Frequency Planning Guide

8/13/2019 Frequency Planning Guide

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Frequency Hopping Network Implementation and Planning

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(re)uency *opping Ne+ork P,anning -uide

HISTORY

Version ae Auhor Commens

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0.0.2 24 ep 1!!" #$y odiicaions5 he +ho,e documen resrucured Chaper 2.35PC and 6 gains

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Added5 *isory Chaper 2.1.&Chaper3.&Chaper 3.!.1Chaper3.!.&Chaper

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1.0.0 23 Oc 1!!" #$y he irs acceped version

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CONTENTS

! INTRO"#CTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$

1.1 -


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&.3.2 #re!ency 'llocation Re!se R# #H only5.............................................................................2+

:.4 =OAONN9=99N-($AC9ONA==OA9N-%$( (* ON=?'......................................2"

&.".1 #re!ency 0oad.......................................................................................................................2/

&.".2 Hard Bloc-ing 0oad................................................................................................................2/

&.".3 #ractional 0oad.......................................................................................................................38

:.: $>NB9N-


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! INTRO"#CTION

he purpose o his documen is o eDp,ain he heory behind he re)uency hopping %(*' ho+ he re)uency hopping is imp,emened in NokiaEs

ne+ork e,emens ho+ o choose he righ re)uency hopping sraegy parameers re,aed o (* re)uency a,,ocaion procedure ho+ o ana,yse he

)ua,iy o he ne+ork and he opimisaion process. A,so some pracica, p,anning eDamp,es are presened.

(re)uency hopping is one o he sandardised capaciy enhancemen eaures in - sysem. 9 oers a signiican capaciy gain +ihou any cos,yinrasrucure re)uiremens. 9 is a,so compaib,e +ih a,, he eDising - mobi,e phones since he re)uency hopping suppor has been re)uired by

he - speciicaions rom he beginning. (re)uency hopping can co;eDis +ih mos o he oher capaciy enhancemen eaures and in many cases isigniican,y booss he eec o hose eaures. A,, hese acors make re)uency hopping a very emping capaciy enhancemen so,uion.

(igure 1;1. o,uions o enhance ne+ork capaciy.

! *eneral "e4cription o5 Frequency Hopping

(re)uency hopping can be brie,y deined as a se)uenia, change o carrier re)uency on he radio ,ink be+een he mobi,e and he base saion.

9n - one carrier re)uency is divided ino eigh ime s,os.


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assigned ime s,o.


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$re/uenc0

Tie

$1

$2

$3

Call i# tran#itted through #everalfre/uencie# in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

(igure 1;2. @asic unciona,iy o re)uency hopping.

!% Frequency Hopping (ode4

he re)uiremen ha he 6CCH TR7 mu4t tran4mit continuou4lyin a,, he ime s,os ses sric ,imiaions on ho+ he re)uency hopping can berea,ised in a ce,,. he curren so,uions areBase*and #re!ency Hopping%@@ (*' and Synthesised #re!ency Hopping%$( (*'.

9n t8e 9a4e9and 5requency 8oppinghe $6s operae a iDed re)uencies. (re)uency hopping is generaed by s+iching consecuive burss in eachime s,o hrough dieren $6s according o he assigned hopping se)uence. he number o re)uencies o hop over is deermined by he number o

$6s. @ecause he irs ime s,o o he @CC* $6 is no a,,o+ed o hop i mus be eDc,uded rom he hopping se)uence. his ,eads o hree dieren

hopping groups. he irs group doesnE hop and i inc,udes on,y he @CC* ime s,o. he second group consiss o he irs ime s,os o he non;@CC*

$6s. he hird group inc,udes ime s,os one hrough seven rom every $6. his is i,,usraed in(igure 1 ;3.

6

RTS' : % + / $ 1 2

TR7;

TR7;%

TR7;+

TR7;/

1 6G @CC* imes,o. 9 does no hop.

2

3

4

ime s,o 0 o $6;2;3;4 hop over 234.

ime s,os 1...7 o a,, $6s

hop over %1234'.

Figure ;+!@aseband hopping %@@ (*'.

9n he 4ynt8e4i4ed 5requency 8oppinga,, he $6s eDcep he @CC* $6 change heir re)uency or every A rame according o he hopping

se)uence. hus he @CC* $6 doesnE hop. he number o re)uencies o hop over is ,imied o &3 +hich is he maDimum number o re)uencies in

he)o*ile 'llocation%A' ,is covered in ecion1.4.ynhesised hopping is i,,usraed in(igure 1 ;4.

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*N2

*N1


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BTRX-1

Non-BCCH TRXs are hopping overthe MA-list (f1,f2,f3,...,fn atta!he" to the !ell.

TRX-2

B#BCCH ti$eslot. TRX "oes not hop.

f1,f2,f3,fn

f1,f2,

f3,fn

. . . .

Figure ;/!ynhesised hopping %$( (*'.

he bigges ,imiaion in baseband hopping is ha he number o he hopping re)uencies is he same as he number o $6s. 9n synhesised hopping

he number o he hopping re)uencies can be anyhing be+een he number o hopping $6s and &3. *o+ever in synhesised hopping he @CC* $6

is ,e comp,ee,y ou o he hopping se)uence. he dierences be+een @@ and $( hopping are urher i,,usraed in(igure 1 ;:.

)SC

BB-$+ $1%4 BCC+'

$2

$3

(ig. "$

T"*-3

T"*-1

"$-$+

$15 $25$3

(ig. "$

T"*-1

T"*-2

BSCTCS)

BCC+

$re/uenc0

Tie

$1$2$3

)S doe# not #eean0 difference

BB-FH is feasible with large configurationsRF-FH is viable with smaller configurations

(igure 1;:. he dierence be+een @@ and $( (*.

!+ Cell &llocation

he Cell 'llocation%CA' is a ,is o a,, he re)uencies a,,ocaed o a ce,,. he CA is ransmied regu,ar,y on he @CC*. >sua,,y i is a,so inc,uded inhe signa,ing messages ha command he mobi,e o sar using a re)uency hopping ,ogica, channe,. he ce,, a,,ocaion may be dieren or each ce,,.

9n - !00 he CA ,is may inc,ude a,, he 124 avai,ab,e re)uencies H- 04.0"I. *o+ever he pracica, ,imi is &4 since he A;,is can on,y poin

o &4 re)uencies ha are inc,uded in he CA ,is as presened in he neD secion. he on,y signa,ing mehod a,,o+ed in he - !00 sysems o

ransmi he CA ,is is he Jbi map 0K mehod presened inab,e 1.

ab,e 1. he signa,,ing mehod or ransmiing he CA ,is in - !00 sysem.

C& 4ignaling met8od 'owe4t

&RFCN

(a

5requencie4 in t8e C& li4t

9it map : 0 124 124L

L Pracica, ,imi is &4 because he A;,is can on,y poin o &4 re)uencies.

9n - 1"00 and - 1!00 sysems he re)uency band is so ,arge ha he CA ,is canno inc,ude a,, he re)uencies avai,ab,e in a sysem. 9n hesesysems he Jbi map 0K mehod is no avai,ab,e bu ive oher mehods can be used HC 04.0"I H#; 7I.


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ab,e 2. ieren signa,,ing mehods or ransmiing he CA ,is in - 1"00/1!00.

C& 4ignaling met8od 'owe4t

&RFCN

(a

5requencie4 in t8e C& li4t

:%/ range 0 1024 1& %17 i A$(CN 0 is inc,uded in he CA ,is'

$% range se,ecab,e :12 1"

%$1 range se,ecab,e 2:& 22%. range se,ecab,e 12" 2!

=aria9le 9it map se,ecab,e 112 112L

L Pracica, ,imi is &4 because he A;,is can on,y poin o &4 re)uencies.

!/ (o9ile &llocation

he A is a ,is o hopping re)uencies ransmied o a mobi,e every ime i is assigned o a hopping physica, channe,. he A;,is is a subse o he

CA ,is. he A;,is is auomaica,,y generaed i he baseband hopping is used. 9 he ne+ork ui,ises he $( hopping he A;,iss have o begeneraed or each ce,, by he ne+ork p,anner. he A;,is is ab,e o poin o &4 o he re)uencies deined in he CA ,is. *o+ever he @CC*

re)uency is a,so inc,uded in he CA ,is so he pracica, maDimum number o re)uencies in he A;,is is &3. he re)uencies in he A;,is are

re)uired o be in increasing order because o he ype o signa,ing used o ranser he A;,is.

!$ Hopping Sequence Num9er

heHopping Se!ence 7!m*er%*N' indicaes +hich hopping se)uence o he &4 avai,ab,e is se,eced. he hopping se)uence deermines he order in

+hich he re)uencies in he A;,is are o be used. he *Ns 1 ; &3 are pseudo random se)uences used in he random hopping +hi,e he *N 0 is

reserved or a se)uenia, se)uence used in he cyc,ic hopping. he hopping se)uence a,gorihm akes *N and (N as an inpu and he oupu o hehopping se)uence generaion is a )o*ile 'llocation Inde%A9' +hich is a number ranging rom 0 o he number o re)uencies in he A;,is

subraced by one. he *N is a ce,, speciic parameer. (or he baseband hopping +o *Ns eDiss. he Mero ime s,os in a @@ hopping ce,, use he

*N1 and he res o he ime s,os o,,o+ he *N2 as presened in (igure 1 ;3. A,, he ime s,os in $( hopping ce,, o,,o+ he *N1 as presened in

(igure 1 ;4.

!1 (o9ile &llocation Inde< O554et

hen here is more han one $6 in he @ using he same A;,is he )o*ile 'llocation Inde :ffset%A9O' is used o ensure ha each $6 uses

a,+ays an uni)ue re)uency.


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!2 (&IO Step

he A9Osepis a Nokia speciic parameer used in he A9O a,,ocaion o he $6s. he A9O or he irs hopping $6s in each ce,, is deined by

he ce,, speciic A9Ooseparameer. A9Os or he oher hopping $6s are assigned by adding he A9O sepo he A9O o he previous hopping

$6 as presened in


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%! THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*

(re)uency hopping is a po+eru, counermeasure in order o overcome he harmu, eecs inroduced by he propagaion channe, and inererence. he

)ua,iy gain achieved by emp,oying re)uency hopping can be raded or capaciy gain by ighening he re)uency reuse in he ne+ork.

