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Freedom, Order, or Equality?
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Transcript of Freedom, Order, or Equality?
FREEDOM, ORDER, OR EQUALITY?
Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Scenario 1
Do you believe more in freedom, order, or equality? Write a paragraph (at least 5 sentences) explaining your answer.
You need to do this in your portfolio (notebook). You will have at least 2 scenarios per chapter. Put the scenarios on the same page in that chapter of your portfolio.
2
Portfolio Information Graded on:
Scenario paragraphs (minimum 5 sentences each)
Chapter Assignment Notes – you must take at least some
notes each day of lecture. Write down the most important things you need to remember/study
Other Turn in on test day 3
4
Chapter 1 Scenario 2:
Read Page 3-4. Should Government spend billions on bailouts when taxpayers bear the burden?
The Purpose of This Text
To explain the workings of government
To enable students to evaluate policy decisions and relationships Politics at home and abroad Individual freedoms vs. personal
security Individual freedom vs. social
equality5
Introduction Do you like being told what to do? Do you like being coerced into acting
a certain way? Billions of people accept power of
government…what side of road to drive, what constitutes a contract, how to dispose of waste, taxes, etc.
Why???6
Government
Organization using legitimate use of force (including firearms, imprisonment, and
execution) within specified geographical boundaries to control human behavior.
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The Globalization of American Government
Concept of government has evolved Initially territorial in nature Idea of national sovereignty
Is U.S. sovereignty threatened by globalization (interdependence of nations across the world)? International Criminal Court
(soldiers/death penalty)
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Which is better?? To live under a government that
fiercely protects individual freedom OR one protecting against physical/economic threats?
To let all citizens keep same share of income or to tax wealthier people more to fund programs for the poor?
(Discuss with your __ partner)9
The Globalization of Nations
Citizens and nations differ in degree of globalization
KOF study places U.S. at 27 of 181 See chart on page 8.
The U.S. closely tied to both friends and former enemies in worldwide economic, social, and political network (China, Russia, OIL)
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The Purposes of Government
Citizens must surrender some freedoms to be provided services by a government Governmental control vs. personal
freedoms Most willing to give up some
freedoms for governmental benefits
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12Rosa Parks 1955. Is this equality? Is equality a purpose of government?
The Purposes of Government
1. To maintain order Hobbes – focused on peoples’ safety/survival Locke – wanted life, liberty, and property Marx – ownership of land and production to the
people/government (Communism)2. To provide public goods
Usually for things not likely to be provided by individuals
Controversial as to what goods or services appropriate (Is bailout public good?)
3. More recently in the U.S., to promote equality - $$?
Controversial: policies promoting equality by redistributing income (taking from wealthy, giving to poor) 13
Promoting Equality (continued)
“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” – Karl Marx
Minimum Wage increase 2007 $5.15 – $7.25
Is this redistribution?
Social Equality – same sex marriage rights 14
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This engraving is from the 1651 edition of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes. It shows a sovereign holding a sword and a scepter of justice. He watches over a an orderly town, made peaceful by his absolute authority. But note that the sovereign’s body is composed of tiny images of his subjects. He exists only through them. Hobbes explains that such government power can be created only if people “confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will.”
A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government
Most governmental decisions based on a tradeoff in values
What values a government decides to pursue grouped in three categories: Freedom Order Equality
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A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government
Two categories for models of democratic government: Majoritarian democracy Pluralist democracy
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More in Chapter 2
Freedom, order, equality….what do these words mean to you?
Do they have positive/negative connotations?
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The Concept of Freedom
Two basic types of freedom: Freedom of, or freedom to do things
without constraints (absence of constraints)
Freedom from oppression or exploitation
These concepts also described as liberty and equality
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Freedom of = freedomFreedom from = equality
Four Freedoms
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FDR before WWII..see page 16-17
Norman Rockwell paintings – became famous posters during WWII. Reminder of what they were fighting for.
The Concept of Order Can be viewed narrowly as
preservation of life and protection of property or broadly as preserving social order Social order generally held to be
the traditional or accepted way of doing things
Protections via police powers Balance between protections and
civil liberties sometimes difficult to achieve
22Is preserving social order a function of government?
Keeping Order Examples 1980s – banning smoking in public
places 1990s – porn on the Internet After 9/11/01 – deterring terrorism 2009 – Christmas Day bomber – full
body scanners
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Order in a nutshell According to your text:
Preserving life Protecting property Maintaining traditional social
relationships
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Compared with what? The Importance of Order and Freedom in Other Nations
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Compared with other nations, Americans do not value order very much, but do favor protecting freedom of speech.
The Concept of Equality Used in many different senses Basic definition of political
equality is one person, one vote Do some people have “more” than one vote?
