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Freedom of Association: Standards and Supervision
Trade Union Training on Occupational Safety, health and the Environment, with Special Attention
to HIV/AIDS
Turin, 5 July 2006
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Freedom of association is key
Is a human right universally recognized and protected
Is of particular importance for the ILO because of its tripartite structure
Preamble to the ILO Constitution, 1919 Declaration of Philadelphia, 1944 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work, 1998
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Freedom of association and respect of civil liberties
1970 Resolution on Trade Union Rights and Civil Liberties The right to freedom and security of
person and freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
Freedom of opinion and expression Freedom of assembly Protection of trade union premises
and property
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ILO fundamental Conventions on freedom of association Freedom of Association and
Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)
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Other ILO instruments on freedom of association Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention,
1921 (No. 11) Rural Workers’ Organisations Convention (No.
141) and Recommendation (No. 149), 1975 Collective Agreements Recommendation, 1951
(No. 91) Workers’ Representatives Convention (No. 135)
and Recommendation (No. 143), 1971 Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention (No.
151) and Recommendation (No. 159), 1978 Collective Bargaining Convention (No. 154) and
Recommendation (No. 163), 1981
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Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
145 ratifications Objectives: protection, in law and in practice, of
freedom to establish organizations protection of the free exercise of the
right to organize of workers’ and employers’ organizations vis-à-vis public authorities
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Right to establish and join organizations without distinction whatsoever (Article 2)
All employers and workers Only exceptions: armed forces and
the police, interpreted narrowly No distinction based on grounds of,
inter alia, occupation, sex, colour, race, religion, age, residence, marital status, nationality, political opinion
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Right to establish and join organizations without previous authorization (Article 2)
Statutory and by-law formalities are acceptable as long as they ensure the normal functioning and publicity of organizations
Incompatible: long and complicated registration procedures public authority discretionary power excessive minimum membership requirements
for establishment or registration Right to appeal to independent court, in
case of refusal to grant authorization
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Right to establish and join organizations of their own choosing (Article 2)
No interference by public authorities when drawing up structure and composition
Trade union unity or monopoly must not be imposed by law or practice. Trade union plurality and diversity must be possible
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Right of workers’ and employers’ organizations to draw up their constitutions and rules (Article 3)
The law may only lay down formal requirements as regards the organizations’ constitutions
Incompatible: approval by public authorities or already
existing trade unions imposed model constitution right to require amendments (beyond formal
changes) by public authorities Right to appeal to an independent and
impartial body in case of refusal
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Right of workers’ and employers’ organizations to elect their representatives in full freedom (Article 3)
No interference by public authorities Only possible interventions: to promote democratic principles within trade unions to ensure proper conduct of the election process Possible violations if the law: requires that all candidates belong to an occupation, an
enterprise or production unit require that all candidates be national of the country
(requirement of a reasonable period of residence admissible)
excludes candidates because of their political beliefs, affiliation or criminal records
prohibits re-election fixes the maximum length of the term of trade union office
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Right of workers’ and employers’ organizations to organize their administration (Article 3)
Autonomy Financial independence Protection of assets and
property (inviolability of union premises, correspondence and communications)
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Right of workers’ and employers’ organizations to organize their activities and formulate their programmes (Article 3)
Includes: right to hold meetings right of trade union officers to have
access to the workplace and to communicate with members and management
certain political activities right to strike
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Right to strike (Arts. 3 and 10)
Essential means available to workers for the protection and promotion of their interests
Is not an absolute right. Restrictions in case of: acute national crisis members of the armed forces and the police public servants exercising authority in the
name of the State workers in essential services in the strict sense
of the term
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Essential services in the strict sense
Strike may endanger life, personal safety, health: hospitals electricity services water supply services telephone service air traffic control
Compensatory guarantees (arbitration)
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Non-essential services Radio and television The petroleum sector and
ports Banking Computer services for the
collection of excise duties and taxes
Department stores and pleasure parks
The metal and mining sectors
Transport generally Refrigeration enterprises Hotel services
Construction Automobile manufacturing Aircraft repair Agricultural activities The supply and
distribution of foodstuffs The Mint The government printing
service The state alcohol, salt and
tobacco monopolies The education sector Postal services
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Conditions The law may subordinate the exercise of
