Fresh waters of Europe
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Fresh waters of EuropeFresh waters of Europe
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Origin and formation of waters
The hydrosphere
originates from the bowels of the earth through the volcanic gorges. It is close related to the processes in the atmosphere.
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Types of fresh waters in Europe
Surface waters Ground waters
artesian
karsts
mineral
rivers lakes
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Ground waters
● Artesian - waters between two waterproof layers
● Mineral- water naturally impregnated with mineral salts or gasses
● Karsts – underground waters reach of CaCO³
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Rivers
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RiversEurope’s three largest rivers, the Volga (1),
the Danube (2) and the Dnepr (3), drain one quarter of the continent.
However, they are relatively small by world standards; their catchments ranking 14th, 29th and 48th, respectively.
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Natural lakes
L ake s are u su ally b od ie s of stan d in g fre sh w ate r, th ou g h th ey m ay a lso slig h tly sa lty . Th e y are ch arac te rised b y: -p h ysic a l featu res of th e lake b asin, su ch as lake are a an d w ate r d ep th-th e ch arac te rist ic s of th e catch m en t are a, su ch as size an d top og rap h y.
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Types of lakes
in Europeaccording their origin
endogen exogenic
tectonic volcanic coastal oxbow glacial karsts
Albano
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Lakes in Europe
M o r e than 5 0 0 0 0 0 natur al l ake s l arg er than 0 .0 1 km2 (1 ha) i n E ur o pe . Thr e e quar te r s o f the l ake s - l oc ate d i n N o r w ay, Sw e de n, F i nl and andthe K ar e l o -Ko l a par t o f R ussi a.
2 4 E ur o pe an l ake s l arg er than 4 0 0 km 2 . The l arg est , L ake L ado g a (1 ) , R ussi a The seco nd l arg est l ake i n E ur o pe , L ake O ne g a (2 ).
1 9 natur al l ake s l arg er than 4 0 0 km 2 i n Sw e de n, F i nl and, E sto ni a andthe no r th-w ester n par t o f R us si a 3 i n ce ntr al E ur o pe L ake B al ato n (1 9 ) ,
B o de nse e /L ake C o nstanc e (2 1 ).
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Lakes and resevoirs in Europe
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Reservoirs and dams
/ human-made lakes/
Dam “Ogosta”-Montana, Bulgaria
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Reservoirs and dams to ta l E uro pe a n re se rvo ir s urfa c e - m o re tha n 1 0 0 0 0 0k m 2 ; 5 0 % o f w hic h lie s in the E uro pe a n pa rt o f R us s ia . T he s ix la rg e s t re s e rvo irs a re lo c a te d in the V o lg a rive rs ys te m in R us s ia . T he m e m be r s ta te w ith the la rg e s t n u m be r o f re s e rvo irsis S pa in (a pp ro x. 1 2 0 0 ), T urk e y (a pp ro x. 6 1 0 ), N o rw a y (a p pro x. 3 6 4 ) the U K (a ppro x. 5 7 0 ). Ita ly (a ppro x. 5 7 0 ), F ra nc e (a ppro x. 5 5 0 ) B ulg a ria (a pp ro x.2 0 0 0 -b ig a nd s m a ll)
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Water abstraction
a p pr o x im a te ly 10 % o f E ur o pe ’s to ta l fr e sh w a te rre so ur ce is ab str ac te d an n u a lly .to e n sur e w ater su p p ly m a n y cou n tr ie s h a ve b u iltre ser vo ir s. S p a in , T u r ke y a n d R o m a n ia - are ab le to store m o r eth a n 4 0 % C y pr u s, B ulgar ia , U kr a ine , Sw e de n an d the C ze c hR e p u b lic - h ig h stor age capac itie s.
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Water use by sectors
4 4 % o f to ta l w a te r a b str ac tio n in E ur o pe is u se d fo ra gr ic ultur e , 4 0 % fo r in d u str y a n d e nerg y pr o d uc tio n (c oo ling in po w e rpla n ts)1 5 % fo r p u blic w a te r su p p ly . T h e m a in w a te r co n su m p tio n se c tor s are :
irr iga tio n , ur b a n ,m a n u fa c tur in g ind u str y .
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First main problemWater scarcity and drought
Measures:●The use of economic instruments, such as water pricing and metering ●Water-reuse and recycling ●Increased efficiency of domestic, agricultural and industrial water use ●Water saving campaigns supported by public education programmes
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Second main problemFloods
During the last five years in Europe - 100 major damaging floods
Since 2000, floods in Europe have caused:● at least 700 deaths,● the displacement of about half a million people ● at least 25 billion € in insured economic losses.
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Third main problemPollution
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Prevention Strategies ● The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive
(91/271/EEC) ● The Nitrates Directive ● The Bathing Waters Directive (76/160/EEC &
2006/7/EC)● The Water Framework Directive (WFD;
2000/60/EC).