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Measles Virus


Symptoms

Measles prodrome Prior to the appearance of the rashMeasles prodrome Prior to the appearance of the rash , ,the patient suffers from prodromal illness with the patient suffers from prodromal illness with

conjunctivitis, swelling of the eyelids, photophobiaconjunctivitis, swelling of the eyelids, photophobia, , high fevers to 105° F, hacking cough and malaisehigh fevers to 105° F, hacking cough and malaise..

* * Koplik's SpotsKoplik's Spots: : Koplik's spots. A day or 2 before the rashKoplik's spots. A day or 2 before the rash , ,

the patient develops small red-based lesions with blue- the patient develops small red-based lesions with blue- white centers in the mouth. Think of a cop licking a white centers in the mouth. Think of a cop licking a

red-white-blue lollipopred-white-blue lollipop..


•Rash:

The measles rash is redThe measles rash is red. . It spreads out from the forehead to the It spreads out from the forehead to the

face, neck, and torso, and hits the face, neck, and torso, and hits the feet by the third day, feet by the third day,

As the measles rash spreads As the measles rash spreads downward,the initial rash on the downward,the initial rash on the

head and shoulders coalesceshead and shoulders coalesces..


Diagnosis


•Alternatively, laboratory diagnosis of measles can Alternatively, laboratory diagnosis of measles can be done with confirmation of positive measles IgM be done with confirmation of positive measles IgM

antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA from antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA from respiratory specimens. In patients where respiratory specimens. In patients where

phlebotomy not possible, saliva can be collected for phlebotomy not possible, saliva can be collected for salivary measles-specific IgA testingsalivary measles-specific IgA testing . .


Mumps•Mumps is one of the commonly acquired viral

diseases of childhood and is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis.

However, its incidence in developed countries has decline dramatically since the advent of

vaccination


. E Laboratory Diagnosis

•During mumps infection, several non-specific findings may be present in the

blood. The WBC may be low with lymphocytes predominating. ESR and

CRP may be normal or slightly elevated. Amylase levels may be elevated


1 .Serology•a serological diagnosis is usually made by finding a significant

increase in Ab titres in 2 serum samples taken 10 - 14 days apart. In some cases, the detection of IgM may be used to

diagnosis acute infection. Although only 1 serotype of mumps exist, cross-reactions between mumps virus and

paramyxovirus makes serological results difficult to interpret on occasions. Several techniques are available :


CFT

•the CFT is still the widely used for the diagnosis of mumps. Two antigenic preparations are commonly used, the V antigen

(consists mainly of HN glycoprotein), and the S antigen (consists mainly of the NP). Antibodies against S appear early

and are short-lived, whilst antibodies to V antigens appear slowly but persists longer. By comparing titres using the two

different antigens, it is often possible to make a serological diagnosis early in the course of illness. However, due to

problems with cross-reactivity, a paired serum sample is always needed for a reliable by CFT.


Solid phase ELISA or RIA

• -various assays are available for the determination of IgM and IgG. However, capture IgM assays are liable to

interference from Rheumatoid Factor. Elisa tests are useful in the measurement of mumps antibodies in CSF. The greater

sensitivity allows the determination of the exact CSF/serum ratio and a ratio of greater than 100 signifies intrathecal

synthesis. However, the blood-brain barrier should be intact and proper controls should be used. This may be an unrelated

antibody or albumin .


Rubella •Is a contagious viral disease and is one of the lightest infectious diseases

unit and most safety especially if there are injuries in early childhood cause skin rashes, red tilted to the color pink, first appears on the face and

quickly spread throughout the body but a woman is pregnant German measles in the first three months of pregnancy leads to multiple

congenital abnormalities such as cardiac abnormalities, deafness and eye injury


Complications of the disease

•The most important complications of rubella is a congenital rubella syndrome, where CRS has

caused birth defects of the fetus when the mother is pregnant Iilath German measles in

the first months of pregnancy.


Rubella virus

•is the pathogenic agent of the disease Rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks

of lunacy. Humans are the only known host of this virus Rubella virus is the only member of the genus of Rubivirus and belongs to the family of

Togaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of single-stranded RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral

capsid. The RNA-genome inside the capsid has a length of approximately 9,757 nucleotides and encodes for two non-structural as well as three

structural proteins The capsid protein and the two glycosylated envelope proteins E1 and E2 make up for the three structural proteins.

•The molecular basis for the causation of congenital rubella syndrome are not yet completely clear, but in vitro studies with cell lines showed that

Rubella virus has an apoptotic effect on certain cell types. There is evidence for a p53-dependent mechanism


Method of infection and spread:

Transmitted measles German by infection by aerosols (ie, inhaling air that contains a virus disease) from an infected person to person through respiratory secretions like sneezing or nasal mucus infection occurs, and if the fetus moves to infection through the placenta from the mother infected


E - not continue to rise in temperature and skin rash for more than three days, with spreading rash of the face to the rest of the body and disappears rapidly during that period, so-called disease is sometimes "measles three days", and swollen lymph may continue for a period of 70-10 days

D - a pain in the joints.


Diagnosis

Rubella virus can be isolated from nasal, blood, throat, urine and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from rubella and CRS cases. Virus may be isolated from the pharynx 1 week before and until 2 weeks after rash onset. Although isolation of the virus is diagnostic of rubella infection, viral cultures are labor intensive and therefore, not done in many laboratories; they are generally not used for routine diagnosis of rubella. Viral isolation is an extremely valuable epidemiologic tool, and should be attempted for all suspected cases of rubella or CRS.


Serology is the most common method of confirming the diagnosis of rubella. Acute rubella infection can be serologically confirmed by a significant rise in rubella antibody titer in acute and convalescent serum specimens or by the presence of serum rubella IgM. Sera should be collected as early as possible (within 7–10 days) after onset of illness, and again 14-21 days (minimum of 7) days later.

There are three different serologic tests:


Treatment (treatment of German measles):

Does not need more people with German measles for treatment, and there they all need to rest until the symptoms disappear.In addition to taking paracetamol to reduce temperature and pain relief, if any

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