French Colonization in North French Colonization in North AmericaAmerica

• The first permanent French The first permanent French settlements in North America:settlements in North America:– Acadia in 1604 in 1604– Quebec in 1608. Quebec in 1608.

• Goal: establish a fur trade with the Goal: establish a fur trade with the nativesnatives– Also tried to convert natives to ChristianityAlso tried to convert natives to Christianity

Virginia’s DevelopmentVirginia’s Development

• The 1The 1stst successfulsuccessful EnglishEnglish settlement in settlement in North America is founded at Jamestown, North America is founded at Jamestown, Virginia (1607)Virginia (1607)

• Jamestown funded by a Jamestown funded by a joint stock joint stock companycompany (investors known as the (investors known as the Virginia CompanyVirginia Company))

English Settlers Struggle in English Settlers Struggle in North AmericaNorth America

• 150 male settlers founded Jamestown (named 150 male settlers founded Jamestown (named for King James I) for King James I)

• Goal = profit ($$$$)Goal = profit ($$$$)

• Initial Result = DISASTER! Initial Result = DISASTER! – No foodNo food– DiseaseDisease

• Captain John Smith eventually forces colonists Captain John Smith eventually forces colonists to farm and gets help from the to farm and gets help from the PowhatanPowhatan peoplepeople

Starving TimeStarving Time

• The Powhatan people:The Powhatan people:– Provided foodProvided food– Taught farming techniquesTaught farming techniques– Thought the colonists would soon leave.Thought the colonists would soon leave.

• 1609: 600 more colonists arrived at Jamestown.1609: 600 more colonists arrived at Jamestown.• Result: The Powhatan people were outraged.Result: The Powhatan people were outraged.

– Destroyed farmsDestroyed farms– Murdered many colonists. Murdered many colonists.

• This period became known as “starving time.”This period became known as “starving time.”

““Brown Gold”Brown Gold”aka Tobaccoaka Tobacco

• Introduced to colonists by the Powhatan Introduced to colonists by the Powhatan • The exotic plant became very popular in The exotic plant became very popular in

Europe.Europe.– Demand and prices rose dramatically. Demand and prices rose dramatically. – Helped boost the colonial economy. Helped boost the colonial economy. – Eventually, Jamestown lost its charter and Eventually, Jamestown lost its charter and

became a royal colonybecame a royal colony..

•WHY?????? WHY??????

Indentured Servants and Indentured Servants and SlaverySlavery

• Problem:Problem:– Tobacco cultivation = labor intensiveTobacco cultivation = labor intensive

• Solution:Solution:– The “headright system” introducedThe “headright system” introduced

• Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants– Plantation owners paid for a settler’s passage to Plantation owners paid for a settler’s passage to

the New World in exchange for 4-7 years of labor. the New World in exchange for 4-7 years of labor. • Problem:Problem:

– Europeans didn’t like hard laborEuropeans didn’t like hard labor

• Solution:Solution:– 11stst Africans arrive via Dutch ships in 1619 Africans arrive via Dutch ships in 1619 – By late 1600s costly slaves begin to be imported.By late 1600s costly slaves begin to be imported.

House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

• = the first legislature anywhere in the = the first legislature anywhere in the English colonies English colonies

• First met on July 30, 1619, at a church in First met on July 30, 1619, at a church in Jamestown. (Virginia). (Virginia)

• Problem: Many frontier colonists felt they Problem: Many frontier colonists felt they had no representation had no representation

• Solution: some decided to take the law into Solution: some decided to take the law into their own hands.their own hands.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion• Frontier colonists had no military support from the Frontier colonists had no military support from the

Virginia legislature. Virginia legislature. • Wealthy members of the gov’t refused to fund a Wealthy members of the gov’t refused to fund a

war with the natives. war with the natives. • Frontier responseFrontier response

– Nathaniel Bacon raised his own army (1676). Nathaniel Bacon raised his own army (1676). – Bacon ‘s army marched on Jamestown to voice their Bacon ‘s army marched on Jamestown to voice their

grievancesgrievances– The confrontation turned violent.The confrontation turned violent.– Bacon’s army set fire to the town and forced many Bacon’s army set fire to the town and forced many

wealthy politicians to flee for their lives.wealthy politicians to flee for their lives.

The Settlement of New The Settlement of New EnglandEngland

Puritans create a “New Puritans create a “New England”England”

• PuritansPuritans = wanted to “ = wanted to “purifypurify” the ” the Church of England.Church of England.

• SeparatistsSeparatists (AKA Pilgrims) wanted to (AKA Pilgrims) wanted to break away break away from Church of Englandfrom Church of England– Founded the Plymouth ColonyFounded the Plymouth Colony

• Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact– Created a civil governmentCreated a civil government– Basis for American democratic Basis for American democratic

governmentgovernment

Settlement of New EnglandSettlement of New England

• In 1630, a joint-stock company founded the In 1630, a joint-stock company founded the Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony– Led by Puritan Governor John WinthropLed by Puritan Governor John Winthrop

• Goal = make the colony a “City On the Hill.”Goal = make the colony a “City On the Hill.”• Leaders were church members with duty to Leaders were church members with duty to

do “God’s will.”do “God’s will.”• The community made sure that everyone The community made sure that everyone

behaved in a “God-fearing” way. behaved in a “God-fearing” way.

Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant• Early Puritan colonies required church members Early Puritan colonies required church members

to:to:– Get baptizedGet baptized– Experience a “conversion experience”Experience a “conversion experience”

• Only then could colonists participate in Only then could colonists participate in governmentgovernment

• The The Half-Way Covenant Half-Way Covenant = a religious-political = a religious-political solutionsolution– Allowed children of baptized but unconverted Allowed children of baptized but unconverted

church members to be baptizedchurch members to be baptized– Could then become church members and have Could then become church members and have

political rights. political rights.

Settlement of New EnglandSettlement of New England• Roger Williams Roger Williams

– Extreme Separatist minister w/ Extreme Separatist minister w/ controversial views.controversial views.

– General Court orders his arrest and forces General Court orders his arrest and forces him to flee.him to flee.

– He founds colony of Providence (Rhode He founds colony of Providence (Rhode Island) in 1636.Island) in 1636.

• Williams guaranteed Williams guaranteed separation of separation of church and state church and state & religious freedom& religious freedom

• Anne Hutchinson teaches that Anne Hutchinson teaches that ministers are unnecessary to speak to ministers are unnecessary to speak to God; banished in 1638.God; banished in 1638.

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials• Tension in Salem:Tension in Salem:

– Woman had limited role in societyWoman had limited role in society– Class tensions (haves vs. have-nots)Class tensions (haves vs. have-nots)

• Witch Trials:Witch Trials:– Salem, Massachusetts (1692)Salem, Massachusetts (1692)

• Slave woman accused of witchcraftSlave woman accused of witchcraft

• Led to mass hysteriaLed to mass hysteria– Poor/less fortunate people accused of witchcraftPoor/less fortunate people accused of witchcraft– 19 people killed19 people killed

King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s WarSettlers continue to spread west. Natives thought Settlers continue to spread west. Natives thought

land treaties established with colonists were land treaties established with colonists were temporary.temporary.

Deprived of land, natives were forced to work for Deprived of land, natives were forced to work for colonists and follow Puritan laws. colonists and follow Puritan laws.

1675, Wampanoag chief Metacom (“King Philip”) 1675, Wampanoag chief Metacom (“King Philip”) organized tribes to wipe out settlers in 1675.organized tribes to wipe out settlers in 1675.

King Philip’s War was fierce. Hunger, disease & King Philip’s War was fierce. Hunger, disease & casualties led to native defeat.casualties led to native defeat.

ConnecticutConnecticut• Founded by the DutchFounded by the Dutch

• Taken over by the English, led by Thomas Taken over by the English, led by Thomas HookerHooker– Created the Fundamental Orders of Created the Fundamental Orders of

ConnecticutConnecticut

•First written constitution that created a First written constitution that created a governmentgovernment

•Foundation for the U.S. ConstitutionFoundation for the U.S. Constitution

Mid-Atlantic ColoniesMid-Atlantic Colonies

Development of Mid-Atlantic Development of Mid-Atlantic ColoniesColonies

• 1621: the Dutch1621: the Dutch WestWest India Co. colonizes New India Co. colonizes New NetherlandNetherland– Capital = New AmsterdamCapital = New Amsterdam– Settlers from other European countries and Africa are Settlers from other European countries and Africa are

welcomed. welcomed. – Traded for furs with Native Americans. Traded for furs with Native Americans.

• 1664, the duke of York drove out the Dutch and 1664, the duke of York drove out the Dutch and took control of the colonytook control of the colony

• Goal: unify English controlled territoryGoal: unify English controlled territory• Renamed New York.Renamed New York.

Settlement of PennsylvaniaSettlement of Pennsylvania• Quaker BeliefsQuaker Beliefs

– EqualityEquality– CooperationCooperation– religious tolerationreligious toleration– PacifismPacifism

• In 1681: William Penn settles the In 1681: William Penn settles the colony of Pennsylvaniacolony of Pennsylvania

• Goal: “holy experiment.”Goal: “holy experiment.”– adult males get 50 acres & right to voteadult males get 50 acres & right to vote– representative assemblyrepresentative assembly– freedom of religionfreedom of religion– est. good relation w/ nativesest. good relation w/ natives

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening• Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society

and church membership declines.and church membership declines.

• Minister Jonathan Edwards preaches that Minister Jonathan Edwards preaches that people are sinful and must seek God’s people are sinful and must seek God’s mercy. mercy.