%! Frequency "i=er4ity

he as ading is a signiican prob,em especia,,y in he do+n,ink direcion since he mobi,es do no emp,oy anenna diversiy +hich is common,y used

in base saions. (,ucuaions o he received signa, srengh are especia,,y harmu, or he 4low mo=ing mo9ile4because hey end o say in a ading

dip much ,onger han he aser moving mobi,es. (re)uency hopping causes he consecuive burss o be ransmied on dieren re)uencies. 9 he

separaion be+een hese re)uencies is suicien he ading characerisics o hese re)uencies are dieren.

(or he 5a4t mo=ing mo9ile4 he consecuive burss have dieren ading characerisics even +ihou re)uency hopping because he spaia,

movemen be+een he consecuive burss is signiican and he ,ocaions o he ading dips are re,aive,y consan in mos environmens. hus he

re)uency diversiy gain or he as moving mobi,es is no signiican.

2.1.1 Coherence Bandwidth

Coherence band+idh represens a band+idh ha is re)uired be+een +o re)uencies in order o ensure ha heir ading characerisics are dierenenough o provide proper,y uncorre,aed amp,iudes and phases. he coherence band+idh depends srong,y on he mean de,ay spread o he

environmen.

@ecause o he mu,ipah scaering he ransmied impu,se signa, spreads in ime domain beore i is received. A ypica, signa, de,ay enve,ope o aransmied impu,se is presened in(igure 2 ;". he parameers as deined in H=ee"2I are

d tE t dt m =

% '0

%2.1'

2 2

0

2=

t E t dt d m% ' %2.2'

+here5

dmG mean eDcess de,ay ime

tG eDcess de,ay ime

E 5G signa, po+er densiy

G de,ay spread

.

. dB

d$ean delay time

telay time

owerdensity

%(t)

elay spread

(igure 2;". ypica, de,ay enve,ope.

he de,ay spread is hus deined as he sandard deviaion o he mean de,ay ime. he measuremens indicae ha he de,ay spread is high,y dependen

on he environmen. ypica, va,ues are presened inab,e 3 H=ee"!I.

ab,e 3. ean de,ay spreads

'ype of environment elay spread 3 s

!pen area 4 .5,

6uburban area .57

#rban area /

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he coherence band+idh is oen deined as he re)uency separaion ha yie,ds an auocorre,aion coeicien va,ue o 0.: or ,ess HPen!:I. 9 hepropagaion environmen is a,so ime dependen he ime separaion o signa,s has o be aken ino accoun. he auocorre,aion coeicien based on he

re)uency and ime separaion can be +rien as o,,o+s H=ee"2I

r

< v% '

% '

% '

=

+

0

2

2 21

% 2.3 '

+here

acent c8annelhaving 4eparationo %:: kH?appears o be

ade)uae,y uncorre,aed and in he 4u9ur9an en=ironment he channe, separaion o /:: kH? is ade)uae. 9n open en=ironment4 he channe,separaion shou,d be a ,eas .:: kH?corresponding o our - carriers.

.5.

.5*

.5,

.5/

.50

.57

.51

.5

.52

.58

*5.

.

*..

,..

/..

0..

7..

1..

-..

2..

8..

*...

**..

*,..

*/..

*0..

*7..

fre/uenc0 #pacing %k+!'

autocorrelationcoefficient

.5,

.57

*

,

/

delay

spread ( s)

(igure 2;!. he auocorre,aion coeicien as a uncion o carrier spacing.

2.1.2 Effect of Interleaving

9n - he speech rame is ransmied over eigh consecuive burss. he as ading causes bursy bi errors ha degrade he eiciency o he

convo,uiona, coding. he iner,eaving is designed o spread hese errors over ,onger ime. *o+ever he decoding perormance is no signiican,y

improved i consecuive burss are eDposed o he simi,ar radio channe,. 9 he mobi,e moves as enough he ading o successive burss is uncorre,aed

due o spaia, movemen. (re)uency hopping causes consecuive burss o be ransmied on dieren re)uencies. 9 hese re)uencies have suicienseparaion he ading o successive burss is uncorre,aed as presened in ecion 2.1.1. ince he iner,eaving deph is eigh he re)uency diversiy gain

o cyc,ic hopping doesnE signiican,y improve i more han eigh re)uencies are used in a hopping se)uence.

9n data call4@ t8e interlea=ing lengt8 i4 3. hereore he gain or daa ca,,s compared o speech ca,,s migh be bigger +hen more han " re)uenciesare used in a hopping se)uence.

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he 4ignalling c8annel4 8a=e an interlea=ing dept8 o5 5our. he re)uency diversiy gain or he signa,,ing channe,s is hus sma,,er.

2.1.3 Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Se!ences

@oh cyc,ic and random hopping modes are avai,ab,e in -.

9n he cyclicmode he re)uencies are changed se)uenia,,y rom he ,o+es re)uency o he highes as deined in he A;,is.

9n randommode he re)uency o be used or each burs is se,eced rom he A;,is by a predeined pseudo random se)uence. his means hahe same re)uency may be used or a coup,e o consecuive burss and he re)uencies are no used even,y in a shor ime sca,e.

hus he optimum 5requency di=er4ity gainis possib,e o achieve on,y i he cyclic 8oppingis used. As he number o re)uencies becomes ,arger hedierence be+een he cyc,ic and he random mode becomes sma,,.

2.1." Sim!lated #re!ency $iversity %ains

.

*

,

/

0

7

1

2

8

*.

&o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite

Nu;er of carrier#

E;&N6%dB'

F:;' /

F%R < /=

'#/F%R < /=

F:;'/RB%R"l *b < .3/=

'#/

RB%R"l *b < .3/=

(igure 2;10. (re)uency diversiy gain o re)uency hopping ,ink agains herma, noise compared o a non;hopping ,ink.

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.

*

,

/

0

7

1

2

8

&o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite

Nu;er of carrier#

C&Ic%dB'

F:;' /F%R < /=

F:;'/RB%R"l *b < .3,=

'#/F%R < /=

'#/RB%R"l *b < .3,=

(igure 2;11. (re)uency diversiy gain o re)uency hopping ,ink agains co;channe, inererence compared o a non;hopping ,ink.

he simu,aions sho+ a very signiican gain or (=A3 channe, compared o he >3 channe,. his happens because he >3 channe, inc,udes severa,

propagaion pahs having saisica,,y independen ading condiions and i is hus providing pah diversiy ha he,ps o achieve he perormance argeseven in he non;hopping case. he resu,s o his simu,aion represen a bes possib,e case because he ading on he used re)uency channe,s is

assumed uncorre,aed and he cyc,ic hopping mode is used. 9n rea, ,ie he re)uencies are no necessari,y uncorre,aed as eDp,ained in ecion 2.1.1

and t8e random 8opping i4 u4ed to ma


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9n - he speed o Po+er Conro, %PC' is s,o+. hen moving as he PC canno o,,o+ anymore he s,o+ ading dips so eicien,y. hereore heas moving mobi,es migh ,oose in PC gain. A,so he *andover %*O' perormance may be degraded +ih high speed.

%!% Inter5erence "i=er4ity

9n a conveniona, non;8oppingne+ork each ca,, is ransmied on a sing,e iDed re)uency. his means ha he inererence siuaion in a ne+ork isa,so )uie sab,e. ome ca,,s may eDperience very ,i,e inererence and he oher ca,,s may be inerered severe,y. evere inererence can be avoided

by a handover bu he probabi,iy o inding an inererence ree channe, decreases as he ne+ork ,oad increases. 9n a non;hopping ne+ork heinererence ends o be coninuous so ha he same inererence source aecs severa, consecuive burss. 9 his inererence is srong enough i may

,ead o a corrupion o severa, consecuive burss. he error correcion measures used in - can no usua,,y o,erae severa, corruped burss in aspeech rame and hus hese rames are ,ike,y o be erased causing signiican deerioraion in speech )ua,iy.

9n random 8oppingne+ork he inererence sources vary rom burs o burs. hus he inererence ends o ge averaged over a,, he ca,,s in he

ne+ork. As a conse)uence he inererence aecing each ca,, in he ne+ork has a ,o+er sandard deviaion around is mean va,ue. his eec isi,,usraed in (igure 2 ;12.Anoher advanage o random re)uency hopping is ha he severe,y inerered burss occur random,y. @ecause o his he

probabi,iy o severa, consecuive corruped burss and erased rames decreases.

.

7

*.

*7

,.

,7

/.

"all * "all , "all /

AverageC&I%dB'

.

7

*.

*7

,.

,7

/.

"all * "all , "all /

AverageC&I%dB'

(igure 2;12. 9nererence averaging be+een users in a random re)uency hopping ne+ork.

9n order o use he avai,ab,e re)uency specrum eicien,y he re)uencies are reused in a ne+ork. he suicien disance be+een he ce,,s using he

same re)uency depends on he minimum C/9 raio o,eraed by he sysem he surrounding environmen and he ne+ork opo,ogy. 9n pracice he

minimum reuse or a non;hopping macro ce,,s is abou 12. his means ha he same re)uency may be used in every 12h ce,,. @ecause he inererence,eve,s or each user vary considerab,y a ,arge inererence margin has o be inc,uded o guaranee suicien )ua,iy or each user in he ne+ork.

hen he random re)uency hopping is emp,oyed he deviaion o inererence ,eve, is decreased as i,,usraed in (igure 2 ;12.his means ha t8e

inter5erence marginused in he re)uency p,anning can 9e reduceda,,o+ing he usage o igher re)uency reuse as i,,usraed in(igure 2 ;13.

Field strenght

6erving carrier

averagewea>estinterference

averagestrongestinterference

interferencemargin

worstinterference

FH with tighterfrequencyreuse

FH withimprovedquality

no FH

(igure 2;13. he gain o re)uency hopping.

*o+ big is he inererence diversiy gain is a subFec or a urher sudy.

