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Transcript of Freshwater Fish Nutrition
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Nutritional Requirementsof Freshwater Fish
Aquaculture SpeciesBy: Tim OKeefe (Aqua-Food Technologies, Inc.) andMark Newman (M.N. Aqua Nutrition Consulting)
Edited and updated specifically for the SoutheastAsian Region by Lukas Manomaitis, ASA-IM SEATechnical Director (Aquaculture)
This is version 1.0 December 2011
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Copyright Statement
2011 U.S. Soybean Export Council, Inc. All rights reserved.
This entire publication is under copyright and made
available for distribution for private use only through the
. ater a s or n ormat on conta ne n t spublication may not be further distributed or used without
requesting and receiving written permission from the
USSEC.
U.S. Soybean Export Council, Inc.
16305 Swingley Ridge Road (the Atrium)
Suite 200
Chesterfield, MO 63017
USA
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Feed Specialist Presentations
This presentation is one of aseries of presentations prepared
for the USSEC Feed Specialist
ro ram. Information is
presented as is and is notintended to be definitive or
complete, but as a starting
point for presentations given in
person. Please contact
you are interested learning
more.
Mark Newman, Feed Specialist (left)
and Lukas Manomaitis, Technical
Director (right)
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International marketingactivities for US Soybeans
are supported by US soy
farmers through the Soybean
Checkoff program. US farmers
believe and stand behind
their product and its use
worldwide.
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Fish Digestive System Comparison
Mouth Esophagus Stomach HindgutMidgut Anus
Trout
Catfish
Pyloric
Caeca
Carp
Milkfish
Epibrancheal
Organ
Gall
Bladder
Pyloric
Caeca
Pharyngeal
Teeth
Gizzard
Silver
Carp
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Nutrient Requirements of Fish
EnergyProteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Minerals
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Energy Partitioning of Food Consumed by Fish
Gross
Energy Digestible
Energy
Gill, Kidney &
Skin Excretions
Metabolizable
Energy
FecalEnergy
Heat Increment(SDA)
Production Energy
NetEnergy
a n
Reproduction
Maintenance Energy
Metabolism
Activity Heat
Unique Characteristics
N Waste Excreted as NH3333
Neutral Buoyancy
Efficient Locomotion
Poikilothermic
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Methods of DeterminingFeed Energy Values
GE DE ME
Analytical Calorimetry - adiabatic bomb calorimeter measures heat released
on complete combustion of feed
-
determined on the basis of ratios of energyto inert indicator in samples of food and feces
Direct Measurement - direct measurement
of total energy in feed, feces, and urine
& gill excretions
Physiological Fuel Values - calculated energy
values based on GE,digestion coefficients and
assumed energy loss from nitrogen excretion
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Physiological Fuel Values
(kcal/g)
Nutrient Class Gross Energy Digestible Energy
Protein 5.6 4.5Fat 9.4
Unsaturated 8.5-9.0
Saturated 7.5-8.0
Phospholipid 7.2Carbohydrate 4.1
Raw Starch 1.6
Gelatinized Starch 2.3
Dextrin 3.2
Fiber 0
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1 kg 4080 kcal
Gain DE
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Nutrient Requirements of Fish
Energy Proteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Minerals
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Fish require highFish require high--protein, highprotein, high--energyenergyfeeds for economical growth ratesfeeds for economical growth rates
un er n ens ve cu ure con ons.un er n ens ve cu ure con ons.
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Typical Protein Levels in Diets for Freshwater Fish
Species Fry Juveniles Adults
Trout 55 - 48 50 - 45 46 - 36Catfish 50 - 40 40 - 30 32 - 25
Tilapia 45 - 40 40 - 30 32 - 25Carp 45 - 40 40 - 30 36 - 25
Total Balanced Protein, assuming minimum 90% digestibility
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Soy Protein Amino Acid ProfileSoy Protein Amino Acid Profile
& Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Fish& Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Fish
Amino Acid* SoybeanProtein RainbowTrout ChannelCatfish BlueTilapia CommonCarp
Arg 7.4 5.7 4.3 4.2 4.3. . . . .
