborahliedes,”V 16 (1966): 446–59.M , D. F. “Narrative Structure and ech-nique in the Deborah-Barak Story (Judges IV 4-22) ,” inStudies in the Historical Bookso the Old estament (V Sup 30; Leiden: Brill, 1979), 155–89.N , Heinz-Dieter.“Der Sieg Deboras und Baraks über Sisera,”ZAW 101 (1989): 28–49.S , Law-rence E. Archaeology, Ecology, and Social History: Background Temes in the Song o Deborah (V Sup 40; Leiden: Brill, 1988), 221–34.W , Artur. “Das Deboralied—

eine gattungs- und traditionsgeschichtliche Studie,”ZAW 71 (1959): 67–97.Z , Hans-Jürgen.Stammesspruch und Geschichte: Die Angaben der Stammessprüche vonGen 39, Dtn 33, und Jdc 5 über die politischen und kultischen Zustände im damaligen“Israel” (BZAW 95; Berlin: öpelmann, 1965), 44–52. See now also:F z, Volkmar.“ he Complex o raditions in Judges 4 and 5 and the Religion o Pre-state Israel,” in“I Will Speak the Riddles o Ancient imes”: Archaeological and Historical Studies in Honor o Amihai Mazar on the Occasion o His Sixtieth Birthday (ed: Aren M. Maeir and Pierrede Miroschedji; 2 vols.; Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2006), 2:689–98.A k ,Susan. “Digging Up Deborah: Recent Hebrew Bible Scholarship on Gender and theContribution o Archaeology,”NEA 66 (2003): 172–84.V , Mark A. “ he Songo Deborah: A Structural and Literary Consideration,” JSO 91 (2000): 61–82.

Since the Song o Deborah in Judg 5 is older than the prose narrative in Judg 4,it can be treated independently. Indeed, the view predominates today that the




12 Awake, awake, Deborah!Awake, awake, utter a song!

Arise, Barak,lead away your captives, O son o Abinoam.

1. Te Mustering o the Militia (vv. 13–17, 18b)

13 hen down marched the remnant o the noble;the people o Yahweh marched down or him against the mighty.

14 From Ephraim they set out into the valley,ollowing you, Benjamin, with your kin;

rom Machir marched down the commanders,and rom Zebulun those who bear the marshal’s sta ;15 the chie s o Issachar came with Deborah*

into the valley they rushed out at his heels.Among the clans o Reuben there were great searchings o heart.

16 Why did you tarry among the sheep olds,to hear the piping or the locks?*

17 Gilead stayed beyond the Jordanand Dan, why did he abide with the ships?Asher sat still at the coast o the sea,settling down by his landings,

18b Naphtali, too, on the heights o the ield.

2. Te Depiction o Battle (vv. 19–22)

19 he kings came, they ought;then ought the kings o Canaanat aanach, by the waters o Megiddo;they got no spoils o silver.

20 he stars ought rom heaven;rom their courses they ought against Sisera.

21 he torrent Kishon swept them away,the onrushing torrent, the torrent Kishon.

22 hen loud beat the horses’ hoo swith the galloping, galloping o his steeds.

3. Jael Killing Sisera (vv. 24–27)

24 Most blessed o women be Jael,*o tent-dwelling women most blessed.

25 He asked water and she gave him milk;she brought him curds in a lordly bowl.

26 She put her hand to the tent peg,




these are assumed to be separate powers, and there is no mention o theirdependence on Yahweh. Te human success in fghting is not depicted urther.

Te third scene (vv. 24–27) presents Jael’s heroic deed extensively. Tekilling o the eeing and exhausted Sisera by a woman is described in detail.Te demise o the enemy leader appears as the climax o the victory over theenemies.

Te ourth part (vv. 28–30) transitions to the women o the enemies, sothe hearer or reader can determine based on the preceding description that thescene is a derision o the enemies. Without knowing the course o the battleand the ate o Sisera, the women console themselves with the expectation o a victorious outcome and portray, as it were, the horrors o war are directedagainst themselves. Te song leaves the depiction o the women’s reaction tothe actual acts up to the listener. Tis scene concerning the situation o theenemy brings to mind the horrible ate that could be all one’s amily in war,namely, rape and pillage.

Despite the change rom scene to scene, the song represents a literary unity. Regarding content, all the pieces serve to glori y the achieved victory,although quite di erent means can be used. Te concise style is characteristic,and at times the message is rein orced by repetitions in the orm o paral-

lelism. Lacking any depiction o missing details, the statements are o en inclose succession, one a er the other, so that the event is impressive. Each o the our scenes shows a structure complete in itsel ; with the exception o thelist o tribes. Te active person is introduced at the beginning, then the eventis described, and fnally the outcome is established. Nevertheless, all o thesections together present a whole, because only the totality o the depictionsallows the magnitude and the e ect o the events to become clear.

Te genre is that o a song whose individual strophes glori y the vic-tory achieved. Tis glorifcation entails the enumeration o the allies at thebeginning as well as the ironic exposure o the enemies at the conclusion.Indeed, Jael’s extraordinary deed, albeit standing in the middle o the song,is in praise o the victory rather than the magnifcence o a hero. As such,the tribes’ contribution to the victory remains oddly in the dark. Since it isnot heroic poetry, the Song o Deborah can only be designated as a hymn o praise. Tere could also have been additional hymns o praise prior to the

ormation o the state that were not handed down; at the latest, this ormo poetic literature became extinct and was replaced by the orm o prose

narratives at the beginning o the monarchic period. Despite the discern-ible beginnings as a hymn o praise, there is there ore no ormation o epicpoems in Israel. As the hymnic songs in the book o Psalms show, there werepoetic means available or it, but they were not employed to describe humanactions and accomplishments. Te basis or this can only be assumed. Prob-



HE LI ERA URE OF HE ERA 215

ably the conception predominated in Israel that praise and glory in songcould only be per ormed with respect to Yahweh as the guide o all ortune.Only in a short song could humans be praised, as in the case o the womensinging in the round dance, “Saul has killed his thousands, and David histen thousands” (1 Sam 18:7 = 21:12, Eng. v. 11). An additional ormula-tion o this song had exalted David over humans in a manner unbeftting tohim. Te narratives o the books o Samuel also portray David as a man ullo contradictions whose actions were not only glorious but also imper ect.Since only the prose narrative permits a di erentiated representation o itscharacter, the hymn o praise with its panegyric purpose could have no con-tinued existence. Te hymnic song o praise remains reserved or Yahwehalone, and the Song o Deborah could there ore be passed on only by ram-ing it with additional hymnic pieces (Judg 5:2–11, 31a) that would add in thepraise o Yahweh.

Te ragment o a longer hymn o praise is contained in Josh 10:12b–13a:

Sun, stand still at Gibeon,and Moon, in the valley o Aijalon.And the sun stood still, and the moon stopped,until the nation took vengeance on their enemies.

Tis ragment has to do with the in uence o the heavenly powers sun andmoon on a specifc place,1 precisely elucidated as “Gibeon” and the “valley o Aijalon.” Presumably it also has to do with a battle, but additional circum-stances are unknown. In the continuation o Josh 10:13b–14, the statementsare reinterpreted to the e ect that a time delay occurred when the sun and themoon stood still so that Israel could achieve its victory to the ullest extent.

Te cosmic dimension o the original saying was reinterpreted in the sense o a real event. Te in uence o the sun and moon as cosmic powers was turnedinto a historical occurrence o the lengthening o a day in order to allow thebattle to come to a close; that is, the army was proceeding toward victory, butat the onset o night all the fghting would have come to a natural end. Te all-power ul celestial bodies become heavenly bodies that indicate day and night,and their course could absolutely be in uenced by Yahweh, since all powerbelongs to the God o Israel alone.

1. See John S. Holladay, “Te Day(s) the Moon Stood Still,” JBL87 (1968): 166–97.




asking the riddle by making the ciphering as di cult as possible and the onesolving the riddle by fnding the correct answer in order to achieve equality.

In the ramework o the Samson tradition, two riddles (ת ו ד י -are con (ח veyed that are o the same ormal construction and associated closely with thenarrative o Samson’s marriage in Judg 14:10–19. Samson puts the frst oneto the wedding guests with a prize associated with the question: “Out o theeater came something to eat. Out o the strong came something sweet.” Sincethe ones who were asked the question could not solve it, they turn to Samson’sunnamed wi e, who fnally elicits the secret rom her husband by means o hertears. Te solution likewise had the orm o a riddle: “What is sweeter thanhoney? What is stronger than a lion?”

Tis competition simultaneously alludes to the narrative in Judg 14:5–9,according to which Samson slew a lion with his bare hands and later got thehoney produced by a swarm o bees in the lion’s carcass. Since it was originally a sel -contained piece, however, the riddle cannot have been ormulated as anallusion to Samson’s deed. On the contrary, both riddles precede the narra-tives tradition-historically and are thus independent o the context in whichthey are handed down. “Te narrator o the tradition obtained both riddlesand ingeniously employed the second one as the solution to the frst” (Gunkel,

“Simson,” 54: “Beide Rätsel hat der Erzähler der Überlie erung entnommenund das zweite geistreich als Lösung des ersten verwandt”). Te riddles arelinked to each other not only by the narrative but also by the choice o words.As such, the question arises as to their original meaning.

Te answer is made clear only by the second question’s governing con-cepts o “honey” and “lion”:lovealone is sweeter and stronger. Te solution isnot apparent with respect to the frst riddle but must be sought in the horizono the event o love: the topic inquired about must then ulfll the contradictionthat is expressed twice: the one eating (ל כ produces ood, and sweetness is (אnot usually attached to one who is strong. With the mystery so enciphered,only the act o love can be meant, which the named terms alone can ulfll sothat the meaning is lewdly but clearly divulged. Such a riddle is suitable withinthe scope o the narrative about Samson’s wedding, given that elsewhere thepopular tradition also shows an acquaintance with lewdness and ambiguity inthe orm o a riddle within the scope o wedding estivities. In the context o the Samson narrative, the crass joke is obscured by being placed in connectionwith the preceding story.