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5+5

5%

5+

5%

5

5+

5%

5

5%

5+

5

&=e

$+No $+


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%!+ E55ect o5 Power Control and "T7

@oh he power control and t8e "T7are sandard - eaures +hich are de4igned to minimi4e t8e inter5ering tran4mi44ion+hen possib,e. hey

are boh mandaory eaures in he mobi,e ermina,s bu i is up o he ne+ork operaor o decide +heher o use hem or no. 6 prevens

unnecessary ransmissions +hen here is no need o ranser inormaion. Po+er conro, is used o opimise he ransmied signa, srengh so ha he

signa, srengh a he receiver is si,, ade)uae. he boh eaures can be indi=iduallyacivaed 5or uplink and downlink. Operaors have been +ide,yusing boh eaures in #' directionmain,y in order to ma


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1&1 reu#e 1> fre/#

.5.. =

75.. =

*.5.. =

*75.. =

,.5.. =

,75.. =

/.5.. =

/75.. =

0.5.. =

?. ?* ?, ?/ ?0 ?7 ?1 ?

R@? full

R@? sub

(igure 2;1:. he disribuion o norma, $68ua, and sub$68ua, va,ues in a re)uency hopping ne+ork.

he ,imiaions in he usage o = PC and 6 can be seen in Chapers3.!.1 and 3.!.2.

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+! NO,I&-S S#PPORT FOR FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* IN *S(

he suppor or re)uency hopping is a sandard eaure o Nokia Base Station S!*;System%@'. 9n his chaper he re)uency hopping suppor o

dieren base saion generaions and he @C are described. A,so he curren and upcoming re)uency hopping suppor o NokiaEs radio ne+ork

p,anning oo, NP/6 is presened.

+! 6SS 'e=el Implementation

9n - on,y he @ is responsib,e o he imp,emenaion o re)uency hopping. he 7etwor- S!*;System %N' inc,uding he )o*ile Switching

Centre%C' is no invo,ved in i. he :peration and )aintenance Centre %OC' is invo,ved in managing he (* re,aed parameers bu heirmanagemen in he OC doesnE dier rom any oher ce,, ,eve, parameer. he au, managemen in he OC o a re)uency hopping ne+ork is

idenica, o ha o a non;hopping ne+ork. he primary ne+ork e,emens in - are presened in(igure 3 ;1&.

(SC

(S

O(C

6SC

6TS

6TS

N//@//

A

interface

A;i#interface

(igure 3;1&. he primary ne+ork e,emens in -.

+!% T8e %nd *eneration 6a4e Station

he second generaion base saion 4upport4 only 9a4e9and 8opping. he main unciona, b,ocks in he second generaion @ considering re)uencyhopping are he#rame 9nits%(>' he#re!ency Hopping 9nit%(8*>' and he Carrier 9nits%C>' HNok!&I. he rame uni perorms a,, he conro,

and he baseband uncions or rames o up o " u,, rae or 1& ha, rae ,ogica, channe,s. . he hopping uni is common or he @ a,, he secors o a @ use he same (8*>. he F)H# can 9e duplicated 5orrelia9ilityorbecause o di=er4ity reception. 9 he diversiy is no used he oher (8*> acs as a ho redundancy +hich means ha i is auomaica,,y

aken ino operaion i he oher (8*> ai,s. hen diversiy recepion is used he oher (8*> is used or carrying he signa, rom he diversiyreceiver.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 1"/&"


19/68


(>1

(>2

(>3

(>12

C>1

C>2

C>3

C>12

(8

*>

(igure 3;17. (unciona, unis or re)uency hopping in 2nd generaion @.

he (8*> is capab,e o supporing a maDimum o 12 hopping groups a a ime. his is suicien as in hree secor coniguraion he number o

hopping groups used is nine %inc,uding he non;hopping Mero ime s,os on he @CC* carriers'. @oh random and cyc,ic hopping modes are suppored

bu no simu,aneous,y meaning ha a,, he secors under he same @ mus use eiher cyc,ic or random hopping se)uences. ih random hopping he

hopping se)uence numbers %1;&3' can be se,eced ree,y or each hopping group.

he iming o secors is derived rom a common c,ock uni so he dieren secors are rame; and bi;synchronised enab,ing he use o synchronous

handovers. Conse)uen,y he hopping se)uences are synchronised as +e,,. T8e com9iner4used in he 2nd generaion @s limit t8e minimumc8annel 4pacing to 1:: kH?

+!+ Talk Family 6a4e Station

he a,k ami,y base saions are capa9le o5 boh 9a4e9and 8opping and RF 8opping. @aseband hopping imp,emenaion is s,igh,y dieren

compared o he imp,emenaion on he 2nd generaion base saion. (unciona,iy inside one $6 is divided be+een burs ,eve, operaions % is a,so used bu he connecions are a,+ays made one;o;one. (or eDamp,e he is hen used or sending he $( channe, number rom he (*P o be used on he neD ime s,o. +o synhesiserbanks are used +hi,e one is in use he oher is being uned o he re)uency used in he neD ime s,o. e,ivery o channe, numbers rom (@> o

synhesisers is done by hard+are.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 1!/&"


20/68


$( hopping and @@ hopping canno be used simu,aneous,y. his means ha all t8e 4ector4 under t8e 4ame Base Station Control #!nctionA6CFB

mu4t u4e t8e 4ame 8opping met8od i any. *o+ever 4ome 4ector4 may 9e 8opping w8ile ot8er4 remain non;8opping . he used combiner ype

may a,so resric he possibi,iy o ui,ising $( hopping. 9 Remote &!ned Com,iners%$C' are used he RF 8opping cannot 9e u4ed. his is because

he $C is based on uneab,e caviies +hich canno be reuned dynamica,,y according o he used hopping se)uence. T8e minimum c8annel 4pacingw8en RTC i4 u4ed i4 1:: kH? . he oher combiner opion or he a,k ami,y base saions is he +ide band 'ntenna #ilter E!ipment%A(


21/68


BSS ?

BTS t0pe "ombiner type B"Fs

;ntennasAcell

(polarisation

diversity used) "ombiner type B"Fs

;ntennasAcell

(polarisation

diversity used)

2nd generation "TC %BB $+'

omni *. 'R+s * *

sectorised 000 'R+s * *

Talk fail0 "TC %BB $+' A$E %BB 9 "$ $+'

omni 1 'R+s * * 0 'R+s * *

sectorised 111 'R+s , * 000 'R+s * *

Prie Site Standard

%BB 9 "$ $+'

sectorised nCy 'R+s *) * *

BSS @ 2nd generation "TC %BB $+'

omni *. 'R+s * *



omni 1 'R+s * * *, 'R+s * /

sectorised 111 'R+s , * *,*,*, 'R+s / /

Prie Site Standard

%BB 9 "$ $+'


BSS 2nd generation "TC %BB $+'

omni *. 'R+s * *



omni *, 'R+s * * *, 'R+s * /

sectorised *,*,*, 'R+s , * *,*,*, 'R+s / /

Prie Site Standard

%BB 9 "$ $+'


1' he amoun o secors is no ,imied even each $6 can be a secor o is o+n. aD. 1& $6s per @C( are a,,o+ed. hey can be ree,y divided inosecors o dieren siMes. On,y ru,e is ha nLy mus be ,ess han or e)ua, o 1&.

+!. Radio Network Fault (anagement

he radio ne+ork coniguraion managemen in he @C deermines he recovery acions in abnorma, siuaions in he @ radio ne+ork such as

au,s au, cance,s and iniia,isaions. he recovery acions are eDecued i errors occur in he unciona, b,ocks o he @ such as he carrier uni he

rame uni he ranceiver unciona, b,ocks common o he +ho,e ce,, or he unciona, b,ocks common o he +ho,e @ sie. 9n addiion o his he

recovery opions are eDecued i he ;channe, o he Abisinerace ai,s or i here are ai,ures deeced by he ca,, conro, o he @C in he connecion+ih he radio channe, a,,ocaion procedure. he recovery acions are deermined based on he ype o he au,y unciona, b,ock and hey are based on

he radio aci,iies conigured o he au,y b,ock.

3.-.1 &he 2nd %eneration Base Station

A 5rame unit 5aultmay be eiher inerna, or eDerna,. he inerna, au, cou,d be caused or eDamp,e by a (> hard+are ma,uncion and he eDerna,

au, cou,d happen or eDamp,e because o a ,os =AP;,ink o he $6. 9n boh cases he recovery procedure is simi,ar. he procedure is as o,,o+s5

1. he @ a,arms he @C or he @C deecs a non;unciona, =AP;,ink.

2. he @C c,ears a,, he ca,,s ha are a,,ocaed o hose Abiscircuis corresponding o he au,y $6. Ca,,s on he oher $6s proceed norma,,y.

3. he @C b,ocks he au,y rame uni in order no o a,,o+ ne+ raic or he Abiscircuis corresponding o i.

he ca,,s on he oher $6s can proceed norma,,y and he hopping parameers can be ,e unouched because a,, he carrier unis are si,, uncioning.

he mobi,es on he ce,, can si,, hop over a,, he re)uencies origina,,y a,,ocaed o ha ce,,.

9n case o a carrier unit 5aultone ranceiver doesnE +ork proper,y. hus one o he re)uencies in he hopping se)uence canno be ransmied and/orreceived proper,y. 9n his case he procedure is as o,,o+s5

1. he @ a,arms he @C.

2. he @C b,ocks a,, he $6s o he ce,, or a +hi,e. his causes c,earing o a,, he ongoing ca,,s on ha ce,,.

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1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 21/&"


22/68


3. he @C ca,cu,aes ne+ hopping parameers inc,uding a ne+ $;-listin +hich he re)uency o he au,y C> is removed.4. he @C unb,ocks he $6s ha have uncioning C>s and he ne+ hopping parameers are ranserred o he @.

:. he @C a,,o+s ne+ raic or he uncioning $6s.

3.-.2 &al #amily Base Stations and /rimeSite

9n a case o @@ hopping he procedure is simi,ar o he carrier uni au, in he 2nd generaion @ as described in he previous secion.

9 he @ is $( hopping he recovery procedure is simi,ar o he rame uni au, in he 2nd generaion @ as described in he previous secion.

