Freedom unesco-2011
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Transcript of Freedom unesco-2011
Freedom of Connection – Freedom of Expression: The Changing Legal and Regulatory Ecology Shaping the Internet
Presentation for Launch Event, UNESCO, Fontenoy Building, Paris, 30 May 2011.
William H. Dutton, Anna Dopatka, Michael Hills, Ginette Law, and Victoria Nash
Oxford Internet Institute (OII)
University of Oxford
UNESCO Request to Critically Review Status of Research on Freedom of Expression:
• Some Pioneering Studies• More Advocacy v Research• Politically Sensitive (e.g., the McBride Commission established in 1977)
• Too Narrowly Focused, e.g., Internet Content Filtering
The Internet Reconfigures Access in Ways that Can Empower Networked Individuals
Ecology of Choices Shaping Free Expression
Digital Rights
• Access – Freedom of Connection
• Freedom of Expression• Censorship• Equality (media literacy)• Freedom of Information• Privacy & Data Protection
Technical Innovations:Worldwide Diffusion of
Technologies of Connection
• Internet • World Wide Web• Mobile and Mobile
Internet
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
14% 1%
24%
10% 3%
42%
6%
266
21
475
205
63
825
111
77%
61%58%
35%30%
22%
11%
Percent of global Internet populationNumber of Internet users (mio.)Internet penetration within region
%In
tern
et u
sers
To
tal
nu
mb
er o
f In
tern
et u
sers
in
reg
ion
(m
io.)
Source: Internet World Stats - www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Penetration rates are based on a world population of 6,845,609,960 and 1,966,514,816 estimated Internet users for June 30, 2010.
Percentage of Internet Users Across Regions of the World
Regions as Percentage of the Worldwide Population of Users
• Collaboration of OII, INSEAD, and comScore for the World Economic Forum (WEF)
• Online Global Survey • Completed by 5,400 Adult Internet Users • Conducted from Oct-Nov 2010• 13 countries: Australia/New Zealand, Brazil,
Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom
The Global Internet Values Project*
*Dutta, S., Dutton, W. H. and Law, G. (2011), The New Internet World: A Global Perspective on Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust and Security Online. New York: The World Economic Forum, April. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1810005
_x0007_ Mexico
_x0007_ Brazil
_x000d_ South Africa
_x0006_ Italy
_x0003_ UK
_x0008_ Germany
_x0016_ Australia/New Zealand
_x0002_US
_x0006_ India
_x0006_ Spain
_x0007_ Canada
_x0007_ France
_x0005_China
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
4%
4%
3%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
4%
6%
3%
8%
12%
14%
15%
19%
20%
27%
22%
23%
17%
26%
22%
23%
20%
37%
31%
41%
36%
37%
26%
41%
38%
46%
32%
40%
37%
43%
45%
44%
40%
38%
37%
36%
33%
32%
31%
31%
30%
30%
21%
Figure 1. "Access to the Internet should be a fundamental right for all people."
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither agree or disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
IND MEX ZAF UK USA AUS/NZ
USA BRA CHN ITA CAN ESP FRA GER0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
67% 67%
63%
58%56% 56% 56% 55% 55% 54%
52%
47% 46%44%
Figure 6. Percentage of Respondents who Support Freedom of Expression Online
Percentage of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the following questions related to freedom of ex -pression:
-"It is ok for people to express their ideas on the Inter-net, even if they are extreme."- "People should be able to express their opinion an-onymously on the Internet."- "I feel that I can express myself freely online.-"People should be free to criticize their government on the Internet."
IND ZAF MEX CHN BRA ITA ESP FRA US CAN GER UK AUS/NZ
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
7%11%
27%
32%
38%
52%
63%
69%
77% 78% 79%83% 83%
67%63%
67%
55% 55% 54%
47% 46%
56%52%
44%
58%56%
Figure 7. Support for Freedom of Expression According to In-ternet Diffusion
% of population online (2010)
Percentage of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the following questions re-lated to online freedom of expression:
Countries in order of Internet Diffusion
-"It is ok for people to express their ideas on the Internet, even if they are extreme."- "People should be able to express their opinion an-onymously on the Internet."- "I feel that I can express myself freely online.-"People should be free to criticize their government on the Internet."
China
Bra
zil
India
Italy
Mex
ico
Spa
in
Fra
nce
Sou
th A
frica
Ger
man
yUS
Can
ada
UK
Aus
tralia
/New
Zea
land
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
45%
35%
32%
28%27%
25%
16%15% 15%
12% 12%
8% 7%
Figure 14. Percentage of Respondents who Produce Online Content Daily or Weekly
Percentage of respondents who produce the following content online content daily or weekly:
-"Update or create a profile on a social networking site."-"Post pictures or photos on the Internet."-"Post messages on discussion forums or message boards.""-Use a distribution list for e-mail."-"Write a (web) blog."-"Maintain a personal website."-"Post a podcast online."-"Post a video blog online."
