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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to thank as a frst step, theteam teaching school private

engineering and technology “ESPRIT”

and responsible proessionals o o!r

ramework"

#eore starting this report, we take the

opport!nity to thank frstly o!r

Proessor “$"Sabe!r %o!sse &amdi”

who has not ceased to enco!rage !s

or the d!ration o the pro'ect, th!s or

his generosity in training and

coaching" (e thank him also or the

help and advice on missions reerred

to in this report, that it bro!ght !s

d!ring vario!s ollow)!ps, and tr!stthat it has given !s"

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(e wish to thank o!r teachers

enco!raged !s to work by p!tting at

o!r disposal their e*perience andskills

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Abstract

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Contents

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LIST OF FIGURES

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History

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Just as what goes up must come down, what goes faster must eventually slow down and that's

where brakes go to work !ver the h"story of the car, we've seen the once humble brake go

from hand#lever operated leather pads to electron"cally#controlled systems that can actually

help the car turn as well as stop$s horses were d"spensed w"th and carr"ages were motor"%ed,

we mostly rel"ed on fr"ct"on to convert k"net"c energy "nto heat $t the most bas"c level,

 brak"ng by fr"ct"on "nvolves press"ng a stat"onary component aga"nst a rotat"ng part unt"l "t

stops turn"ng!f course, there are many ways to actually "mplement th"s relat"vely s"mple

concept &n the beg"nn"ng, arl (en% slowed h"s )otorwagen by pull"ng a lever that pressed

the aforement"oned blocks of leather d"rectly aga"nst the surface of each of the rear wheels,

not unl"ke what we st"ll use on most b"cycles to th"s day*"nce k"net"c energy "ncreases w"th

the s+uare of speed, more go#power called for a commensurate "ncrease "n stopp"ng power &n

order to ma"nta"n some reasonable degree of safety, someth"ng a b"t more soph"st"cated than

leather was soon re+u"redhose early brakes were typ"cally actuated by a hand lever attached

to cables that were notor"ously d"ff"cult to modulate -orse, they had the same tendency to

se"%e that cable park"ng brakes st"ll have today .ortunately, .red /uesenberg created the f"rst

hydraul"cally#operated system "n 0104 dramat"cally "mproved th"ngsnfortunately, hav"ng

the brake l"n"ngs "ns"de the drum made them d"ff"cult to cool under heavy loads he d"sk

 brake w"th pads that were clamped on e"ther s"de of a rotor allowed a"r to flow d"rectly over

the surfaces that heated up g"v"ng them better fade res"stance he lack of force mult"pl"cat"on

meant that d"sk brakes had to be larger and heav"er but by the 016s, the super"or fade#

res"stance saw "t beg"n to supplant the drum at least for the front brakes on most veh"cles

he advent of electron"cs "n the 01s allowed eng"neers to "nsert a hydraul"c control un"t "n

 between the brake pedal and the cal"pers or drums at each wheel, allow"ng those corners to be

"nd"v"dually modulated based on s"gnals from wheel speed sensors hose f"rst $(* systems

have now been epanded to enable the systems to apply brakes autonomously of the dr"ver to prov"de tract"on and stab"l"ty control as well as automat"c crash avo"dance.

INTRODUCTION

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 The worldwide a!tomobile brake system market is +ooded with advanced,

modern and cost eective brake system technologies" -anada ./0"1234,

$e*ico .05"//34, 6apan .07"2234, -hina .02"8734 and #ra9il .7"8:34 are

the largest man!act!ring co!ntries o a!tomobile brake systems in the

world" The braking system constit!tes an integral part o an a!tomobile"

;ail!re o the a!tomobile brake system at the time o emergency can lead

to accidents, property damage or even death o an individ!al" In recent

years, braking systems have !ndergone tremendo!s changes in terms o 

perormance, technology, design and saety" Today, the brake system

market is bombarded with so many new and innovative technologies s!ch

as electronic brakes, anti lock brakes, cooling brakes, disc brakes, dr!m

brakes, hand brakes, power brakes, servo brakes and brake by wire" <nti

lock brake systems are the most so!ght ater these days, which are now

!sed in almost all the vehicles the .."gure 0 show the componets of d"sk brake

;ig!re 0= >isk #rake -omponents

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Bibliographic

1 Brake Syste De!"itio"s

 The braking system .;ig!re /4 !sed in a!tomobiles is mainly !sed or

helping the driver control the deceleration o the vehicle" It is one o the

cr!cial systems, which is especially designed or decreasing the speed o 

the ast moving vehicle" < typical a!tomobile braking system comprises o 

a braking device having dierent components, which are !sed or slowing

or stopping down a vehicle" $ore precisely, these devices decrease or stop

the speed o a moving or rotating body by absorbing kinetic energy

mechanically or electrically" These systems a!tomatically control wheel

slips and prevent the wheels rom spinning" They are widely !sed in motor

vehicles, b!ses, tr!cks, trains, airplanes, passenger coaches, trailers, and

other types o a!tomobiles" #rake systems !sed in a!tomobiles has come

a long way in recent years" The adoption o anti lock brake systems along

with the introd!ction o dierent brake components made o carbon fber?