+!3 Re4triction4 on t8e #4age o5 FH

3.0.1 $ /ower Control with BB #H

9n @@ (* he @CC* carrier is invo,ved in he hopping se)uence. he @CC* carrier is a,+ays sen in he do+n,ink direcion +ih he maDimum po+erdeined or he ce,,. hen he PC is used in he oher han @CC* carrier here is a big dierence in he sen / received po+er be+een he carriers. he

gain conro, o some mobi,es canno o,,o+ so big and sudden changes in he received po+er.

hereore i is recommended o re4trict t8e PC range in "' direction to :;$ d6 wit8 66 FH.

3.0.2 $ownlin $&

@aseband hopping combined +ih do+n,ink 6 causes prob,ems in he mobi,e saions because in he si,en phase he dummy rames are sen on he

@CC* re)uency causing ma,uncion in he mobi,e saions.


23/68


/! SE'ECTIN* THE RI*HT HOPPIN* STR&TE*Y

he goa, in he se,ecion o he hopping sraegy is o maDimise he eeciveness o re)uency hopping in order o achieve a masua,,y he bes resu,s can be achieved +ih a he,p o a re)uency a,,ocaion oo,. *o+ever he re)uency a,,ocaion is no

possib,e or raciona,,y ,oaded ne+orks i he 5requency allocation tooldoesnE 4upportraciona, ,oading. (or NP/6 his suppor is avai,ab,e inversion 3.3.

here is ho+ever one specia, case o $( hopping +ih raciona, ,oading ha doesnE re)uire any re)uency p,anning a a,,. 9n his 4ingle )A-li#t4c8emea,, he re)uencies are a,,ocaed o every ce,, so ha he re)uency a,,ocaion reuse is 1. 9n many cases his scheme may no provide he bes

possib,e gains bu he gain compared o a non;hopping ne+ork is si,, signiican as veriied in a ria, ha +as conduced in a rea, ne+ork. 9 here)uency band is eDreme,y ,imied he app,icaion o a sing,e $;-listmay be he on,y sensib,e +ay o imp,emen (* because i a,+ays provides hemaDimum number o re)uencies o hop over in every ce,,.

Anoher possibi,iy is o ui,ise 5requency 48aringarrangemen. 9n his scheme a,, he ce,,s o one sie share he same $;-listin a conro,,ed manner soha inererence be+een he ce,,s o he same sie can be avoided. (re)uency sharing makes i possib,e o have enough hopping re)uencies in every

ce,, +ihou a need o ui,ise raciona, ,oading. hus he re)uency p,anning is possib,e +ih oo,s ha donE suppor raciona, ,oading.

he main acors aecing he decision o he re)uency hopping sraegy are presened in(igure 4 ;1!.

(igure 4;1!. (,o+ char or hopping sraegy decision.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 23/&"

)in T"* configuration

/ 'R+Acell

or more

, 'R+Acell

BTS generation ,nd gen5

/rd gen5 only

Planning tool #upport#

$+ and fractional loading

es&o

Ea#0 planning preferred

over aiu capacit0

es

&o

BB $+ u#ed on the cell#

having ore than 2 T"*#

a ? T"* & cell with "TC

or 12 T"* with A$E

"$ $+ with fre/uenc0

allocation reu#e 1%7#ingle )A li#t #chee'

a 12 T"* & #ite

%under the #ae BC$'"$ $+ with fre/uenc0

allocation reu#e 3 D >

a 12 T"* & cell

Co;iner t0pe &

Aount of antenna#

R'"

;F%

es

&o

)aiu gain fro

( PC re/uired

"$ $+ with fre/uenc0

#haring %no fractional

loading'

a 12 T"* & #ite

%under the #ae BC$'

F712 T"*#ite

configuration#

eses

&o


24/68


$! FRE)#ENCY P'&NNIN* OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* NET0OR,S

(re)uency hopping re)uires some ne+ consideraions in he re)uency p,anning process. his is especia,,y imporan i he $( hopping +ih raciona,

,oading is used. he re)uency p,anning o raciona,,y ,oaded ne+orks re)uires specia, aenion o he ,oad conro,. On he oher hand he $( hopping

a,,o+s some ne+ p,anning conceps ,ike re)uency sharing and he conro, over re)uency a,,ocaion reuse +hi,e he eecive reuse in he ne+orkremains he same.

'arge TR7 con5iguration4make 9a4e9and8oppingeasib,e. 9n order o achieve a proper re)uency hopping gain a minimum o5 t8ree TR74 in a

ce,, shou,d be used +ih he baseband hopping Hun!7I. he benei o he baseband hopping is ha he C*s ,ocaed on he @CC* $6 are inc,udedin he re)uency hopping se)uence. he @CC* re)uencies have a high re)uency reuse in order o guaranee a successu, signa,ing and a as decoding

o he base saion ideniicaion code. 9 is beneicia, o have his inererence ree @CC* re)uency inc,uded in he hopping se)uence because i is

,ike,y o improve he )ua,iy o recepion on he hopping ,ogica, channe,s.

9n re)uency planningpoin o5vie+ he p,anning o a 9a4e9and 8oppingne+ork diers ,ess han he p,anning o a $( hopping ne+ork rom he

p,anning o a con=entionalnon;hopping ne+ork. he main dierence is ha he raciona, ,oading is no possib,e +hen he baseband hopping is used.

@ecause o his i is possib,e o use he conveniona, 5requency planning tool4+hen p,anning he baseband hopping ne+ork. *o+ever because o he

inererence and re)uency diversiy gains ,o+er C/9 raios and hereore sma,,er re)uency reuse disances can be a,,o+ed in he baseband hoppingne+ork compared o a non;hopping ne+ork.

$! Network Planning Procedure

he ne+ork p,anning and monioring process 5or a9a4e9and 5requency 8opping networkis basica,,y t8e 4ame t8an 5or a non;8opping network.he p,anning o an RF 8opping networkcan be a little more compleecti=e 4peec8 qualitycan become a more cha,,enging ask

compared o a non;hopping ne+ork. hen (* is used he $68ua, disribuion is no anymore comparab,e o he non;hopping ne+ork.

NP/6 is an inegraed so+are package or he ce,,u,ar ne+ork p,anning deve,oped by Nokia. 9 provides he basic oo,s or coverage predicionre)uency a,,ocaion and inererence ana,ysis. he propagaion mode,ing is based on digia, maps presening boh he errain ype inormaion and he

heigh daa o he arge area. Avai,ab,e propagaion mode,s inc,ude Okumura;*aa #uu,;Nyho,m a,ish;9kegami and a ray;racing mode,. he ray;

racing mode, is speciica,,y or microce,, p,anning and i is avai,ab,e in NP/6 version 3.2.

NPS7 =er4ion4 9e5ore =er4ion +!% don-t include any 5requency 8opping 4peci5ic 4upport . Ne+ versions ca,,ed NP/6 3.2 and 3.3 have some ne+

unciona,iies o make he re)uency p,anning and he )ua,iy ana,ysis an easier ask see Chaper :.2.

(igure :;20. Ne+ork p,anning and monioring process.

Capacit0 PlanningCapacit0 Planning

$re/uenc0 Planning$re/uenc0 Planning Paraeter PlanningParaeter Planning

)onitoring)onitoring

&6+&etdim&D

&6+&etdim&D

&6A+ /5/&6A+ /5/

&D&D

lan%dit"D

lan%dit"D

&$6A,...&$6A,...

$!% Frequency Planning Procedure wit8 NPS7

NP/6 versions beore version 3.2 donE inc,ude any re)uency hopping speciic suppor. *o+ever since he re)uency hopping doesnE aec he

propagaion he co=erage planning phase i4 not di55erent+hen p,anning re)uency hopping ne+orks compared o non;hopping ne+orks. 9n

coverage ,imied ce,,s he re)uency hopping increases he ce,, coverage area because o he re)uency diversiy gain. ince he @CC* ime s,o doesnE

hop he increa4ed co=erage areamus be dimensioned according to t8e per5ormance o5 6CCH time 4lot insead o hopping C*s see Chaper2.1.:.(or his reason he re)uency diversiy gain shou,d be considered as a )ua,iy gain in he ce,, border area raher han a gain increasing he ce,,

service area.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 24/&"


25/68


26/68


(igure :;22. $68>A= saisics +indo+.

NPS7 +!++i,, inc,ude a ne+ re)uency a,,ocaion oo, +hich is capab,e o a,,ocaing re)uencies ui,ising ,o+ re)uency reuse and raciona, ,oading.

A,so he A9O anagemen can be aken ino a use. he A ,is ,enghs can be deined manua,,y in ce,, basis or NP/6 can deine hem

auomaica,,y by a cerain crieria. Aer he A ,is ,engh has been chosen he a,,ocaion a,gorihm ries o produce an opima, a,,ocaion. 9n high

inerered areas ,onger A ,is ,enghs can be ried o average he inererence.

A,so he ne+ork simu,aor o NP/6 3.3 inc,udes a suppor or (*.

(igure :;23. (re)uency a,,ocaion procedure.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 2&/&"

Capacit0e#tiation5cell ;a#i#

Capacit0e#tiation5cell ;a#i#

Planningconcept

deci#ion

Planningconcept

deci#ion

E#tiation ofneeded nu;er

of fre/uencie#

E#tiation ofneeded nu;er

of fre/uencie#

Coverage dataCoverage data

Neigh;our cellea#ureent# with

GPA tool

Neigh;our cellea#ureent# with

GPA tool

InterferenceCali;ration Tool

InterferenceCali;ration Tool

Interference atrigeneration

Interference atrigeneration

Autoatic interferergeneration for I,

Autoatic interferergeneration for I,

$re/uenc0re/uireent#

$re/uenc0re/uireent#

$re/uenc0Allocation

$re/uenc0Allocation

Spectruand +

con#traint#

Spectruand +

con#traint#

NPS&* 3.3

Planning of otherparaeter#

Planning of otherparaeter#

)C & C(& N(

Hualit0 Anal0#i#

Autoatic

Paraeter tuning

Hualit0 Anal0#i#

Autoatic

Paraeter tuning

Net(i &NPS&*


27/68


28/68


).3.1 Effective Re!se

he eecive reuse is essenia,,y he same as he conveniona, re)uency reuse disance. 9 is ca,cu,aed as

R7

7eff

fres,:,

,R1ave

= % :.1 '

+here5

ReffG eecive reuse

7fres,:,G oa, number o used re)uencies

7,RaveG average number o $6s in a ce,,

ince he eecive reuse akes he acua, number o re)uencies ogeher +ih he number o $6s ino accoun i can be a,so used as a capaciy indeDprovided ha he $6s can be ,oaded a ,eas o he hard b,ocking ,imi as presened in ecion :.4.2.he sma,,er he eecive reuse he higher he

capaciy in erms o he number o C*s provided by one re)uency in he ne+ork.