With respect to genre, a popular riddle thus has to do with both piecesby which a concept or topic is obscured in images or other designations. Atthe same time, the images used or the concealment can defnitely go in acompletely di erent direction, so the riddle practically aims at ambiguity. Teriddle about sleep by Mecklenburg serves as an example o this ar-reaching




against this view o the piece as a postexilic construction, given that in thesurrounding Deuteronomistic theology there is no indication whatsoever o reservations toward the monarchy.

Te possible context o the able at the beginnings o monarchic powerplays in the periods o Saul and David presupposes that the creative meanswere already in place. Although the able in Judg 9:8–15a cannot be datedback to the premonarchic period, given its ashioning, it nevertheless prob-ably stands in a literary tradition that does reach back be ore the monarchicperiod. Even i no examples are preserved, this genre would already havebeen cultivated in the premonarchic period, but a conclusive decision on thissubject cannot be reached.

Te able is an invented story, by which a truth should be clarifed. Assuch, it can deal with worldly wisdom or a special solution to a concrete situa-tion. Te genre was defned in this way already by Teon o Alexandria as, “aninvented story that exemplifes a truth.” Very commonly, the plot occurs in theworld o animals or plants, so its fctive nature is apparent rom the outset. Tegenre presupposes o its hearer or reader a knowledge o the traits o animalsor plants, since otherwise the main point cannot be understood. It is practi-cally part o the essence o the able that the animals and plants that appear

do not need to be described precisely; instead, the determination o theirnature—unlike in a airy tale perhaps—is always already determined accord-ing to people’s prior understanding. Additional characteristics o the genreare its allegorical mode o expression and the way it conveys the intendedknowledge over the course o the plot.

Te able is not represented in ancient Near Eastern literature. Neverthe-less, debates and short stories do make use o the characteristics o trees andanimals (see W. von Soden, UA 3:180–88); these are most likely to be seenas the precursors to the able. General comparisons rom the animal world arenevertheless widely disseminated in ancient Near Eastern and ancient Isra-elite wisdom sayings. Te able goes beyond the merely pictorial manner o speaking in treating animals or plants as “persons.” Tus, a narrative event isconstructed whose result is understandable only based on the respective char-acteristics o the persons involved. Te meaning o the able is the illustrationo a truth in order to obtain the correct outlook. In Greek and Latin literature,this orm was handled with great per ection and fxed in written collections.But also among the wisdom sayings o Ahiqar, a able is ound interspersed

in VII,7–8, whose moral is given clearly rom the comparison o the plantsinvolved:

he thornbush sent the ollowing message to the pomegranate: “ he thorn-bush to the pomegranate: O what use is the load o your thorns? Whoevertouches (you) (surely) gets caught by you.” But the pomegranate answered




inasmuch as it was connected primarily to oral tradition. Literature in narra-tive prose was not preserved prior to the ormation o the state. Whether any accounts even existed is very questionable. Te phase o the composition lit-erature frst began with the monarchy. Everything in the combined narrativeso the books o Joshua and Judges originated in the monarchic period at theearliest, and its fnal arrangement in the ramework o the DeuteronomisticHistory ollowed in the exilic or postexilic period at the earliest. Tus, noneo the narratives concerning the taking o the land and the era o the judgesoriginated in the time about which they report. Between the narrated timeand the time o composition lies a span o several centuries. Only in the early monarchic period in the books o Samuel were narrative complexes availablethat actually originated and were written down in immediate temporal prox-imity to the narrated events.

Tis enormous gap between the event and the report o the event is gen-erally bridged by the notion o a more or less long-lasting oral tradition. Tisassumption underlies the conjecture that, in analogy to epics, di erent genreso narrative such as ables, sagas, or legends were defnitely transmitted by oral recitation over a long span o time be ore they were put into writing.According to this assumption o an oral tradition, the prevailing narrative was

connected with the narrated event in such a way that, despite later ormula-tion and linguistic shaping, that which was narrated was ultimately deeply rooted in an experiential or transpiring reality. Te assertion o oral tradi-tion practically becomes a trick to bring the written record into correlationor even harmony with the reports, even i the two are separated rom oneanother by several centuries. Te unproven and unprovable assertion o a longtradition-history o the narratives there ore belongs to the methodological

undamentals o exegesis and has become a oundational presupposition orthe assessment o ancient Israelite historical writing.

In view o the body o source material, this methodological principle o along tradition-history must undergo a critical examination. On the assump-tion o continuity between the time be ore and the time o the ormationo the state o Israel, one must inquire about the possibilities and limits o orally communicated narrative genres over several generations. In so doing,one must proceed so that possible development rom unwritten to writtennarrative can be obtained rom the biblical texts themselves. Tus, the transi-tion does not take place according to the concept o the legend, as Hermann

Gunkel introduced it to Old estament study,6

since this genre classifcation

6. Hermann Gunkel,Genesis (1901; trans. M. E. Biddle; Mercer Library o BiblicalStudies; Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1997), vii–lxxxvi.




memory; there is neither narrative design nor comparative assessment. Eventand tradition are bound together temporally and practically, so an oral phaseprecedes their being committed to writing.

Short Story

Te short story marks the frst step in the course o literary shaping, whichdistinguishes it ormally rom the notes. By “short story” I mean narrativesthat depict a particular action in a ew sentences. Whereas a location is nec-essarily constitutive to the piece, the date remains vague. For the most partan otherwise well-known person stands in the center, and the minor charac-ters enter only as is absolutely necessary or the course o the action. Joshua5:13–15 and Judg 7:23–25; 8:1–3; 16:1–3 can count as examples, but addi-tional pieces are ound also in 1–2 Samuel. Te ormal characteristics shouldbecome clear in the piece rom the Samson complex o Judg 16:1–3, whichrepresents a literarily sel -contained unit:

Once Samson went to Gaza, where he saw a prostitute and went in to her.he Gazites were told, “Samson has come here.” So they circled around and

lay in wait or him all night at the city gate. hey kept quiet all night, think-ing, “Let us wait until the light o the morning; then we will kill him.” ButSamson lay only until midnight. hen at midnight he rose up, took hold o the doors o the city gate and the two posts, pulled them up, bar and all, putthem on his shoulders, and carried them to the top o the hill that is in ronto Hebron.

With regard to content, the narrative is as unusual as it is improbable. IndeedGaza presumably stood as a ortifed city in the time o the action, and Samsonis probably a historical person. Te depicted deed, however, can make noclaim to historical reality. According to human judgment, dismantling thecity gates and managing the load are just as impossible as the traveled dis-tance o about thirty-seven miles. Tus, this is not the tradition o a historicaloccurrence; on the contrary, the narrative owes its ormation to a particularintent—to demonstrate the superhuman strength o Samson in an individualcase and, in the process, to include characteristics that are amiliar rom otherstories in the Samson complex, namely, his enmity with the Philistine men

and his loose behavior with Philistine women. Tese traits thus stem rom thegeneral portrait o his character as a berserker and a creature o instinct. Assuch, the moti o wish ulfllment serves only as the oundation or the where-abouts o the hero. Te prostitute is not given a name and does not make a

urther appearance. In the center, standing alone, is the graphic presentation




Te historical narrative is frst and oremost literature designed to sketchthe portrait o a hero or a certain era. Te extent to which the hero can beidentifed with a historical person can no longer be determined in most cases,but or the most part the identifcation o the name with a fgure who actu-ally lived is to be presupposed. Te geographic rame is requently coherentbecause the topographic data underwent little or no change. Also, a defniteoral tradition is assumed or individual persons, as shown by the biographi-cal notes o the early monarchic period. Nevertheless, as a general rule the

orm o the short story is already a literary fction lacking the background o historical events. Te historical narrative is completely the product o artisticshaping and is not the result o lengthy oral tradition. Its historical value canbe verifed only i a written source can serve as a control. I no such criterionexists, then nothing beyond a historical kernel can be assumed or the histori-cal narrative. Te place name alone is inadequate to determine that an eventtranspired, given that in the majority o cases the place name is not the centerpoint o the tradition but is instead merely the starting point or the shapingo a narrative. In many cases the place name is in act only coupled with theetiological point, as verifed by the example o Josh 7:24. As a general rule, thehistorical narrative thus includes no oral tradition, but instead shapes a tradi-

tion according to a certain view and thereby orms and establishes a pictureo the past.Only in exceptional cases is there recourse to a written tradition. All the

same, according to the proo o the hymn o praise in Judg 5, it is conceivablethat there existed a collection o such songs originally per ormed orally. Asan analogy to the prose writing o the song in Judg 4, it is conceivable thatoccasionally historical narratives go back to older songs. As such, it must beunderstood rom the outset that a a song does not have the truth ul descrip-tion o an occurrence in mind but rather the glorifcation o a communal orpersonal deed.

Te connection o a narrative to its poeticVorlage can be illustrated in theonly extant example available by comparing the prose record in Judg 4 to thehymn o praise in Judg 5:12–17, 18b, 19–22, 24–30. Except or the Deuteron-omistic rame in Judg 4:1–3 and 23–24, the narrative shows ew additions thatcan be attributed to later alignment with the theology o the DeuteronomisticHistory. Essentially the insertion turns the well-known King Jabin o Hazorin Josh 11:1–2 into the actual opponent o Israel, so that Sisera as the chie o

the enemies was made to be Jabin’s general (Judg 4:7). Furthermore, severalcomments were added concerning Heber the Kenite (Judg 4:11, 17b). Withthe exception o these expansions, the narrative is consistent and subdividesinto three passages o approximately equal length, which correspond to threeo the our “strophes” o the song (see §III.1):




Preparation Judg 4:4–6, 8–10 par. Judg 5:12–17, 18bCombat Judg 4:12–16 par. Judg 5:19–22Jael’s deed Judg 4:17a, 18–22 par. Judg 5:24–27

In comparing the prose report to the song, it is apparent that the frst twoparts, “Preparation” and “Combat,” di er greatly rom each other, whereas thethird part, “Jael’s deed,” shows only minor di erence.

