French Armies of the Hundred Years War

7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War

1/51

H

ARMIES

OF

UNDRED YEARS

W R


2/51

ID NICOLLE was bo m In

th e son t h l II u. 1r at or

t Nicolle. He worked In th e

Anlblc service betore

back to school gaining

MA f ro m t h School

ntal Studies nd a PhD

Edinburgh Univer.llity.

later taught world and

ar t and

architectural

at

Yarmuk UnlveMllty

an He has

written

a

books and ertlcle.

medieval and

llllamic

and been a

contributor

to

th e

n at Arm aer les fo r

many

Ml.

He currently lives and

In

lelceateMlhlre.

US McBRIDE on e

th e

moat respected

has

tr ibuted to more then

70

t it le. over th e

past

years. B or n I n 1931

parents

bu t

u

a

chfld he

ived a mUlllcal

education

Canterbury Cathedral

Choir

ool In 1940-46. He

worked

advertllling agencies

r om

47 and Is a selt-taught

After national

service

the

Royal Fuslllera 1949

1953

Angus emigrated

out

Africa. He retumed

the UK In 1961 and has

d freelance

ever since.

h is w if and t w o ch ild re n

retumed to

South

Africa In

since when h e h as l iv ed

worked In Cape Town.


3/51

.-

puClIIIIleO 2OllO

CIsprwy

f'I.C:*I/Wlg.

0....

Court.

w y ~

Old rd 0X2

lIlP

. . ngl Q

...I.

rom

et Pf

tw

lor

ItoI

of priwI.

SltII:IY.

:;I\ cnl_ Of

_

.....

ItoI

DeloogrlS-.:l

p Act. llllll. / Ill I l of pubkeaon


4/51

FREN H RMIES OF

THE HUNDRED YE RS W R

337 453

of William Wenemar,

and magistrate

of

Gent,

hal f o f

t he 14th cen tu ry .

As

senior mil it ia off icer of

one

of

e wealthiest

cities

In

Europe

would have th e best available

equipment; nevertheless,

still has

much In common

that of th e

late

13th

ury. BIJlokemuseum, Gent

w

during thi d h

rrom

n incre

ing


5/51

Effigy

of

a lord

of the ChlUeau de

Bramevaque, f ir st h a lf o f th e

14th

century.

He

wears

an

old-fashIoned style

of

armour

which persisted

In

t he d ee p

south

o f France - se e

Plate A2 .

in tu

Cloisters

o f th e

Abbey

of

St B e rt ra n d d e

Comminges;

author s photo)

Int41rior

of th e Porte

5 t

M ic he l a t

Cahors, a typical

example

o f

14th century urban

forti fication

In south-central France.

Author s

photograph)

I he lahli bmen in embl f a perman nland

prof e ion


6/51

r lili n l h ir

w

rr r

o r

I m

ot r

ligh

Th e

o n ly s ur vi vi ng o r ig i na l s ta t ue

of

member

o f

th e Gent mi l it i a,

made around 1340, which once

decorated

th e famous Belfry.

T h es e h av e

n ow b ee n

replaced

by

replicas. S tonework Mus eum

St

Bavon s

Church, Gent)


7/51

Men operat ing an sprlng l In

a

Flemish

manuscript made

between 1338 and 1344. This

siege engine, shown

with

a

wheeled

rame

carriage, was

powered by

twis ted skeins 0

horsehair,

and

shot

massive

arrows - though not actually

as

l arge as

th is pic ture

suggests.

Bodleian

Library, Ms. 264

.201r, Oxford)

French

king_ during the

Hundred

Years

War

Philip

de

Valois 1328-1350)

John

II The

Good

13501364)

Chat1es V The

Wise

1364-1380)

Charles The Mad 1380-1422)

Charles VII The WellServed

1422-1461)

infant

aval and land

lor

cs

from

the rbcri-ln

penin ula help

d

r n h during a Br LOn campaign

of

1342 whiJ fift n aI ,

h a d

f

avanT S J I

22

men- Ll-arm an d

1 120

in [ a III I JIb

o r m a n d .

f

Fr

nn i

t

parLi

u

p


8/51

Mu h 0 th

heroi

m o f th k ni gh t ly e l it e was,

i l

fa

t, 1 0

U d n

llrflam n and qu i li

r

a of a r m ralher than real battl . In 1369

Deschamps o m pl ai ne d l hm .

oldit>rs

de lroy

flu'

(ounlry Iln o-ugh

hOI/our

TO/1e, lhe lille 10 be ralled ens d 'armes ul

lhe)

roam fhe

tll slro

inK

fl

Ithing in

lheir

7110,) ,

and till l)oor pea/)I are

JOlTed

1o jler

If fh

soldir'l mr nrl 'l' I Imvrillltref lfftgues

in

a

day

hi'

Ihinks

hi'

11m

7111 11

By

th e I

o f

th lh n t D c h a m p \ a al

mplainin

al

O l l l th e knight. ck

r

training, idlen ss, d .:ire

r go d

in an

I fin

10lh S, and lh

fa

l t n t b o [l n l I W c l v wcrc

hi

d

It

n b

fore

lh

ha d

am

d

Ll

h

ra l

k

on

balLl -Id.

comp nies

general, those m n direcli in

k

a m r

ti at t

ltilud l war , \

arfar

. Ma n

arm. wil h \ ~ l r i o u s c o l e a ~ u e ..

Th

s

ollld

b ontra L f rvi r f

l al

Sllpp

m ciLl r

I

I

p > ifie I p io d or r I lif n d

m Lim

luded

a gr m en l

In

shar> bOlh

in[or-Illation

and profit.s from ran. ms.

venti BrOLherhOtld

mighl

cst


9/51

Archers

with

longbows

In a

Flemish manuscript

of

1338-44;

note the a rrows car ried

In their

belts. The bowmen o f England

were by

no

means

th e

only

ones

to

use

longbows,

bu t In most

parts

of westem

Europe

archery

was pract ised more

for hunt ing

than

warfare. (Romance

Alexander, Bodleian Library, Ms,

Bod. 264, Oxford)

'The

Order

of

the Star at Table',

In

a l ate 14th cen tu ry French

manuscript, The Order

of th e

Star was founded

at

almost

th e

sama t ime

as

the

English

Order

o f the Garter,

but

d id not survive

long

-

mos t o f I ts membe rs were

killed

In

the ear ly batt les

o f t he

Hundred

Years War.

Grandes

Chron/qu9s

da

France,

Blbllotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr.

2813,1.394, Paris)

the rown to

maintain

cnlllrol,

lo 'nsure lhm

ommand 'r s k 'i l their

CO

pani

s up LO st r >llh 1h and ad -qual I eqllipp

d,

I 'v n lhal th >

on

III pa to

lheir

m l 1

During-

the s con I 1,.lIr or th [4Lh ' nLlI til cr )wn a lso enl i

smaller

cornpaniC',.

so

111

,

or

\

hi h \

c r

lillie

he l l r

LInn

hanos

(uLlaw', 11

cxampl

nm'

have be: n Lh> 'ontraCl \ ilh Lon'nl .oll

;orge ('

:Ul-ll roal. I

,a

1 1

.) 'Ill

I hi. live 'quire., This

ralh 'r

hllphaz

: Sl III

or

'olllra lual I' rUilllll'1ll

C

nLinu

d

weI illl lhe

[51h C

'nu

thou 11

llie

crown \ a al 'o It:mandin

o

' I' 'laLive sm' ,1 and

prope

equipped ~ u d a l (n t i l lg ' I ll ;

1ll:1

t d lO\ n .

mOllgo lh lor i n Lroops,

C'IIO

1'0, sbowm n slil

r allir

prominenLl'

d

111

n

or

'on ' id n

cXlprience.

For


10/51

This

late th century Image

reminds

us of

t he h ug e

quantities of arms, armour an d

munitions

which

were

manufactured fo r th e competing

armies; d o cu men t a ry e vi de n ce

shows

that

this

wa s often

on an

almost modern

production-line

scale. Note

also

th e separated

le g

hose

worn

r ol le d d o wn

to

th e

k ne e b y th e

soldier

o n t he r ig ht .

ehron/ques de Sf Denis British

Library,

Ms .

Roy. 20 ,

C.VlI.

London

11ll? I c1 LO

ev

n

more critici'm of a

kni.,.hll

l t ~

whi h

had

fail

d

lh

countr : CommCnlal

r.

lik AI li,

Charti

r n

dOll

l

lh alu

0

of

hivalr)'

il

Tlf.

In

hi.

17 1

oj /3011/1 5 Honor B n l . imilarl

omplain

d

lhm the knig-ht.'1

r

g< rei

war

IT\

or ,]

as

a

m a n s ,f winning

walth.

:0111 arabic r i

ici. In

w e r ~ .( nlain d

in

J a n

d

B I

il'.

manual ,(

k n i ~ 1

h cI lllt.:d tP. frt/v >77ral, wriu n in th e mi

1 1

h

'lIlur-.

Thi ' wa'

bas n on

hi.

0 \

xpcricllcc an 1\

'1.

modern

in

iD mph

'i

on

miliLaI

professiol1ali'n

abo

e all

othcr con ideralion.. nl el e ..

k,

ighlhood

rcwin'd

its

In

ti 'lu,

though

the

men-al-amlS

ma

110\

ha

in Iud cI

lllor

sCJllire.

lhan

knig-hL'i.

c cml leader ' or I ~ l h emu companies

-

prurr/wurs or 'scor

hcr,

, a. i

l h \ r woft-nknnwn,inrc1 r n t o t h IT t o r t l l i r p s . a g ~ l l l

tll'lorlllrl 'd

oUnLry'ide

- \

r .

f r lali

1,

hllmbl orig-in'.

