1

What are typical uses for biosensors?Pinnacle biosensors provide real-time information on specific analytes. This enables predictive modeling of changes within the central nervous system (CNS). The spatial and temporal resolution of data collected by our biosensors is excellent. Uses include the following:

• In vivo monitoring of brain chemical microenvironments• Neurochemical monitoring during behavioral and physiological activities• Drug screening, including neuropharmacological effects• Identification of biomarkers• Investigating cognition, behavior, circadian cycles, stress, learning,

memory, sleep, seizure, vigilance state and new drug effectsA list of peer-reviewed publications using biosensors can be found on the Pinnacle website at www.pinnaclet.com/publications.html.

What does a biosensor detect?Pinnacle biosensors monitor real-time CHANGES in CNS neurochemical concentrations. A biosensor measures extracellular concentration changes for a specific analyte with no interference from other species. They do not measure basal concentrations.

What types of biosensors are available?Currently, Pinnacle offers glutamate, glucose, lactate, ethanol and choline biosensors. Pinnacle also offers oxygen sensors and carbon fiber electrodes.

How do Pinnacle biosensors work?Pinnacle biosensors rely on an enzyme to recognize the analyte of interest. When the analyte of interest comes into contact with the enzyme, the enzyme catalytically processes the analyte to produce H2O2 as a by-product. The amount of H2O2 produced is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The response of the biosensor results from the oxidation, at the transducing element (a Pt-Ir electrode), of the enzymatically produced H2O2 and is recorded as a current commonly referred to as an oxidation current. The oxidation current is typically recorded in nanoamps (nA).

1 m

m

H2O2

H2O2

H2O2

H2O2

Interferent

Analyte ofInterest

BSA

Platinum-IridiumSurface

Inner-SelectiveMembrane

Outer-DiffusionLimiting Membrane*

EnzymeLayer

e-e-e-

e-

Epoxy Tip~200 - 225 µm

Pt-Ir Sensing Cavity80/176 µm

PTFE Coated Electrode240 µm

Integrated Ag/AgClReference Electrode350 µm

*Outer-diffusion limiting membrane may not be present on all Pinnacle biosensors

BiosensorsBiosensorsFrequently Asked QuestionsFrequently Asked Questions

Biosensor OverviewBiosensor Overview .................................. 1-2Biosensor Specifics ...................................... 3In Vivo Usage ............................................ 3-4Guide Cannulas ........................................ 5-6Performance Characteristics .................... 7-9Reference Electrodes ................................ 10Calibration of Biosensors ........................... 10Biosensor Care .......................................... 11Associated Hardware ............................ 11-12

Table of Contents PAGE

2

BIOSENSOR FAQ

What sizes of biosensors does Pinnacle offer?Pinnacle offers 80 and 176 µm diameter biosensors.

Why is there an epoxy tip on the end of Pinnacle biosensors?The epoxy tip protects the sensing cavity as it is inserted through a guide cannula into the brain.

What is the size of the sensing area of a Pinnacle biosensor?The sensing cavity of a Pinnacle biosensor is 80 or 176 µm in diameter and 1 mm in length. Custom sensors are available.

How does the size of a Pinnacle biosensor compare to other probes?Pinnacle biosensors are significantly smaller than commonly used, commercially available probes for sampling and measuring neurochemicals (e.g., microdialysis probes).

Are Pinnacle biosensors optimized for in vivo use?Pinnacle biosensors and protocols are designed to simply, selectively and quantitatively measure analytes in the in vivo CNS.

How do I target a specific region of a mouse or rat brain?Pinnacle biosensors are designed to be used with a stereotaxic apparatus for precise placement according to standard brain atlases.

Can I reuse a biosensor?Pinnacle does not recommend reusing a biosensor in vivo.

How do I collect biosensor data?Pinnacle offers integrated, turn-key solutions for biosensors in rats and mice. Pinnacle has both wireless and tethered solutions for rats and tethered solutions for mice.

Why is Pinnacle still making generation 1 biosensors?Pinnacle has extensive experience with generation 1 and generation 3 biosensor designs. Pinnacle’s commercial 80 and 180 μm biosensors are generation 1. This biosensor design can be manufactured in volume, with reproducible characteristics that function reliably in vivo. One of the main concerns with generation 1 sensors is that they can be non-linear due to oxygen starvation at high substrate concentrations or low oxygen concentrations. It is worth noting that for the analytes measured by our biosensors, the in vivo concentrations are low, so restricted oxygen is unlikely to ever be an issue.