In the frst part, Deborah and Barak are introduced similarly, but theprose version omits the enumeration o the ten tribes, so Kedesh in Naphtali isinserted as the place o action. Te biggest di erence rom the song, however,is the naming o Naphtali and Zebulun as the ones actually conducting thecombat; in the song, Ephraim, Benjamin, Machir, Zebulun, and Issachar arenamed as the participants in the battle, and Naphtali is listed behind Reuben,Gilead, Dan, and Asher as one o the tribes who re used the notice to levy the army. (On the naming o Zebulun in Judg 5:18a, see the literary criticismin §III.1) Tis discrepancy cannot be reconciled, according to Artur Weiser(“Das Deboralied”), by assuming that Judg 5:13–17 quotes only the partic-ipants in the victory celebration that ollows the combat. On the contrary,there exists a undamentally incompatible naming o participants that cannotbe clarifed by additional hypotheses. Since the prose report clearly ollows thesong in its construction, the song must be considered the older text. Tere-

ore, it must be asked why the author o the prose version in Judg 4 deviatesrom the clear statement o the song. Te reason cannot lie in the number o

tribes but must rather be connected to a undamental understanding o thereported events.

In the narratives o the book o Judges, local con icts o individual tribesare described throughout, such that a liation with additional tribes is not

precluded. Te Song o Deborah, however, praised the battle with the Canaan-ites as an event in which not all the tribes really participated in a con ederationwith one another, even though all o them were called. Tus, the “people o Yahweh” (Judg 5:13) comprise only the ten named tribes. Te author o Judg4 could not employ this historical reality anchored in the song. On the onehand, the view contradicts what is presupposed in the Deuteronomistic His-tory, namely, a unifed Israel consisting o twelve tribes. On the other hand,the conception o individual actions on the part o tribes during the time o the judges does not agree with the adoption o the fve names o widely scat-tered tribes.

Te answer to the question as to why in Judg 4:6 Naphtali and Zebulunare fghting the battle emerges rom the context and rom the intention o theprose narrator: For these tribes, the battleground was in the immediate vicin-




ity o their settlement territories. Indeed, even in the prose report the placeo the battle is not specifed adequately, but it is outlined closely enough by the designations Mount abor, Harosheth-ha-goiim, and Kishon. AlthoughHarosheth-ha-goiim has not been identifed, the rest o the place names pointto the region o the plain o Jezreel and abor. Te territories o the tribesNaphtali and Zebulun border on this prominent mountain (see Josh 19:10–16, 32–39). In any case, the author reduced the participants to the inhabitantso the region and thus altered the data o theVorlage. Since the grounds orthe ensuing change are determined, this cannot be connected to an alternatetradition.

In the second part the events o the battle are put in concrete terms.Te hymn o praise in Judg 5:19–22 was exceptionally vague; it named theopposition and set the place as the location at anaach but did not supply details. Te process remains obscure, and the re erence to the intervention o cosmic powers elevated the event in the sense o a mythical worldview with-out describing it precisely. By contrast, the prose report named concrete data,although ormulaic language predominates in the description o the events.Te ormulation o the battle scene is shaped by universal ideas and phrases,and the narrative is predominately antasy and does not go back to the view

o a participant or an eyewitness. Te character o the piece indicates that theormulation is that o the author. An oral type o source beyond the song wasnot utilized, and the prose version ollows with the embellishment o narrativenecessities by way o seemingly concrete details.

Te third part shows the greatest agreement. Te killing o the enemy by a woman was depicted already in the song in extensive detail. By reorganiz-ing the song into a prose narrative, the details were painted in urther, whilea divergence does ensue inso ar as now Sisera is slain in battle. Te heroicdeed o the woman so dramatically highlighted in the song comes closer tocunning and to assassination. Tis reorganization presumably owes to thepreconceived depiction o women, according to which a woman could indeedbe considered brave but not strong, and thus she could not act heroically. Sothe deed was still described as such, albeit according to a certain modifcationowing to the sel -image o the narrator. Te comparison shows that the narra-tor re erred solely to the existing song and did not have additional sources inoral or written orm. All deviations stem rom the author o the prose versionand are there ore conditioned inso ar as in the reshaping o the song version,

the conventions o narrative representation, and the conditions o the liter-ary environment were operative in the orm o the narratives o the book o Judges. In his portrayal o the event, the narrator stands no closer than this;instead, he merely attempted by narrative means to lead the target audiencecloser to the event. With the exception o Jael’s deed, the event in the course o




the prose version remains every bit as approximate as in the song. Both ormso linguistic mediation o an event simply ollow their own conventions. Con-cerning the historical reality, there is little to be extracted rom the song andeven less rom the prose report, given its conscious alterations.

In view o the act that no written tradition existed prior to the ormationo the state, no such tradition can even be postulated. Te written songs, i there ever were such a collection, are irretrievably lost. Te oral tradition islimited to names o persons and places. Even i it cannot be ruled out that thesecertain incidents are or were connected, the literature concerning the pre-monarchic period does not preserve oral tradition, which or the early periodis demonstrable only in the orm o songs and not or prose narrative. Tehistorical narrative did not grow rom popular narrative traditions but rathergoes back to a creative individual during the middle o the monarchy. Whathad been narrated and passed on in the time be ore the ormation o the statehad, by the time o the monarchy, already been lost or replaced by new narra-tives. Te developed orm o the hymn o praise was presumably bound to acertain circle o pro essional singers and probably was suppressed or becameextinct in the monarchic period. An oral tradition regarding historical eventsand deeds existed in early Israel at most in the very sparse orm o short com-

munications or notes. Te narratives about occurrences in the premonarchicperiod frst developed in the monarchic period, and a literature based on oraltradition apparently existed prior to the monarchy only in the orm o hymnso praise.

III.5. On the Concept of the Legend

G k , Hermann. Die israelitische Literatur (Leipzig, 1925; repr., Darmstadt, 1963).P z , Leander. Märchen, Mythos, Sage: Beiträge zur Literatur und Volksdichtung (Marburg: Elwert, 1989).P z , ed.Vergleichende Sagen orschung (Wege der Forsc-hung 152; Darmstadt: Wissenscha tliche Buchgesellscha t, 1969).

Te legend is a literary orm that originated at a set location and was orally transmitted or a certain time. In addition to the attachment to one place, thepoint o departure or this tradition is also a connection to one person. Addi-tional criteria are the straight orwardness o the plot, which moves directly to its goal, the limited number o acting persons, and the recourse to ideas

rom the past. Tis re erence back to the history thus eigns a historical truth,one that does not stand up to critical examination. Te point o origin orthe legend is not an event o the past, but rather only a place or a fgure that




From the Judges narratives, the ollowing traditions are traceable to themonarchic period:

— Ehud’s murder on the toilet (Judg 3:12–30)— Gideon’s fght against the Midianites (Judg 6:2–6, 33–35; 7:1–25;

8:4–21)— Te Gaal episode in Shechem (Judg 9:26–41)— Jephthah and his daughter (Judg 11:29–40)— Samson’s marriage and revenge (Judg 14:1–15:8)

For these narratives, a version in oral tradition can at least be supposed,albeit with considerable reshaping either in transmission or by the narrator.Just as the narrative o the victory over the Canaanites in Judg 4 re ers back to the Song o Deborah in the written version o Judg 5:12–17, 18b, 19–22,24–30, so could these narratives also have been shaped by including circulatedmaterials. As the typical characteristic o the legend, either local attachmentor connection to a hero shows through every time in the historical narra-tive. A certain legendary ormation is thus to be accounted to the monarchicperiod, which had to preserve a portrait o the past. In no case, though, does

this legendary tradition go back to the narrated event. Instead, the legendmediates a fctional reality based on general experience and historical ideas.As such, ideals and experiences rom the time o the ormation o the legendwere trans erred back to the time o the plot.

Te legends are thus literary fction and do not quali y or use as his-torical sources. Formally, the legend corresponds in many elements to thehistorical narrative; yet since the elements rom oral tradition are not very pronounced, though, the legend remains ully back behind the historical nar-rative. Presumably the historical narrative lost the simpler orm o the legendwhen there came about a complete trans er to written tradition at the end o the monarchic period, such that oral tradition vanished along with the ormo the legend.

As a literary orm, the legend can only have developed in the monarchicperiod. Te genre was transmitted orally, but written versions or collectionscannot be ruled out. However, the biblical literature did not preserve suchold compilations. In the composition o the great historical works, the legendcame to be replaced by the historical narrative and was taken up into it, such

that only occasionally do legendary elements still shine through.



IV. The Theological Significance of the Era

Becau e o the paucity o ou ce , the theological ig ifca ce o the e a cao lo ge be a ce tai ed. Like the actual cou e o the hi to y, eligiou p ac-

tice a d co ictio emai u k ow . At mo t it ca be a umed that ce taici cum ta ce , a would be laid out i the book o Samuel, al eady exi tedi p emo a chic time ( ee §II.6). P e umably o e would o e a ac ifce a di qui e about God’ will by mea o a o acle. A y u the detail o culticp actice a d theological ub ta ce would de elop o ly du i g the mo a chic

pe iod. Tu , the e i o atte tatio o the e a i que tio p io to the i titu-tio o the mo a chy. Gi e the ab e ce o a y o m o theological e ectio ,p emo a chic I ael ca be called a a chaic age o ly i te m o theological

ig ifca ce.Te e a e two o g that peak about thi pe iod with a y deg ee o ce -

tai ty, a d both e eal that the time be o e the o matio o the tate wadomi ated by a aith i the hea e ly bodie . Te agme t i Jo h 10:12b–13ai p obably pa t o a lo ge hym o p ai e, the o e emai i g po tio o which ead :

Su , ta d till at Gibeo ,a d Moo , i the alley o Aijalo .A d the u tood till,a d the moo topped,u til the atio took e gea ce o thei e emie .

Te u a d the moo a e hea e ly powe that emai o e the place o battle o that th ough thei i ue ce I ael could ecu e icto y. I thi ag-

me t, the u a d moo a e u de tood a co mic powe that ca exe ti ue ce o e actual e e t by thei e y p e e ce. I the wide co text, theo igi al mea i g o the ayi g wa ei te p eted a a p olo gi g o the day,a d the icto y would be att ibuted to Yahweh alo e ( ee Jo h 10:13b–14).

-241-




Te two hea e ly bodie a e co eque tly ot to be u de tood a ha i g theub ta ce o god , but me ely a bea i g pecial powe .

