SOCIAL SCIENCEDBH4 2018-2019 school year

POLITICAL REVOLUTIONSFrench Revolution

(1789-1799) First term

FRAMING THE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS

PREVIOUSLY ON… (FIRST TWO WEEKS OF CLASS)

➤ Introduction to the revolutionary mentality.

➤ Arturo Perez Reverte’s interview:

➤ Leadership, ideas, pulling the string,…

➤ The Protestant & the Catholic mentality (Guillermo Fesser’s presentation on El Intermedio).

➤ The French Revolution.

➤ Key aspect in any revolution: desperation.

➤ Politics = society’s organization.

PAGE 5

KEY ASPECTS

CHANGESomething changed, but what?

FROM THE MODERN ERA TO

THE CONTEMPORARY ERAHistorians gave a name to the change

MENTALITY OF PEOPLE

How did it change?

IDEASThe Enlightenment

REVOLUTIONS = IMPROVEMENT IN PEOPLE’S LIVES

“The hopes for improvement… hopes”

FREEDOM, EQUALITY, BROTHERHOOD?

1789-1870

PAGE 48

KEY ASPECTS

FRANCE“[…] where the principal political revolution

took place.”

FRENCH REVOLUTION“[…] the most impact on how we live today.”

“[…] both political and ideological changes. […] 1789 did bring in permanent changes […] about politics and the structure of society.”

Page 48

“The French Revolution signaled the end of the Ancient Regime, […] absolutist monarchy, privileged states […] absence of freedom or rights for the majority of the people.”

Page 48

AMERICAN REVOLUTIONThe French “got” the inspiration in America

➤ July 4, 1776 - Declaration of independence from Great Britain.

➤ “Spark” of all the revolutions - things could be changed.

➤ American Revolution (1775-1783).

➤ The change: American colonies had different lives, interests, and thoughts (from GB).

➤ The motif: colonies paid taxes; but they were not represented politically (no voice, no representation in the Parliament).

PAGE 51-52

KEY ASPECTS

➤ Read pages 51, 52.

➤ Re-read pages 51, 52.

➤ Analyze what we read (& re-read) in pages 51, 52.

➤ Underline the most relevant concepts in pages 51, 52.

➤ Ask concepts we did not understand from pages 51, 52 to the teacher.

➤ Organize the most relevant concepts from pages 51, 52.

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCED THE

FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE BEGINNING OF A REVOLUTION

Who? How? Any inspiration?

➤ The "political inspiration” comes from the English parliamentarian system.

➤ The “social inspiration” comes from the northern bourgeoisie (the money).

GOD IS NOT TELLING YOUR SOCIAL POSITION ANYMORE

NOW, THE SOCIAL STATUS WILL COME THROUGH THE $ YOU HAVE

Basic rule: “You are what you have”

“Así es, siempre he dicho que nos equivocamos de Dios en el Concilio de Trento. Ahí, España se la jugó, pudo cambiar y pudo elegir entre un dios moderno, práctico, burgués, como el de los luteranos y calvinistas, o un dios reaccionario, cerrado, fanático, y elegimos el dios que no debíamos y eso nos tuvo a nosotros, Italia y Portugal, en el sur católico, en el atraso. A mi entender la elección de ese dios equivocado en el Concilio de Trento todavía lo estamos pagando."

Arturo Pérez Reverte, “Salvados”

IDEAS FOR CHANGEThis is the place, page 52!

“[…] the sense that the country [France] was “behind the times”, […]”

-Page 52

THREE MAIN CONCEPTS

➤ The philosophers “pulled the string”.

➤ A movement: “Philosophes” or “Encyclopedist Movement”.

➤ Championing the progress (evolution).

➤ Rationalism (ability to think).

➤ Individual rights (to be aware of citizenship).

“60.000 hogares sin ingresos en España, tres millones de personas que viven con menos de 300 euros al mes, una tasa de pobreza que supera el 21%, casi seis millones de personas sin empleo y con un paro juvenil que supera el 56%.  ¿Por qué no estalla la sociedad, a pesar de la situación de ahogo en la que vive? Un escéptico Arturo Pérez-Reverte, escritor y periodista, responde a la pregunta en Salvados:"solo existen focos aislados y eso un político se lo merienda con patatas".

-Arturo Pérez Reverte, “Salvados”

MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755)➤ Political theory.

➤ “The Spirit of the Laws”.

➤ Separation of powers.

➤ Liberty is best protected when p o w e r i s d i s t r i b u t e d ( l e g i s l a t i v e , e x e c u t i v e , judicial).

➤ Limitation of the powers of the government.

ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)➤ “The Social Contract”.

➤ Doctrine against the Divine Rights of Kings.

➤ “God does not decide who is in power, but us”.

SIEYÉS (1748-1836)➤ His theory points the obvious

inequality of the Estates:

➤ 350,000 nobles = 1 vote.

➤ 120,000 clergy = 1 vote.

➤ 24,500,000 commoners = 1 vote.