).3.2 #re!ency (llocation Re!se 4R# #H only5

(re)uency a,,ocaion reuse indicaes ho+ c,ose,y he re)uencies are acua,,y reused in a ne+ork. hus i indicaes he severiy o a +ors case C/9 in

he ce,, border. 9 is ca,cu,aed as

#'R7

7

fres,:,

fres )'

=/

% :.2 '

+here5

#'R G re)uency a,,ocaion reuse

7fres,:,G oa, number o used re)uencies

7fres4)'G average number o re)uencies in $;-lists

9 he ne+ork doesnE ui,ise raciona, ,oading he re)uency a,,ocaion reuse is he same as he eecive reuse.


29/68


).".1 #re!ency oad

hen designing a ne+ork +ih ,o+ re)uency a,,ocaion reuse he inererence sources are very c,ose.


30/68


B""H 6""H 6""H '"H '"H'"H'"H

'"H '"H '"H '"H '"H'"H'"H

'"H '"H '"H '"H '"H'"H'"H

'"H '"H '"H '"H '"H'"H'"H

T"*-1

T"*-2

T"*-3

T"*-8

f1

f25f35f8

f35f85f2

f85f25f3

'"H

'"H

'"H

'"H

Active #lot# Ept0 #lot#

@> J 2> J

oad on the BCC+ T"*not con#idered5 #incethe BCC+ fre/uencie#are planned #eparatel0

(igure :;2:. *ard b,ocking ,oad o 7: on $( hopping $6s.

he average busy hour C* ,oad as deined in 5 f?

f25 f35 f85 f>5 f?

f25 f35 f85 f>5 f?

Active #lot# Ept0 #lot# $rac. load 7 3&> 7 6.?

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 30/&"


31/68


(igure :;2&. (raciona, ,oad o 0.&.

9n a so b,ocking ,imied ne+ork he raciona, ,oad is used o une he re)uency ,oad do+n o a desired ,eve, +hich is deermined by he usedre)uency a,,ocaion reuse.

$!$ Trunking E55ect and E55ecti=e Reu4e

(or Poisson disribued ca,, aemps i is characerisic ha he hard b,ocking ,oad providing he same b,ocking probabi,iy increases as he number o

raic channe,s increases as presened in (igure : ;27. his is ca,,ed runking eec. (or a hard b,ocking ,imied ne+ork his is a rea, gain since he

ne+ork is ab,e o serve more raic +ih he same grade o service and he same eecive reuse. *o+ever or a so b,ocking ,imied ne+ork ui,ising

raciona, ,oading he runking eec doesnE provide any gain. As he hard b,ocking ,oad increases he raciona, ,oad mus be decreased in order okeep he re)uency ,oad and hus he co,,ision probabi,iy accepab,e. ecreasing he raciona, ,oad is done by adding more re)uencies han $6s o

he ce,,s. his has a direc eec on he eecive reuse. he eecive reuse can be re+rien as

R7

7

7

7

7

7

#'R

0eff

fres,:,

,R1

fres,:,

fres )'

fres )'

,R1 frac

= = =/

/. % :.7 '


32/68


.5. =

*.5. =

,.5. =

/.5. =

0.5. =

7.5. =

1.5. =

.5. =

2.5. =

8.5. =

*..5. =

* 0 -*.

*/

*1

*8

,,

,7

,2

/*

/0

/-

0.

0/

01

08

7,

77

72

1*

10

1-

-.

-/

-1

-8

2,

27

22

8*

80

8-

*..

Nu;er of TC+K#

TC+occupanc0atthehard;lockingliit

Hard bloc>ing prob5 7=

Hard bloc>ing prob5 ,=

Hard bloc>ing prob5 *=

(igure :;27. Average busy hour C* occupancy a he hard b,ocking ,imi.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 32/&"


33/68


7

1

2

8

*.

**

*,

, / 0 7 1 2 8 *. ** *,

T"*K#&cell

effectivereu#e

F;R * (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load 37= (trialed))F;R * (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load 37= (trialed))F;R /517 (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (trialed))F;R /517 (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (trialed))F;R / (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated))F;R / (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated))

(igure :;2". 9ncrease o re)uired eecive reuse on a so b,ocking ,imied ne+ork due o he beer runking eiciency on bigger ce,,

coniguraions.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 33/&"


34/68


$!1 Frequency &llocation Strategie4

hen preparing or a re)uency a,,ocaion some decisions have o be made concerning he +aned 5requency allocation reu4e and t8e corre4ponding

5requency load. A,so i mus be decided +heher o use a separae re)uency band or he @CC* carriers or use a common band or boh he @CC*

and he norma, C* $6s.

).*.1 BCCH (llocation

he @CC* carriers are specia, in a sense ha he ransmission o he do+n,ink direcion is consan and a,+ays acive on hem. here are +o basic

approaches in he @CC* a,,ocaion. he @CC* re)uencies may be a,,ocaed rom a 4eparate dedicated 5requency 9andor he re)uencies or he@CC* $6s and he C* $6s %$6s no carrying he @CC*' may be a,,ocaed romone common 9and.

@oh approaches have been simu,aed or re)uency hopping ne+ork in HBro!7I. 9n his simu,aion he used re)uency band +as 27 re)uencies

corresponding o :.4 *M. (or t8e dedicated 9and 4trategy12 re)uencies +ere dedicaed o he @CC* $6s and he remaining 1: re)uencies +ereused as C* re)uencies +hich +ere a,,ocaed by using a s,o+ 'daptive Channel 'llocation%ACA' a,gorihm presened in HA,m!&I. 9n he common

9and ca4e he @CC* re)uencies +ere irs a,,ocaed by using a reuse o 27. he ACA a,gorihm +as hen used o se,ec he C* re)uencies or each

ce,,. he @CC* re)uencies +ere no changed during his procedure. 9n boh cases hree dieren $6 coniguraions +ere simu,aed. he ce,,s had 34 or : C* $6s depending on he case. 9n every case he average reuse is he same in boh sraegies so he resu,s are easi,y comparab,e.

9n he simu,aion he signa, po+ers +ere averaged over a period o 0.4" seconds. uring his period a,, he re)uencies in he hopping se)uence have

been used severa, imes. hus he as ading can be assumed o have been removed by averaging. he s,o+ ading +as assumed o be consan over he

averaging period. @oh he co;channe, and he adFacen channe, inererence +ere considered. he simu,aed hopping mode +as random @@ hopping.(re)uency diversiy eec +as no considered. he used inererence ,imied ne+ork consised o 10" ce,,s in hree secorised coniguraion having a

radius o 1 km. he mobi,es +ere random,y generaed and saic. Po+er conro, and 6 +ere used in he boh direcions.

he sysem perormance +as measured by deermining he 10 percen C!m!lative $istri*!tion #!nction%C(' va,ue o he C/9 raio. he ,oad measure

+as deined as he number o served users per ce,, using he ime s,o one.

he up,ink perormance as a uncion o served raic is presened in (igure : ;2!.9 can be seen ha he common band sraegy perorms beer. heimprovemen is 1;2 d@. he more uniorm reuse provided by he common band sraegy is more eecive because he coninuous ransmission on he

@CC* $6s is on,y emp,oyed in do+n,ink direcion. he @CC* reuse o 12 orces he reuse on he C* $6s o be very igh. his is unnecessary in

up,ink direcion since he ,oad is abou he same on he @CC* and C* $6s. T8e common 9and 4trategy i4 9etter w8en t8e uplink i4 con4idered.*o+ever t8e uplink i4 not u4ually t8e limiting linkin inererence ,imied ne+orks since anenna diversiy is norma,,y ui,ised a base saions.

he do+n,ink perormance on he C* $6s as a uncion o served raic is presened in (igure : ;30.(or a downlink direction t8e dedicated

9and4 4trategy i4 4uperior. he improvemen is on he order o 1;: d@ depending on he raic ,oad. he degradaion o he C/9 raio is )uie s,o+ ashe raic ,oad increases in common bands case. his indicaes ha he @CC* ransmiers are he main inererence source. 9 +as a,so sho+n in

addiiona, simu,aions ha he perormance gain 5rom t8e power control and t8e "T7 in t8e common 9and 4y4tem4 were 4maller han incorresponding dedicaed band sysems. his happens because he @CC* re)uencies +hich are he dominaing inererence source canno ui,ise he

PC or he 6.

he do+n,ink perormance on he @CC* $6s as a uncion o served raic is presened in (igure : ;31.he do+n,ink perormance on he @CC*

$6s is imporan because he ca,, iniia,isaion a,+ays sars on he @CC* re)uency and he @CC* re)uencies have o be c,ean enough o guaranee

successu, decoding o he ce,, ideniicaion or handover purposes. he common band sraegy perorms c,ear,y beer +hen he ,oad is sma,,. As he,oad increases on he inerering C* $6s he perormance degrades rapid,y. he dedicaed bands sraegy provides a very sab,e behavior as he

raic ,oad doesnE have any eec on he perormance. 9n he dedicaed band case he C/9 o he @CC* re)uencies in he do+n,ink direcion is

eDc,usive,y deermined by he used re)uency reuse on he @CC* $6s. 6ecau4e o5 t8e 4ta9le and ea4ily predicta9le 9e8a=ior on t8e 6CCH

5requencie4 in t8e downlink direction@ t8e dedicated 9and4 4trategy i4 pre5era9le.