A alogou ly, the So g o Debo ah i Judg 5:20–21a gi e p ai e to hea -e ly a d ea thly powe that helped I ael achie e icto y:

he ta ought om hea e ,om thei cou e they ought agai t Si e a.

he to e t Ki ho wept them away,the o u hi g to e t, the to e t Ki ho .

With the help o the ta o hea e a d the to e t o Ki ho , the t ibeachie ed icto y o e thei e emie . Te e a e ot pu ely atu al phe om-e a o atu al powe that e te ed i o I ael’ ide i the battle agai t theCa aa ite ki g i o de to b i g icto y to the “people o Yahweh.” Yahwehdoe ot appea , a d the e e do ot e ect o the elatio hip o God tothe ta a d atu e. Ti a chaic le el o I aelite eligio i ot di ce ible ia y u the detail; i the mo a chic pe iod the otio o Yahweh a c eatoo hea e a d ea th a d a lo d o e the hea e ly bodie would p e ail. Ne -e thele , i Job 38:7 the ta agai appea a i depe de t bei g that joi

togethe with the o o God i p ai e o Yahweh.I the So g o Debo ah, Judg 5:13 i the o ly biblical e e e ce to Yahwehom p emo a chic time . Whethe o ot Yahweh i the i gle God o the

t ibe doe ot eme ge om the text. Te ph a eה ו ה ם י the people o“ ,ע Yahweh,” ca be u de tood i uch a way that the commo God Yahweh hadbecome a co tituti e eleme t o the e ti e collecti e o the t ibe . Ne e the-le , i Yahweh ha ot (yet) become the o e a d o ly God, Yahweh ha playeda pecial ole om the begi i g o the w itte t aditio a d i it e ui g hi -to y. Te actual mea o wo hipi g Yahweh a e almo t e ti ely u eco e able.Fu the mo e, a chaeological di co e ie a e o o help, gi e that o o cialcult om p emo a chic time ha e bee p o e with ce tai ty. Although the

ame o God had ot bee ettled o o ce a d o all, that Yahweh wa wo -hiped a the God o the t ibe i p emo a chic time ha i act bee how .

Si ce it i e ti ely imp obable that adoptio o Yahwi m coi cided withettleme t, the p actice o Yahwi m mu t ha e bee adopted p io to the

acqui itio o the la d. It ha al eady bee poi ted out that the e i ext a-biblical atte tatio o yhwꜣ a the ame o a geog aphic egio mo t likely

ou d i o thwe t A abia ( ee §II.6). I Yahweh wa the ame o a egio ,the Yahweh mu t ha e o igi ally bee the God o the i habita t o that

egio . Te co f eme t to o e egio p e uppo e that Yahweh mu t appeaco ti ually a ew om thi egio i o de to be amid hi cu e t g oup o people. Te a i al o Yahweh om the emote wilde e o the outhea t



HE HEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HE ERA 243

would be empha ized i the theopha y a ati e o Judg 5:4; Deut 33:2; a dHab 3:3. Not u til the cou e o the mo a chy a d i co ectio with templetheology did the de elopme t o the idea o a e ide ce de elop; additio ally,the theopha y om the outh, u de the i ue ce o Ca aa ite eligio , wa

upe impo ed with the mythical to y o a mou tai o God i the o th.Te theological ig ifca ce o the e a thu co i t i that Yahweh, who

wa o igi ally the God om the omadic pa t, became the God o all thet ibe . While pace doe ot pe mit a wide exami atio o thi pa ticulapoi t, du i g thi pe iod Yahweh wa well o the way to becomi g the Godo the t ibe o I ael a d e e tually the God o all people ( ee Deut 4:35,39; I a 44:6; 45:5, 6, 18). We ha e o e ide ce, howe e , a d the begi i go the Yahweh cult lie i da k e . Mo eo e , i Yahweh wa pe hap ot theo e a d o ly God i p emo a chic time , Yahweh wa om the begi i gthe God who e wo hip e tabli hed a d p e e ed the commo ality o thet ibe . Si ce o othe tateme t a e a ailable, the e e ce o Yahweh ca otbe add e ed. Howe e , om the e y begi i g o a y e e o i te elated-

e , I ael po t ayed it el i te m o the o e God Yahweh, a d a umma y tateme t o Yahwi m would accompa y e e y mighty act i hi to y. Co e-

que tly, the o igi a d de elopme t o the eligio o I ael will be embedded

i the hi to y p io to the taki g o the la d. Te b oad hi to ical-theologicalb u h t oke o the e e a ta d out a the poi t o depa tu e o e e ythi gom the mo a chic, p e-P ie tly a ati e o Ge e i –Numbe to the

po texilic, P ie tly Docume t. Te e ti e body o hi to y place the deci i ee e t o the g adual k owledge o God i a time pa t, a time om whichthe e ca be o e ifable hi to ical t aditio . I act, the a ati e de ig o hi to ical p og e p io to the la d acqui itio i a lite a y fctio g ou dedi hi to ical-theological co ceptio that a e cha acte ized di e e tly acco d-i g to the hi to ical ta dpoi t o each autho .

I the p e-P ie tly hi to ical w iti g Yahweh i k ow om the begi -i g o c eatio , a d hi wo hip begi e e be o e the ood (Ge 4:2–4a).

Noah, the ole u i o , built Yahweh a alta a e the ood (Ge 8:20),the eby ma ki g the begi i g o cultic p actice. By the epipha ie to the th eepat ia ch , Yahweh p o e to be the God o the people om the begi i g o hi to y a d the ea e . Becomi g a people a d wo hipi g Yahweh a e thui te depe de t. Ab aham, I aac, a d Jacob e tabli h cultic ite o Yahwehi the place o the epipha ie (Ge 12:6a, 7, 8; 13:18; 26:25; 28:16–19a).Yahweh will become the God o the people at the theopha y at Si ai (Exod19), ha i g al eady e ealed hi ide tity to Mo e (Exod 3). Te theopha iema i e t o ly that which wa al eady tated i the hi to y: Yahweh i I ael’God becau e he acted o behal o hi people i the exodu o I ael out o Egypt. Hi to ical expe ie ce co titute elatio hip to God i the ollowi g




way: Yahweh i the God who b ought I ael out o Egypt. Tu , hi to y willbecome the mode o expe ie ci g God. I ael’ elatio hip to it God will

ot be et i myth but will be ba ed i a a ati e o hi to y.Te ame o God i i itially co cealed i the hi to ical wo k o the P ie tly

Docume t. Mo e i the f t to lea the ide tity o Yahweh a the c eato Goda d the God who appea ed to the pat ia ch a El Shaddai (Exod 6). What i

e ealed to the people at Si ai i ot the deity but athe the tabe acle a theole legitimate ite o cultic p actice (Exod 25–32). God i to be eached o ly

i a d th ough the cult. F om the o , o the P ie tly Docume t, the expe i-e ce o God i hi to y ecede . Howe e , the poi t i ot gi e up e ti ely, a

how by the o e all hi to ical ketch om c eatio to the exodu (Ge 1–Exod14). With the ou datio o the cult at Si ai, howe e , the P ie tly Docume tha b oke with the olde hi to ical ketch i a o o a othe empha i . Te

h i e i the mid t o the people ma i e t the u alte able be towal o God toI ael. Te otio o co ti uou expiatio ha upe eded hi to ical actio .God i o lo ge to be expe ie ced i hi to y, o ly i the cult. Tu , the oldehi to ical wo k a d the P ie tly Docume t ha e both g ou ded Yahwi m ihi to y, albeit i e y di e e t way . Tei di e e t chemata ca be aid toha e a guidi g p i ciple o hi to ical eality o ly i o a a they e ect the di -

e e t hi to ical ituatio o thei e pecti e autho .Hi to ical eality a d the biblical ep e e tatio o hi to y all apa t a dca ot be ea embled whe it come to the o igi o Yahwi m. Te hi -to ical w iti g , with Yahweh e tabli hed a the God o I ael i hi to y, iba ed o a co ceptio o hi to y u dame tally di e e t om a y modeu de ta di g o hi to y. I I ael, hi to y i the domai o huma a d di i eactio : God dete mi e the p oce o hi to y, a d huma a e able to act o ly u de the e t icted po ibilitie impo ed by God. Gi e the e a umptio ,what I ael co ceptualized a a iew o hi to y i the e o e co t adicto y tothat which mode e ea ch ca a ce tai ega di g hi to ical p oce e a dco ditio . Ti applie e pecially to the o matio o I ael i the twel h a dele e th ce tu ie .

Te fcti e ep e e tatio o the e a i the book o Jo hua a d Judgewould come to be cha acte ized by the theological amewo k ou d i theDeute o omi tic Hi to y. Ti pictu e o hi to y empha ize the e a o la dacqui itio a d p emo a chic time acco di g to a pa ticula theological e ec-tio —o e that would p eco ditio I ael’ hi to ical expe ie ce . T ough a iou theological tateme t thi hi to ical w iti g would ot o ly p o idei ight i to but would al o dete mi e the e y dime io o al atio .

Te a ati e o the la d acqui itio i Jo hua how a clea theologicalp og am. With God’ a i ta ce, I ael ha come i to po e io o the la d.At God’ comma d the i habita t we e a ihilated. I a o de egulated



HE HEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HE ERA 245

acco di g to the will o God, Jo hua had at la t appo tio ed the la d to thet ibe o that e e y t ibe had obtai ed it God-gi e po tio . I the la d’captu e a d di t ibutio , Yahweh had u equi ocally a d i e ocably ecu edthe la d o I ael. Te la d came to I ael ot th ough huma choice o hi -to ical cha ce but th ough God him el . I ael a d it la d will o e e bei ext icably li ked becau e the gi o God ca ot be old o e ci ded. Tebook o Jo hua i thu a theological outli e o the ju tifcatio o I ael’ po -

e io o the la d.Te theological co ceptio o the la d acqui itio i Jo hua would be

e hed out i Deute o omy a a theology o po e i g the la d. Acco di g toDeute o omy’ legal code, the la d i deemed the gi o Yahweh to hi people;a “a i he ited po e io ה) ” ל ח rsv: “i ;נ he ita ce”; nrsv: “po e io ”), iti gi e to I ael (Deut 12:9–10; 19:10, 14; 20:16; 21:23; 24:4; 25:19). Te la da d the people a e i ext icably li ked, a d o ly i the la d ca I ael emaiwhat it i . Te exi te ce o I ael without the la d that wa p omi ed to thea ce to i imply u thi kable acco di g to Deute o omi tic theology. Withthe co que t a d allocatio o the la d a depicted i Jo hua, the p omi e tothe pat ia ch come to ulfllme t—a p omi e al eady embedded i the p e-P ie tly a ati e o Ge e i .