Ther-

w r

also

m'H sil11ilariti

b,tw

n

ti l .

ecorrhpw S\

h

au '

>d

u h \ id

spr I

suflc\ illg in mid-I . lh enLul. Frd ro r inranlry. In

a t

King Chari s r

vi d

udal r

ruiUTl-'nl

in

an

g-ui'l' to ereme a larg- and r

liabl

inlanlr

fore

und r R o al

conlrol, Innsf

i l taill r c 'i\'ill {

1110l1C

r

his

UWIl

immediale

\ hil

J lh e

r Sl

slraight

to his mell.

:u h an

arm was,

or

\'

r x

' l1siv ';

HI ill

137 )

and

1384 o

r e'lctio n again sl

e l l

' ssal '

tax's

meanl

this

IlL'W

struclure

IS abandoncr

ro r

man

. .

In l'-\ I

th nlir

Sl

m had ollaps

'el

b

by whi h

tim

e

Engli were

0

cr -

grccll

,wath

-s

of'

nc(', Frt'lich Illililar

at lht: l ime

in

(un \Va.

tl c

lh ' samC' as il had

during lh , milil'lIill


13/51

SU c 'ssrul c1 a I ...

or

t h

la l r 1

lh

I l l U l , J 1 l 1 i d r

'Oil

I

ani i

IT

Tuil

d

h { /frl , de

1 I II /I/1f .

upp n >d

b

imil rJ

I r l l ~ s ional eros.

how-;lm1l'd

inf:ml , and b

I

militia uni

rrom.

I

t

cI

LOwns, Lo

al

inhntrv

also

t n I I l 110 k LU LI I

UI

l pI I lh ir

own I

11,

leam

hile parall I

11 ilit;'}I' l i l t

lIlr

had d Iop 111

aULOllllnHlllS dllchies SII 'i l as

Bdll.an

a n

I Burg

1Il0 ,

Symbols

and l v ry

or King ,lulln s

icl ,

\Vil

i h

was IIOl

r{'vi\'

d

\ \ ~ I lhat or Sl ular Illilital

I

ord I . a f'ocus or ovall ,

His , lIcn ssor Charles \

ha IlilLl .

i l1ll n: il

in 'hi' ,Itr ,

while Charll i VI

dev>1

>p

>d

th

r i l l thods

of'

cem

nt i

nl {

1 ,dty. l\kanwhik IIwre wa.

a slow 11l0\ ( 1l l nl to, ar d,

SOIlW limn or nalional

miliulI:

insignia.

t

t h

start

or

th e

HUll

Ired ( II S

War

in ...

ignia \

still

slri L1

r lIdal;

hill only a (


14/51

French so ldie rs ki l lin g Jaquerie

rebels.

Th e latter ar e

shown

In

m id dle -cla ss co stu m e rather

than as poverty-stricken

peasants . T he soldiers ar e

also

w e ll e qu ip pe d, w e ar in g a variety

of h el m et s I nc l ud i ng o ne c ov er ed

I n s c al es. C hroniques de Sf

Denis, British Li brary , M s . Roy,

20 , C.VII, f.133, London

It as

kell,

LOg-elhel' with R 'al bann'rs, in R

im

athcc1ral, and

wa

lIsed

ani ,

in d

'G'nc of

Ih

king-dom, th

'

Chllr

h

or th e hr i

tit n

r; iLh,

LII s o r L ~ of idelllificmion in Iud d ,20 bla

'k

p

'nnons h ;;II-ing

the

word

jus in in s ilver

r

gold,

di

lrib IL

0 h

the Daupl in har 1

his

men during- a . i \ ~ 1

\

ar again

I

th e Duke of Burgund I

in 14J

l. lh r

banners

II.\..'

I I

V

Dauphin's I

Jrces

i. ludcd a

na

r b a r i n g a d II

hin,

anOlhcr Iwal'illg a I ull>,

anna

I I d

1

Ii h

>

killing a

,erp

nt,

and

a

third

wilh

r

m 11 \

'1'1..'

U '(Iall 0 r

or

Be 'oncl

Oll

rt. ci I 1 S

and hadges

w

T

llsed 10 shO\

all

For

~ x m p l c

in

ari, in I: 75 Illan I

pcople

I hoo Is ha Iv('c r 0

b i l l

as a

mark

of

alle

10

[l icll l l ' Marc

I

I i

,,,I

It:arkr

cll'lllther Pari

'ian

grOt' ,I.h

hi n S adopl c1 blue

and tWO I ,.n. h l r

'ir

rivals

LOok I

IV

'aring

hal', At oth

I

lim

(

s mpaLhelic

1lI

lhe

litll1

laclion W

IT

ir On/dips r a p s I 1I1l d

o

Lh'

right.

lh

pro-

10

Ih,

lhe

11

h

I m

I auld 1101

her SII

fliciclIl /{)rces

10

sisl Lll' English (clilowing

e

ti l Ie

01

gin

oun,

'illlilarlv

Lll'

lr

'al. \ hi h

King

;h;trls


15/51

The Militia

of

Par is , In a late

14th

century

French manuscript

The

Infantry levy has

been

given

an almost uniform

appearance

which

was

to

some

extent t rue

much o f

their

equipment

was

provided

by the city, purchased

In

bulk

from manufacturers.

IGrandes ehron ques de France.

Blblioth quo

Nationale,

Ms. Fr.

2813, Paris)

VII and

Ih D uk BUI'g'und in I 3.

m

am

th I

wn uld on

g,in gIll 'r lh

J

La s. r build

an

ti ann , and Lam

lrouble

orne

l cmrheurs.

Char les VII s re fo rms

Fin Il

,0 1

) J ni l ry 1 45, lh I alion of

Ro al

rompagnip

d ordonnanff s wa

announ

Th I - would 1

1

of lh s a h of 100 lan

ea

h

Ian

e

on

i 'l d

of

six

m

n

(a

,m.ln-at-a

hi, w

I

l-b

arer pag

,

two

arch

1 ,


16/51

T h e H o rs e me n o f th e Apocalypse

on a French

tapestry

made

b et we en 1 37 5

an d 1 39 0. A ll

except

on e

figure -

wh o

Is

shown

as a stylised

Oriental

- a re g iv en

n o rm a l F r en ch arms an d armour

of

t he p er i od . T he f or e gr ou n d

rider clearly

wears

a mall

haubergeon

o ve r h is cuirass o r

brlgandlne, with plate l imb

defences;

note

also hi s shield

cf.Plate A3 .

Castle

Museum,

Angers)

.. of

armour \ t:r

Ihigh and

kn

p r

H

li

n

f i r

n

or hard

n d

ather. fi

Illow

cl

b

1

padd I

allelOllja

k

l, mail hauberk and mail w{f.

e t calll

oat-of-plates a

defenc mad

o f eral hUH d

plat

d

( 0

I

pc

n h

-lik l

I

ri

gann >01.

ann

g01lS rps I

thr at

fen s a :ur l

eli

pla

ring hi,

at f -anns ; whal bon auml

\ I d b It, word. a e and

dagg

r. I.a tl h d

nn

d h a h 1m

or

ba:cillel.

hi I Is \

ere.

huw vcr, now

rar

I carri rl

il

war.

Th arm. and armour

of

rdinar

part-Lim

urban I ilitian en

Oltld

r v

I s d

c

in

R II i l l I . n j l d

uf

a al- J ~ p l a t

.

a ro r

el p rh lp_

f

lO wcar I cI 1\ t h plat s. bras nt

jJlale

or hi

arms

and a gorgiftrP tit

l

for h

is

neck,

T h

,los

de a l in Rou

n

mal

ul a

ltll >d (Is/win ral jeg ngin

nn and armOllr IS w> I

as

hip . but th

I

.1 Tosshows C m from

in

th south.

B the, Lart of

Lhe IlIndr d

Y ar s

War

1 oulou

ll1anlll a l l lr d

silk-covcrt>d

an I plain

Cjuill

d tollp.

gambols ;

plat

for m>n HI

1 hoI S s

ha in IS

h

1m brimmed

h

1m

- call

d

dl /0/1 III

u Jn11,

g 1I11111 IS

and

IS. Orl d hi

ld (p i in

\ h iv

or

pailll d

wilh l h ann of

Fran

c), Am ng L

less

omm

n

item

ere tOlI /PfllI.Y

dagg rs,

Ian s,

drt l ds ja

lin

Iwtht S norroise. (knowll

in

I as [ allish

a c.) 1 0

b \VS,

gnmJ s fo r spanning r bO\ S p i l l .

Cjuallliti S

01

cro:sh

\

haiL>; ddivcr c1 in

iron-b und

It l ,

The

I ar

I

t to Lh

.

pro

fin

I t

Ling

I armuur

in

Fran

e is

anothcr

dOCllllH:

III fr

l in ROll

n

daLed 1340,

The pressures

(f

\

al ma have

a

LlIll d for

olht.r Sl

II S

or

arl1l(

l I r in

lh inv

nL r

I

Ih , I )

ludin

t h e

am,lS

OWl

d

jJlnlfiS

r

Chll s

( of

, n

a

I ) ,

vass/m ls df

l

r ; h { ~ \

and

c r d Korgih s dp

m

nLi(

n d in

13 17.

leam hi l Lhe

lauverl

In-I it , inlegral

n

lnd

oi

whil

c V e

and

h

were

O l

d

ul1lil

it b

m

ma l l r

hnubnf :eon. Th

a l . - o ~ p l te.

had

al I d,

d, proh

bl f rom

an

> Ip,lIh

T

tllirip., and I

e

III

id-l..J

Lh

l1l.1I I lh

d girdle-like t

p ma

ad hav I Tn

r

gard

d

01

1 - ~ l S h i O l ed

- although

Fn:n

h

IOC-lImcnl of

I,

d IllClI Lioll a oal-o/:phlCS

king

ilS IIsual fabric

vering


17/51

The ba le of Auray

(1364), l ik

so

many

of t he l ater

c lashes

the 14th century, was

largely

fought by heavi ly

armoured

knights and squires. Here

Bert rand du Guesclin (centre

left) - who was cap tu red at

Auray

by

Sir John

Chandos

-

depicted wearing a tabard

bear ing h is coat -of -arms,

bu

both a rmies fight beneath th

banner

of Brittany In what wa

i n e ffec t, a civi l war.

