2008130554 Yeokyung Jo2007130000 Daewon Kim

2011 spring semesterThe Development of the English Language

French borrowings in Middle English

• the Historical background of French loanwords

• the Process of French loan-words

• Changing from NF to CF - Norman French - Central French

• Comparison between NF and CF

Contents

Historical background

• AD 1066, Norman Con-

quest - Normans: the Danes who settled in France Normandy in 8~10thC - William 1 won the Hastings bat-tle and dominated most of the England

Historical background

• From 1066, the dark ages of English over 333 years

- the Normans occupied most of the top officials

- the decline the English lan-guage as the political, economic, so-cial and cultural revolutions oc-curred

Historical background

• The Hundred Years War between France and Eng-land

- the loss of Normandy in 1200 - the decline of the French after the Hundred Years War - the Black plague swept through Europe, which brought about the elevation of the status of labor-ers - the beginning of English education at school in late 14thC - the emperor Henry Ⅳ in 1399

the high variety(H, official contexts or docu-ments)

the low variety(L, ordinary conversation)

the Process of French loanwords

E

F

example1 – English words for common things vs. French loanwords for classy ones

cloth(a casual clothes E.) vs. dress(a fine clothes F.) cow, bull, ox, deer (animals E.) vs. beef (a meat dish F.)

• Diglossia

- A situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community

deer(animal E.) + beast(animal F.) deer(deer E.) stink(smell E.) + odor, aroma, scent(smell F.) stink(a bad smell

E.)

• Doublets phenomena

- the state that a speaker has a command of two languages or dialects greatly

F E

example3 - Reduction or extinction of the meaning of Old English words

the Process of French loanwords

example2 – English words for ordinary conversation vs. French loanwords for formal situation

doom (E.) vs. judgment (F.) hearty (E.) vs. cordial (F.)

Norman French Central French

Norman conquest(1066)

Loss of Norman(1204)

Conclusion

Changing from NF to CF

• The figures of French loanword

(J: Otto Jespersen / K: A.kaszal)

Norman conquest(1066)

The loss of Normandy(1204)

year

subto-tal

subto-tal

year

total

• Norman French(NF)– After Norman conquest(1066)– One of the dialect in the midsection of France– Everyday language of upper classes for 200 years– Used in royal court, lawer court, school, official notice

Changing from NF to CF – Norman French

“The French used for the legal terminology”

• The decline of Norman French (After 1200

years)– The Loss of Normandy(1204) / The Hundred Years War(1337-

1453)– The Black plague (1348-1350) : the spread of the status of

laborers– The stadardization of Central French(CF) in Franc(13C)

Changing from NF to CF – Norman French

The appearance of Central French in Eng-

lish

• The decline 0f NF The frequent use of CF (Not perfect decline of French)

• Central French(CF)– Continuouse mutual interchane in upper classes (Usage of CF = Evidence of chic and elegant class)– Standard Frech in the capital of France, Paris– Usage in various field like culture, art, fashion

• The appearance of Doublets(NF&CF)

Changing from NF to CF – Central French

The appearance of doublet in borrowing French

Question 1

Question 2

The appearance of the dou-blet

The difference between NF & CF

• The system of pronouciation and spelling

• The pronunciation

• The exchange between w & g

Comparison between NF and CF

Norman French Central French

“c” – [k] “c” – [č]

cattle, catch chattle, chase, challenge, cham-pion

Norman French Central French

The preservation of Anglo-Nor-man The similarity to modern French

Norman French Central French

The preservation of “w” from German [w] – [gw] – [g]

warranty, wage, warden, Wiliam guarantee, gage, guardian, Guili-aume

• The spelling ‘s’

• The pronounciation of ‘Qu’

• The change of ending in latin

Comparison between NF and CF

Norman French Central French

feast, forest, hostel, beast fete, foret, hotel, bete

Norman French Central French

[kw] [k]

quit, quarter, require liquor, liquorice

Norman French Central French

The variation of “–arius,” “-orius”

-arie, -orie -aire, -oire

million(n)aire, Armoire, (In French, salaire, victoire)

• The change in vowel

Comparison between NF and CF

Norman French Central French

Diphthong ‘ei’ Diphthong ‘oi’

-rei, -lei -roi, -loi

real, leal royal, loyal

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