Although generation 2 biosensors have been successfully commercialized for ex vivo human glucose measurements, Pinnacle has not pursued generation 2 designs for invasive use as the mediators can be toxic and prone to leaching in vivo. A proposed benefit of generation 2 biosensors is that the relatively low oxidation potential required, typically 0.3 V eliminates the contribution of potential interferents. However, the figure to the right shows that interference from ascorbate is reduced, but not eliminated, at 0.3 V, and the contribution of other common in vivo species (dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) are not reduced by any appreciable amount. Pinnacle has had considerable success in prototyping generation 3 biosensors but, to date, we have not produced a commercial version as robust as our generation 1 design.

Cha

nge

in C

urre

nt (n

A)

2

0

0.5

1

1.5

1 μMDopamine

250 μMAscorbate

1 μMNorepinephrine

1 μMSerotonin

Average 0.6 V Signal

Average 0.3 V Signal

Sensor response to electroactive compounds at 0.6 and 0.3 V. Biosensors (n=3/group) were intentionally designed with a membrane permeable to electroactive substances.

3

BIOSENSOR FAQ

Biosensor SpecificsWhat is the weight of Pinnacle’s biosensors?

The weight of Pinnacle’s biosensors varies based on the sensor’s cannula headpiece. Averages are shown below:7001 (no cannula headpiece): 0.194 ± 0.003 g 7007 (Rat friction fit, wireless): 0.318 g7002 (BASi for rats, wireless): 0.384 ± 0.004 g 7011 (BASi for rats, tethered): 0.363 ± 0.008 g7004 (BASi for mice): 0.298 ± 0.006 g 7012 (Rat friction fit, tethered): 0.284 g7005 (Pinnacle for rats): 0.239 ± 0.010 g

What is the response time of Pinnacle biosensors?The 10-90% response time is less than four seconds for Pinnacle biosensors.

Do Pinnacle biosensors react to glutamine?Pinnacle’s biosensors do not react to glutamine and other electroactive interferences. Pinnacle’s glutamate biosensor shows no change when exposed to a 40 µM bolus of glutamine. This change in glutamine would not be observable in vivo. See the graph to the right.

How does temperature affect Pinnacle biosensors? The activity near 37°C of a bound enzyme used to fabricate a biosensor with respect to a small change in temperature is negligible. This is also true for the other components of our biosensors. The predictive value of the biosensor measurement remains unchanged.

Cha

nge

in C

urre

nt (n

A)

Time (s)0 8020 40 60

4

2

0

6

8

10

12

10 μMGlutamate

10 μMGlutamate40 μM

Glutamine

Glutamine Interference Response

In Vivo UsageHow long can I leave a biosensor implanted in vivo?

Recommended in vivo use times for Pinnacle biosensors:Glutamate: 36 hours Ethanol: 6-8 hoursGlucose: 96+ hours Choline: 24 hoursLactate: 96+ hours

Is there an equilibration period after a sensor has been implanted in vivo?

Yes. A standard run-in time for a Pinnacle biosensor is three to four hours after implantation.

How are biosensor data interpreted? In vivo current recordings may be transformed into changes in analyte concentration. In general, Pinnacle recommends using an event or physiological marker as a point of reference. Data interpretation is experiment-dependent. Pinnacle representatives are available for consultation. See graph to the right.

Cha

nge

in [E

than

ol] (

mM

)

Time (min)

1 g/kg EtOH

240

20

15

10

5

0

-50 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Transformed in vivo data from two alcohol biosensors implanted contralaterally in the mPFC of a Wistar rat. An ethanol bolus (1 g/kg) was delivered to all subjects at the 60-minute mark. Inset: The raw, untransformed data as acquired through Pinnacle’s acquisition software.

4

BIOSENSOR FAQ

How long should it take to insert/remove a Pinnacle biosensor into/from an implanted guide cannula?Great care should be taken when handling biosensors. This is especially true during implant and explant. Pinnacle recommends using a 10-second rule when implanting and explanting a biosensor in vivo. In other words, it should take 10 seconds to lower the biosensor into position and vice versa for explanting a biosensor. In addition, care should be taken to ensure that the biosensor does not undergo any rotation as it is inserted or removed.