Ti outli e i u the put i co c ete te m i the book o Judge withe pect to the th eat o e emie . Te olde t po tio i et out i Judg 3–16,which alo e de c ibe a y actio take agai t e emie ; the p ologue o Judg1–2 a d the appe dix o Judg 17–21 de c ibe “i te al” co te tatio . Te i di- idual a ati e a e i teg ated i to a amewo k that, with it ch o ological

tateme t , o e ot o ly the ece a y tempo al t a itio a d e tabli hethe lite a y co ectio o the i di idual a ati e but al o co ey a theolog-ical a e me t. Te hi to ical-theological chema i ba ed o the co ectiobetwee deed a d co eque ce, acco di g to which the people will be judgedby thei obedie ce to God. Beha io acceptable to God e ult i pe iod o calm o the people, a d imp ope co duct i pu i hed by opp e io by theie emie . Imp ope co duct i e e clea ly def ed but ca be dete mi edo the ba i o the p ecedi g peech i Jo h 24, which t eat aithle co ducta d tu i g away om God a pa t o the p og ammatic i titutio o theco e a t with Yahweh. Te ece t appoi tme t o al atio dete mi ed thepeople’ hi to y, at lea t i o a a they we e committed to Yahweh. o be u e,the la d wa thei po e io a d could ot be lo t. Ne e thele , the peoplecould i cu hea y lo e to thei ewly po e ed al ifc eality becau e o co ta t th eat a d pe iodic opp e io om thei e emie .

Te hi to y o the judge i al eady embedded i a hi to ical-theologicalco cept i uch a way that God al o e ect al atio . Te i di idual he o igi ed with the pi it o God a d he ce i equipped with pecial powe a d




ability to ca y out hi a ig me t. Al eady be o e thei admitta ce to the Deu-te o omi tic Hi to y, di e e t i di idual hi to ie we e compo ed a a type o biog aphy, a i the ca e o Gideo (Judg 6–8), Jephthah (Judg 10–12), a dSam o (Judg 13–16). Te ba i o the t aditio i e e thele the i di idual

a ati e accompa ied by a u p i i g a d ucce ul co clu io . Te majou it o collected t aditio depict the th ee fgu e quite di e e tly. Gideoi a expe ie ced co te de o the pu e Yahweh cult who e e thele aili the e d with ega d to cultic p actice owi g to hi ow p e umptuou e .Jephthah i a upe io ge e al who all o ly u de the hadow o a ha ty ow.Sam o i the o ly b a e fghte who e cou age a d powe a e t uly admi able,but who e addictio to Phili ti e wome would i the e d b i g him to cata -t ophe. I thei p e e t co text, the a ati e complexe thu ha e a def itedidactic cha acte . I additio , the t o g me ha e thei weak e e , amely,whe thei whole pe o doe ot ta d i the e ice o Yahweh. I the edit-i g o the mate ial , the th ee a io fgu e ha e ecei ed a educed e te ce.Te p emo a chic pe iod wa a e a o t uggle . Yahweh t uly ca e aboutthe e mea o deli e a ce, but the people co ta tly put thei e t u ted al a-tio at i k. T ough Deute o omi tic theology, the people’ ow t a g e iob ought about the ability to blame them el e o calamity, a d the time o the

judge will be the p ecu o to the e a o the mo a chy. Yahweh i ot to blamewhe di a te t ike ; o the co t a y, by thei mi co duct the people o ceGod i to co ta t opp e io by thei e emie . Huma mu t them el ebea the co eque ce o thei actio , a d the ta da d o a e i g theiactio i fdelity to Yahweh a the God o I ael.

Te t aditio o the “majo ” judge would be placed withi the ame o theological hi to iog aphy, which atte t to the a i g actio o Yahweh iadditio to huma ailu e . Tu , the book o Judge doe ot p e e e hi -to ical t aditio , but i tead lay out a theological p og am. A a hi to icalwo k, it deal o ly with the “p e e t” i o a a the Deute o omi tic Hi to-

ia , w iti g om the ho izo o hi ow expe ie ce, de c ibe the time o theexile. Te eco ded he oic a ati e ha e o claim to authe ticity, i ce they f t tem om the mo a chic pe iod, whe act o he oi m om Da id’ wawe e po ible a d commu icable.

Te book o Jo hua a d Judge tu out to be cha acte ized by Deute -o omi tic theology a d deli e othi g o the theological ig ifca ce to thee a. E e with the e limitatio , the book e e thele played a deci i e ole,e e i thei detail a e o lo ge eco e able. Fo ow, with the t o g co - ictio om the p emo a chic pe iod that Yahweh i the God o the people,I ael could take up co te tatio with othe god i the mo a chic pe iod a di the po texilic pe iod could a e t the ecog itio o Yahweh a the o e a do ly exi ti g God.



Abel-shittim 3, 15Abū Billāna 197Acco 56, 71, 75, 150, 152Achshaph 75, 76, 126Ai 5, 9, 27, 28, 60, 62, 87, 89, 90, 95,

101, 117, 118, 134, 227, 234Aijalon 44, 56, 60, 211, 237‘Ammān 21, 197, 198Aphek 71, 74, 75, 76, 97, 170Arad 19, 98, 100, 101, 157, 178Arpad 130

Arvad 194Ashdod 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188,193

Ashkelon 79, 80, 179, 182, 193Bamoth 20Beersheba 98, 153, 164, 165, 175, 176Beirut 194Bethel 28, 52, 55, 57, 71, 84, 89, 118,

148, 165, 175, 176Beth Horon 148Bethlehem 44Beth-shean 55, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 112,

126Beth-shemesh 56, 71, 170Bochim 35, 56Bus ērā 200Byblos 194Dan 50, 51, 56, 175, 176Dor 55Ebal 5, 92, 96, 177Ebenezer 170Ekron 179, 182, 183, 185, 190, 193el-Mene‘īyeh 203En-Harod 40

Eshtaol 51, 151Ezion-geber 15Fēnān 112, 200, 203Gath 54, 179, 182, 193, 204Gaza 48, 179, 182, 193, 225, 226Ğedur 203Ğenīn 177Gezer 55, 71, 75, 76, 80, 103, 126, 133,

183, 186Gibeah 52Gibeon 5, 28, 29, 30, 60, 211, 237

Gilgal 4, 26, 57, 175, 176Gīlō 96Guzana 130Hazor 5, 30, 38, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 87,

126, 176, 186, 230Hebron 5, 31, 54, 68, 226Heshbon 2, 13, 20, 21H irbet Bēt Lēy 157H irbet ed-Dawwara 91, 96, 100H irbet el-H ağğar 197H irbet el-Mšāš 82, 94, 99, 100, 101,

102, 103, 105, 115, 203H irbet el-Qōm 29, 157H irbet Ğel‘ad 151H irbet Raddāne 90, 95, 101H irbet Sēlūn 88, 170, 176Hormah 2, 19, 54Ibleam 55Iye-abarim 20‘Izbet S art ah 93, 97, 101, 105, 113, 114Jabesh-gilead 52Jahaz 21Jericho 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 26, 27, 37, 60, 62,

71, 117, 118, 148, 228, 229, 234

-247-

Index of Place Names




Jerusalem 5, 11, 20, 23, 30, 48, 54, 55,75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 96, 113, 116, 117,

125, 126, 144, 148, 149, 160, 161, 163,170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 179, 185, 186Kadesh-barnea 24, 159, 161Kadesh (Naphtali) 1, 12, 19, 23Kamon 44Kiriath-jearim 148, 170Kir Moab 199Lachish 5, 74, 75, 76, 126, 157, 186Lehi 49, 224Madiama 202Mahanaim 138, 197Makkedah 5, 29, 60, 117, 234Mamre 175Megiddo 7, 55, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 87,

88, 112, 126, 132, 133, 134, 137, 143,181, 208

Meribath-kadesh.SeeKadesh barneaMichmethath 33Mizpah (Benjamin) 52, 175Mizpah (Gilead) 47, 175Mizpeh (Moab) 198Nob 176Oboth 20Ophrah 40, 41Penuel 40, 41Pirathon 44Qurayyah 202Ramses 15

Sah

ab 197Sam‘al 130

Sela-rimmon 52S erabit el-H ādem 114

Shamir 44Shechem 7, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 63, 71, 74,75, 76, 84, 125, 147, 149, 166, 175, 234

Shiloh 8, 88, 89, 105, 108, 117, 134, 170,171, 176

Sidon 56, 194Succoth 40, 41

aanach 55, 112, 137, 143, 208appuah 147, 148

awīlān 200ēl ‘Isdār 98, 101ell Deir ‘Allā 17ell el-Far‘a 187ell el-Fār‘a 203ell el-Mazar 178ell es-Sa‘īdīye 112ell es-Seba‘ 87, 94, 97, 98, 101, 102,

204ell Qirī 88el Mubarak 186el Qasile 184, 185, 186, 187il Barsip 130imnah 109yre 179, 194, 195, 215

Umm el-Biyāra 200Yanoam 80Ziklag 204Zoan 68

Zorah 51, 151



Abba, Raymond 156Abou-Assa , Ali 198Ackerman, James S. 206Aharoni, Miriam 178Aharoni, Yohanan 30, 31, 77, 115, 149,

178Ahlström, Gösta W. 79, 115Albertz, Rainer 167Albright, William Foxwell 114, 115, 160Ålin, Per 181Alster, Bendt 215