• Led a religious revival in the 1730s & 1740s Led a religious revival in the 1730s & 1740s known as known as the Great Awakeningthe Great Awakening– questions authority and stresses the importance of questions authority and stresses the importance of

individualsindividuals

The North & The SouthThe North & The South

Commerce Grows in the NorthCommerce Grows in the North• New England:New England:

– Small farms (cold winters, rocky soil)Small farms (cold winters, rocky soil)

• Middle colonies Middle colonies – Livestock & cropsLivestock & crops– Export surplusExport surplus

• Result: A diverse commercial economy Result: A diverse commercial economy develops develops

• By mid-1700s, By mid-1700s, merchantsmerchants are a powerful are a powerful group in the north. group in the north.

• Growth in trade leads to large port cities in Growth in trade leads to large port cities in New York, Boston & Philadelphia. New York, Boston & Philadelphia.

Northern Society is DiverseNorthern Society is Diverse

• Immigrants:Immigrants:– 1700s, the North experienced a large influx of 1700s, the North experienced a large influx of

German, Scots-Irish, Dutch and Jewish German, Scots-Irish, Dutch and Jewish immigrants immigrants

– Encounter prejudice and clash with Native Encounter prejudice and clash with Native AmericansAmericans

• SlaverySlavery– Less than in the South Less than in the South – Highly restricted legal rightsHighly restricted legal rights

British North American British North American Economy GrowsEconomy Grows

• Colonists Colonists exportexport raw raw materials & materials & importimport manufactured goods manufactured goods – Result: $$$$$$$Result: $$$$$$$

• English Parliament saw English Parliament saw exports to other exports to other countries as an countries as an economic threateconomic threat– Passed the Passed the

Navigation Acts Navigation Acts in in 1651 to restrict 1651 to restrict colonial tradecolonial trade..

• MercantilismMercantilism: favorable : favorable balance of trade where balance of trade where more wealth is coming more wealth is coming in than going outin than going out

Tensions EmergeTensions Emerge• Problem:Problem:

– Some colonists resent the Navigation Some colonists resent the Navigation Acts Acts

– Continue to smuggle goods abroad, Continue to smuggle goods abroad, primarily with the Dutch and French.primarily with the Dutch and French.

• Result:Result:– 1684: King Charles revokes 1684: King Charles revokes

Massachusetts’ corporate charter and Massachusetts’ corporate charter and creates a royal colony. creates a royal colony.

– 1685: King James creates the 1685: King James creates the Dominion Dominion of New Englandof New England, which united territory , which united territory from Maine to New Jersey under British from Maine to New Jersey under British rule.rule.

The Agricultural SouthThe Agricultural South

A Plantation Economy ArisesA Plantation Economy Arises

• Fertile soil = an explosive growth of an Fertile soil = an explosive growth of an agricultural based economy.agricultural based economy.

• Dependent on Dependent on Cash CropsCash Crops

• Navigable rivers allow planters to ship Navigable rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to marketsgoods directly to markets

• Most plantations are self-sufficient and few Most plantations are self-sufficient and few cities grow. cities grow.

• Most Southerners are small scale farmers, Most Southerners are small scale farmers, but wealthy planters control the economy.but wealthy planters control the economy.

Slave Life in Southern SocietySlave Life in Southern Society

• Problem:Problem:– In 1700s, reports of hardships keep European labor In 1700s, reports of hardships keep European labor

((indentured servantsindentured servants) away. ) away.

• Result:Result:– Colonists turn to African slaves to fill need for labor.Colonists turn to African slaves to fill need for labor.

• The Middle Passage was the middle leg of the The Middle Passage was the middle leg of the transatlantic slave trade. transatlantic slave trade. – 20% or more of African slaves on ships die during 20% or more of African slaves on ships die during

transport to the colonies.transport to the colonies.

Growth of African CultureGrowth of African Culture

• Southern slaves tried to Southern slaves tried to preserve their cultural heritage preserve their cultural heritage through crafts, through crafts, musicmusic, stories , stories and dance. and dance.

• Still, brutal owners regularly Still, brutal owners regularly split up families as they saw fit. split up families as they saw fit.

• Many slaves resisted and tried Many slaves resisted and tried to escape or led rebellions like to escape or led rebellions like the Stono Rebellion of 1739.the Stono Rebellion of 1739.

Triangular Trade RoutesTriangular Trade Routes

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

OriginsOrigins

• Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution– Copernicus, Galileo, NewtonCopernicus, Galileo, Newton

• 1700s1700s– Philosophers in EuropePhilosophers in Europe

• Ideas spread to coloniesIdeas spread to colonies– Spread quickly through books & Spread quickly through books &

pamphlets pamphlets

Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas

• Optimistic belief in science, logic & Optimistic belief in science, logic & reasonreason

• Prompted a spirit of inquiry & inventionPrompted a spirit of inquiry & invention

• Emphasis on scientific methodEmphasis on scientific method

• Natural RightsNatural Rights– Rights that belong to every person, Rights that belong to every person,

regardless of rank or citizenshipregardless of rank or citizenship– i.e. Zenger Casei.e. Zenger Case

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

• Leading Enlightenment Leading Enlightenment thinkerthinker

• Embraced idea of Embraced idea of obtaining truth through obtaining truth through experimentationexperimentation