FREE RADICALS...FREE RADICALS OFTEN OXYGEN, BUT CAN BE ANYTHING SINGLE e- IN OUTER SHELL WILL TRY TO...
Transcript of FREE RADICALS...FREE RADICALS OFTEN OXYGEN, BUT CAN BE ANYTHING SINGLE e- IN OUTER SHELL WILL TRY TO...
FREE RADICALS
OFTEN OXYGEN, BUT CAN BE ANYTHING
SINGLE e- IN OUTER SHELL
WILL TRY TO GIVE UP OR ACQUIRE AN e- TO STABILIZE ITSELF
HIGHLY REACTIVE
VERY UNSTABLE
FREE RADICAL ORIGINS
CIGARETTES, EXCESS ALCOHOL, HIGH FAT DIET (PUFA), DRUGS, SUN EXPOSURE, RADIATION, PESTICIDES, HEAVY METALS, EXCESS EXERCISE, PAINT, FURNITURE POLISH, CLEANING PRODUCTS, FRIED AND BARBECUED FOODS, TRAUMA, AND NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS
TISSUE INJURY-------->
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS RELEASED---->
PHAGOCYTIC MIGRATION INTO AREA OF DAMAGE--------->
FREE RADICAL FORMATION
INFLAMMATION and PAIN
EVERY PART OF THE CELL AND ALMOST EVERY MOLECULE IS SUBJECTED TO FREE RADICAL ATTACK INCLUDING DNA, PROTEINS, AND PUFA RESIDUES OF PHOSPHOLIPID CELL MEMBRANES
CELL COMPONENTS EFFECTED
CELL MEMBRANES - WHEN EICOSANOIDS (PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, AND LEUKOTRIENES) ARE FORMED- FREE RADICALS ARE FORMED
E.R.- CYTOCHROME P450 INVOLVED - GETS RID OF FOREIGN TOXINS – THERE IS LEAKAGE INTO THE CELL – FREE RADICALS
CYTOPLASM- MANY REACTIONS OCCUR AND LEAD TO FREE RADICALS - EXP.- CATACHOLAMINE DEGRADATION, MELANIN SYNTHESIS-------> FREE RADICALS. XANTHINE OXIDASE--->URIC ACID CAUSES FREE RADICALS
PEROXISOMES - CONTAIN FLAVOPROTEINS AND OXIDASES WHICH DEGRADE FATTY ACIDS - H202 IS GENERATED
LYSOSOMES - SUICIDE BAGS OF THE CELL - DESTROY FOREIGN MATERIAL – FREE RADICALS CREATED
myeloperoxidase
xanthine oxidase
hemoglobin
riboflavin
catecholamins
electron transport
system
mixed function oxidase electron
transport cytochromes P450
lipoxygenases
prostglandin synthase
NADPH oxidase
transition
metals
oxidases flavoprotein
Nucleus (DNA)
cell membrane
lipid bilayer
Fe/Cu
Cytoplasm lysosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
MITOCHONDRIA - ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS NOT 100% EFFICIENT.
OXYGEN IS REDUCED BY COMBINING 4e- AND 4p+------>2H2O
THERE IS LEAKAGE
2% IS NOT FULLY REDUCED
FREE RADICALS ARE CREATED
FENTON REACTION
02- + H202 (FE/CU)---> OH- + 02 +.OH
OH. (HYDROXYL RADICAL) IN LARGE AMOUNTS- VERY DESTRUCTIVE IN HUMANS
FE/CU INCREASES THE SPEED OF THE REACTION 1 MILLION TIMES
FE/CU MAY EXIST IN FREE STATE AND IN CELLS AFTER TRAUMA
CAUSES A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN FREE RADICALS
INFLAMMATION
TISSUE
INJURY
PHAGOCYTE RECRUITMENT ACTIVATION
KININS, HISTAMINE, PG
EICOSANOIDS, LT, IL-1
INC FREE UNSAT FA
PG, LT, THROMBAOXANE
CYCLOOXYGENASE
LIPOXYGENASE
PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES
RELEASE TO MEDIUM
IRON
ROS
SERUM
CHEMOTACTIC
FACTORS
THE ROLE OF FREE RADICALS
IN INFLAMMATION
FREE RADICALS AND PEROXIDES PRODUCED FROM INJURY, POISONING, FEVER, AND ISCHEMIA CAN EASILY OVERWHELM THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM
WHEN COUPLED WITH A POOR DIET YOU HAVE A DISASTER
IMPLICATED IN MANY DISEASES
FREE RADICALS AND AGING
FREE RADICALS---> AGING
MOST ACCEPTED THEORY OF AGING – FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING
ANIMAL STUDIES - SHORTENED LIFE SPAN WHEN EXPOSED TO FREE RADICALS
BEST THEORY WE COULD HAVE – CAN BE AFFECTED BY DIET AND LIFESTYLE
ANTIOXIDANTS
NEUTRALIZE FREE RADICALS
MORE ANTIOXIDANTS IN BODY - LONGER ONE WILL LIVE
TWO STEP STRATEGY TO AFFECT THE FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING
STEP 1 - REDUCE EXPOSURE TO FREE RADICALS CIGARETTES, ALCOHOL, FATS, DRUGS, SUN
EXPOSURE, PESTICIDES, EXERCISE, FRIED FOODS, TRAUMA, AND NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS
STEP 2 - CONSUME ADEQUATE ANTIOXIDANT FOODS AND SUPPLEMENTS –
PREVENTS FREE RADICAL FORMATION -INCREASES BODY LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANTS
ANTIOXIDANT EXAMPLES
VITAMIN C - VITAMIN E – CAROTENOIDS – FLAVONOIDS - PROTEASES/LIPASES - COENZYME Q10
ENDOGENOUS ENZYMES- GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM - SELENOENZYMES - SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) - CATALASE
<10% OF UNITED STATES POPULATION CONSUMES RECOMMENDED DAILY LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANTS
ONLY 9% CONSUME 5 SERVINGS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PER DAY
ADULT SURVEY STUDY - 12,000 PEOPLE - 17% ATE NO VEGETABLES - 41% ATE NO FRUITS – ON A GIVEN DAY
GOAL IS TO INCREASE ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN
THE BODY
INCREASE DAILY INTAKE OF FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES
HOW DO I REDUCE MY EXPOSURE ?
REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF FOOD EATEN DAILY (A Concept called Caloric Restriction)
AVOID HIGH INTAKES OF IRON AND COPPER (In order to reduce the likelihood of the Fenton Reaction)
INCREASE CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES
EAT ANTIOXIDANT RICH FOODS
REDUCE THE CAUSES OF FREE RADICALS (SUN, CHEMICALS, etc)
GLUTATHIONE
PROTECTS BODY FROM TOXIC SUBSTANCES
DIFFICULT TO ABSORB
INDIRECT SUPPLEMENTS NECESSARY
CYSTEINE - LIPOIC ACID - N-ACETYLCYSTEINE - ALL INCREASE GLUTATHIONE LEVELS
WHEY PROTEIN –
CONTAINS BOTH CYSTEINE AND GLUTATHIONE
INCREASE THE CONVERSION OF CYSTEINE TO GLUTATHIONE