Alt, Albrecht 31, 76, 106, 115, 119, 120,123, 167, 168, 181, 195Amiran, Ruth 111Amit, Yairah 38, 50Astour, Michael C. 75, 156, 180Aubet, María Eugenia 194Auld, A. Graeme 8, 24, 39, 40, 53Axelsson, Lars Eric 82Bächli, Otto 30, 136Baramki, Dimitri 194Bartelmus, Rüdiger 34, 42, 216Bartlett, John R. 18, 198, 199Bechmann, Ulrike 206Becker, Uwe 34, 46, 51Bennett, C.-M. 199Ben- or, A. 88Beyerlin, Walter 39, 57Bienkowski, Piotr 198, 200Biggs, Robert D. 215Bikai, Patricia Maynor 195Bittel, Kurt 180Blenkinsopp, Joseph 48, 206Boling, Robert G. 40Boogaart, Tomas Arthur 42

Borowski, Oded 102Bottéro, Jean 124Braemer, François 108Braulik, Georg 155Brenner, Athalya 38Brentjes, Burchard 128Brownlee, William Hugh 156Brug, John F. 178Buber, Martin 158Buccellati, Giorgio 70Budde, Karl 170

Bulliet, Richard W. 128Bull, R. J. 42Bunimovitz, Shlomo 178, 183Callaway, Joseph A. 95, 116Campbell, Edward F., Jr., 42Chaney, Marvin L. 116Chéhab, Maurice H. 194Civil, Miguel 215Coats, George W. 15Cohen, Rudolph 97Coogan, Michael D. 206Cooghanour, Robert A. 197Cooley, Robert E. 95Coote, Robert B. 82, 116Craigie, Peter C. 206Crenshaw, James L. 48Cross, Frank Moore 8, 11, 31, 113, 156,

165Crüsemann, Frank 42, 106, 216, 217, 221Culley, Robert C. 220Davies, G. I. 15Delekat, Lienhard 156Demsky, Aaron 113Desborough, V. R. d’A. 181

-249-

Index of Modern Authors




Dever, William G. 70Dexinger, F. 37

Dibelius, Martin 170, 171Diels, Hermann 216Dietrich, Walter 9, 156Dommershausen, Werner 173Donner, Herbert 16, 18Dornemann, Rudolph Henry 197Dorsey, David A. 29Dothan, Moshe 178Dothan, rude 178, 183, 184, 185, 186,

188, 189, 190Draforn, A. E. 171, 172Dumbrell, William J. 14Dus, J. 26Ebeling, Erich 216Eiss eldt, Otto 14, 52, 160, 171, 221Elliger, Karl 224Emerton, J. A. 39Engel, Helmut 79Esse, Douglas L. 111Exum, J. Cheryl 48Faegre, orvald 129Fecht, Gerhard 79Feilberg, Carl Gunnar 129Finkelstein, Israel 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 96,

97, 116, 200Fohrer, Georg 136, 141Folk, Robert L. 191Freedman, David Noel 127, 156, 157

Frenzel, Elisabeth 52Friedman, Richard Elliott 9Friedrich, Ingol 173Fritz, Volkmar 12, 24, 25, 32, 33, 42,

47, 72, 77, 82, 99, 100, 108, 112, 116,123, 144, 177, 182, 191

Galling, Kurt 192Gal, Zvi 82Gerleman, Gillis 206Gerstenblith, Patty 70Gese, Hartmut 182, 221Geus, C. H. J. de 116, 121, 136Gitin, Seymour 183Giveon, Raphael 127Glass, Jonathan 203

Glueck, Nelson 82, 84, 199Gonen, Rivka 72

Görg, Man red 78, 127, 156Gottwald, Norman K. 116, 121, 122Gray, John 206Greenberg, Moshe 124, 171Gressmann, Hugo 170Gross, Walter 16Gunkel, Hermann 48, 211, 213, 223,

232, 233Gunneweg, A. H. J. 58Haag, Herbert 39Hackett, Jo Ann 17Halbe, J. 28Halpern, Baruch 28, 34, 116Haran, Menahem 28, 170Hartmann, Richard 170, 171Hauptmann, Andreas 112Hauser, Alan J. 43, 116Helck, Wol gang 70, 127, 179Heltzer, Michael 125Henninger, Joseph 127, 130Herrmann, Sieg ried 115, 116, 136, 156Hertzberg, Hans-Wilhelm 44Herzog, Ze’ev 97Heubeck, Al red 115, 184Ho ner, Harry A. 171Ho ijzer, J. 17Hölbl, Günther 180Holladay, John S. 211

Hopkins, David C. 102Hornung, Erik 69, 79Hübner, U. 37Hübner, Ulrich 196Ibrahim, M. M. 111Ingraham, M. L. 202Ishida, omoo 44Isserlin, Benedikt, S.J. 116Jäger, M. 211Jeremias, Jörg 161, 171Jirku, Anton 171Jolles, André 211, 212Jüngling, Hans-Win ried 52Kaiser, Otto 4Kallai-Kleinmann, Z. 31



INDEX OF MODERN AU HORS 251

Kallai, Zecharia 15, 18, 30, 144Kearney, Peter J. 28

Keel, Othmar 156Kelm, George L. 109Kempinski, Aharon 72, 99Klein-Franke, Aviva 212Klengel, Horst 128Klop enstein, Martin A. 156Knau , Ernst Axel 14, 112, 157, 161,

200, 202Knudtzon, J. A. 123Kochavi, Moshe 98Koch, Klaus 127, 169Köckert, Matthias 167, 168Kohata, F. 18Kooij, G. van der 17Kraeling, Emil Gottlieb Heinrich 37Kuschke, Arnul 28, 118Kutsch, Ernst 39Labuschagne, C. J. 171Lang, Bernhard 156Langlamet, F. 26Lapp, Paul W. 116Lasine, Stuart 52Lehmann, Gustav Adol 178, 180, 190Lemaire, André 149Lemche, Niels Peter 44, 75, 76, 116,

121, 122, 127Liebowitz, Harold 191Lindars, Barnabas 42, 144, 216

Lindblom, Johannes 158Lipiński, Eduard 173, 174Liver, Jacob 28Loh nk, Norbert 23Loretz, Oswald 124Maag, Victor 200MacLaurin, E. C. B. 157Macuch, Rudol 155Maddin, R. 112Maiberger, Paul 161Maier, Johann 26, 170, 173Malamat, Abraham 50, 116, 195Malul, Meir 169Maly, Eugene H. 42, 216Marcus, David 47

Margalith, Othniel 48, 78Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. 112

Mayes, A. D. H. 28, 38, 136, 206Mazar, Amihai 70, 96, 109, 116, 177,178, 185, 186, 190

Mazar, Benjamin 71, 75, 116, 149, 178McCarter, P. Kyle 17McCarthy, Dennis J. 32McKenzie, John L. 23Mendenhall, George E. 116, 120, 121Meuli, Karl 216Miller, J. Maxwell 15, 116, 199Mittmann, Sieg ried 23, 54, 82, 84, 85Mölle, Herbert 32Moore, Michael S. 16Morgenstern, Julian 170Moscati, Sabatino 194Mowinckel, Sigmund 16, 157Muhly, James D. 112, 190Mullen, E. Teodore, Jr. 44, 53, 56Müller, Hans-Peter 17, 158, 206, 212Murray, D. F. 206Musil, Alois 202Na’aman, Nadav 19, 31, 77, 124, 135Namiki, K. 136Naveh, Joseph 113Nee , Heinz-Dieter 206Negbi, Ora 112Nel, P. 48, 212Nelson, Richard D. 9, 11

Nielsen, Eduard 154, 220Niemann, Hermann Michael 50Noort, Edward 179North, Robert 78Noth, Martin 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18,

20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 44, 50, 51, 116, 118,136, 141, 144, 149, 171, 195

Oakeshott, M. F. 200O’Doherty, Eamonn 53Ohlert, Konrad 212Oren, Eliezer D. 185Otten, Heinrich 180Otto, Eckart 26, 79, 115, 163, 171Parrot, André 194Parr, Peter J. 203




Peckham, Brian 9, 26Perlitt, Lothar 19, 23, 24, 32, 33

Perry, Ben E. 216Petzoldt, Leander 232Polzin, Robert 9Porter, J. R. 26, 48Portugali, Y. 88Preuss, Richard 173Pritchard, James B. 28Propp, William H. C. 19Rad, Gerhard von 142Rainey, Anson F. 31, 123, 182Red ord, Donald B. 79Reinhold, Gotthard G. G. 195Revell, E. J. 52Reviv, H. 42Richter, Wol gang 34, 44, 45, 62Ricke, Herbert 100Robertson, Edward 173Rösel, Hartmut N. 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 57,

77Rose, Martin 157Ross, J. F. 42Rothenberg, Beno 203Rouillad, H. 171Rowton, Michael B. 116Rudolph, Wilhelm 12Sachsse, E. 79Saebø, Magne 158Sa ren, Jonathan D. 16

Sass, Benjamin 113Sasson, Victor 17Sauer, G. 36Sauer, James A. 199Saydon, Paul P. 26Schä er-Lichtenberger, Chr. 28Schlei , A. 157Schmid, H. 157, 160Schmid, H. H. 42Schmidt, Ludwig 16, 39Schmidt, W. H. 158Schmitt, Götz 32Schmitt, H.-Ch. 18, 21Schmitt, Rainer 170Schnur, Harry C. 216

Schnutenhaus, Frank 161Schoors, Antoon 116

Schroer, Silvia 172Schultz, Wol gang 212Schunck, Klaus-Dietrich 44, 52, 144,

148Schwienhorst-Schönberger, Ludger 27Seebass, Horst 136Sellin, Ernst 173Selms, A. van 48Shiloh, Yigal 108, 117Simons, Jan Joze 152, 198Singer, Itamar 79, 181Smend, Rudol 9, 11, 24, 53, 136, 142,

143Soden, Wol ram von 157Soggin, J. Alberto 26, 34, 37, 42, 44, 52,

163Sperling, S. David 32Stadelmann, Rainer 179, 182Stager, Lawrence E. 79, 117, 206Staubli, Tomas 128, 131Stech-Wheeler, amara 112Stiebing, William H. 187Stolz, Fritz 142, 163Stuart, Aaron 12Sypherd, Wilbur Owen 47

almon, Shemaryahu 52Tiel, Win ried 102, 108, 117

ropper, J. 171

ubb, Jonathan N. 71Van Seters, John 18, 24, 32, 75Vaux, Roland de 117Veijola, imo 9, 11, 23, 154, 155Vieweger, Dieter 117Vogt, Ernst 26Vollborn, W. 36Vorländer, Hermann 167Vriezen, T. C. 158Waldbaum, Jane C. 112, 187Walsh, Jerome . 15Walz, Reinhard 128Warner, Sean M. 36, 220Weimar, P. 38Wein eld, Moshe 53, 117