(igure :;2!. >= C/9 a he 10 ,eve,.

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35/68


(igure :;30. = C/9 a he 10 ,eve,.

(igure :;31. = C/9 a he 10 ,eve, on he @CC* re)uency.

i,, one no common used mehod is o use separae bu no coninuous band or he @CC* re)uencies. (or eDamp,e every 4 hre)uency is a,,ocaedor @CC*. hus adFacen channe, inererence is avoided be+een @CC* re)uencies. On he oher hand C* band causes adFacen channe,

inererence or he @CC* re)uencies and vice versa bu he inererence migh no be oo signiican.

(igure :;32. ieren @CC* a,,ocaion sraegies.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 3:/&"

B""H '"H

B""H '"H

B""H '"H

edicated band

"ommon band

edicated mi@ed band


36/68


).*.2 Selecting the Effective Re!se 4BB #H5

ih @@ hopping he raciona, ,oading canno be ui,ised and he num9er o5 8opping 5requencie4 i4 alway4 t8e 4ame a4 t8e num9er o5 TR74 in a

cell eDcep or C*s on he Mero ime s,os +hich a,+ays have one hopping re)uency ,ess han he oher C*s. hus in a @@ hopping ne+ork he

re)uency a,,ocaion reuse a,+ays e)ua,s he eecive reuse in he ne+ork.

ince re)uency and inererence diversiy gains signiican,y depend on he number o hopping re)uencies i is recommended o have a lea4t t8ree

8opping 5requencie4 a4 a minimum con5iguration. 9 he ce,, $6 coniguraions are sma,,er han ha @@ (* is no recommended o be used. 9n ha

case $( (* or 9>O migh oer a beer so,uion o increase he capaciy.

@eore making he acua, re)uency p,an by using he re)uency a,,ocaion oo, ,ike NP/6 an esimaion o he minimum eecive reuse migh be

needed or eDamp,e in endering phase. he o,,o+ing (igure : ;33 gives an esimaion o an app,icab,e reuse compared o he siuaion beore

imp,emening @@ (*. (or eDamp,e i +e have in he non;hopping ne+ork reuse 1: aer imp,emening @@ (* +ih 4 $6 average coniguraion perce,, +e end up o reuse !. he bigger is he $6 coniguraion he sma,,er reuse +e can use since he reuse is dependen on he number o hopping

re)uencies %G$6s +ih @@ (*'.

$9& %ffective Reuses with different 'R+ configurations in BB

FH case

.,

0

1

2

*.

*,

*0

*1*2

,.

/ 1 8 *, *7 *2

!riginal reuse

&ew

reuse

&o FH

/ 'R+

0 'R+

7 'R+

1 'R+

(igure :;33.


37/68


38/68


).*." #re!ency Sharing ,y 8sing +(I9 +anagement 4R# #H only5

he A9O managemen makes i possib,e o share he same A;,is be+een he ce,,s o he same $( hopping sie +ihou co; or adFacen channe,

co,,isions. his can be done by ui,ising he user deinab,e A9O oseand A9Osepparameers presened in ecions1.& and1.7.(&IOOFFSET 8elp4 to

a=oid t8e inter5erence 9etween t8e cell4 in4ide t8e 4ite@ w8erea4@ (&IO STEP a=oid4 t8e inter5erence in4ide t8e cell!he ce,, ,eve, A9Ooseparameer deines he A9Os or he irs $6s in each ce,,. he remaining $6s are given A9Os according o he


39/68


%N&'X N() * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA%T1) 1 4 8 10 15 20

T&MA * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA% 1 , 1 1 2 3 1 2 * 2 3 + , 1 , 2 +

T&MA-4RAM' -5

'CT(R MA-%T HN MA%( TRX * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

1 1 3 1 bcch frequency 1...* 2 4 20 4 4 8 10 4 8 1 8 10 15 20 4 20 8 15

1 3 8 1 8 8 10 15 8 10 4 10 15 20 1 8 1 10 20

2 1 3 1 bcch frequency 2 ...

2 2 10 4 10 10 15 20 10 15 8 15 20 1 4 10 4 15 1


3 2 15 8 15 15 20 1 15 20 10 20 1 4 8 15 8 20 4

+ 3 20 10 20 20 1 4 20 1 15 1 4 8 10 20 10 1 8

, + 1 15 1 1 4 8 1 4 20 4 8 10 15 1 15 4 10

(igure :;3&.


40/68


.5..*

.5.*

.5*

*

. .5* .5, .5/ .50 .57 .51 .5 .52 .58 *

$E"

C($

B""H reuse 0A*,3 '"H reuse *A/

B""H reuse < 0A*,3 '"H reuse < /A8 by using $;9!-management

(igure :;3". C( o = (


41/68


%N&'X N() * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA%T1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

T&MA * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

MA% * 2 2 2 11 + * / 0 3 12 / / 1* /

T&MA-4RAM' -5

'CT(R MA-%T HN MA%( TRX * 1 2 3 + , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1

1 1 2 1 bcch frequency 1...* 2 1 3 7 3 3 12 5 1 9 10 4 13 9 9 11 7 9

3 3 4 6 10 6 6 15 8 4 12 13 7 1 12 12 14 10 12


, 2 6 8 12 8 8 2 10 6 14 15 9 3 14 14 1 12 14


. 2 8 10 14 10 10 4 12 8 1 2 11 5 1 1 3 14 1

1* 3 11 13 2 13 13 7 15 11 4 5 14 8 4 4 6 2 4

13 + 14 1 5 1 1 10 3 14 7 8 2 11 7 7 9 5 7

(igure :;40.


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1! R&"IO NET0OR, P&R&(ETERS

he @ radio ne+ork parameers re,aed o re)uency hopping are presened inab,e 7.

ab,e 7. (* re,aed @ radio ne+ork parameers.

ObFec Parameer escripion

A (re)uency A;,is. >sed +ih $( (* @ maD. &3 re)uencies per ,is. @CC* re)uency

mus no be inc,uded in he ,is.

A 9deniicaion o A;,is A;,is ideniicaion number in a @C %1 ; 12"'.

A ype o A;,is (re)uency band o he A;,is %-!00 -1"00 -1!00'.

@ @ is hopping %*OP' he hopping mode o he @ %@@ $( or N'.

@ *opping se)uence number 1

%*N1'

*opping se)uence number o he hopping group 1. 9n @@ (* or he 0 ime s,os

eDcep he @CC* ime s,o and in $( (* a,, he ime s,os o hopping $6s %0 ;

&3'.

@ *opping se)uence number 2%*N2'

*opping se)uence number o he hopping group 2. (or he ime s,os 1;7. @@ (*on,y %0 ; &3'.

@ A9O ose eines he A9O or he irs $6 in he ce,, %0 ; &2'. A,,o+s he sharing o he

same A;,is be+een mu,ip,e secors o one @ +ihou inrasie co,,isions.

ecors mus be under he same @C(. $e,evan in $( (* on,y.

@ A9O sep eines he sep siMe ha is used +hen he A9O is ca,cu,aed or he $6s in he

ce,,. $e,evan in $( (* on,y. %Avai,ab,e in 6SS2'@ 9deniicaion o A;,is A;,is id number ideniying he A;,is ha is a,,ocaed o ha @. $e,evan in

$( (* on,y.

$6 (re)uency %($ed3 if used in a RF hopping B'6RestrictionE B""H frequency must not be included in the list5$$: nameE frequency$$: rangeE *55*,0 and 8755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ("6) 7*,552*. ("6*8)$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %B%3%B'3%B9&$6 G#9 nameE Frequencies&$6 G#9 rangeE *55*,0 and 8755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ("6) 7*,552*. ("6*8)&$6 G#9 dialog nameE $;: arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE frequency&$6 B rangeE .55*.,/

&$6 B mappingE *E*

)A-li#t I(

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escriptionE 9dentification of a $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist in a B6"5!bect classE $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;)G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Read onlyRestrictionE -$$: nameE 9dentification of mobile allocation frequency list

$$: rangeE *55*,2$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %B%3%BR3%B'3%B93%?;&$6 G#9 nameE $;: 9&$6 G#9 rangeE *55*,2&$6 G#9 dialog nameE $;: arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE obectinstance&$6 B rangeE 6tring up to *. characters&$6 B mappingE *E*

T0pe of )A-li#tescriptionE Frequency band of the list5 'he band is either G6$3 "6 or

"6*8 band5!bect classE $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;)G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -

ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Read onlyRestrictionE -$$: nameE type of the mobile allocation frequency list$$: rangeE G6$3 "63 "6*8$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %B%3%B9&$6 G#9 nameE Frequency Band in #se&$6 G#9 rangeE G6$3 "6 *2..3 "6 *8..&$6 G#9 dialog nameE $;: arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE freqbandinuse&$6 B rangeE .55/&$6 B mappingE G6$ (.)3 "6 *2.. (*)3 "6 *8.. (,)

1!% 6TS 'e=el FH Related Parameter4

BTS hopping odeescriptionE 'he hopping mode of the B'65 RF and BB hopping cannot be

active simultaneously at the same site (B"F)5!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,57!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE B'6 site types %,*AF*, and %07AF07E

when B'6 is loc>ed B'6 site type %/0AF/0E when B"F and B'6 are loc>edRestrictionE B'6 site type %,*AF*, does not support RF hopping5$$: nameE B'6 hopping mode (H!)$$: rangeE BB baseband hopping is used RF radio frequency hopping is used

& hopping is not used$$: defaultE -$$: commandE %?"3%?%3%?!&$6 G#9 nameE Hopping $ode&$6 G#9 rangeE &on-hopping3 Baseband3 RF&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE hoppingmode&$6 B rangeE .55,&$6 B mappingE &on-hopping (.)3 Baseband (*)3 RF (,)

+opping #e/uence nu;er 1escriptionE H6&* is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation

algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem* (time slots . e@cept B""H time slot)5

!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5,

!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Dhen B'6 is loc>ed

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44/68


RestrictionE "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in thewhole site (,ndgen B'6)5 arameter is only used with BB and RF hopping56ee parameter B'6 hopping mode5

$$: nameE hopping sequence number * (H6&*)$$: rangeE . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping$$: defaultE .$$: commandE %?"3%?%3%?!