Iso 5.0 2.6 2.6 3.1 2.5Leu 7.5 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.3
Lys 6.4 6.0 5.1 5.1 5.7Met & Cys 3.1 3.0 2.3 3.2 3.1Phe & Tyr 8.3 5.3 5.0 5.7 6.5
Thr 3.9 2.4 2.0 3.7 3.9Try 1.4 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.8Val 5.1 3.5 3.0 2.8 3.6
*Expressed as percent of crude protein
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Recommended Proportions
ofEnergy to Protein
Species Digestible
Protein
( % )
Digestible
Energy
( kcal /100g )
DE / DP
( kcal / g )
Trout 46.8 420 9.0
43.0 405 9.4
. .
36.0 346 9.6
Catfish 45.0 400 8.8
36.0 324 9.0
28.8 276 9.6
27.0 237 8.8
Tilapia 40.5 356 8.8
36.0 324 9.0
31.5 290 9.2
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Nutrient Requirements of Fish
EnergyProteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Minerals
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Lipid Requirements
Energy
Essential Fatt Acids
Sterols
Phospholipids
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Essential Fatty Acid Requirements
Of Freshwater Fish
SpeciesAmount
( % )
Linolenic
18:3 n3
EPA
20:5 n3
DHA
22:6 n3
Trout 1.0 2.0 + +or 1.0 +
Catfish 0.5 1.0 or 0.5 0.7 +or 0.5 0.7 + +
Tilapia 1.0
or 0.5 0.7 +or 0.5 0.7 + +
Carp 1.0
or 0.5 +or 0.5 + +
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Bt/RR2Y(Monsanto)
Low Sat(Monsanto)
Omega-3(Monsanto;
Steandonic Acid)
High
Stearate(Monsanto;DuPont)
High Beta-Conglycinin
(Monsanto;
DuPont)
Industry Soybean Portfolio Agronomic
Quality/Food
RR2Y(Monsanto)
Low-Phytate(DuPont)
Dicamba Tolerant(Monsanto)
Omega-3(EPA/DHA)
DuPont
Feed: High ProteinSoybean
(Monsanto; DuPont)
Yield(Monsanto;
Pioneer)
Rust(Monsanto;
Pioneer
Antibody -containing
(against E.coli 0157:H)
Processing:High Oil Soy
(Monsanto)
High Oleic(DuPont)
Liberty Link(Bayer)
201X2009 2010 2011
Modified 7SProtein FF(Dupont)
High Oleic, Stearate(DuPont)
2012
Low Lin(Syngenta)
Glyphosate &isoxaflutole tol.(Bayer)*
Herbicide tol.: 2,4-Dand fop/ aryloxyphenoxy
propionate herbicides (Dow)
Disease(Monsanto;
Pioneer)
Soybean CystNematode
Monsanto; PioneerGAT (Pioneer/DuPont)
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Lipid Requirements
Fish Oil Quality
Parameter Units Amount
Moisture % < 1.0
Free Fatty Acids % < 3.0Peroxide Value meq/kg < 10
20 hr AOM 20 meq/kg < 20
Ethoxyquin mg/kg 100 - 500
- or BHA mg/kg 40 - 200
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Nutrient Requirements of Fish
EnergyProteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Minerals
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Monosaccharidesarabinose, ribose, & xylose
glucose & fructose
Carbohydrates
sucrose, lactose, & maltoseraffinose & stachyose
Polysaccharidesstarch, dextrin, glycogen, &cellulosechitin, agar, carrageenan, pectins & gums
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Carbohydrates
Activity of Amylase in Yellowtail and Carp(Shimeno, et.al. 1977)
Yellowtail Carp
Amylase (micromole/min) 12.5 1040
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Nutrient Requirements of Fish
Energy
Proteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Minerals
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Minerals
Inorganic components of the feed
Structural components of hard tissues
Component of soft tissues
Cofactors and/or activators of enzymes
Function in acid base balance