the right to strike to certain conditions Acceptable conditions: strike ballot advance notice exhaustion of conciliation/mediation procedures Not acceptable conditions: decisions by over half of all the workers involved a two-thirds quorum requirement compulsory arbitration before calling strike
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Protection against dissolution or suspension of organizations by administrative authority (Article 4)
Same applies to decisions taken by public authorities that lead to de facto dissolution
If administrative dissolution exists, right to appeal to independent courts with suspensive effect
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Right to establish federations and confederations and to affiliate with international organizations (Arts. 5 and 6)
Federations and confederations should enjoy the rights accorded to first-level organizations
The law should not: prohibit the setting up of more than one
confederation restrict international affiliation to only a
single, named national body
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Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)
154 ratifications Completes C87, deals with relations
between workers and employers Objectives: safeguards against anti-union discrimination
and interference promotion of collective bargaining Scope: all workers, except armed
forces, police and public servants engaged in the administration of the state
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Protection against anti-union discrimination (Article 1)
In taking up employment, the course of employment and its termination
All acts (refusal to hire, dismissal, transfer, demotion, refusal to train, blacklisting)
For membership and participation in trade union activities
Legislative provisions combined with enforcement mechanism (effective, expeditious, inexpensive and impartial)
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Protection against interference (Article 2)
Independence is a fundamental prerequisite to collective bargaining
Express legislative provisions against acts of interference necessary
Rapid appeal procedures, coupled with effective and dissuasive sanctions provided in legislation
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Promotion of collective bargaining (Article 4)
Nature: collective bargaining leading to collective agreements
Scope: terms and conditions of work and employment
Subjects: workers’ and employers’ organizations
Levels: at any level to the choice of the parties concerned
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Collective bargaining (cont.)
The right is also granted to: Staff of the bus and water administration Persons working in public or nationalized undertakings Employees of postal and telecommunications services Employees of state-owned commercial or industrial
enterprises Employees of the national bank National radio and television institutes Seafarers not resident in the country Civil aviation technicians Workers in export processing zones Contract employees
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Interventions by the authorities contrary to the voluntary nature of collective bargaining
Restricting the scope of collective bargaining
Refusal to approve collective agreements at the discretion of the authorities
Annulling of modifying the content of collective agreements
Suspension of collective agreements by decree
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Obligation to negotiate in good faith
Genuine and consistent efforts by both parties to reach an agreement
No obligation to conclude an agreement Avoid unjustified delay in the holding of
negotiations Support measures aiming at promoting
collective bargaining (information, statistics, voluntary procedures designed to facilitate bargaining)
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Supervisory bodies on freedom of association
Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission on Freedom of Association
Committee on Freedom of Association
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Committee on Freedom of Association
Established in 1951 Governing Body tripartite organ, nine
members May examine complaints regardless of
ratification Detailed rules of receivability Written procedure (direct contacts missions) Unanimous conclusions and
recommendations
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Conditions of receivability for complaints on FOA
Complaints must: emanate from governments, employers’ and
workers’ organizations national organization having direct interest in the
matter international organizations having consultative
status with the ILO international organizations where allegations relate
to matters directly affecting their affiliated organizations
be in writing be signed be supported by evidence
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Procedure for the examination of complaints on FOA
Committee on Freedom of Association
(tripartite)
Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission(independent experts)
Receivable complaints transmitted to governments for observations
Examination by CFA
Direct contacts possibleRecommendations adopted by Governing
Body
In case of ratification, CEACR follow up
Follow up discussed in Conference Committee on the Application of Standards
CFA follow up
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CFA: allegations examined by type of violation or restriction (March 1995 to November 1999)
Denial of civil liberties
30%
Restrictive legislation6% Collective bargaining
11%
Interference4%
Acts of anti-union discrimination
23%
By-laws, elections and activities
8%
Right to strike9%
Establishment of organizations
9%
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000
Total number of cases of progress
Committee on Freedom of Association
Cases of progress
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Complaints presented before theCommittee on Freedom of Association (1951-2003)
Europa24%
North America6%
Latin America45%
Africa13%
Asia12%
Continent N° of cases
L. America 1001Europe 546Africa 289Asia 283N. America 147
Total 2266
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Complaints presented before theCommittee on Freedom of Association (1995-2003)
Europa18%
North America5%
Latin America50%
Africa16%
Asia11%
Continent N° of cases
L. America 224Europe 81Africa 72Asia 50N. America 24
Total 451