Du Gue

Chronicles Bibllotheque

Natlonale, Paris)

II

1\

. app ar m

o Hun

wa

til . aoopli

n

arli

r nm illg rob

(r

narcd

I

S

pufli d

OPPOSITE Bert rand du Gues

appointed Constable

of

Franc

In an early 15th century Fren

manuscrip t, K ing Char les V g

a hand-and-a-half sword

to

France s toughest

and most

successful soldier In

1370,

making h im commander

of

al

French f orces under th e king

himself. Du Guesclin (1323-8

survived many

ba les agains

English, French,

Breton,

Navarrese

and Cast il ian armi

and was captured and

ransom

several t imes. I t

was he

who

presided over

th e

patient

campaign

of containment

and

siege warfare which so

weakened

th e

English

positio

France

in

th e

1370s , and he

laid

some of th e foundations

French

military

re forms. The

artist depicts him

here

warts

and

all - h is equ Ily unsparin

tomb

eff igy shows

that

h is lo

did

not

match hi s prowess.

(British Library, Ms. Sloane

2433A,

f.2.20v

London)


18/51

ul Iers and , ad I -r h 5 ;

whil

eV n bell'i, il

hiding

sw rd -Its.

10 I

t wom

10\ 011 lh hips in

a fa

hion pr viou. I 5S iaL d \

iLh

CO llimc. miliLar v r i n r

the p erljnponj

k

l

wa al

on

over , ln l l011

r. he I arrow \ ai, I whi h I ara t

rio

d nn U I S I h

the

brigandine,

aqul

and

plate uira s reflecLed

su

h ivilian fashion

'wa. p ,ai.'L r l a i n i n ~ a f

alllr

I ann

ur

lhrough L t II 15lh

ry

I

Ihe c nd hall'

or

Ihl ' l1

be

worn I


19/51

Charlemagne

finds

the body 0

Roland , In an

early 15th century

Frenoh

manuscript, Here the

heroic Roland Is shown as a

French

knight

with the

most

up-to-date armour,

Including

the

new rounded

visor

and

a bevor

plate attached

to

his bascinet.

Chronlques de

Sf Denis,

louvre

Museum,

Paris)

an

o n

Is , Th b s t arm ur \

er

probabl

l

import d

rrom

Ital

Italian ar m ur

al inf1uen

cd Lhal mad

iI

ra n

Ii was nOI the \ cig-ht 1 rull pl:'\le a rmo u r \ hich

au

I

pr

hi m

th ' batLI Ii Id. in

l h \1\

an

lOur

w ig h d ab lit h m a

11I

d m

inrantr mall equipmenl and pack, T h . rcal p r blcm w

hC'lt e. haustion and limited vi ibilit \\Ih n th vi r \\Ia

\\I

rn II

list or

a 0 1 1 1 1

te

hama;s a

firmer

fwmme \

ritt

11

in I, R in lu I

d a

la

l o n ~ ancl slim iCnl' role

de 1 1

banTU w ighing at I a t

25

p o u n d , g

fit/ril l I-bra.

m d

ganlelpis

I

r Lh

an n

and h a n d , th

fuJI

l o. ling

v r r

lounlOi,I ,

In addiLi n

h

sh

ul d ha v

g

I

al I

w

II

um

i

I

t'

Ja

dl

lOI r/OlJ

dpjalllb r hi .

I g. a h

with

mail

pr le ti n a t t h

b lck

Y Iii IP I 10 It I ll ois a pai r. 10ther do um

or

add

a

b .

- i n al el visor w

aml// /;I lv lltail)

inth I \

fa hi

n

u

hla ,

in

t c o t i n K 2 l O ~ l i v r

IOllrl/o;

. Tlli made a L< tal c t 1':'5 livres

lourl/o; ,

ull

In n

ur

In d chang d slighLl b

l l l I 1 , \\Ih

n :harl '

Duk

rl ~ a n di. tribUl lighl r 'CJllipm

n t

La hi m n-at-arm, and squi

basr;I/I I.\ it /)rlTJ;i>rp \ hi h \\I r pI' babl t

I

a in

IS'

wilh

il

t

h

'\lors, p i e c e ~

d allemagne

\

hi

h \

re probabl

br a

lplate ,

on

iSling o f p i ., or

pht

ro r

lh

.

I

g , brassf.lI.f., grtrrlP 0 1 and m

g-auntl for Lh arm and h net-. Mu-h fLhis was

ov

r in

b la ck

fabri ,

[nfantr I armour wa

light

r Ie .. abundanl and ch ap r. W read

in I. 72 Li b

rt B

rrein I

mi

lell

-

la militiaman

fr II I

wha

no\ B 'Ig-ium, ha I a mail Inul rk \

it h

a

collelin

additi nal co

and haul I r p m l

tion,

a hascincL wilh a vi o r and avel1lail. pla

gaunLlcl .

I

Ius

ar m

and

leg-

d re n .

mad

o f

hard

n d

1

at h

r

ou

Ih ame t i m

Lh

r

bowm

n and p a v J s i { / :

Pr o

n

fa r l h

so

I

d

to hav

ar1ll ll;he 0

r a

ba

'ci

h Im t,

and

plales (

or-pial. ) OrLen

wi

lh

g ; I ) / J { ) I I U ~ pad

d jll J

o r

mnsilJYe m a l l m

haub rk), Ian had

p

. fLlI(/e,1 atla

t

)( lI I jere, plus

a p

bmcormii>( f r

mail

gorg

l

pI' t

1

th n k.

O

a

w

ha

I

~ l n l p l e l . 5 .

g la

1Ilrt.11

im

e r bras

al-es 1 0

r

I

h

hand. and

1

v r < nn

Fr 11

m

b wllI

\

e a p o n

con istcd

o

ro b

\\I

a

I laLi

l

ensis

or /J(/,I(J \

o r

I l n

couleau clagg -r. whil . so

al 0 carri d a bloqller

small

sh

i

Irl

r ll k

Tho

r

a )(tvpsier

w r

spear and dagg

r plus


20/51

larg /(It/i,I' shiel I o r

m;mL I , vcr 1 \ having ,\

o n l .

1

IU \ t l l 'al briWl1ld

Jig-hi

infalllr

again ha n a

ccrvell

ie r

basci11 t o r

rtltJdlw /1'/'1'/'11,1

hr i

III m en

\ ar

hal

or k n k hat ),

and

I he re\ who had

I

oel

lrmOllr w r a )fu/I/P or

a

rofa

o r

ilia/ita

or

mail.

Tilt.

i d lIot lIorlllall have

iclds

I

ecaus

t

h \ 'I'

liglH

infantl

skirmishers,

The b e t re 'oreled, and

I

crhaps

one I

the most

illli orlal1l o r Frl'l1 h a r m ,

l 1 1 a n u r a c t l l r i n ~ ntrcs \ as

th

~ I o s

It: ;,lIecs aL

ROlI n,

II

m a d ,

miliLar

ClllipmenL in W I large' qllanuti 'S

alld

k

pt

v en III

r

in a re I

l:no,

If II

c, alllpl., th rc W

'1

)v r one

thou.

and ann U I in

th e

.hambrc

de

Rcine lIon ,

although

th s wr s rib d

a

lei-fashioner and or poor qllalit . Eight

cars

later a s li b l am ia l o r I l

from

th e king rC lllc,led

/lTJ(l/lfbras,

b a s h t e l ~ th 1110t

I11mon

I pc

f

helmcl), f l l l l / r l i l / : ~

IJmrl,/pls, bra. Ifp I/alp, rha Jpol/ .

d efn;

( otles, cuissols. PI 1/.

,

I/S OilS, g(/llll /ol,I, gmYfe-bmss, KoI Wm lIPS, gOI f :ihes, harnois, Iwubergier.,

h/ (I1I11I1 J, lin ll/I lolls hOllrmlih7 s, jacques, mt/oi ,

jJlates poul ins and

large ,

Jflil p,\ Ifp hfll 1I0;S

\ eighin Y al I a t 2 P

L1l1d',

'\ h ssinet w ighing

l ) 'a 't

4

pOllnds.

secolld order ill I all ca t cI no

Ie

s than 17,200

ol d

fran for

thl'

manuf;l

lUI

o r

200,000

ros.low

bolts,

I

r pairing

all c istin

horsc

ham 'ss and artill r . and I

buying

ne w qllipm nt .

\ r

was as

rdati

cl

P

'nsivc a busin

, th 11 a it is

n

w.

SDme

annollrcrs

al d

anns nler

hanLS m a d

arran

m nLS with

( II 'agll S abroad, a in

I.

7f) wh n Guitard d Junqi I

r 13m

Icax, 'eel \ il h

Lamb

rl

Bra lu

,a n I'm

ur

I

) - OP Tl I

ill sllppl th e L( rei

o f

Foi , stl

( r

bas incLS an I rull ,\ d, In

T h

' 111O't ,tail d viden

ht' r rnarkahl ar 'hi\, 5 o r Datini, a rn

rcham

rrom Pral in ltaJ

who

a:

a k> li ,,,,lr' in

In am,s

trad ' bas d at vign n in th e lal r

J lh

TlIllIr ,

This

was

'I

m ; ~ j

>1'

dislribl lU n

nt r ,

n t nl r n w I'm

a

bill fell' . it unci-hand

and

Ipturcd quipmcnt as w

\

as r d W

t Ti'lIs,

s


21/51

A complete I ta l lan armour

m

c.1460, In a style which sugg

that

i t was made fo r export,

either

to France

or

to Germa

(De

Dlno Coli,)

uwr, Iig-l I r I m.