Can I insert a new biosensor into a guide cannula from which a biosensor has been previously explanted?Pinnacle does not recommend this procedure.

Can I implant more than one biosensor into the same animal?Yes, Pinnacle offers solutions for implanting and wirelessly recording two or three biosensors simultaneously in rats. Two biosensors can be simultaneously recorded in tethered mice and rats. In addition, biopotential data can be measured in conjunction with neurochemical activity using the tethered systems.

How much damage does a Pinnacle biosensor cause upon implantation?The damage caused by Pinnacle’s 180 μm biosensors is on par with that of a microdialysis probe of similar size. Our 80 μm biosensors cause considerably less damage than a standard microdialysis probe. Damage can be mitigated by careful implantation and explantation of the biosensor. The predictive value of the biosensor measurement remains unchanged.

Do I need a null sensor?No, our biosensors are designed to only measure the analyte of interest. However, if you need to verify that all the compounds you are not interested in are not being measured, a null sensor is available. However, please remember that no two sensors are identical. Typical results using a null sensor are shown to the right.

If the analytes in question can be derived from both neuronal and glial sources, can Pinnacle biosensors be used to distinguish the source?

Pinnacle biosensors typically measure both neuronal and glial contributions to the extracellular space. In principle, experimental models may be employed (e.g., pharmacological interventions, gene knockouts, SiRNAs) to disable specific pathways.

Can I measure basal level? No, Pinnacle biosensors are designed to measure changes in analyte concentration, not absolute values. While the absolute concentration of an analyte may be important in some experimental paradigms, the vast majority of predictive models are based on the change in analyte concentration as the function of an event.

Top: Response over 12 hours of glucose and glucose-null sensors implanted contralaterally in the PFC of a C57BL6 mouse.

Bottom: Response over 12 hours of lactate and lactate-null sensors implanted contralaterally in the PFC of a C57BL6 mouse.

Con

cent

ratio

n C

hang

e (n

A)

Hours

Glucose

Lactate

Lactate Null

Glucose Null-2.0

-1.0

0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

-5.0

-4.0-3.0

0 6 12

-2.0

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0

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-5.0

-4.0-3.0

5

BIOSENSOR FAQ

End of Guide Cannula with Inserted Biosensor

Guide Cannula Shaft: 0.65 mm

Sensing Cavity: 1 mm

~1.3 mm from end of guide shaft to midpoint of sensing cavity

3.2 mm

10 mm

6 mm2.5 mm

Pinnacle’s 7007 rat biosensor and 7034 BASi guide cannula system: ~1.3 mm

Pinnacle’s 7005 rat biosensor and 7041 tri-barrel guide cannula system: ~1.8 mm

End of Guide Cannula with Inserted Biosensor

Guide Cannula Shaft: 1.4 mm

Sensing Cavity: 1 mm

1.8 mm from end of guide shaft to midpoint of sensing cavity

7.5 mm

11 mm

20 mm

Pinnacle’s 7005 rat biosensor and 7040 single-barrel guide cannula system: ~2 mm

End of Guide Cannula with Inserted Biosensor

Guide Cannula Shaft: 0.7 mm

Sensing Cavity: 1 mm

2 mm from end of guide shaft to midpoint of sensing cavity

5.3 mm

10.5 mm

20 mm

End of Guide Cannula with Inserted Biosensor

Guide Cannula Shaft: 0.65 mm

Sensing Cavity: 1 mm

~1.3 mm from end of guide shaft to midpoint of sensing cavity

3.2 mm

5 mm

6 mm

2.5 mm End of Guide Cannula with Inserted Biosensor

Guide Cannula Shaft: 0.7 mm

Sensing Cavity: 1 mm

2.5 mm from end of guide shaft to midpoint of sensing cavity

4.6 mm

10 mm

19.5 mm

O Ring

Pinnacle’s 7004 mouse biosensor and 7032 BASi guide cannula system: ~1.3 mm

Pinnacle’s 7002 rat biosensor and 7030 BASi guide cannula system: 2.5 mm

Are Pinnacle biosensors compatible with the use of a guide cannula?Pinnacle manufactures standard biosensor electrodes that are compatible with two guide cannula types: BASi cannulas for rats and smaller BASi cannulas for mice.

How far does the biosensor extend from the guide cannula?

Guide Cannulas

6

BIOSENSOR FAQ

How far does the oxygen sensor extend from the guide cannula?