Bra
zil
Mex
ico In
dia
China
Italy
Sou
th A
frica
Ger
man
y
Aus
tralia
/New
Zea
land
UK
Can
ada
US
Spa
in
Fra
nce
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%94%
93% 93%
90%
88%
87%87%
86%85%
84%84%
82%82%
Figure 22. Percentage of Respondents who use the Internet Daily or Weekly for Communication Purposes
Percentage of respondents who use the Internet daily or weekly for the following communication and information purposes:
-"Check e-mail"-"Surf or browse on the Web"-"Check the news"
Emerging Pattern of Findings Supporting Conception of a ‘New Internet World’
1. New online nations are becoming the dominant nations in the Internet world;
2. Users are developing a global Internet culture: sharing similar concerns, values and attitudes toward expression, privacy, trust, and security;
3. Newly adopting countries are as liberal, if not more so, in their attitudes, such as support for freedom of expression;
4. Users in the newly adopting nations are more innovative in their patterns of use, e.g., social networking.
Four General Themes and Findings
Technical Innovations: Technologies of Disconnection
Meta-analysis of Internet filtering surveys:
• Global growth of filtering
• No single country
• Variety of Objectives:
• Political • Moral• Commercial
BUT: Potential to Decentralize, e.g., Home Hubs
Industrial Policy and Regulation
• Technology-led Industrial Strategies, support economic growth• ICT for Development (ICT4D)• Competition Policy
• IPR: Copyright • IPR: Patents
Industrial Policy and Regulation
Copyright enforcement:
• ‘Three Strikes’ policy in France• Digital Economy Act (UK)
Countered by:• The Pirate Party• Brazilian Copyright Reform Bill
Copyright Mot
User-Centric Policy
• Child Protection Policy• Decency: Pornography• Libel: Defamation • Prevention of Hate Speech• Consumer Protection: Fraud• …
Copyright Mugley
Internet Policy• Internet Governance and Regulation• Domain Names and Numbers• Net Neutrality• Licensing, Regulation of Service Providers: Intermediaries• Internationalised Top-level Domain Names
Internet Policy:Standard-setting: Identity
Security
• Secrecy, Confidentiality• Security against Malware• Counter-Radicalisation• National Security
– Blackberry Use– WikiLeaks: Confidentiality-Security
Ecology of Choices Shaping Free Expression
Encouraging Themes for Freedom of Expression
• Internet Empowering Networked Individuals – Enhancing Freedom of Connection and Expression
• Worldwide Diffusion and Support for Expression in a New Internet World
• Major Issues of Human Rights are Increasingly Being Centered on the Internet and Web
• The Internet Space is not the ‘Wild West’ – much regulation exists
Countervailing Themes
• Freedom of Expression is not an Inevitable Outcome of Technological Innovation
• Continuing Global and Local Digital Divides in Access and the Production of Content
• Global Increase in Content Filtering and Censorship
• Freedom Shaped by Choices in the Wider Ecology of Actors, Objectives and Policies
• Use of Inappropriate Models for Internet Governance and Regulation threatens to Foster ‘Over-Regulation’, e.g., fear or complacency of the ‘Old Internet World’
Directions for Policy
• Reduce Digital Divides • Broaden Perspectives on Freedom of Expression
– the Larger Legal and Regulatory Ecology
− ways to democratize content control• Renew and Inform Debates over:
– Appropriate Regulatory Models for the Internet– Global and Local Approaches to Internet Governance– Ways to Inform the Public and Elected Officials about
the Internet and Legal-Regulatory Issues
Renew Research on Freedom of Expression
• More Systematic and Sustained Monitoring of Innovations in, and Use of, Internet Filtering
• Need to Track an Expanded Range of Policies and Regulatory Issues in this Ecology
• Critically Explore Relationships between Freedom of Expression and other Core Values and Rights
• Study Impacts on the Ground, including Public Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavior
• Understand Assaults on Freedom of Expression as efforts to protect other Values and Interests
Freedom of Connection – Freedom of Expression: The Changing Legal and Regulatory Ecology Shaping the Internet
Presentation for Launch Event, UNESCO, Fontenoy Building, Paris, 30 May 2011.
William H. Dutton, Anna Dopatka, Michael Hills, Ginette Law, and Victoria Nash
Oxford Internet Institute (OII)
University of Oxford