[hod

armou \

re

r

'pla ing

lh

old

oal

o[-pltH

S, h 's included th

hrign

all d

a mmail,

\

hile

Ihe

lminiOll

was prob bl < I ath r

l in in .

At

additional

s mi-rigid

)1 rigi I

b'vor

oulcl

I e

add

d

t th

avemail, but

was :ub:equ

nu

ri,

I

d

IiI

eLI

I

t he

a il

't

l

form

a

'great

bascin

t , Anoth

I

form

of

light II

1IIlc:t

apl ' lr nt l

1 1 h d

ran fr

m Ital I

in

around 1410,

This,

as

I

h salt)/,

whi'h

ould

also ha sm 11

visor,

M

'allwhil

Ul . old

rllII )( (1I1 rff' (Pror ' rimmcd

h('lm

I I maill

>d

popular

am

ng L m r t

Sl Idicrs,

Gi cnl l l

t h r a l 1 1

m

ngli'h longbowm 11, it

i n t ul )

ri-ing

thaI.

Ihe 14111c ( nlllr s l cOIl ' id ' rabl 'd 'v ' lopm nt inhor a rmuur .

ad

r lfl/lljmn.1

cover '

I 0111 th e

frollt

or

th h 1 , 8

h'acl m

an e

't nd

d pol allh

b

k

w r

)rm. whi

h

app ar

C lHU l were

larg 'I', 0

ring

not onl the

ha

k

of

th

I

liS

P l ( ~ j l

lion

0

er

tit

110

e

'md

pi

r

d

lip

ov

ring

th

TI l

iIlCTt \sillg

nl' ssit

I r m

n-at-ann' [ j

h 11 fOol

I

d

to

Ollle

al) Hld IlI11t nt of

Lh

short n d infant.

I

'pe I in hlV ur of til r ar ome

1

flth ntll1 I

I 01 .., , with

a

hea\ haft

panl.

protected b iron

X I

Ilsiol1s

from

a

I cad

\ hi

I unil

d

a blad ,a war..hamm I and a 'pik

.

h . al o n 111 liS

l Cosl/lIl/f'

1ilil([h1

rtfS

fi f/11(ail' rn 144 J pI vid

'xccp

iUIlClll d,tail d ill

orn

ti n a ul th> quil m

'n t of

a Ln.nre,

th

I

t

i avail ullit:

'Finl : lhp

said Ulm-al-flrms

(l're commonL dec/ied when lhC)1

W

1 1

ww; h1 p/lliff' whiff

IInr?'/f': nU l l

10

sa)

c/o e uims.,

1mmbnu:p.. {(Lrgp

wm/l -Imlrl ,\,

It'g

lru l/pss, {{f lImllf iLJ, snlpI wilh vi, or lnd a small bevor which

CalIPH / } 1 1 ~ \ 1

IIlf rhino L ae l is (J,l'll1pd wilh a lance nd a long li{{hl

sword,

a s lmp

tlf/{ ,gl r

hfl/lghlg

011

[III Lff

idl of

the

addLI', and

a mare

l:.:ach m n

must

also

/)1'


22/51

a comprmiprl by a

rtlufilliPr

[ quire] eqllijlped

ith t ahule, I a moi.

dr> j a l b e ~

Iwube1J :Pnrl., jorfJue

br i

randine or

(or. et arll/nl wilh dagJ(l r, .

word,

and

a

V )U,W

or

rlnlli-Ianfp..

l 0

t

page or

varlel wilh

fhe sallie rlnIWllr

Inri

one or two

weapons, The arc/lei wear leg

arnwU1;

sa lets, heav} jacques lined with linen or

bl i/ tmdines

bOlll i1l

l/fInd and quiver al ide.

h 125 lo 200 li7ll l S 10l/.rnois

\

I i h

Il HJng

n bJ man r

uir

I

l full equip him

elf repre.

nl d

l l

l 16 m nlh \ ag

lo r

all

rdinal mail-ai-arms,

lnd

cJ ad , appliedLo

Lhc

be l p ssible

g ar. E n

ordina quipmcl l I I in

P

n

iv

.

al

were

valu d

al

h rwe

n

3

an

I

livm.

toumais

ajaqLI,

1

t

or

brigandin al

11

livres.

flili.

l

r. u harm

)ur

and \

aponr

COSl

amlin I 0 livre wi ile

Lh 0, l

fo r

a

ol1lplclc

lanrewas from

70

lo

0

livres.

I

the

olh I' XLI

lh p

r qualit

clagg r U

>d

b

I

mosl ji (t1 1(,I

arrhn

. l Ie . lhan n

livre toun/ois,

a

poor

qualit

/ -w I'd

JUSl v r

ne

livlr . h alll anol l n u. t l r J

tat

d lhal

.

there

i

also another

I I t l l l l lW r

0.rrolll

armcd olely

ill

haubergeo ll.l

.I al,,1

gaunllets and leg

fl,/,1ll0W;

who

((1 1 wonl

1

aU I)1 ill the hand

orl

ojdrm whirh 1m {/

Invad head

anrf i

mflp.rI

n langul dp bOl uj

l

X-Lon ]..

ro bow cOllunu d

t

I

manufa

LUr d in

larg

quanuus. Lh .Ios

de Gale S

makillg lhem in ba l h of

200 at

a tim .

Th volum

f

t1ll1ll1l1nili

n

produced L lh Ie (.al ,w a

ell

gr al r:

V

nh

Ie. S

it

anI

I

quir el I n b h

lrc s

ami Ie, lhan

250

kil into

g n

ral

U,C,

ram

r

Lhan heing

I 'I

a 1

-hn

I

ri

al

ud

i l . i d >bal

abl lhough

snrn rna) ha he n

u d in

warhrc ar und l . 70,

0

pi

or p >rhaps becall,

f growin

c mp tion from

uns,

lh>

1'0

bm

had

Iv d inlO

all

a l ni

hingl

p

w

rful

apon

ombining

pm

1

wilh

littl

\

eighl,

no .. . oil. ,md

n n

e

ity

r

I'

I

ng uaining. BUl

whi]

Lh

1I

r l I

mad

Lh ro

bow

narrower.

I S

Illm ,

and wilh

a

draw

I ngth

f nl

1. lO

10

nLim

Lr , il r ~ m n

d

slO 10 load and in re.ringl

ompl x.

ILS

draw \V ighl

now

d malld m dnnia.\

aidsLO.panning-lh

go l S-

fOOL I v r,

[

cranequin

\ ilh a

hand Iank

d

ra l

h l

bar, and

nLuall a

wind-

lass with

ho

k d I d and

d ubi rank-handl

,

Cannon w I U ed in

0Tcalcr

numb. .

and al

lh

ugh

lh I

\V

I

r

\

I

l

chnol

gical

chang

s

Lh

1

ma

have

be

I I

expcdl

nl.

knight

takes

leave

of his

In an e r l ~

15th century

or English manuscript. He

the

full

white armour

at

the l ime

of

though his

helmet

is

t of

the f u l l ~ developed

at bascinet form. Note that

e chamfron

on

his horse s head

venti lated Iron

elements

it s e ~ e s

and

ears.

r it ish Library, Ms, Harl. 4431,

London)


23/51

with .111 II ingle-dis h a r ~

gUll

made 01 hardened

I aLher.

vcnhel

. gun.

were in r e a ~ i n g l a UI L

< nd reliable, apable

I

being aim d

at

\ I

sp

-ific

or

11\0\

n g target.,

511 h s boat., II

ing 10

run

.-ul

plie

inlo

a besieged

f

rt

rc ,

or tile

ma. LS

f'

encm hip al sea,

he mak ing of'

guns

al

d ve-Ioped inL< a ,.,uhstal1lial

bll iness inv( man

dilTen:'111 craIb and l:-.'1Jilds.

nl lh

ri

hesl lll(1nuh

lU r n ;

ndd n n t ~ all

LIl ,C ,kill d

men

in me

pia , and

uc C5S in doing

o

nn,

have

b e n

on e

r ason \ h

Ih e

Burcau

broth

rs mad SI I

1\

a

,'iig

nificanl onllibuLioll La French vi lOrie. I n Ih lasl

n cade.

01 Ih

Hundred at . \I\ar. In 1442, fo r ..un

pi

,.J

an Bur

lU made fo r Ih e

Fren l1 Ro .11 arlill

I I

train: six b

1111 ard:,

I .

V ~ u K l f l i r t . \ 20 .I'f 11Jl nlinf .I'

0

I'lJIlIPllTJrillt',\'

allrl ullnul1lbcr d

liballrll fJllil1.1', :\I

a c

5L

of' 4 19

livms

lou.rnols,

h se gun, rcquir d 20.0)0 pounns (

f

gtll1l wrler sling 2,200

Ii

res

l

Hlrnoi,

,

I

ing

Charles VII c1earl Ihoughl su

h

xp

ndilLlr \ orthwhile,

'inc> Lilt, Bur

au br Ih

rs' p

n baLll

at

a

rlisachrdnlag- _

This \

as

panic ularl true of he IirSI pins c1l1l-in

cr

which

the

E n g l i . ~ h

longbow

a r n

I

is

pia

in

milil

hi

.

LOry.

In

the.

ad

yt ars

the

Frellch n r l

liS

d i n J ~ l I 1 U t

111,

nanks

of

lh ir

c, \rllr)', as di I t h . n

Ii.

h, and th i J n e uggc

II al

Fr n h

comm tnclcrs

simi

I,

did

not

und rstancl

how

lO us larg

force

of'

Tossbow-arm cd i 1 l 1 ~ 1 I 1 1 l ,

t iL \ as LI c railur

f

v Tal

ma s

d

a\'al I

wi

i 11 \

as

dl( grC


24/51

b 1'01 , h e am int) 1I tan.