Integrated Ag/AgClReference Electrode350 µm

Overall Diameter~250 µm

Pt Disc Electrode180 µm Diameter

Tip of Sensor

Epoxy Seal

Pt D

isc

Elec

trode

Seal

ed in

Epo

xy

End of Guide Cannulawith Inserted Oxygen Sensor

Guide Cannula Shaft: 0.65 mm

Exposed disc electrode

~1.3 mm from end of guide shaft to midpoint of sensing cavity

3.2 mm

5 mm

6 mm

2.5 mm

Sealed in epoxy

End of Guide Cannulawith Inserted Oxygen Sensor

Guide Cannula Shaft: 0.7 mm

Exposed disc electrode

2.5 mm from end of guide shaft to midpoint of sensing cavity

10 mm

O Ring

19.5 mm

4.6 mm

Sealed in epoxy

What is the diameter of an oxygen sensor?

Pinnacle’s 7004 mouse oxygen sensor and 7032 BASi guide cannula system: ~1.3 mm

Pinnacle’s 7002 rat oxygen sensor and 7030 BASi guide cannula system: 2.5 mm

7

BIOSENSOR FAQ

Are Pinnacle biosensors linear, at normal in vivo oxygenation levels, over a physiologically relevant range?Yes. See graphs below.

BH47: R2 = 0.9997BH50: R2 = 0.9993

Glutamate (μM)

Cur

rent

(nA

)

8

0

2

4

6

10

12

20

18

16

14

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Glutamate Biosensor LinearityAI60: R2 = 0.9997AR72: R2 = 0.9989

Glucose (μM)C

urre

nt (n

A)

0

10

20

30

40

60

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Glucose Biosensor Linearity

R85: R2 = 0.999

R87: R2 = 0.9979

Lactate (mM)

Cur

rent

(nA

)

0

25

50

75

100

125Lactate Biosensor Linearity

0 2 3 4 51

R2 = 0.9977

Ethanol (mM)

Cur

rent

(nA

)

4

0

1

2

3

5

6

8

7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Ethanol Biosensor Linearity

BI26: R2 = 0.9972BI28: R2 = 0.9994

Choline (μM)

Cur

rent

(nA

)

0

5

10

15

20

25Choline Biosensor Linearity

0 10 15 20 255

Performance Characteristics

8

BIOSENSOR FAQ

Are Pinnacle biosensors selective for the analyte of interest?Yes. See graphs below.

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Oxi

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Time (s)0 800100 200 300 400 500 600 700

10 μMGlutamate

10 μMGlutamate

250 μMAscorbate

2 μML-Glutamine

2 μML-Tyrosine

2 μMTryptophan

1 μMDA

1 μMNE

10 μMGlutamate

10 μMGlutamate

2 μML-Aspartic Acid

2 μML-Glutathione

2 μML-Cysteine

1 μMGABA

1 μM5-HT

Glutamate Interference Response

20

0

5

10

15

25

30

Oxi

datio

n C

urre

nt (n

A)

Time (s)0 800100 200 300 400 500 600 700

1 mMGlucose

1 mMGlucose

250 μMAscorbate

2 μML-Glutamine

2 μML-Tyrosine

2 μMTryptophan

1 μMDA

1 μMNE

1 mMGlucose

1 mMGlucose

2 μML-Aspartic Acid

2 μML-Glutathione

2 μML-Cysteine

1 μMGABA

1 μM5-HT

Glucose Interference Response

900

Oxi

datio

n C

urre

nt (n

A)

Time (s)0 800100 200 300 400 500 600 700

0.25 mMLactate

0.25 mMLactate 250 μM

Ascorbate

2 μML-Glutamine

2 μML-Tyrosine

2 μMTryptophan

1 μMDA

1 μMNE

0.25 mMLactate

0.25 mMLactate

2 μML-Aspartic Acid

2 μML-Glutathione

2 μML-Cysteine

1 μMGABA

1 μM5-HT

Lactate Interference Response

20

0

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15

25

30

50

45

40

35

Oxi

datio

n C

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nt (n

A)

Time (s)0 100 200 300 400 500 600

1 mMEtOH

0.1 mMGlucose

250 μMAscorbate

1 μMDA

1 μMNE

1 mMEtOH0.1 mM

Lactate

1 μMGABA

1 μM5-HT

Ethanol Interference Response

8

0

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4

6

10

12

20

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14 5 μMGlutamate

0

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4

6

8

10

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14

Oxi

datio

n C

urre

nt (n

A)

Time (s)0 100 200 300 400 500 600

10 μMCholine

10 μMCholine

250 μMAscorbate

2 μML-Glutamine

2 μMTryptophan

1 μMUric Acid

2 μMAspartic Acid2 μM

L-Glutathione

1 μMGABA

Choline Interference Response2 μM

Aspartic Acid

1 μMDopamine

9

BIOSENSOR FAQ

What are the limits of detection (LODs) for Pinnacle biosensors?