INDEX OF MODERN AU HORS 253

Weinstein, James M. 71Weippert, Helga 9, 17, 71, 115, 118, 136

Weippert, Man red 17, 18, 76, 115, 117,118, 124, 128, 142, 157, 160, 200Weiser, Artur 206, 230Weisgerber, G. 112Weisman, Zeev 44Wenning, Robert 177Wertime, Teodore A. 112Whitelam, Keith W. 82Whitley, Charles Francis 39Williams, R. J. 42Willoughby, B. E. 127

Wissowa, Georg 173Wol , A. 220

Wol , Hans Walter 9Wright, G. Ernest 31, 77Wüst, Man ried 18, 22, 45Yadin, Yigael 87, 117, 176Yassine, Khair N. 178Yeivin, Shmuel 117Zenger, Erich 177Zertal, Adam 96, 177Zevit, Ziony 28Zobel, Hans-Jürgen 16, 58, 206Zwickel, Wol gang 15



G3:18 1044:2–4 2394:23 2054:26 154, 164, 1698:20 2399:26 16810:15–18 7710:16 7912–36 16812:6 33, 239

12:7 33, 23912:7–8 17512:8 164, 23913:3 17513:4 164, 17513:7 7913:18 175, 23915:19–21 7716:1 16316:2 16316:4–7 16316:8 16316:11–14 16316:14 16319:1–11 5219:37 19919:38 19721:22–34 16421:32 16421:33 164, 17524:27 16925:4 20125:24 16826:23–25 175

26:24 16926:25 164, 23927:28 10427:37 10428:10–22 5528:11 16528:12 16528:13 168, 16928:16–19 23928:17 16528:18 165, 175

28:20 16528:21 16528:22 16529:31–30:12 139, 14031 17231:5 16831:13 55, 16531:19 17231:29 16831:30 17231:34–35 17231:42 168, 16931:53 168, 16932:10 16832:29 8133:18–20 33, 17533:20 16634 3334:30 7935:1–5 16535:3 16535:7 55, 165, 17535:14 17535:16–20 139, 140

-255-

Index of Biblical References




Genesis (cont .)35:17 222

35:22–26 13936 20136:2 7836:12 20336:31–39 20138:6–10 10739:14 12739:17 12740:15 12741:12 12743:2 7843:18 14643:19 14643:23 16843:32 12746:1–4 17546:3 166, 16846:8–25 13, 13947:29 16948:1–20 14649 58, 138, 20949:1–27 13949:3–4 5949:8 5949:9 5949:10 5949:10–12 5949:13 59, 150

49:14 59, 15049:15 5949:16 5949:17 59, 15149:19 5949:20 15249:21 59, 15249:22 5949:23–24 59, 16849:25–26 5949:27 59, 14750:8 14650:17 168

E1–14 1, 64

1:1–4 361:2–4 1391:15 1271:19 1272:7 1272:13 1272:16–22 2013 6, 162, 2393:1 2013:6 168, 1693:8 1, 773:9–14 1583:13 1693:14 157, 1583:15 1683:15–16 168, 1693:16 1683:17 773:18 1274:5 168, 1695:3 1276 2407:16 1279:1 1279:13 12710:3 12712:37 1513:5 77

14 2615–18 115–Num 20 15, 21, 22, 5915:2 16815:21 20515:22 1915:22–18:27 117:8–16 617:15 17517:16 20318:1–12 20118:4 16819 161, 162, 23919–40 319:1–Num 10:10 1



INDEX OF BIBLICAL REFERENCES 257

19:18 16021:26 172

23:23 7723:28 7724:12–14 625–32 24025:7 17328:4–30 17328:30 17428:31–35 17332 4132:17 633:2 7733:11 634:11 7735:9 17335:27 17339:1–21 17339:22–29 173

L v

1–7 141–27 38:8 17423 14

N1 1391–9 31–10 2

1:5–15 16, 1391:20–47 13, 14, 1392:3–31 1397:12–83 13910–20 110–32 23, 2410:11–20:29 110:12 16010:14–28 13910:36 8111:28 612:16 16013 31, 5413–14 5, 2413:4–15 139

13:4–56 1613:16 6

13:22 68, 6913:29 7714 31, 5414:6–38 614:10–35 114:39–45 114:45 1915:1–16 1420 1820:1–3 1420:1–13 1820:14–21 18, 2020:22 1, 1920:22–29 1921 13, 16, 18, 24, 6021–36 2, 3, 9, 12, 2221:1–3 2, 18, 19, 5421:4 19, 2021:4–9 2, 18, 1921:10–20 2, 18, 2021:13 78, 19921:14 20521:17–18 20, 20521:21–25 2121:21–31 18, 20, 2221:21–35 2, 19421:25 2121:25–26 21

21:27–30 2021:31 2121:32 18, 2121:33–35 18, 2122–24 2, 13, 16, 1822:1 2122:1–24:25 1622:2–4 1622:4–6 1722:7–20 1722:21 1722:22–35 1722:35 222:36 19922:36–41 17




Numbers (cont .)22:41 20

23:1–25 1723:14–15 2023:26–24:44 1723:28 2024:20 20424:25 1725 1325–31 1325:1–5 2, 1325:1–15 15, 1825:6–18 225:16–18 1426 2, 1326:3 2126:5–51 13926:23 4426:26 4526:28–37 13826:30–32 14926:33 1426:63 2126:65 627:1–11 2, 13, 1427:12–23 2, 13, 1427:21 17428–30 228:1–30:1 13, 1430:2–17 13, 14

31 2, 13, 1431:8 1831:12 2131:16 1832 3, 13, 16, 18, 24, 30, 60, 15032:1 21, 2232:1–38 2232:3 2132:16 2232:17 2232:20 2232:24 2232:34–38 22, 15132:35 2132:39–42 21, 138, 147, 149

32:41 4433 13

33–36 1333:1–49 3, 1533:5–34:29 1533:44 2033:48 2133:49 2133:50 2133:50–34:29 3, 1333:50–56 1534:1–12 16, 2534:13–15 1634:17–18 1635 1335:1 2136 13, 1436:13 2124:1–24 17

D y

1–3 3, 4, 10, 21, 23, 241–34 31:2 1611:19 1611:44 191:46 1612:7 682:13 202:14 161

2:26–37 1943:1–3 213:1–11 1943:13–14 1493:13–15 1383:23–29 143:29 134:10 1614:15 1614:26 584:35 155, 2394:38 1554:39 2394:46 136:4 154, 155




7:1 777:1–6 29, 117

7:2 548:2 688:8 1048:19–20 589:23 16111:17 5812:9–10 24119 2519:10 24119:14 24120:10–18 29, 22820:16 24120:16–18 5420:17 7721:23 24123:5–6 1724:4 24125:17–19 20325:19 24126:5 19627:5–7 2828:22 10429:4 6830:18 5831:1–8 1432:10 2032:48–52 1433 3, 58, 138, 141, 209

33:2 159, 160, 161, 23933:6 5933:7 5933:8 17433:8–10 5933:11 5933:12 5933:13–16 5933:17 5933:18–19 5933:20–21 5933:22 59, 15133:23 5933:24 15233:24–25 59

34 334:1 14, 19, 21, 25

34:1–9 434:6 1334:7–9 14, 19, 2534:8 21

J1 241–12 1, 2, 3, 6, 22, 24, 331–24 4, 9, 22, 24, 251:1 141:1–6 6, 251:2 141:7–9 251:10 251:11 251:12–18 252 4, 25, 26, 60, 117, 228, 2292:1–3 26, 2342:4 26, 2342:5–7 26, 2342:8–14 252:9 262:10 782:12–14 262:15–17 26, 2342:18 26, 2342–19 602:19 26, 234

2:21 262:21–23 26, 2343 263:1 263:4 4, 1753:10 773:14 263:15 263:16 264 264:1–9 264:11 264:18 264:19 574:20 57




Joshua (cont .)5:1 27

5:1–9 45:2 275:3 275:4–7 275:6 685:8 275:9 27, 575:10 27, 575:10–12 275:11 275:12 275:13 275:13–15 4, 6, 27, 2255:14 276 5, 9, 10, 26, 27, 118, 143, 228, 2296:1 276:2 276:3 276:4 276:5 276:7 276:14 276:15 276:20 276:21–24 277 5, 27, 227, 2287:1 2277:2–3 227

7:4–5 2277:6–7 2277:10–15 2277:13–14 1737:14–18 1067:16–23 2277:24 2297:24–25 2277:26 2278 9, 27, 52, 60, 117, 1188:10–12 27, 2348:14 2348:14–15 278:15 2348:19 27, 234

8:21 27, 2348:23 28, 234

8:29 28, 2348:30 166, 1758:30–35 5, 289 59:1 29, 779:1–4 99:2 299:3–7 299:3–15 289:6 579:7 789:8 299:9 299:10 29, 789:11–15 299:15 299:16 299:17 299:18–21 299:22–26 2910 5, 9, 3010:1 910:1–14 510:1–15 29, 3010:1–27 11710:2 910:6 5710:7 57

10:9 5710:12 29, 60, 61, 6310:12–13 205, 211, 23710:13 29, 60, 61, 63, 205, 22010:13–14 211, 23710:15 5710:15–27 510:16 2910:16–23 23410:16–27 29, 6010:24–27 23410:28–43 5, 2910:33 5510:43 5711 9




11:1 3811:1–2 230

11:1–3 911:1–9 3011:1–15 2911:1–23 511:3 77, 7811:10–15 3011:16–20 25, 3011:19 7811:21–23 3012 9, 25, 30, 33, 6112:1–24 5, 6, 2512:1 3012:1–6 3012:7–24 3012:8 7712:10–24 6012:12 5512:14 1913 5, 25, 3013–19 16, 25, 30, 33, 34, 5413–24 613:1 25, 3013:7 25, 3013:15–20 3013:15–23 15113:23 3013:24–26 3013:24–31 151