steel, al!min!m etc have really provided better stopping perormance in

comparison with traditional braking systems" The ma'or man!act!rers o 

brake systems in the world are #endi*, #osch, >elco, -ontinental Teves,

@elsey)&ayes, Aippondenso, S!mitomo, and Toyota"

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(rakes may be broadly descr"bed as us"ng fr"ct"on, pump"ng, or electromagnet"cs !ne brake

may use several pr"nc"ples8 for eample, a pump may pass flu"d through an or"f"ce to create

fr"ct"on8

•   Frictional brakes are most common and can be d"v"ded broadly "nto 9shoe9 or 9pad9

 brakes, us"ng an epl"c"t wear surface, and hydrodynam"c brakes, such as parachutes,

wh"ch use fr"ct"on "n a work"ng flu"d and do not epl"c"tly wear yp"cally the term

9fr"ct"on brake9 "s used to mean pad:shoe brakes and ecludes hydrodynam"c brakes, even

though hydrodynam"c brakes use fr"ct"on

.r"ct"on ;pad:shoe brakes are often rotat"ng dev"ces w"th a stat"onary pad and a rotat"ng

wear surface Common conf"gurat"ons "nclude shoes that contract to rub on the outs"de of

a rotat"ng drum, such as a  band brake< a rotat"ng drum w"th shoes that epand to rub the

"ns"de of a drum, commonly called a 9drum brake9, although other drum conf"gurat"ons

are poss"ble< and pads that p"nch a rotat"ng d"sc, commonly called a 9d"sc brake9 !ther

 brake conf"gurat"ons are used, but less often .or eample, =CC trolley brakes "nclude a

flat shoe wh"ch "s clamped to the ra"l w"th an electromagnet< the )urphy brake p"nches a

rotat"ng drum, and the $usco >ambert d"sc brake uses a hollow d"sc ;two parallel d"scs

w"th a structural br"dge w"th shoes that s"t between the d"sc surfaces and epand laterally

$ drum brake "s a veh"cle brake "n wh"ch the fr"ct"on "s caused by a set of  brake shoes that

 press aga"nst the "nner surface of a rotat"ng drum he drum "s connected to the rotat"ng

roadwheel hub

he d"sc brake "s a dev"ce for slow"ng or stopp"ng the rotat"on of a road wheel $ brake

d"sc ;or rotor "n * ?ngl"sh, usually made of cast "ronor ceram"c, "s connected to the

wheel or the ale o stop the wheel, fr"ct"on mater"al "n the form of brake pads ;mounted

"n a dev"ce called a brake cal"per  "s

forced mechan"cally, hydraul"cally, pneumat"cally or electromagnet"cally aga"nst both

s"des of the d"sc .r"ct"on causes the d"sc and attached wheel to slow or stop

0

;i !re /= #rake S stem

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•   Pumin! brakes are often used where a pump "s already part of the mach"nery .or

eample, an "nternal#combust"on p"ston motor can have the fuel supply stopped, and then

"nternal pump"ng losses of the eng"ne create some brak"ng *ome eng"nes use a valve

overr"de called aJake brake to greatly "ncrease pump"ng losses =ump"ng brakes can dump

energy as heat, or can be regenerat"ve brakes that recharge a pressure reservo"r called

a hydraul"c accumulator 

•   Electroma!netic brakes are l"kew"se often used where an electr"c motor "s already

 part of the mach"nery .or eample, many hybr"d gasol"ne:electr"c veh"cles use the electr"c

motor as a generator to charge electr"c batter"es and also as a regenerat"ve brake *ome

d"esel:electr"c ra"lroad locomot"ves use the electr"c motors to generate electr"c"ty wh"ch "s

then sent to a res"stor bank and dumped as heat *ome veh"cles, such as some trans"t

 buses, do not already have an electr"c motor but use a secondary 9retarder9 brake that "s

effect"vely a generator w"th an "nternal short#c"rcu"t @elated types of such a brake

are eddy current brakes, and electro#mechan"cal brakes ;wh"ch actually are magnet"cally

dr"ven fr"ct"on brakes, but nowadays are often Aust called Belectromagnet"c brakes as

well

?lectromagnet"c brakes slow an obAect through electromagnet"c "nduct"on, wh"ch

creates res"stance and "n turn e"ther heat or electr"c"ty .r"ct"on brakes apply pressure on

two separate obAects to slow the veh"cle "n a controlled manner

00