Glutamate Glucose Lactate Ethanol Choline

180 μm 0.02 - 0.08 μM 1.3 - 4 μM 0.2 - 0.6 μM 0.1 - 0.5 μM 0.08 - 0.15 μM

80 μm 0.06 - 0.3 μM 1.9 - 15.2 μM 1.4 - 3.5 μM N/A N/A

LODs were calculated as the concentration of analyte that produces a biosensor response that is three times the standard deviation of the biosensor background signal. All calculations of LOD are based on measurements taken with analyte already in the system (Glutamate: 3 μM, Glucose: 276 μM, Lactate: 18 μM). The standard deviation of the background signal was calculated from a 30 second sample immediately preceding analyte addition. See graphs below for the LOD based on average standard deviation.

180 μm Glutamate Biosensor LOD Based on 3 μM SD

Glutamate Sensor Sensitivity (nA/10 μM Glutamate)

Lim

it of

Det

ectio

n (μ

M)

0.18

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Glutamate Sensor Sensitivity (nA/10 μM Glutamate)

Lim

it of

Det

ectio

n (μ

M)

0.7

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

80 μm Glutamate Biosensor LOD Based on 3 μM SD

Glucose Sensor Sensitivity (nA/1 mM Glucose)

Lim

it of

Det

ectio

n (μ

M)

0 5 10 15 20 25

180 μm Glucose Biosensor LOD Based on 18 μM SD

7

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9

Glucose Sensor Sensitivity (nA/1 mM Glucose)

Lim

it of

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ectio

n (μ

M)

0 5 10 15 20 25

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

80 μm Glucose Biosensor LOD Based on 276 μM SD

180 μm Lactate Biosensor LOD Based on 18 μM SD

Lactate Sensor Sensitivity (nA/100 μM Lactate)

Lim

it of

Det

ectio

n (μ

M)

3

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3.5

0 5 10 15 20 25

80 μm Lactate Biosensor LOD Based on 18 μM SD

Lactate Sensor Sensitivity (nA/100 μM Lactate)

Lim

it of

Det

ectio

n (μ

M)

0 5 10 15 20 25

7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

10

9

10

BIOSENSOR FAQ

Do I need to pre-calibrate the sensors?Pinnacle performs pre-calibration performance tests on all biosensors. However, we recommend that you perform a pre-calibration test of the biosensor immediately before in vivo implantation, which will confirm that the sensor is sensitive to and selective for the analyte of interest within warrantied ranges.

What is the proper procedure for sensor calibration?Pinnacle’s recommended protocol for calibrating glutamate, glucose, lactate, ethanol and choline biosensors is outlined in our 2-Channel Wireless Biosensor System, 3-Channel Wireless Biosensor System and 4-Channel EEG/EMG/Biosensor manuals. Contact a Pinnacle representative for additional information.

How long should a standard calibration take?The biosensor should stabilize in approximately 10 minutes and the entire calibration should take no more than 30 minutes. Leaving a Pinnacle biosensor submerged in buffer (i.e., calibration setup) for longer than 30 minutes is not recommended.

Why do I test for ascorbate during calibration?Testing for ascorbate, one of the most predominant interfering compounds present in the brain, ensures the selectivity profile of the biosensor is intact.

Why do I sometimes see a gradual increase in ascorbate during pre-calibration?This is an in vitro phenomenon. The calibration setting is purposefully designed to test the biosensor performance well-above the worst-case in vivo ascorbate levels. Pinnacle biosensors provide superior exclusion of ascorbate in vivo as demonstrated by the null data on page 4. The predictive value of the biosensor measurement remains unchanged.

How do I transform in vivo current measurements into changes in analyte concentration? Pinnacle provides a standard post-calibration protocol for all biosensors. This post-calibration yields a transformation value that converts changes in current to changes in concentration.