WHAT IS THE THIRD STATE?➤ A pamphlet by Sieyés.

➤ Three demands:

➤ The 3rd Estate should elect the delegates of the 3rd Estate.

➤ Equal number of delegates for 1st, 2nd, 3rd Estates.

➤ T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s (Estates General) should be elected on a one-person, one-vote basis.

“What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing.

What does it desire to be? To become something...

-Emmanuel Joseph Sieyés, “What is the Third Estate?”

2-1The result of every single voting session

DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE MAN AND THE CITIZEN

➤ Article I – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good.

➤ Article III – The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.

➤ Article VII – No man can be accused, arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. […].

➤ Total of 17 (XVII) articles.

BUT THEORY & IDEAS ARE NOT ENOUGH TO

“SPARK” A REVOLUTION!We need the final push: desperation

PAGE 55

KEY ASPECTS

➤ Estates General convoked after 175 years!

➤ Tasks of the session:

➤ Change the administration and taxation systems.

➤ (More money! Who has to pay?).

➤ American Revolution supported by the French King.

➤ (More money! Who has to pay?). ➤ 1788-1789 = severe winters = less cereals = higher prices!

➤ (More money! Who has to pay?)

THE EVENTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Pages 56, 57

THE BEGINNING (1788-1789)

THE BEGINNING (1788-1789)

➤ May 5, 1789: the Estates General met.

➤ 1 vote = Church = 291 representatives (120,000).

➤ 1 vote = Nobility = 270 representatives (350,000).

➤ 1 vote = Commoners = 578 representatives (24 million).

➤ Task of the day: changing the voting system.

➤ From Estate votes to one-person one-vote system.

THE CHANGE TO APPROVE A NEW VOTING SYSTEM WAS

VOTED BY THE ESTATESThe result: 2 No - 1 Yes

FROM THE ESTATES GENERAL TO

NATIONAL ASSEMBLYIt was the representation of the people of France

as a collective

THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

➤ The third estate left the Estates General.

➤ The 578 representatives founded the National Assembly.

➤ The King returned to Versailles (his palace).

➤ The National Assembly signed the Tennis Court Oath.

➤ This was June 20, 1789.

➤ The message was clear: they pledge themselves not to separate until they have finished writing a constitution (the supreme law of a nation).

THE ACTION DAY WAS SCHEDULED:

JULY 14, 1789From words to action

The Storming of La Bastille (The royal prison for political prisoners)

THE NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789-1791)

THE NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789-1791)

➤ “Nation’s creation meeting”: writing the constitution.

➤ August 26, 1789: The Declaration of the Rights of Man of Citizen was approved.

➤ The beginning of a new era:

➤ The three Estates disappeared forever.

➤ The man & the citizen take the center of the scene.

➤ The King forced to approve the constitution (he didn’t want to).

➤ The King tried to escape (Varennes, 1791).

THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY (1791-1792)

THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY (1791-1792)

➤ The King “accepted” the constitution (1791).

➤ A new form of “organization”: the constitutional monarchy.

➤ Other monarchies around felt a threat; they did not like the news coming from France (an important counter-revolutionary opposition).

➤ Austria declared the war to France in 1792.

➤ The revolution developed two different perspectives at the same time:

➤ Girondin “perspective”, more moderate.

➤ Jacobin “perspective”, more radical.

THE GIRONDIN CONVENTION (1792-1793)

THE GIRONDIN CONVENTION (1792-1793)

➤ It proclaimed the Republic in 1792.

➤ The King accused of opposing the revolution.

➤ January 21, 1793: King executed***.

➤ And, now, what? Who is ruling the country?

➤ The Committee of Public Safety.

➤ The Revolutionary Tribunal.

*** EXECUTION➤ Joseph-Ignace Guillotin.

➤ O c t o b e r 1 0 , 1 7 8 9 : h e introduced the debate of using a less painful execution system.

➤ He gave name to the invention (although he did not invent it).

➤ Why did he propose such a thing? Where were we coming from? Abraham, the biblical character? Thomas More, the English chancellor?

THE JACOBIN CONVENTION (1793-1795)

THE JACOBIN CONVENTION (1793-1795)➤ (The radical perspective was more present).

➤ (They wanted more changes and faster).

➤ What did they develop? Another constitution.

➤ The Reign of Terror.

➤ A dictatorship (Montesquieu, abuse of power,…).

➤ Robespierre’s control: all potential enemies exterminated.

➤ June-July 1794: 1,400 people executed (Red Terror).

➤ As the King, Robespierre was executed (July 1794).

MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERREAn example of abusive power

THE DIRECTORY (1795-1799)

THE DIRECTORY (1795-1799)

➤ A moderate republican government.

➤ A new constitution.

➤ The goal: to bring peace to France.

➤ France was winning many of the wars in Europe (other monarchies attacking the revolution).

➤ Who was getting the victories?

➤ Napoleon Bonaparte.

➤ 1799: end of the French Revolution.

➤ Welcome to the Napoleon’s era.