BIIllh -ngli

h - 11

It

ling b hin I

I \\ithin

a

thi

k

t

or harp

Il

d tak

.

n I ap ll

I

of cr alin

an

Slorm

of

lens 0

t h o ~ n d orsh fts in t he momcn ber re

nta

di

11

I

br

ak.


25/51

Another

ca rving f rom

th e

Stadhuls

I n L eu ve n portrays

a

f u l ly a rmo u re d

knight

riding

down

a

group

f o ot so ld iers,

perhaps representing

th e

Duke

of

Burgundy

defeating

rebels

from Gent.

Author s

photo)

ordil

on Ih

war

u

undr cI ear War lhe r lilie

r th e r


26/51

CAVALRY 1337 1360 I

1: h Dauphin Chart

c.1356

: Sou1hern French s i r

134

: night from th Dauphine 0.1350


27/51

3

INF NTRY

337 36

1:

orth rn

Frenc

militiaman

e 1340

Sergeant from

Champagne c 1360

3: rav mercenary

erossbowman

c 1350


28/51

CAVALRY 136 1415

Boucicault c 1400

;

Guichard

Dauphin c 1410

3: Bert rand du Guesclin

c 137

2

3


29/51

1

INFANTRY 1360141

1: rossbowman retln of Jean d

2:

Rennes

militiaman C 1370

3: Southern French ligh Infantryman c 1400

. . =


30/51

NAVAL WARFARE 337 5

Jean de BtHhencourt c 1402

2:

asque

sailor c 1360

3: astilian naval captain

3


31/51

V LRY

1415 1453

1: e nne d Arc c.1430

French

knight c.1440

3:

r ton

man-at-anns

c.1450

2


32/51

INFANTRY 1415 453

Franc archer

Poitiers c 1453

Insurgent

c 1440

3: Flemish

mercenary

c 1430

3


33/51

ARTILLERY 1430 1453

1: Gunner with

ribaudequln

c 1435

2:

Gunner s

sslstant

c 1440

3:

Handgunner

c 1450


34/51

fight, Lhe kni htl), has Lill

L r

t or a

h

r. I an, and

il

1 t I

I roponion or cavall , in Fr 'n ,h armies was in

reasin

,

Th

mpaigns

u ll l1sisl d larg I oC raid b

land and

a,

ieg s

w 1 skirmi.-I es in whi 'h h r. and ro' ]

owmen

oflen k nl a

minor

I art. Balll \ ere now on a r mall. al

th

ugh a numl r r

Sl i

cesses

had

a hug impa t on

Frllch

m ral , M st a -tion. weI

d )Illinat d I eli m

un l

d

but

full

arm

ur d

m[

-at-arm. lighting wiLl,

shan n

d .

P aI s an ther bau.lc r u d

up

n m nu ' I of

. lrat gi

riv'l' ro

in r c li T d \ h n

'mall mobile ren

b for

atta

keel

th

rear

or

En

) (ish

columns

at night,

or

\ h n

Lh

garrison

or

a

01. II nanks. B >Ii

'ving

that n all- )[It a '

'ault

was their nl h p , m .

G

I I I r b

'I ' laun

hed

a

IlIa i

'alta k but th

'rcnch

lin h Id

and

the

;wall I

swung

around to

env lop

lh 'n m

who

weI vinuall wiped

OUI.

nrc t pical, however, w I d va 'talit g Engli h

rheufLucl/lfe raid

aero, s mu,h

I Fran'

. 1 h w r laull h d not ani

lo r

their

illlll1 diat I

ward',

but in th hop f Irawin lhe

French

into lh op n

I

attic

whi h the Fr nch kin

and

hi'

'oll1mand

r

want'd to

a id. In

( lh

French

garri 'OIlS g n rail r j 't 'd English

taun

but

r th

COIl l I l lOII peopll'

tl1

se

rhl Ufl Llchees

remained a lIightmar. song from

the so-

ailed Ba

'ux hallsonnier 'omplain d: flltheDt ell

oj O1 1 /wnd:y

I/Wl I: so Inllrh IJi//age t. I /// wre OJU mnnol have pien/

1

fa God want. that. th.e

coullh:v

o

o/ Irlandy mow

peace

.

The

French

solut ion posit ional

warfare

In Ih ' mi Idle ar.

nfLl

e

14Lll

I IUI

lh

d v I

pm

I1L

r

unpowder

;:Ir ill I had I l o t le t r a h d a . ta c . iving aUlIck r

the

automatic

arlvantag in i g warfar ; and

guns 'oldd

al b m unt rl in

fortified

pia' . ( I turn

th

alla k

r

fir . In r p ns

lO

Englj'h armi .

I

[aliv .

domination

f p 11

1I lei 1I hung

me

Fr

n h kin ord red an

inv IHOI . of all I ortili d pIa s in I and

1367,

tlh b I I m ncl f h al w re

t.I,

onified hurch .. whi h

were

parti '1IIar ' ommon in .ollth rt1 ncl

w'

tern Fran e. ther

clefnLUI wh n a

m tmlll

III I I ng fr m pI

per

a u t a rlill d

hur

h r

hou,

'I I (JIJfJyriuJ1l I ' ing a

habitatj

n in a na urall d

n'ibl

site, a

tu s

or

14th century bombard

L1sleux Castle.

l a1e 14th cen tu ry

with a

separate breech.

In Llsleux

Castle.

in t he

Historical

Museum


35/51

. t

r

n l l

of

tow

1

a

ba ti

in g a n \ illage

or

to

rn term for a don

vilh.g an I a m

important

T he

City Moullns in a mid-

15th

century

manuscript

by

Guillaume

Revel

This Intriguing

illustration of a

medieval

city

as

It really

look d Includes

th e

old

town

within

I ts w al ls

an d

a

ne w

citadel gate,

as w el l a s les s

crowded

suburbs

In

th e

foreground. Armourlal

d Auvergne,

Blbllotheque

Nationale,

Ms . Fr 22297

f.369,

Paris

r wa

d

nd

uch

found

th

writing-

I

hl-i line d

Pi an in

, he

lated that a Tarn

r

20

m

required

rlmlet

ti

til ole mall

r

bow

six

aT Jnlelf?s

L


36/51

A French

tapestry

made

around

1460 Illustrates The

Life

of Sf

Peter

Heavily armoured

Infantrymen sleep In what

may

be a

symbol ic reference to

the

end of the Hundred

Years

War

between

France and

England,

(Musee de Cluny, Paris)

orlml t . Ii

ITor 20 bow , two

or dH

e

psjJ/ingal

:\7 a , s ~ n

d

n

) s b ~

w lolL i, arr

w ,

t 7'..

'P til S, t, 0

li

0 1 1 (\ hich rna htlv h n a form of

IrrfJurhpt) an I , ) f ) l I i l l { / / : ~ p

rhaps

anoth I t I I -

I h r O \ \ ~ n g

machine);

12

rrmllom jJPniPl

_0

li t n

read CI1I (()rth s g-tlllS, 00

tampon

\ ~ t h

m trial

10

m ~ l k 11101'


37/51

Th e

Ch At e au d e Couches. a

smal l Fr e nch castle

typical

of th e

later

years o f t he H un dr ed Years

W r It ha s 13th century walls

to

which a tall 1 5 th c e nt u ry keep

a nd c ha pe l h av e b ee n a dd ed .

Author S photograph)

140f

th

l

impn)V

11

In

gllnpowder

anil

lradiLic nal missil --thr )wing ma hines continue 1 l

be liS

d lhroug-h

Lhe

14th

c>ntu

; a

larg

In4mrhf

J

I

was Lran

I

n

d

all

lh c

wa from

Rcol to alta ngli h-held Rcrgcrac in

1 77. P \

I fill framc-moul

si

gc

n :sbo\\ : \\ ore pI habl

mounl

I nip

f lO\\

rs, rath r t

in, iel

Lh 111,

w p ifieel in II I j


38/51

Ihe

14th CClllt lr)

I \ IC lira y, r lali (,'1 lig-h sion

cannonball

and

Inw

I ll

nl lire Ii I n< l ol f

I

a

vel

.ri u

thr l l

lo n

aj I

How v I , prof-s ional gU1l11

rs

. .-rainl

or skill which nablecl

th m

to ollllll


39/51

A mld- to late 14th century

manuscript i l lustration of a naval

bat tle, During

the Hundred

Years

War

naval

clashes

were

resolved

by

boarding and

hand-to-hand

combat, though this

was

preceded

by an exchange

of

archery,

Effor ts were a lso

made

to disable the enemy s

rigging.

(Chronlques de St enis British

library,

Ms. Roy 20,

C,VIl.

London)

a


40/51

e

o f

th e

ships

Jacques

on carved relle

made

w e en 1 4 43 a nd 1 45 1. It Is

vessel

with an

crew,

tw o

o t w ho m

th e

craw s

n es t w h er e

ar e supplied

with

spears

d Javelins. Hotel o . Jacques

Bourges)

Th

relativel

m h len

hi h id d

v

nd ran

r,

i

n

n o

ag

a

r


41/51


42/51

The

glided copper statue of St

Michael on to p of th e steeple

of

th e Stadhuis

In

Brussels is

almost invis ib le f rom

th e

ground,

I t

is , however.

a remarkably

accurate

representation

of

th e

German-style armour

used in

Flanders and northern France in

the mid15th

century. (Stadhuis,

Brusselsl

mm

nl n

nnales de

H1rnicr.

C

La

d re l l s populauc

n,

rural

p ndall l 1(\

gou

1 1 d n

tans

n

b l S

u\prglle ,

i l l Acle: riu

COlI.grps I

a/irmal tips, urieies S r t v { l I L ~ , irf

I I )

-,

.)/'I'lil/ll rI'(/Il'hPnlogip (P lris I.lf6)

1-7-199

j, .