&$6 G#9 nameE H6&-*&$6 G#9 rangeE .551/&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE hsn&$6 B rangeE .551/&$6 B mappingE *E*

+opping #e/uence nu;er 2escriptionE H6&, is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation

algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem, (time slots *-)5

!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5,!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE Dhen B'6 is loc>ed

RestrictionE "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in thewhole site (,ndgen B'6)5 arameter is used only with BB hopping5 6eeparameter B'6 hopping mode5

$$: nameE hopping sequence number , (H6&,)$$: rangeE . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping$$: defaultE .$$: commandE %?"3%?%3%?!&$6 G#9 nameE H6&-,&$6 G#9 rangeE .551/&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE hsn&$6 B rangeE .551/&$6 B mappingE *E*

)AI off#et

escriptionE 'he parameter sets the $;9! offset which is the lowest $;9!in the cell5 Dith $;9! offset it is possible to use the same$; frequency list for two or more sectors of the sitewithout collisions5

!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE &o ref5!ptionE -ReleaseE 61$odificationE 'he parameter can be modified only when the B'6 is

loc>ed or not RF hopping5RestrictionE -$$: nameE $;9! offset ($!)$$: rangeE .551,$$: defaultE .$$: commandE %?;3%?!3%F!&$6 G#9 nameE $;9! !ffset

&$6 G#9 rangeE .551,&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE maiooffset&$6 B rangeE .551,&$6 B mappingE *E*

)AI #tepescriptionE 'he parameter sets the $;9! step5!bect classE B'6G6$ ReferenceE &o ref5!ptionE -ReleaseE 6$odificationE !n-:ineRestrictionE -$$: nameE $;9! step ($6)$$: rangeE *551,$$: defaultE *$$: commandE %?;3%?!3%F!&$6 G#9 nameE $;9! 6tep&$6 G#9 rangeE *551,

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45/68


&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow&$6 B nameE maiostep&$6 B rangeE .551,&$6 B mappingE *E*&oteE !'9!&;: (Fle@ible $;9! management)

)A-li#t u#ed ;0 BTSescriptionE 'he parameter defines the mobile allocation frequency list

to which the B'6 will be attached5 Relevant when RF hoppingis used5 6ee chapter $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist5

!bect classE B'6G6$ referenceE &o ref5!ptionE -ReleaseE before 60$odificationE 9f B'6 is RF hopping3 then B'6 must be loc>edRestrictionE -$$: nameE mobile allocation frequency list ($;:)$$: rangeE .55*,2 (the value . detaches the B'6 from any

mobile allocation frequency list)$$: defaultE &o $;-list attached$$: commandE %?;3%?!&$6 G#9 nameE #sed $obile ;llocation&$6 G#9 rangeE &ot ;ssignedI ;ssigned 9(*55*,2)&$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 arameter Dindow

&$6 B nameE usedmobilealloclistid&$6 B rangeE .55*,2&$6 B mappingE ;ssigned 9 (*55*,2)3 &ot ;ssigned (.)

1!+ Power Control

ab,e ".


46/68


G",P E*PANATIN H3 NA)E "ANGE ,NIT Setting

General %nable B'6 pow er control pow er"trl%nabled es A &o es

$in time interval betw een "Js pow er"ontrol9nterval . 555 /* sec *

ow er increase step siKe pow er9ncr6tepsiKe ,30 or 1 dB ,

ow er decrease step siKe pow erRed6tepsiKe , or 0 dB ,

B6 t@ ma@ pw r preattenuation rf$a@ow erReduction . 555 *, dB .

optional ave #: signal quality (B%R)4 .5, = pw recr:imitBand. . 555 /2 dB /2

ave #: signal quality (B%R) .5, = - .50 = pw recr:imitBand* . 555 /2 dB ,.

ave #: signal quality (B%R) L .50 = pw recr:imitBand, . 555 /2 dB 2

pw recr?ualFactor . A * *

optional $6 ow er optimisation after H! msw r!pt:ev -**. 555 -0A & dBm -8

B'6 pow er range $a@ attenuation bs'@w r$in . 555 /. dB /.

$in attenuation bs'@w r$a@ . 555 /. dB .

;veraging w indow s pc;veraging:ev: * 555 /, 6;""H *

w eighting * 555 / *

pc;veraging:ev#: * 555 /, 6;""H *


pc;veraging?ual: * 555 /, 6;""H *


pc;veraging?ual#: * 555 /, 6;""H *


'hresholds pc:ow er'hresholds:ev: -**. 555 -0 dBm -*.*

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc:ow er'hresholds:ev#: -**. 555 -0 dBm -*.*

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc:ow er'hresholds?ual: . 555 0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc:ow er'hresholds?ual#: . 555 0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds:ev: -**. 555 -0 dBm -0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds:ev#: -**. 555 -0 dBm -0

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds?ual: . 555 *

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

pc#pper'hresholds?ual#: . 555 *

p@ * 555 /, *

n@ * 555 /, *

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47/68


1!/ Hando=er

ab,e !.


48/68


n@ * 555 /, *

1!$ "T7

*.).1 8plin $&

he saus o he up,ink 6 can be deined in misce,,aneous 6TS parameter4in 6SC. he mode o he or using he disconinuous ransmission

%6' can be se,eced in 6 parameer as o,,o+ing5

: ; may use 6

; sha,, use 6

% ; sha,, no use 6.

he de5aultor he parameer is meaning ha he mobi,e have o use 6. On,y a e+ operaors in he +or,d use he va,ue 0 +here he deau,

seing o he mobi,e chooses he up,ink 6 mode.

*.).2 $ownlin $&

he saus o he do+n,ink 6 can be deined in 6TS parameter4 o(SC. his "T7 parametercan receive one o he o,,o+ing va,ues5

ON o+n,ink 6 enab,ed by C

OFF o+n,ink 6 disab,ed by C.

he curren de5aultva,ue or he parameer is OFF! 9 he acivaion o he do+n,ink 6 doesnE cause any specia, harm or he uncioning o hene+ork he usage o he 6 uncion is recommendab,e.

*ere is one eDamp,e o @ parameers in C inc,uding 6 uncion5

6 220 62D0;=A@ 1!!0;11;1 1052"5:&

@A< $ANC


49/68


2! OPTI(IS&TION

2! Tool4 5or Network (onitoring

he o,,o+ing oo,s or eDamp,e can be used or monioring he )ua,iy and he raic o he ne+ork5

Cell "octorversion 1.1".41 or ,aer in N/2000. he oo, eDracs daa in eD orma rom he daabase.

N"0can be used or 8ua,iy / raic monioring. 9 uses he daabase o N/2000.

TI(/ TO(monioring can be used or indoor / oudoor drive ess

A specia, = (A= can be o,eraed +hen (* is used. rop ca,, rae doesnE neiher corre,ae

direc,y o he )ua,iy since +ih (* he drop ca,, rae ends o say ,o+ evenhough he subFecive speech )ua,iy +ere no anymore accepab,e.

Ne+ )ua,iy measures are under deve,opmen and in esing phase o measure he subFecive speech )ua,iy more accurae,y. 9n he o,,o+ing ab,e he

norma, 6SS and NSS le=el ,PI4are presened. T8e4e ,PI4 are more in5ormational t8an Nokia-4 o55icial =alue4D

ih (* he crieria or he cumu,aive uplink and downlink quality di4tri9utioncou,d be he o,,o+ing5

ab,e 10. BP9s or he up,ink and he do+n,ink $68>A= disribuion.

@ re,aed indicaors hor erm crieria =ong erm crieria

>p,ink )ua,iy disribuion 0U: !: 0U: !"

o+n,ink )ua,iy disribuion 0U: !: 0U: !"

ab,e 11. @ and N re,aed BP9s.

Version ae Page

1.0.0 Oc 23 1!!" 4!/&"


50/68


BSS Related Short criteria

Longcriteria

'"H ;vailability N=O3 ,0h 87 88C6""H 6uccess Ratio N=O3 87 8

'"H 6uccess Ratio N=O3 87 8

"all 6etup 6uccess Rate N=O3 8. 87

6""H Bloc>ing N=O3 cell .57 .5,

'"H "all Bloc>ing N=O3 cell 7 ,

'"H H! Bloc>ing N=O3 cell 'B 'B;ccess Grant Bloc>ing N=O3 cell . .

'"H rop Ratio N=O3 7 /

"umulative #: ?uality distribution3 .P 03 87 .P 03 82

"umulative : ?uality distribution3 .P 03 87 .P 03 82

;verage 9nterference Band3 'B 'BB6" "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O3 8/ 8

$6" "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O 3 8. 87

9ntra "ell H! 6uccess N=O3 81 88

Ratio of B'6s %@ceeding 7= Bloc>ing in BH N=O3

6$6 6uccess Rate3 87 82C&ote3 obects which are :oc>ed by #ser are counted as non available and will reduce the availability value5

NSS Related Short criteria

Longcriteria

9ntra $6" H! 6uccess Ratio 8* 819nter $6" H! 6uccess Ratio 27 80

aging 6uccess Ratio 'B 'B

'echnically 6uccessful "alls 'B 'B

$6" "GR ;vailability N=O *.. *..6'& "GR ;vailability *.. *..

;-if "GR ;vailability N=O *.. *..

Q$6 "GR ;vailability N=O *.. *..

$6" "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 * .5*

6'& "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 * .5*

;-if "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH * .5*

Q$6 "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 * .5*9ntra Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 8 88

9ntra Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 8 88

9nter Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 81 829nter Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 8. 87

eriodic :# 6uccess Ratio 8 88

Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when visiting:$&

'B 'B

Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when comingfrom different :$&

'B 'B

General Criteria&umber of alarms per &etwor> %lement3 e@c5 %>i

&umber of transmission alarms per %>i

"ustomer complaints of &D 4 *A*...

"ustomer complaints of 4 *A*...

2!+ R7)#&' in FH Network4

Frequency 8opping cau4e4some c8ange4 in t8e R7)#&' di4tri9ution. A,so here are some dierences in a +ay he $68>A= disribuion shou,d

be inerpreed.