13:25 2113:27 3013:28 3013:29–31 14713:30–32 14913:32 2114 5, 3114:6 5715 5, 31, 32, 6115–19 30, 145, 14615:1–12 31, 6015:5–9 14815:8 7915:9 5415:13–14 54

15:13–19 31, 60, 6315:17 37

15:20–63 31, 32, 6015:30 1915:46–47 5515:63 7916 3116–17 516:2 14816:3 14816:5–9 14716:9 3117 3117:1 14917:2 14917:7 3317:7–13 14717:9 3117:11–13 5517:14 3217:14–18 3117:15 32, 7917:16 3217:17 32, 14617:18 3218 32, 6118–19 518:1–10 3218:5 14618:11–20 60, 148

18:11–28 3218:16 54, 7918:21–28 31, 60, 14818:28 7919 32, 56, 6119:10–16 150, 23119:10–39 6119:15 5619:18–20 15019:24–31 15219:28 5619:30 5619:32–39 152, 23119:38 5619:41–46 51, 61, 151




Joshua (cont .)19:42 56

19:49 6, 25, 3219:50 3219:51 3220 2520–21 16, 2520–24 2620:7 3321 5, 25, 14121:21 3321:39 2122 5, 16, 2522:22 16623 25, 33, 5723:1–24:28 524 25, 32, 24124:1 3324:1–28 6, 25, 33, 3424:2 3324:2–13 3324:2–24 3224:3 3324:4 3324:5 3324:6 3324:7 3324:8 33, 7824:9 3324:9–10 17

24:10 3324:11 33, 7724:12 3324:13 3324:16–18 3324:19–24 3324:25 3324:25–28 3324:26 33, 17524:27 3324:28 3324:29–31 6, 25, 34, 35, 41, 5724:29–33 5

J g1 7, 34, 35, 53, 54

1–2 2411–21 6, 9, 341:1 541:1–2:5 571:1–3:6 351:1–21 531:2–10 541:4 791:5 791:8 551:9 551:11 541:13 371:16 541:17 19, 541:18 541:19 551:20 551:21 55, 791:22 1461:22–26 551:22–36 531:23 1461:27 551:29 55, 561:30 561:30–36 561:31 56

1:33 561:34–35 561:35 1461:36 562 35, 532:1–5 7, 35, 56, 572:6–10 7, 35, 572:10 572:11 35, 362:11–16 572:11–23 7, 35, 572:12 352:13 352:14 352:14–16 35




2:17 35, 572:18 35, 57

2:19 35, 572:20–23 35, 573–9 623–16 35, 36, 60, 2413:1 35, 363:1–6 7, 363:3 36, 783:5 36, 773:7 363:7–11 35, 363:7–31 73:8 36, 46, 673:9 363:11 36, 46, 673:12 363:12–30 35, 37, 61, 194, 198, 2343:14 36, 46, 673:15 363:15–30 1473:30 36, 46, 673:31 35, 37, 384 7, 35, 38, 229, 231, 2344–5 1534:1 364:1–3 38, 2304:2 364:3 36, 46, 674:4–6 38, 230

4:4–22 384:6 38, 149, 2314:7 38, 2304:8–10 38, 2304:11 38, 54, 2304:12–16 2304:12–17 384:17 38, 54, 2304:18–22 38, 2304:23 36, 384:23–24 2304:24 385 7, 8, 35, 38, 39, 58, 138, 140, 206, 2295:1 2075:2 81, 137

5:2–3 2075:2–11 39, 207, 211

5:3 39, 815:3–5 395:4 159, 160, 162, 207, 2395:5 81, 2075:6–8 2075:7 81, 1375:8 81, 1375:9 815:9–11 2075:11 81, 1375:12 108, 2075:12–17 61, 63, 136, 142, 205, 207, 230,

2345:12–31 395:13 108, 143, 157, 231, 2385:13–17 207, 208, 209, 2305:13–18 585:14 38, 137, 147, 148, 2075:14–17 138, 140, 1545:14–18 1085:15 38, 137, 2075:15–17 1375:17 149, 151, 152, 2075:18 61, 63, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142,

149, 154, 205, 207, 208, 209, 230, 2345:19 1375:19–22 39, 61, 63, 136, 142, 205, 207,

208, 209, 230, 231, 234

5:20–21 143, 2385:23 2075:24 545:24–27 38, 207, 208, 209, 2305:24–30 61, 63, 136, 142, 205, 207, 230,

2345:28–30 207, 209, 2105:31 36, 39, 46, 67, 207, 2116–8 7, 8, 15, 35, 39, 40, 108, 194, 201,

202, 2426:1 36, 40, 46, 676:2–6 40, 41, 61, 2346:3 2036:6 366:7 36




Judges(cont .)6:7–10 40

6:11–24 416:24 1756:25–32 39, 416:32 396:33–35 41, 61, 2346:33–40 406:36–40 417 417:1 397:1–25 40, 41, 61, 2347:12 2037:23–25 2257:24 1468 418:1–3 41, 48, 2258:4–21 40, 41, 61, 2348:10 408:22 418:23 418:24–27 418:28 36, 40, 46, 678:29 398:29–31 418:29–35 418:30 418:31 40, 418:35 399 33, 35, 39, 41, 43

9:1 399:1–5 429:5 39, 429:6 429:7–15 429:7–16 2169:8–9 1049:8–15 61, 206, 216, 218, 2199:13 1049:15 2169:16 39, 429:16–19 42, 439:18 399:19 399:19–21 42, 216

9:22 429:23 42

9:24 42, 439:25 429:26–41 42, 46, 61, 63, 2349:28 399:42–45 429:49–59 429:50–54 429:55 429:56 429:57 39, 42, 4310–12 24210–13 10810–16 4610:1 4610:1–5 7, 35, 41, 43, 45, 61, 108, 14110:2 36, 6710:3 36, 46, 6710:6 3610:6–16 7, 35, 44, 46, 5710:7 3610:8 7810:10 3610:12 3610:17 4710:17–12:6 35, 44, 45, 19410:17–12:7 7, 8, 4710:18 4711:1–11 47

11:11 17511:12–28 4711:18 19911:19 4711:20 7811:23 19711:29–40 47, 61, 23411:32 47, 19711:33 36, 47, 19712:1–6 48, 5212:7 36, 44, 46, 47, 6712:8 4612:8–15 7, 35, 41, 43, 45, 48, 61, 108,

14112:9 36, 67




12:11 36, 46, 6712:13 46

12:14 6713 7, 39, 4913–16 8, 35, 48, 193, 24213:1 36, 46, 48, 5013:2–25 5013:25 50, 15114–16 714:1–15:8 49, 50, 61, 23414:5–9 21314:10–19 212, 214, 22214:14 205, 22214:18 205, 22215:9–17 49, 5015:18 49, 5015:19 49, 5015:20 36, 48, 50, 6716 4816:1–3 48, 22516:1–31 5016:4–22 4816:23–31 4816:31 36, 4817 35, 5117–18 8, 50, 151, 174, 17517–21 35, 50, 24117:5 17217:6 8, 5317:8 146

18 35, 5118:1 818:2 14618:14 17218:17–18 17218:20 17218:30 5119–21 8, 35, 52, 53, 147, 17519:1 8, 14619:16 14619:16–26 5219:18 14619:29 5220:45 5220:47 52

21:13 5221:15–25 88

21:25 8, 531 S1 49, 1051–4 881:9 1762:18 1732:28 81, 1733:3 1763:20 51, 814–6 1704:6 1274:9 1274:18 684:20 2217:17 1758–11 4710:12 22110:19–21 10610:20 8111 19711:4 5212:11 3913–14 19313–2 Sam 24 6313:1 45, 6813:3 12713:19 127

13:19–21 19214:3 17314:11 12714:18 17314:21 12714:35 17514:41 17414:47 199, 20115 20415:6 5415:23 17217 19217:52 8118:7 205, 21118:16 81




1 Samuel (cont .)19 172

19:13 17219:16 17221:2–10 17621:10 17321:11 205, 21121:11–16 19322:3–4 19822:6–23 17622:18 17323:2 17423:9–12 17323:12 17425 10625:2 10525:42 10626:6 7828:6 17429:3 12730 20430:7–9 17330:30 19

2 S1:18 2051:19–27 205, 2202:1–4 1402:8–9 1382:9 153, 154

3:10 513:33–34 205, 2205:6–10 545:17–25 1935:19 1746 1706:14 1738:1 179, 1938:2–12 1998:3–5 1968:13–15 20110 19710:6–8 19610:15–19 19611 43

11:3–24 7811:11 171

11:21 39, 4312:26–31 19714:7 10716:5–14 14719:1 22119:3 22019:21 14620 14720:1 13821 10421:1–14 2821:15–22 37, 22423:1 16823:8–15 22423:8–22 3723:8–38 22423:11–12 22424 17524:5 21

1 K g2:10–12 452:11 684:7–19 76, 138, 1464:8 1474:9 564:11 554:12 55

4:15 1524:16 1514:18 1484:19 1516:1 688:1–11 1709:15 559:16 569:20 779:21 559:27 19510:11–12 19510:29 7811:1 7811:14–22 201




11:18 20111:28 146

11:41–43 4512:16 13812:26–32 17612:28–29 5512:28–30 5012:28–32 5115:20 5117:1 10418:36 16820:1 197

2 K g2:14 1687:6 788:1 1049:27 5510:5 16814:9 21915:29 5118:4 2023:24 172

1 C1:1–28 362:1 1392:2 1396 1416:66 21

8:7 7711:4 7912 14126:31 2127:16–22 13928:9 16829:10 168

2 C17:4 16820 14321:12 16828:2 17030:6 16832:17 168

34:3 168

Ez2:63 1749 139:1 77

N7:65 1749:8 7711:31–35 14813:2 17

J1:21 2216:5 15011:12 15038:7 23839:5–8 150

P

6:4 8118:7–15 16120:1 16846:7 16847:9 16848:2 16050:1 16650:3 16175:9 168

76:6 16878:60 17681:1 16881:4 16884:8 16889:36 15890:13 8194:7 16897:2–5 16199:5 170104:15 104104:32 161114:7 168126:4 81132:7 170

Fritz Emergence

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