Function in production of membrane potentials
Function in osmoregulation
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Macro Minerals
Calcium
no requirement for dietary supplementation
maximum level in feed should be 2.0 to 2.3%
Magnesium
activator of enz mes involved in carboh drate and roteinmetabolism
seawater contains 1,350mg of Mg / l
marine fish excrete Mg
Phosphorus
available phosphorus requirement = 0.6 to 0.8 %
Potassium
usually no requirement for dietary supplementation
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Comparison of Mineral Levels
in Practical Aquaculture Diets*
Element Units Trout Catfish Tilapia Carp
Calcium % 1.5 - 2.3 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5Magnesium % 0.04 - 0.06 0.2 - 0.45 0.2 -0.5 0.2 - 0.5
Phosphorus (Available) % 0.6 - 0.7 0.45 - 0.6 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 - 0.7
Potassium % 0.6 - 0.9 0.6 - 1.6 0.6 - 1.6 0.6 - 1.6
Cobalt ppm 0.3 - 0.4 0.2 - 0.4 0.2 -0.4 0.2 - 0.5
Copper ppm 5 - 15 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 20
Iodine ppm 4 - 5 2 - 4 4 - 5 4 - 5
Iron ppm 200 - 350 100 - 500 100 - 500 100 - 500
Manganese ppm 40 - 80 15 - 50 25 - 50 25 - 50
Selenium ppm 0.3 - 1.0 0.25 - 1.0 0.4 - 1.0 0.4 - 1.0Zinc ppm 100 - 150
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Mineral Supplementation for Practical Diets(ASAIM Mineral Premix F-1)
Element Units Amount inPremix Amount InFeed
Selenium mg / kg 200 0.5
The intended usage rate of this premix is 0.25% of the diet.
Zinc mg / kg 40000 100Iron mg / kg 40000 100
Manganese mg / kg 10000 25
Iodine mg / kg 1800 4.5
Copper mg / kg 4000 10
Cobalt mg / kg 20 0.05
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Nutrient Requirements of Fish
Energy
Proteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Minerals
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oncentra
tion
Tissue
Vitamin Requirement
oncentra
tion
Tissue
Vitamin Requirement
Vitamin I
Vitamin Activity in Feed
Optimum
Growth
Adaptive
Response
Vitamin I
Vitamin Activity in Feed
Optimum
Growth
Adaptive
Response
Optimum
Growth
Adaptive
Response
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Vitamin Units / kg Trout Catfish Tilapia Carp
A IU 4000 8000 1000 2000 4000 4400 2000 4000
D IU 1000 2000 500 1000 2000 2200 1000 2000E IU 100 400 30 50 50 60 50 100
K m R 12 R 4.4 0 5 0 5
Vitamin Fortification Levels
inPractical Fish Feeds
Thiamin B1 mg 10 30 1 2.5 10 11 5 10Riboflavin B2 g 20 40 R 9 15 20 10 20
Pyridoxine B6 mg 10 25 3 5 10 11 5 10Vitamin B12 mg 0.02 0.05 R 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02
Niacin mg 150 200 R 14 30 80 15 30Pantothenate mg 40 60 15 20 35 50 15 35
Folic Acid mg 5 10 R 2.2 5 3 5Biotin mg 0.1 0.4 0 R 0 0.1 0.05 0.01
Vitamin C mg 100 125 50 60 50 100 50 100Choline mg 500 1000 R R 500 R 500
Astaxanthin mg 0 80 - - - - - -
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Vitamin Supplementation for Practical Diets
(ASAIM Vitamin Premix F-2)
Vitamin Units
Amount in Amount In
Premix FeedVitamin A IU/kg 1200000 6000
Vitamin D3 IU/kg 200000 1000
The intended
usage rate of
this premix is
0.5% of the
Biotin mg/kg 40 0.2Folic Acid mg/kg 1800 9
Niacin mg/kg 40000 200
Pantothenate mg/kg 20000 100
Pyridoxine (B6) mg/kg 5000 25Riboflavin (B2) mg/kg 8000 40
Thiamin (B1) mg/kg 8000 40
Vitamin B12 g/kg 2000 10
Ethoxyquin mg/kg 500 2.5
diet.