T8e #rame Eras!re Ratio%(


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6ubective quality3 laboratory tests

6teady qualityAF%R value (fast mobile or frequency hopping)

R+qual F%R

. - 0 good . - 0= good

7 slightly degraded 0 - *7= slightly degraded

1 degraded *7 - /7= degraded

useless L/7= useless

T8e relation o5 downlink FER and R7)#&' +as measured during a (* ria,. he re,aion is c,ear,y dieren in he hopping case compared o he

non;hopping case. he disribuions o (A= c,ass are presened in (igure 7 ;43and (igure 7 ;44. One c,ear observaion can be

made in he non;hopping case here are signiican amoun o samp,es indicaing deerioraed )ua,iy %(A= c,ass &. hus i may be conc,uded ha in he re)uency hopping

ne+orks signiican )ua,iy deerioraion sars a $68>A= c,ass & +hi,e in non;hopping ne+ork his happens a $68>A= c,ass :.

his dierence is a conse)uence o inererence and re)uency diversiies ha aec he re)uency hopping ne+ork. @ecause o hese eecs he

inererence or ,o+ signa, srengh end o occur random,y +hi,e in a non;hopping ne+ork i is probab,e ha inererence or ,o+ ie,d srengh +i,,aec severa, consecuive burss making i harder or he error correcion o acua,,y correc errors. he successu, error correcion ,eads o ,ess erased

rames and hus improves he (


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.-* *-77-*.

*.-

*7*7-

*..

?.

?*

?,

?/

?0

?7

?1

?

.5.. =

*.5.. =

,.5.. =

/.5.. =

0.5.. =

7.5.. =

1.5.. =

.5.. =

2.5.. =

8.5.. =

*..5.. =

$E" J

"*H,A

( $E" & "*H,A %No hopping'

(igure 7;43. easured re,aion o (A= in a non;hopping case.

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.-* *-77-*.

*.-

*7*7-

*..

?.

?*

?,

?/

?0

?7

?1

?

.5.. =

*.5.. =

,.5.. =

/.5.. =

0.5.. =

7.5.. =

1.5.. =

.5.. =

2.5.. =

8.5.. =

*..5.. =

$E" J

"*H,A

( $E" & "*H,A %ave 3.? hopping carrier# & cell'

(igure 7;44. easured re,aion o (A= in re)uency hopping case.

his improvemen o (A= va,ues may be a,,o+ed in a re)uency hopping ne+ork. $68>A= hresho,ds are used in

he handover and po+er conro, decisions. @ecause o he improvemen in he re,aive recepion perormance on he $68>A= c,asses 4;& he

$68>A= hresho,ds aecing handover and po+er conro, decisions shou,d be se higher in a ne+ork using re)uency hopping ne+ork. In a

5requency 8opping network R7)#&' cla44e4 :;$ are indicating good quality!

ypica,,y he share o he R7)#&' cla44e4 1 and 2 may increa4ea5ter FH i4 4witc8ed on even i no oher changes have been made. his may seem

o be surprising since i is eDpeced ha re)uency hopping improves he ne+ork )ua,iy. *o+ever in mos cases he )ua,iy is acua,,y improved buhe improvemen is more visib,e in he ca,, success raio. he improved o,erance agains inererence and ,o+ ie,d srengh in (* ne+ork means ha i

is ,ess ,ike,y ha he decoding o ACC* rames ai,s causing incremen in he radio ,ink imeou couner. hus it i4 le44 likely t8at a call i4 dropped

9ecau4e o5 t8e radio link timeout. 9nsead he ca,,s generaing high $68>A= samp,es end o say on. his may ,ead o increase in he share o

$68>A= &;7. *o+ever a he same ime he ca,, success rae is signiican,y improved.

9n he(igure 7 ;4:here are presened some ria, resu,s o a = $68>A= disribuion +ih dieren re)uency a,,ocaion reuse paerns. As can be

seen rom he igures he igher he reuse becomes he ,ess samp,es a,, in )ua,iy c,ass 0 and more samp,es a,, in )ua,iy c,asses 1;&. hereEs bigger

dierence in do+n,ink han in up,ink direcion.

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(igure 7;4:. = $68>A= disribuion o a ria, +ih dieren re)uency a,,ocaion reuse paerns %no (* 1/1 1/3 iDed 1/3 heurisic

a,,ocaion'

(igure 7;4&. >= $68>A= disribuion o a ria, +ih dieren re)uency a,,ocaion reuse paerns %no (* 1/1 1/3 iDed 1/3 heurisic

a,,ocaion'

(re)uency hopping orces each ca,, o use a,, he re)uencies in he hopping se)uence. 9 some o hose re)uencies are more inerered han ohers i

may happen ha aer (* is s+iched on he )ua,iy o he ca,,s suers. 08en FH i4 not u4ed@ t8e call4 tend to 9e allocated to t8e TR74 u4ing

inter5erence 5ree carrier4%he $6 and he ime s,o are se,eced based on he >= id,e channe, inererence measuremen'.


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NoteD9n @@ (* and $( (* case he re)uency speciic $68>A= canno be measured anymore. he )ua,iy is averaged over he hopping se)uence.

2!/ Idle C8annel Inter5erence (ea4urement

hen a ne+ ca,, is esab,ished or a handover is perormed he @C se,ecs he $6 and he ime s,o or he raic channe, based on he id,e channe,inererence measuremens. T8e 5requency 8opping 8a4 a 4igni5icant e55ect on t8e idle c8annel inter5erence mea4urement re4ult4!

hen he re)uency hopping is used he re)uency o a hopping ,ogica, channe, is changed abou 217 imes in a second. he re)uency o he id,e ime

s,os changes according o he same se)uence.

Ina case o he random 8opping his means ha he mea4ured idle c8annel inter5erence i4 likely to 9e t8e 4ame 5or all t8e TR74 t8at u4e t8e

4ame (&;li4t. 9 he inererence is averaged over more han one ACC* rame he averaging eec is even sronger. *o+ever norma,,y he

inererers are mobi,es ,ocaed in inerering ce,,s. 9n his case here are probab,y di55erence4 in he mea4ured idle c8annel inter5erence4 9etweendi55erent time 4lot4 in t8e cell. his happens because he inerering mobi,es are on,y ransmiing during he ime s,o ha has been a,,ocaed o hem.

his is i,,usraed in(igure 7 ;47.

9 he cyclic 8oppingse)uence is used here migh occur di55erence4on he mea4ured idle c8annel inter5erence le=el4 9etween t8e TR74 on hesame ime s,o as eDp,ained in he o,,o+ing secion.

0 1 2 3 4 : & 7

$=

Pah ,oss o heinerered @

$6 1

$6 2

$6 3

f15 f25 f3

f15 f25 f3

Inter5ering

mo9ile4 u4ing

t8e 4ame

5requencie4F

imes,o W

0 1 2 3 4 : & 7

Pah ,oss o heinerered @

$6 1

$6 2

$6 3

f15 f25 f3

f15 f25 f3

Inter5ering

mo9ile4 u4ing

t8e 4ame

5requencie4F

imes,o W

:ow

High

9dle channelinterference level

(igure 7;47. 9d,e channe, inererence in a case o he random $( hopping.

2!$ Cyclic and Random Hopping Sequence4

9 he cyclichopping mode is used he inererence caused by a mobi,e is no necessari,y spread even,y on a,, he hopping $6s as can be seen in

(igure 7 ;4". 9 he randomhopping se)uences are used inererence is a,+ays even,y spread on a,, he $6s using he same A;,is as presened in(igure 7 ;4!.he disribuion o inererence presened in his secion is he same or boh uplinkand downlinkdirecions.

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*

interference

'R+ *

'R+ ,

'R+ /

'R+ 0

'R+ 7

'R+ 1

'$; frames

Ba#e #tation

)o;ile

0

**

*7

*2

1 frequencies

/ frequencies

0

**

*7

*2

*

**

*7

*2

*

0

**

*7

*2

*

0

*7

*2

*

0

**

*2

*

0

**

*7

*

0

**

*7

*2

0

**

*7

*2

*

**

*7

*2

*

0

**

*7

*2

*

0

*7

*2

*

0

**

*2

*

0

**

*7

*

0

**

*7

*2

0

**

*7

*2

*

**

*7

*2

*

0

**

*7

*2

*

0

*7

*2

*

0

**

*2

*

0

**

*7

* 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7

(igure 7;4".


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(igure 7;:0. -uide o choose be+een cyc,ic and random hopping se)uences.

(re)uency hopping makes i possib,e o change he inererence sources or each A rame. he resu, o his is a beneicia, eec ca,,edinererence diversiy +hich +as presened in ecion2.1.&.he more dieren inererers he ,ink has he beer inererence is averaged and he beer

he inererence diversiy gain. ime division used in he - sysems ,imis he inererence diversiy. @ecause o he A princip,e he

inererence diversiy is on,y possib,e among he mobi,es ha share he same ime insan or ransmission. *o+ever he base saions ha are ,ocaed

on dieren sies are no usua,,y synchronised. his means ha he ime s,os may be paria,,y over,apping each oher as presened in (igure 7 ;:1.hus he inererence rom one inerering ce,, may consis +o inererence sources %mobi,es' in up,ink direcion or +o dieren po+er ,eve,s in

do+n,ink direcion i do+n,ink po+er conro, is used. his enhances inererence diversiy. he degree o over,apping in non;synchronised ne+ork is

random bu consan be+een any non;synchronised ce,, pair and i may be anyhing be+een :0 and 100 as presened in (igure 7 ;:2.

$=

: & 7 0 1 2 3 4 : & 7 0 1 2 3 4

/erving ce,,

0 1 2 3 4 : & 7

$=

0 1 2 3 4 : & 7

9nerering ce,,

0 1 2 3 4 : & 7 0 1 2 3 4 : & 7

(igure 7;:1. 9nererence rom non;synchronised ce,,.

7.= 7.= *..=

/erving ce,,

9nerering ce,,

(igure 7;:2. he +o eDreme cases5 :0 and 100 over,apping o burss.

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C0clic

Frequency Planning Guide

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