Oil, J (,

I i i),

,/(,(111111

11 1\1 1 ,

tine

p/m lJU ,

ra.07l1wlllml

(I Iris

1982),

in

Illd

oS

vcnll r

ICVCllll

ani

I .

t. I.,

U S oniCi


43/51

King Char les

VII of

France

an

h is e li te Scottish

guard

on a

panel pa in t ing by Jean Fouq

made around 1450. The knee

monarch

is

dressed

fo r riding

while hi s guardsmen

have

fu

armour, relatively

l ight

salets

decorat ive l ivery Jackets.

(Adoration

o f t he Mag i, Muse

Conde,

Paris)

H

nn mal

,.J.B,,' I

n

iliLrbi I

eI

. Lora , .Jmn rll' if'/1Ile. Amiral

rle

Fr{(II(('

I 1 - { Y6 (P lri IH78)

Tuc()()-Chala. P.,

ne band

de

RouLi

rs dan. la

n:gi

>n

I

:asl

ialous

I I.

81-13

3 ,

RP1/uP rte

{

\ I {II/Iois ( 1973) 5-35

Tu l I . r ~ ~

Jo:rorr/1PlI1 S

SO S

Charlps

I I 2 vol

( I I1lbeliard 1 74)

Wolff, p

(. OIl1I1Wrrp,\

1 1 m a 1 l h a n { L ~ dp Tou/rl1lsp

( v n : ~

/3

()-l Im

145U) (Pari 195 )

Wright.

N,.

A 1 I ~ ~ l I l and Pp(/sanls: l7IP Hundred Ypm:

War ill

Ilip

FrfYnrll Counlryside ( uudbridgc

1 ~ ) H )


44/51

PL T S

CAVALRY

1337 136

1: The Dauphin Char les, c.1356

ere the future King Charles V

of

France wears up-to-date

nd fashionable armour. This Includes a houndskull

scinet helmet with visor raised, its mail aventall secured

und the edge by vervelles. Beneath a tight surcoat

isplaying, quarterly, the gold lilies on blue

of

France

cient and a blue dolphin with red

inS

and tall on gold, the

auphin has a coat-of-plates and a mail haubergeon. His

rms are defended by full plate armour; his legs have a more

aborate system of scale-lined fabric

CUISseS

for the thighs,

med poleyns over decoratively cut white leathers, splinted

eaves and laminated sabatons. The prince s horse is also

rotected by a small amount of hardened leather armour.

ain sources:

Romance

o

Alexander

Flemish manuscript,

38-44, Bodleian Library, Ms. 264, OXford;

Lancelot du Lac

rench manuscnpt, mid-14 cent., Bodleian Library, Ms.

773, Oxford)

:

Southern French

squire, c.1340

contrast this southerner has the old-fashioned armour still

orn on both sides of the Pyrenean frontier. It consists of a

reat helm

With

a hinged visor, mail coif, hauberk and

In

addIlion he has a thickly padded surcoat,

dded gauntlets and iron greaves. The surcoat is fringed at

m and upper arm, and bears on upper arms, chest and

hiS

arms

of

small red crosses on gold. His horse wears

caparison over a full mail bard, and a hardened leather

amfron. (Main sources: Effigy

of

a lord

of

Chateau de

amevaque. early 14 cent.,

in situ

Cloisters, Abbey Church

St

Bertrand de Comminges; effigy

of

Bernard Comte

de

inges, early

cent., Musee des Augustins. Toulouse;

o nstan

French wall-palnllngs, mid-14 cent.,

in situ

mpler Chapel. St Floret)

:

Knight

from

th e

Dauphine, c.1350

s knight from south-eastern France uses a style

of

arms

d armour influenced

by

neighbOUring Savoy. His bascinet

s its visor removed and

is

covered with a layer

of

orative cloth

With

a woven thread ornament

at

the apex.

wears a heraldic tabard open down both sides over a

t-of-plates covered with red fabric, and hardened leather

oulder pieces. Apart from hardened leather couters for his

bows and poleyns for his knees he otherwise relies on mail

otection. The heraldic charges on his almost rectangular

ield - note cut-out for lance - are heavily embossed into

e leather covering as well as painted. (Main sources: Effigy

Count Tommaso

II

of

Savoy, mid-14 cent..

in situ

dral, Aosta)

INFANTRY 1337 136

1:

Northern

French

mili t iaman,

c.1340

e bulk

of

infantrymen

In

French armies were probably

ban milil1as. This man is armoured for close combat,

aring a brimmed chapel-de-fer over a small basclnet with

tached avental . His body defences are a coat-of-plates

er a mall hauberk, with hardened leather armour for his

oulders and upper arms, plate rondels strapped to the

bows. and splinted vambraces for his forearms. He is

med with a massive vouge polearm. a sword, a basilard

dagger and a large shield. (Main sources: Statue

of

an armed

guard

of

the Gent militia, Flemish c.1340,

Stonework

Museum, Gent; 19 cent. reproduction

of

lost 14 cent.

wall-paintings from Leugemetefries, Flemish 1346,

Bijlokemuseum, Gent)

B2: Infantry sergean t f rom Champagne, c.1360

Regions close to the border between French and Imperial

territory were Influenced

by

both areas. Hence this profes

sional

loot

soldier s coat-of-plates would

be

typical of the

Rhineland and Flanders, l ike his leg and arm defences. His

long-shafted gisarme polearm, single-edged falchion sword,

simple helmet and large infantry shield could, however, be

found across most of the country. The brass rivets and

washers on the exterior

of

the upper part only

of

his

coat-of

plates show that the skirt section is

of

fabric alone; note the

thong. pin and loop fastening at

the

shoulders, and the white

cross

of

France sti tched to the breast. Beneath it he wears a

mail hauberk and a coif, a padded gambeson, leather rere

braces on the upper arms and chausses on the thighs, plate

poleyns and splinted greaves. He carries one

of

his large

The Knights of Christ on

a painted

alterback

by

Jan

van

Eyck, c .1435. The detail of annour

and horse

harness In this

magnificent example of Flemish early Renaissance art Is

remarkable, whi le the annour

Itself

appears to

b a

mixture

of German and French s ty les. In s tu Churoh of 5 t Bavon,

Gent


45/51

plated leather gauntlets in his simple cervelliere. Main

sources: ivory box. French c.1 340. Hermitage. St Petersburg;

effigy from Pont-aux-Dames. c.1335. Louvre. Paris;

Crucif ixion. Fr anc o-Ge rma n a la ba st er ca rv in g c. 1350,

Metropolitan Museum

of

Arts. New York

83 :

Provenctal mercenary crossbowman,

c.1350

Many crossbowmen were recruited from Provencte - which

lay outside the fronllers of France - and detailed desrlptions

of their equipment survive. Such a soldier has a tall chapel

de-fer forged from one piece; a mail coif worn inside the top

of his haub

rk.

over a thickly quilted aketon;

an

oblong

leather buckler is strapped to his left arm. His weapons are a

sword. a large basilard dagger. and three composite

crossbows carried slung on the pack on his back. The box on

his wheelbarrow probably contains crossbow bolts. Main

sources: Chroniques de France French manuscript. mid-14

cent., British Library. Ms. Roy. C.VII. London; Polyptych of

the Passion by Simone Martini. painted

in

Avignon

c.1

340,

Museum voor Schone Kunsten. Antwerp)

V LRY

136 1415

C1: 8oucicault. c.1400

Jean de Malngre c.1366-1421), called Boucicault . even

tually became Marshal of France like his father before him. A

champion of the tourney and a Crusader against the Turks on

land and sea he was captured at Aglncourt and was one of

the few noblemen whose life was spared: he died

In

Eng

captivity six years later.

In

his younger days he maintaine

rigorous fitness routine Which enabled him to perform st

such as climbing

up

the back

of

a ladder

in

full armour, u

only his hands. Here this enables us to see the b ac k

o

bascinet, aventail, and heraldic coat armour . as well as

typical plate leg armour. Note the strap attaching his ave

through a slit

In the coat armour to the iron cuirass bene

this

is

worn over a mail haubergeon. His belt, with t

gilded plates. su ppor ts a ronde I dagger; the rigid cui

beneath prevents the low-sl ung belt from slipping do

Main sources:

es

Belles Heures

de Duc de Berry.

Fre

manuscript, c.140S, Metropolitan Museum

of

Art, New

Y

Chroniques de St Denis.

French manuscript. late

14

c

British Library. Ms. Roy. 20. CVIII, London; he Apocaly

French tapestry, c.1375. Castle Museum, Angers)

C2:

Guichard Dauphin,

c.1410

Towards the end of the 14th century a bascinet wit

rounded visor came into fashion, as did a rigid iron bevo

protect the throat. Here Guichard Dauphin has a fab

covered brigandine with very large chest plates over a

haubergeon - note the iron lance-rest on the right breast

mail aventall is covered with blue fabric bearing s

heraldic shields - quarterly. blue dolphins

on

gold, and

silver diagonals on a blue ground, with a triple

red

l

overall. His shield is of the oval variety used on foot, w

An i l lustration

from a

primitiv

mid-15th century Flemish

manuscript shows similar

armour, though

In

a

much cru

style.

egendof 1l oy

Blbllotheque

Royale.

Ms .

924

f.63v, Brussels

OPPOSITE Few

pieces of 15th

century clothing survive, but

French

heraldic tabard is one

bears a

white

cross

contre

r t ss

on a

red

ground.

