Free video lectures for mca
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Transcript of Free video lectures for mca
Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 2
Failure Theories – Static Loads
Static load – a stationary load that is gradually applied having an unchanging magnitude and direction
Failure – A part is permanently distorted and will not function properly.
A part has been separated into two or more pieces.
Material Strength
Sy = Yield strength in tension, Syt = Syc
Sys = Yield strength in shear
Su = Ultimate strength in tension, Sut
Suc = Ultimate strength in compression
Sus = Ultimate strength in shear = .67 Su
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 3
Ductile and Brittle MaterialsA ductile material deforms significantly before fracturing. Ductility is measured by % elongation at the fracture point. Materials with 5% or more elongation are considered ductile.
Brittle material yields very little before fracturing, the yield strength is approximately the same as the ultimate strength in tension. The ultimate strength in compression is much larger than the ultimate strength in tension.video.edhole.com
Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 4
Failure Theories – Ductile Materials
• Maximum shear stress theory (Tresca 1886)
Yield strength of a material is used to design components made of ductile material
= Sy
Sy
2=
= Sy
=Sy
(max )component > ( )obtained from a tension test at the yield point Failure
(max )component < Sy
2
To avoid failure
max = Sy
2 nn = Safety factor
Design equationvideo.edhole.com
Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 5
Failure Theories – Ductile Materials
• Distortion energy theory (von Mises-Hencky)
Hydrostatic state of stress → (Sy)h
h
h
h
t
t
Simple tension test → (Sy)t
(Sy)t(Sy)h >>
Distortion contributes to failure much more than change in volume.
(total strain energy) – (strain energy due to hydrostatic stress) = strain energy due to angular distortion > strain energy obtained from a tension test at the yield point → failurevideo.edhole.com
Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 6
Failure Theories – Ductile Materials
The area under the curve in the elastic region is called the Elastic Strain Energy.
Strain energy
U = ½ ε
3D case
UT = ½ 1ε1 + ½ 2ε2 + ½ 3ε3
ε1 = 1
E
2
E
3
Evv
ε2 = 2
E
1
E
3
Evv
ε3 = 3 1
E
2
Evv
Stress-strain relationship
E
UT = (12 + 2
2 + 32) - 2v (12 + 13 + 23) 2E
1
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 7
Failure Theories – Ductile Materials
Ud = UT – Uh
Distortion strain energy = total strain energy – hydrostatic strain energy
Substitute 1 = 2 = 3 = h
Uh = (h2 + h
2 + h2) - 2v (hh + hh+ hh) 2E
1
Simplify and substitute 1 + 2 + 3 = 3h into the above equation
Uh = (1 – 2v) =2E
3h2
6E
(1 – 2v)(1 + 2 + 3)2
Ud = UT – Uh = 6E
1 + v(1 – 2)
2 + (1 – 3)2 + (2 – 3)
2
Subtract the hydrostatic strain energy from the total energy to obtain the distortion energy
UT = (12 + 2
2 + 32) - 2v (12 + 13 + 23) 2E
1 (1)
(2)video.edhole.com
Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 8
Failure Theories – Ductile Materials
Strain energy from a tension test at the yield point
1= Sy and 2 = 3 = 0 Substitute in equation (2)
3E
1 + v(Sy)
2Utest =
To avoid failure, Ud < Utest
(1 – 2)2 + (1 – 3)
2 + (2 – 3)2
2
½ < Sy
Ud = UT – Uh = 6E
1 + v(1 – 2)
2 + (1 – 3)2 + (2 – 3)
2 (2)
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 9
Failure Theories – Ductile Materials
½
2D case, 3 = 0
(12 – 12 + 2
2) < Sy = Where is von Mises stress
′ = Sy
nDesign equation
(1 – 2)2 + (1 – 3)
2 + (2 – 3)2
2
½ < Sy
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 10
Pure torsion, = 1 = – 2
(12 – 2 1 + 2
2) = Sy2
Failure Theories – Ductile Materials
32 = Sy2
Sys = Sy / √ 3 → Sys = .577 Sy
Relationship between yield strength in tension and shear
(x)2 + 3(xy)
2 =
Sy
n
1/2
If y = 0, then 1, 2 = x/2 ± [(x)/2]2 + (xy)2
the design equation can be written in terms of the dominant component stresses (due to bending and torsion)
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 11
Design Process
′ = Sy
nmax =
Sy
2n
Maximum shear stress theoryDistortion energy theory
• Select material: consider environment, density, availability → Sy , Su
• Choose a safety factor
The selection of an appropriate safety factor should be based on the following:
Degree of uncertainty about loading (type, magnitude and direction)
Degree of uncertainty about material strength
Type of manufacturing process
Uncertainties related to stress analysis
Consequence of failure; human safety and economics
Codes and standards
n CostWeightSize
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 12
Design Process
Use n = 1.2 to 1.5 for reliable materials subjected to loads that can be determined with certainty.
Use n = 1.5 to 2.5 for average materials subjected to loads that can be determined. Also, human safety and economics are not an issue.
Use n = 3.0 to 4.0 for well known materials subjected to uncertain loads.
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 13
Design Process
• Formulate the von Mises or maximum shear stress in terms of size.
• Optimize for weight, size, or cost.
• Select material, consider environment, density, availability → Sy , Su
• Choose a safety factor
• Use appropriate failure theory to calculate the size.
′ = Sy
nmax =
Sy
2n
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 14
Failure Theories – Brittle Materials
One of the characteristics of a brittle material is that the ultimate strength in compression is much larger than ultimate strength in tension.
Suc >> Sut
Mohr’s circles for compression and tension tests.
Compression test
Suc
Failure envelope
The component is safe if the state of stress falls inside the failure envelope.
1 > 3 and 2 = 0
Tension test
Sut3 1Stress
state
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 15
Failure Theories – Brittle Materials
1
Sut
Suc
Sut
Suc
Safe
Safe
Safe Safe
-Sut
Cast iron data
Modified Coulomb-Mohr theory
1
3 or 2
Sut
Sut
Suc
-Sut
I
II
III
Three design zones
3 or 2
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Ken Youssefi Mechanical Engineering Dept., SJSU 16
Failure Theories – Brittle Materials
1
3
Sut
Sut
Suc
-Sut
I
II
III
Zone I
1 > 0 , 2 > 0 and 1 > 2
Zone II
1 > 0 , 2 < 0 and 2 < Sut
Zone III
1 > 0 , 2 < 0 and 2 > Sut 1 (1
Sut
1
Suc
– ) –2
Suc=
1n
Design equation
1 =Sut
nDesign equation
1 =Sut
nDesign equation
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