What do I do if I see ascorbate in my post-calibration?In our experience, post-calibration readings of ascorbate are caused by damage during explantation. How to best resolve this situation should be determined by the individual researcher and may be paradigm-dependent. However, if the data are in line with previous results, including statistical significance, the data may be used as part of a large study.

Calibration of Biosensors

What type of reference electrode does a Pinnacle biosensor use?Each Pinnacle enzymatic biosensor is manufactured with an integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Pinnacle’s carbon fiber electrodes use an Ag/AgCl reference electrode that is implanted separately from the working electrode.

How many electrodes do Pinnacle biosensors employ?Pinnacle biosensors are manufactured as a single probe that includes an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a Pt-Ir working electrode.

Why isn’t a three-electrode setup used?Pinnacle’s highly resistive biosensors measure very low currents (nA). These currents are small enough to render insignificant both voltage drops in solution and Ag/AgCl degradation over the time periods normally encountered in biosensor measurements.

Does the reference electrode degrade as a function of time?No. We have performed long-term, continuous testing of the reference electrode and have shown that there is no performance degradation after thirty days of continuous use.

Reference Electrodes

11

BIOSENSOR FAQ

Associated Hardware

How much does the Rat Hat weigh?The Rat Hat, 2-channel potentiostat, biosensor and battery weigh a total of 11.8 grams.

What is the transmission radius of the wireless system for rats?The transmission radius of Pinnacle’s wireless system is approximately 6 meters.

How many Rat Hats can I have in one room?Pinnacle’s 8172 Bluetooth® potentiostat system enables simultaneous recording from an essentially unlimited number of animals.

What is the battery life of the long-term battery (9031) when used in Bluetooth® potentiostats?

Battery life is estimated at greater than 10 days when used continuously in our Bluetooth® potentiostat systems. See recommended in vivo times for biosensors (page 3) before conducting long-term experiments.

Biosensor CareWhat happens if a biosensor is damaged during shipment and/or fails pre-calibration?

In rare cases, a biosensor may be damaged during shipment or may fail pre-calibration. If this occurs during the item’s warranty period, contact Pinnacle immediately to receive a replacement biosensor.

What is the warranty period for Pinnacle biosensors?Pinnacle warranties glutamate, glucose, lactate and choline sensors to pre-calibration for 21 days from date of shipment. Each sensor has a different warrantied sensitivity range. Currently, the ethanol biosensor is not covered under warranty. Pre-calibrations should be performed as described in the Pinnacle biosensor manual. For all warrantied Pinnacle biosensors (glutamate, glucose and lactate) the immediate change in current due to a 250 μM addition of ascorbic acid shall not exceed 1.0 nA. Contact a Pinnacle representative for additional information.

What is the shelf life of Pinnacle biosensors?For best results, Pinnacle’s glutamate, glucose, lactate and choline sensors should be used within 21 days of shipment. Ethanol biosensors are manufactured on demand for immediate use upon receipt.

What is the proper way to store Pinnacle biosensors?Pinnacle biosensors should be stored in their original shipping containers at approximately 72°F or 20°C. DO NOT REFRIGERATE, DESICCATE OR STORE IN BUFFER.

Wireless Systems

What types of electronics are available to use with Pinnacle’s biosensors?Pinnacle offers a variety of hardware depending upon the use. There is a wireless system for rats and tethered systems for mice or rats. In addition, a desktop potentiostat can be used for in vitro and with anesthetized animals.

12

BIOSENSOR FAQ

Desktop Potentiostat

Tethered SystemsHow many biosensors can I use at one time with the tethered system?

You can use up to two biosensors for both mice and rats.

Can I use more than one animal per cage with the tethered system?No, the tethered system is designed to record from single-housed animals only.

Are there any differences in the implant procedure with the tethered system?The cannula implant procedure for sensor placement is the same. However, the system also requires placement of a small header unit to secure the tether.

What hardware is ideal for in vitro, ex vivo or anesthetized experiments?Pinnacle’s desktop potentiostat is a laboratory grade, four-channel, fixed-potential potentiostat that provides an easy-to-use, highly accurate system for the development and use of amperometric sensors and sensor arrays. This system is well-suited for anesthetized animal experiments, brain slices and in vitro studies.

Can Pinnacle biosensors by used with third-party potentiostats?Yes.