Hermitage

Museum,

St

Petersburg


46/51

bstantial wooden grip and padded leather squab;

he

would

armed with a shortened spear for Infantry combat. Main

urces: late

14

cent. French effigies, in 18th century

ngraving by Gaigniers, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Est

1

Paris; Chronicles of Froissart French manuscript,

arly 15 cent., BibliotMque Municipale, Ms. 865, Besan90n)

: Bertrand

du

Guesclin

Constab le o f

France

Guesclln was a short. muscular man with a battered

rize-fighter s face; see the Illustration on page 17. As

he

would have had the finest equipment available,

ere consisting of a tall baselnet with a very pointed

visor The aventail is attached in the normal

anner and has its own thickly pad ded lining. His th ickly

ted jupon

is

worn over a cuirass. which

is

not visible here.

th plate gauntlets and full leg-harness. Several parts of this

are also gilded. Du Guesclin s arms are displayed as

mall embroidered shields on his jupon and on his horse

arison. The horse s chamfron Is covered with black fabric

ith gold braid decoration. and has fabric sleeves over the

rs. His sword has a hand-and-a-half hilt. Main sources:

Du

esclln Chronicles French m an us cr ip t late 14 cent.,

iotheque Nationale, Paris; St George, Burgundian carving

Jacques de Baerze, late

14

cent.. Muse Historique, Dijon)

INFANTRY

136 1415

1: Crossbowman in the ret inue of

ean de

Hengest

c 1407

addition to carrying a pavise shield with the arms

of

Jean

Hengest, Master

of

the Crossbowmen

of

France, plus

ose of France mod er n , this man has a lead badge in the

rm of a sprig of broom sewn to the left breast of his quilted

ourpoint. Such badges

of poli tic al affiliation were

of

later

14th

century France. The pourpoint is

orn over a brigandlne and a mall haubergeon, and the coif

orn under his kettle-hat is thickly padded; quilted cuisses

overlap the plate lower leg defences; and single iron plates

are strapped to the backs of his mail-faced gauntlets.

He

is

armed with a powerful steel crossbow - note wolfskin

covered quiver

of

bolts, and broad belt with spanning hooks;

a broad thrusting sword obscured here, on his left hip); and

a basilard. Main sources: Livre de Chasse French manu

script, early

15

cent.. Bibllotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr 616,

Paris; sword. mid. 14 cent., Cathedral Museum, Chartres:

pourpoint of Charles de Blois, c.1370. Musee des Tissus.

Lyon)

02:

Milit iaman

from

Rennes c 1370

This urban foot soldier could have found himself fighting for

either side. While his equipment illustrates the fact that arms

and armour travelled over great distances as arms merchants

sought customers wherever there was confl ict. The scale

covered aventail might be English, his Winged mace Italian or

southern French. his hardened leather limb defences

Flemish, his mail haubergeon and chausses from anywhere in

France. Main sources: helmet, Milanese, c.1350-70, Museo

Poldi Pezzoli. no. 2598, Milan; clerestory windows, mld-14

cent..

situ Abbey Church, Tewksbury; funerary plaque

of

Gilles de Hamel. c.1355. in situ church. Heeren-Elderen)

03: Sou thern

French

l ight

infantryman

c 1400

A t first the term

brigand

referred to soldiers or mercenaries

protected only by scale-lined, cloth-covered brigandines as

worn here; note the attached mail cap sleeves. This man also

has a light bascfnet, worn over his fabric hood with a long

liripipe: a mail colliere around his neck and shoulders. and a

mail haubergeon; and would have worn plated gauntlets. He

also carries a small round buckler. His weapons are a slender

thrusting sword and a new style of rondel dagger. Main

sources: Cruci fixion from the

Parement

Narbonne

painted altar hanging, French, c.1375, Louvre Museum,

Paris; Martyrdom

of

St George Italian wall painting, c.1380.

in situ

Oratorio di San Giorgio, Padua)

NAVAL WARFARE 1337 1415

E1:

Jean

de Bethencourt c 1402

Jean de Bet hen cou rt is shown during the complicated

process of putting on full armour, a task which required the

help of another man. He already wears his off-white quilted

arming coat - a garment which would later be further

developed, having small pieces of mail attached at the vul

nerable points armpit. groin, etc) so that the mail

haubergeon which De Bethencourt holds here could be

abandoned. His hose are laced to the arming coat at the

hips; his armour and shield await him - note thickly

embossed blazon on the leather-covered shield. Main

sources: Livre des Nobles Femmes French manuscript late

14 cent.. Bibliotheque Natlonale, Paris; breastplate,

Milanese. late

14

cent

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)

E2: Basque sa ilor c 1360

The costume worn

In

northern Spain and south-western

France differed from that seen further north. This seaman,

helping button the tabs down the front of the knight s arming

coat, wears a round cerveiliere with the decorated rim

favoured in northern Spain, plus a mail c oi f with small eye

holes - another characteristic fashion

of

Ca st il e. Hi s

sleeveless. quilted jerkin may have been more of a Catalan

or


47/51

Aragonese fashion; note the wooden buttons down the front

and coloured woollen fringes at hem and shoulders. A broad

cummerbund , here Interpreted as rawhide, would be worn

by Medlterrean sailors as late as the 18th century. His shirt

sleeves are rolled up; obscured here, he would wear his white

woollen hose rolled down below the knees and secured there

by laces. His weapon is

an

Iron polearm; the purpose

of

the

hooked filment

on

his convex shield Is unknown. Main

sources: heBetrayal Aragonese wall painting, mid-14 cent.,

n

situ church, Urries, Saragossa; Crucifixion painted retable

by Jaime Serra, Catalan, mid-14 cent., Museu Episcopal, Vic;

rrest

of

Jesus

Navarrese carving, mid-14 cent., in

situ

Calhedral, Pamplona)

E3: Castil ian naval

c aptain

Castilian military equipment had various distinctive features

such as a preference for light armour, much

of It of

hardened

leather reflecting a residual Arab-Islamic heritage. Here the

caplaln wears such hardened leather leg armour over mail

chausses, which were probably suited to naval warfare. His

coat-of-plates has a high collar; and a yel low fabric lining

with bra ded edges, ex1ended at the arms and skirt and

Incorporating Internal leather upper arm defences. Main

sources: Crucifixion painted retable by Jaime Serra, Catalan,

mid-14 cent., Museu Episcopal, Vic; rrest of Jesus

Navarrese carving,

mid-14

cent.,

in situ

Cathedral,

Pamplona)

F:

V LRY 4 5 435

F1: Jeanne

d Arc ,

c.1430

Joan

of

Arc was undoubtedly an inspirational leader, though

it was her less inspiring male colleagues who provided the

military know-how. Here Ste Jeanne is shown wearing typical

middle-class women s costume, with her hair loose and

uncovered - this marked the virginal status of The Maid

plus a sword at her side. The banner carried by the Breton

man-at-arms

In

the background is based on a small drawing

of Jeanne made during her lifetime, while her shield is said to

be based on written descriptions. Main source: drawing of

Jeanne d Arc on the Registre d u Conseil du Parlement d e

Paris,

10

Mai 1429, Archives Nationales, Paris)

F2:

French

knight,

c.1440

This rather gorgeously appointed knight - demonstrating his

wealth by his fashionable pearl-strewn fur and velvet hat, and

his courtly accomplishments by his musical ski lls - wears a

tabard bearing the arms

of

Guillaume de Flavy, the Captain

of

Compiegne, w ho fought at Jeanne s side. He also wears a

surcoat wi h puffed sleeves repeating his arms, over his full

plate armour, and his great bascinet stands ready at his feet.

His ballock dagger is visible at his hip; for close foot combat

he

would also

be

armed with his sword and a poleaxe. Main

sources: great bascinet, Burgundian c.1430, Navarre

Museum, Pamplona; Sf Maurice, French statue from the

Tarrasque Alter, c.1460, n situ Cathedral, Aix-en-Proven


48/51

t he e nd

of

t h e H u nd re d

Wa r

f i re a rms b e g in

to

regularly

In

French

art.

mid -15 t h ce n tu ry Flemish

entitled th e pocalyptic

of

erusalem shows a

two

n

team

firing a

handgun.

On e

holds

th e

pole stock

on

of hi s shoulder w it h b ot h

an d

takes aim, while th e

leans

In to

b ri ng t he m a tc h

t h e t ou ch ho le

-

a nd a ls o

to be

bracing

hi s

comrade

m b e hin d g

Inst th e

coming

i l. B o th h av e v is o re d

salets

e xt ra s id e

plates, a nd s ub

shoulder,

upper

a rm an d

a rmo ur . Ca st l e Museum,

He carries

an

arrow bag behind his right hip, and

armed with a heavy falchion. Main sources: Life of St

French tapestry, mid-15 cent., Musee de Cluny, Paris;

ish carvings. mid-15 cent., in situ Hotel de Ville Louvain)

: Insurgent, c.1440

a man

in

peasant costume partly tucked up into his

for ease of movement) is armed with a longbow - a

apon clearly not limited to the English. He also has a

dy dagger, a leather water flask carried in a leather net,

a sheaf of arrows thrust into the back of his sash.

are shown

in

several French manuscripts. Main

Les Belles Heures de Duc de Berry. French manu

ipt, c.1405. Metropolitan Museum o f Art, New York;

es Heures of Anne of BriHany French manuscript, late

cent, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Lat. 9474, Paris)

: Flemish mercenary, c.1430

man

is

traditionally equipped as a heavily armoured

ntryman. He has a massive chapel-de-fer helmet;

an

early

m of scale-l ined. canvas-covered jacque, which laced

wn both sides, worn over a mall haubergeon; and some

te armour for his arms and legs.