Some expand definition to include social equality, or equality in wealth, education, and status Equality of opportunity vs. equality
of outcome 26
What’s the difference? Equality of Opportunity: Each person is
guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life A right/Theory
Equality of Outcome: Society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved. Results 27
Equality of opportunity examples Constitution prohibits titles of nobility
And does not make owning property a requirement for voting or holding office
Public schools and libraries open to all
Other examples?
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Equality of Outcome examples Comparable funding for men’s and
women’s college sports. Affirmative action programs to increase
minority hiring Federal laws requiring employers to pay
men and women equally for equal work Affirmative action in preferential treatment
of minorities in college admissions29
Does this clash with the concept of freedom? Redistribution?
Equality in the Military
30
While they still have a long way to go, women are being treated more equally in the military. Although not allowed in units engaged in direct combat, they often find themselves in battle and even killed. As of February 2009, 102 female soldiers had been killed by hostile fire in Iraq, more than 2x as many women killed in the military from the end of WWII to the start of the Iraq War.
In Class Activity Date this ___ and put in your portfolio. I will put you in 4 groups. Each group
needs to come up with 3 arguments related to equality in the military.
Group 1: Why women should participate in combat Group 2: Why women should NOT participate in combat Group 3: Why homosexual men/women should be allowed to
openly serve Group 4: Why homosexual men/women should NOT be
allowed to openly serve
31List your arguments in your portfolio under ___.
Two Dilemmas of Government
Order and equality valuable, but require limitations in individual freedoms
Original dilemma was freedom vs. order; has evolved to encompass more issues Personal safety, whether from attack or diseases like
AIDS Other issues such as capital punishment and access
to controversial videos on YouTube Strengthening one value takes away from the
other32
See 2009 survey results on page 20-21
Two Dilemmas of Government
Modern dilemma is freedom vs. equality
Values clash when government makes policies to enforce equality Equal pay for women and men School busing Discrimination based on many
things, including DNA Americans more likely to choose
freedom over equality
33
Ideology and the Scope of Government
Opinions about the merits of various public policies differ greatly
Some persons have values and beliefs that produce contradictory opinions (based on self - interests)
Other persons have a consistent political ideology (a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government)
Different political ideologies form a continuum (see next slide)
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Ideology and the Scope of Government
35
Different Ideologies Totalitarianism – unlimited
power; controls everything; “Big Brother”; Hitler; Stalin
Socialism – Government controls basic industries. Allows more room for private ownership than communism Strong gov role in economy Democratic socialism – gives civil
liberties (Western Europe)
Communism – usually totalitarian
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Different Ideologies Capitalism – free enterprise
railroads, airlines, tv stations owned privately
Libertarianism – Very limited government (only protecting life/property) Gov should not promote order or equality Traffic laws = yes; helmets/seat belts = no Laissez faire – let people do as they please
37
Different ideologies Anarchism – opposes all
government Pure anarchy objects to even traffic
laws Government an unnecessary evil
used by wealthy to exploit everyone else
38
Review – do these make sense?
39
Ch. 1 Scenario 3 Which of the previous ideologies on
page 23-25 do you align with? Explain why giving examples of things you agree on.
40
Liberals and Conservatives: The Narrow Middle
Practical politics in the U.S. ranges over the center of the ideological continuum
The extremes of political thought rarely argued in public debates
Most Americans either liberals or conservatives Differences center on role of government
41
Liberals Versus Conservatives: The New Differences
Historical differences were government’s role in delivering public goods
Today, differences focus on the purpose of government Conservatives support maintenance
of social order Liberals want government to
promote equality 42
Conservatives vs. Liberals Government spending on public goods
Conservatives – less Liberals – more
Conservatives – swifter punishment Also preserving traditional social patterns
Liberals – more tolerant of alternative lifestyles (homesexuals)
43
Conservatives vs. Liberals Conservatives may not oppose
equality – just don’t value it. They don’t think it’s a government role Liberals think government sponsodred
equality is valid and necessary
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Gives a good synopsis of what conservatives value (Democrats probably disagree with this picture)
A Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies
Accurate classifications require looking at values of freedom, order, and equality Libertarians value freedom more than order or equality Liberals value freedom more than order, but not more
than equality Conservatives value freedom more than equality, but
are willing to restrict it to preserve social order Communitarians favor programs that support both
order and equality
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Ideologies: A Two-Dimensional Framework
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How much freedom should be sacrificed in pursuit of order and equality?
Libertarians and Communitarians are consistent in their attitude toward scope of government activity.
Liberals & conservatives favor or oppose government activity depending on its purpose.
Chapter 1 Scenario 4 Which of the values (Libertarian,
Liberal, Conservative, Communitarian) do you consider yourself? Give examples to explain.
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