Vitamin C is
not included,
should be
included
separately in astabilized form
according to
health and
environmental
conditions
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Vitamins and Minerals
in a Premix
Vitamins and Minerals
in a Feed
In short, vitamins and mineral premixes should be kept separate, including from otherfeed additives (mycotoxin binders, mold inhibitors, etc.), to prevent interactions
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2010 Tilapia Growout Feeding Study
36, 32, 28 & 24% Protein Feeds
Haikou, Hainan, China
nsert p oto o tr a
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Tilapia Growout Four Protein Feeds
Density: 1,200 fish/cage in 4-m3 cages
Duration: June November, based onrowth to 500
Stocking size: 50-g tilapia
Feed Treatments: 36/7, 32/6, 28/4, 24/3.5 varying protein level; same DE:DP ratio
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Trial Results
36/7 32/6 28/4 24/3.5
Feeding days 110 110 127 150
Growth (g) 521 512 511 511
Wt. ain /da 4.28 4.20 3.63 3.07
PG (kg/m3) 146 131 139 145
Survival (%) 93.6 85.4* 90.8 94.7
FCR: 1.25 1.41 1.55 1.74
*Low survival in the 32/6 treatment was the result of fish escapes after
typhoon damage to the covers of two of the three 32/6 treatment cages
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511
g
511g521/512g
E i *
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Economics*
36/ 32/6 2/4 24/3.5
/ $ 0. $ 0. $ 0.6 $ 0.63
$ 1.11 $ 1.0 $ 1.0 $ 1.0
/3 $ 36.21 $ 36.2 $ 13. $ .55
(%) 1.5 20.2 4.6
*Original calculations done in Chinese RMB at 6.6RMB/USD
C l i
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Conclusions
The LVHD tilapia study was successfully completed
with satisfactory results despite the most serious
typhoon and storm in 50 years in the Haikou region.
The only impact was some damage to the cage covers
a resu e n s escape an su sequen y a ower
reported survival in Cages 2 and 3 of 32/6 feed
treatment.
C l i
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Conclusions
Tilapia reached the target market size of 500 g in less
than 110 days on the 36/7 and 32/6 extruded soybased feeds
Tilapia fed the 28/4 and 24/3.5 feeds required 17 and40 days longer to reach the same market size (510 g)as tilapia fed the 32/6 feed
Conclusions
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Conclusions
The daily weight gain of tilapia fed the 28/4
and 24/3.5 feeds was 15.7% and 36.8% lower,
respectively, than tilapia fed the 32/6 feed
. ,
but lowest feed cost per unit of fish gain, aswell as highest net income and ROI, was with
the 32/6 feed
ROI with the 32/6 was 2. 9 and 4.4 times higher
than with the 28/4 and 24/3.5 feeds
Conclusions
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Conclusions
Results show that the ASA-IM 32/6 feed isoptimal as a growout feed for most tilapia
farming: it yields the lowest feed cost per unit offish gain and the highest economic return, evenwhen the 32/6 feed cost is much higher than thecost of lower protein feeds
Tilapia farmers should balance economic cost and
risk when selecting feeds - the 24/3.5 feed in thisstudy required an additional 40 days for fish toreach market size, and yielded almost no profit
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The American Soybean AssociationThe American Soybean AssociationThe American Soybean AssociationThe American Soybean AssociationInternational Marketing is committed toInternational Marketing is committed toInternational Marketing is committed toInternational Marketing is committed to
assisting the aquaculture industry ofassisting the aquaculture industry ofassisting the aquaculture industry ofassisting the aquaculture industry of
Asia to be profitable, environmentallyAsia to be profitable, environmentallyAsia to be profitable, environmentallyAsia to be profitable, environmentally
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meal
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