In

addition to a round

ckler and relatively short sword

he

carries a langue de-

polearm. Main sources: helmet and langue-de-beouf.

nch 15 cent., Musee de l Armee. Paris; Crucifixion. panel

inting by Jan van Eyck. Flemish c.1425-30, Metropolitan

seum of Art. New York

A.RTlLLERY 1430-1453

: Gunner with

ribaudequin,

c.1435

illery was

an

aspect of 15th century warfare

in

which the

nch outstripped their English opponents. Here a master

er prepares to fire a mulH-barrelled ribaudequin. Despite

y references to such guns

in

the 14th and 15th centuries

y remain something o f a mystery. Originally the term

referred to a light cart,

to

which a number of small gunbarrels

were later added; they were probably fired

in

rapid suc

cession producing a rippling fire, and were clearly

anti-personnel weapons rather than wall-battering pieces.

The gunner himself is heavily armoured with mail and plate

because of his exposed position, valued status and relative

wealth. Main source: he hree Maries

at

the

omb

panel

painting by Hubert van Eyck. c.1430, Boymans-van

Beuningen Museum, Rotterdam)

H2 :

Gunner s assistant, c.1440

The assistant, pull ing the mantlet open

to

allow the gun to

fire, has been given here the costume of a working man since

his task was essentially that of a labourer: a doublet and hose

laced together over a shirt. canvas leggings,

an

apron, and a

substantial belt knife as his only weapon. His visored salet is

his only armour. Main sources: Les Echecs Amoureux

French manuscript,

15

cent., Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms.

Fr

143, Paris; salet, French c.1440, Musee de l Armee, Paris)

H3 : Handgunner,

c.1450

This gunner wears a deep chapel-de-fer with an eye-slit

in

the brim. though it is pushed back here for better visibility.

Substantial pauldrons protect his shoulders and upper arms

while the plackart and fauld from an Italian cuirass cover part

of his brigandine, itself worn over a mail haubergeon. The

quillons of his sword have a ring fitting to pro tect his fore

finger when fencing in the new Italian manner. He is about

to fire his weapon with a length of smouldering slowmatch;

his p owder flask, bullet bag and scouring stick would lie

close by when

in

com bat and would be carried slung when

on the march. Main sources: St Michael, panel painting by

Bernardo Martorell, Gatan c.1440, Museu Diocesa.

Tarragona; Life of St Sirmin on the Tomb of Bishop Ferry de

Beauvolr, French carving, late

15

cent.,

in

situ Cathedral,

Amiens)


49/51

D et ai l f ro m F le mi sh illustration of

soldiers

sacking a

captured

city,

m a de a ro un d 1 46 0. I t n ot o nl y s ho ws their

salets,

brlgandln s a nd m i ni m al

le g

defences,

bu t also that

w hi le s om ar e c le an -s ha ve n others wear mo u st a ch e s a n d

short beards.

Th e

a sso rte d b o o ty

I s b ei ng

carried

off

in

b a ske ts, ch est s, sa cks

an d

bundles; I t I n clu d es ju gs.

bo

an d

co okin g u t en sils.

Note th e

wheelbarrow

In th e

fore

ground.

pushed

with

th e

ai d of

a

shoulder rope

s ee P la

83. Chronlques de France

8ibllotheque Natlonale,

Ms.

2466, Paris

OMP NION S R S FROM OSPREY

CAMPAIGN

C:unliw. aUlhurilalil'C 1 C l l u n l ~

ul

hislflr)':- de i ~ i l c miliUJfY

cncUUlllcrs, Ea h

9 I \ - p a ~ c n O I l ~ cOl1lains

over O illuslratillns

indudinlt m p ~ Imler, or hallie. ,,,llIur pb t ':-. anti

Ihree-dimensinnal hallk maps.

WARRIOR

l>clinilil'e

1 1 I n l y ~ i s IIf

Ihl' ;lPP ~ l r a n l C . lI'e:lpnn:-. equipmenr.

laCIlC:-, haraelcr. ml eundilillns

ur

serl'ice nr Ihe individual

lighling man Ihrolll hllUI

h i ~ U J r y .

1 ~ ; l c h 6 - p a ~ e book i l \ d u d e ~

rull- 'nillur

unirC>ml

srudi s

in

c\ M: derail, ;1I1d seclillnal

,Irtllork

urthe

snldier's I.:quipmcnt.

NEW

VANGUARD

ClIl1lprchemil'e hislllrie:- IIf Ihe design. \ 1 \ 1 m 'nl and

1I1l'rallUl1al U'l' or Inc \lorld armoured eni

'Ics

and artillery.

1':.leh 41l-p.lg:e h n n ~ cnnt:lin:- itthl pattes of rull-nraining

sume 50 photOgr, ph. and diagrams and 12 full-colour

plates,

will

hl'Oac.lcn

in

Sl:Ope t

I

l:uvcr p'rsonalit; s,

s i ~ l 1 i f i l : a n t military leehniqu

'S,

ami other aspect or

I'h ' hi 'tOry

or

warfare II'hkh demand ccunprchcn 'jve

illuslrnt

'd treatment.

A I RC R AF T O F

THE

ACES

Fueuse 'xdl lsivcly on the elite pilurs

or

major air

campaigns. anti

includ

unique inrer\'icw lI'ith 'ur\'il 'ing

:lCC 'ourcetl :-pccifkally for each

l'olul11c,

Eal:h 6-pa ;e

I

ulume l:tlllrain' up

to 4

spcdall)

cClmmi, si

ned all \\ or k ,

unil lislinb S. nell' scale pl:ln:- :lnd I'he b,,:-t :lJ'(:hil al

phnrogl1lphy alailahh

,

COMBAT

AIRCRAFT

Tcehni .1 inforl11;llion rum Ihe IIlIrld's 1 :u.ling ali:lliull

II rilers un thl.: ('('nl

II

ry

1110

I

.

ignific

nr

military aircrall.

Ea h 96-pagc I UlU111C cOl1[:lins up I

4

:-pel:ially

l : m l 1 1 i ~

'i(lI1ed arl\\orb,

unil liMing:, new :c,llc plans

and the he:-t archil'al photograph) al'ailahle.


50/51

TITLES FROM OSPREY PU LISHIN

Men-a.tArms

23 I: Fr-ench

Medieval

Armie

1000-1300

Text

by David NIColle. colour plates by

Angus McB ide. Despite Its slow start

when compared with neighbours like

England. he kingdom of France

had.

by

the

IJih

century. risen to become the

most powerful state ,n Western Europe.

ISBN

I 8 55 32

127

0

Men-at-Arms III: The Armies

of

Crecy and Pol tiers

Text colour plates by Chlistopher

Rothero. When King Philip de ValOIS of

France. In order

to annoy

hiS nval,

Instructed

hiS

Flemish subjects to

cease

trading with the

English.

he

set In

molion events which would

finally

lead to

an InvaSion

by

English

troops in

1338,

under the command of Edward

III.

eager to

avenge

the unfo'1:otten expulSion

of King

John

from Nonnandy.

ISBN

0

8 50 45 393 3

Men-at-Arms 317: Henry

V

and th e Conquest

of

France

1416-53

Text by Paul Knight. colour plates by

Graham Turner. The battle of Aglncourt In

I t5

was 1 01

the decisive war-winning

battle that Shakespeare s vefSlon suggests.

This book details the

English

army that

Henry V led back Into

France

In 1417 to

conquer Nonnandy and

again lake

the war

to the French

ISBN

I 85532 699 X

Men-at-Arms

99:

Medieval

Heral

Text by Terence Wise.

colour

plates

by Richard Hook. This fasdna Ing wor

explores the ongins and appearance

medieval

heraldIC

devices in

an

engag

readable style accompanied by nume

illustrations mcludlng eight full page

colour plates.

ISBN 0 85045 348 8

Warrior

II :

English

longbowma

1330-1515

Text by Clive Bartlett. colour plates b

Gerry Embleton. The English military

ascendancy which lasted from

the

ml

14th

to

the mid-15th century was fou

upon defensive

tactiCS

based

on

the u

of

the longbow. This account. by

an

e

archer. Investigates both the weapon

the men

who

used

it.

ISBN I

85532

491 I

Campaign

9: Agincourt 1415

Matthew Bennett examines the Agin

campaign from the

siege

of Harlleur

aftermath of the battle a Agincourt i

Ably using ongmal 15th century

eVidence. including the survivmg Frenc

battle plan and the accounts

of

men

present in both armies. Bennett discu

the lead-up

to

the battle,

the

tactical

dispositions of

the two

forces and the

reasons for the ultimate English

succe

ISBN

I

85S32

132 7

COMPLETE

MEDIEVAL

WORLD TITLE

LISTING

0850 155 180

0850 1560 15

0850 156142

0850455 II I

OB5 )ol5S189

0850455700

08S )olSO l

oe50 1SS4

I

MENAT.ARMS (MAA)

08 50 45 24 57 0 50 MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN

ARMI

5

08 50 45 12 56 0 75 THE CRUSADES

0850 153011 085 SAXON. ING NORMAN

0850453062 089 BYlANTIN

ARMI

5

II

18

085 }\53H8

094

SWISS AT

WAR

I

JOO.I soc

0850453488 09 1 MEDIEVAL I (MillRY

0850 I5372U 105 rHE MONGOLS

08500lS3933 II I ARMIES OF C RE CY PO IT IE RS

0850453 NI

113 ARMIES

OF AGINCOURT

0950454484 I

ARMIES or ISLAM

7 11TH CENTURY

085CH54n8 I )6

ITALIAN

MEDIEVAl

ARMIES

I 3 ) ) ISOO

140

onOMAN

rut

1300

I

n4

I iol M DI[VAL BURGUNDY I3M-

145 WARS

r

rHE ROSES

Iso,e.G OF CHARlEMAGNE

151

SCOTS

AND

WELSH WARS

12501100

154 ARTHUR A NG LO S AX ON

ARMIES

155 NIGHTS OF GIRIST

1l>6 MEDIEVAl GERMAN

ARMIES

13 ) ).ISOO

0850456827

171

SALAlJlN

TH MCENS

0850


51/51

French Armies of the Hundred Years War

Documents

Transcript of French Armies of the Hundred Years War