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Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging studies, aswell as lesion studies in neurological patients, indicatesthat the right inferior parietal cortex at the junction withthe posterior temporal cortex plays a critical role in com-paring signals arising from self-produced actions with sig-nals from the environment (Blakemore and Frith 2003;Jackson and Decety 2004). Interestingly, it appears thatthis computational mechanism is also crucial for thehigher-level cognitive processing involved in social cogni-tions such as empathy and theory of mind. Both empathyand theory of mind involve an ability to simultaneouslydistinguish between different possible perspectives onthe same situation (Decety and Jackson 2004; Decety andLamm 2006). A large body of evidence, mainly fromfunctional neuroimaging studies, indicates that the neuro-biological underpinnings of these abilities depend uponthe coordinated interaction between the brain regionsinvolved in the processing of social cues, particularly themedial prefrontal cortex and the posterior temporal gyrusat the junction with the parietal cortex. Because of its

anatomical location, that latter region was termed the tem-poroparietal junction (TPJ).

An important question is whether the function of theTPJ can be associated with computation useful to mentalfunction. This issue is also relevant to the theoreticaldebate of whether social cognition is domain specific ordomain general (Stone and Gerrans 2006). The formerviewpoint posits that social cognition (e.g., mental state attri-bution) is instantiated in specific dedicated modulesunderpinned by distinct neural regions or networks.The alternative view assumes that social cognition has grad-ually arisen from general pervasive perception-action cou-pling mechanisms (a view dubbed motor cognition; Jacksonand Decety 2004; Sommerville and Decety 2006).

The TPJ is a region encompassing the supramarginalgyrus, caudal parts of the superior temporal gyrus, anddorsal-rostral parts of the occipital gyri. The TPJ is a het-eromodal association cortex, which integrates input fromthe lateral and posterior thalamus, as well as visual, audi-tory, somaesthetic, and limbic areas. It has reciprocal con-nections to the prefrontal cortex and to the temporal lobes.Because of these anatomical characteristics, this region is a

pivotal neural locus for self-processing that is involved inmultisensory body-related information processing, as wellas in the processing of phenomenological and cognitiveaspects of the self (Blanke and Arzy 2005). Damage of thiscortical area can produce a variety of disorders associatedwith body knowledge and self-awareness, such as anosog-nosia (i.e., denial of illness), asomatognosia (i.e., lack of awareness of the condition of all or parts of one’s ownbody), or somatoparaphrenia (i.e., delusional beliefs aboutthe body; Berlucchi and Aglioti 1997). For instance, Blankeand colleagues (2002) demonstrated that out-of-body expe-riences (i.e., the experience that oneself is located outside of

The Role of the Right Temporoparietal Junction

in Social Interaction: How Low-Level

Computational Processes Contributeto Meta-CognitionJEAN DECETY and CLAUS LAMM

Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, and Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience,

The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL

Accumulating evidence from cognitive neuroscience indicates that the right inferior parietal cortex, at the junc-tion with the posterior temporal cortex, plays a critical role in various aspects of social cognition such as theoryof mind and empathy. With a quantitative meta-analysis of 70 functional neuroimaging studies, the authorsdemonstrate that this area is also engaged in lower-level (bottom-up) computational processes associated

with the sense of agency and reorienting attention to salient stimuli. It is argued that this domain-generalcomputational mechanism is crucial for higher level social cognitive processing. NEUROSCIENTIST XX(X):xx–xx, XXXX. DOI: 10.1177/1073858407304654

KEY WORDS Temporoparietal junction, Self/other distinction, Agency, Social cognition, Theory of mind, Empathy, Attention

THE NEUROSCIENTIST 1

We are grateful to Dr. Sergei Bogdanov from the Lewis Center forNeuroimaging, University of Eugene, OR, for help with using the Caret

software. We thank Elle Parks at the University of Chicago for a criti-cal reading of this work.

Address correspondence to: Jean Decety, Social Cognitive Neuroscience,Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, The University of Chicago,5848 S University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (e-mail: decety@uchicago

.edu).

HYPOTHESIS

Volume XX, Number X, XXXXCopyright © 2007 Sage PublicationsISSN 1073-8584

Neuroscientist OnlineFirst, published on October 2, 2007 as doi:10.1177/1073858407304654

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one’s own body) can be induced by electrical stimulation of the TPJ in neurological patients.

Furthermore, evidence from functional neuroimagingstudies indicates that the TPJ is systematically associ-ated with a variety of social cognitive tasks such asperspective-taking (e.g., Ruby and Decety 2003), empa-thy (e.g., Jackson and others 2006; Lamm and others2007), and theory of mind (e.g., Lawrence and others

2006; Saxe and Wexler 2005). This led to the speculationthat the right TPJ is specialized for the possibly uniquelyhuman ability to reason about others’ affective and cog-nitive mental states (Saxe 2006).

However, it is important to note that the right TPJ isactivated not only during higher-level social-cognitiveprocesses but also when individuals must distinguishthemselves from others (Decety and Sommerville 2003).Indeed, a handful of studies on the sense of agency, that is,the feeling of being the cause of one’s own actions, desires,or thoughts, which relies on the comparison between self-generated and externally produced sensory signals, haveconsistently resulted in activation of the right TPJ (e.g.,

Ruby and Decety 2001; Farrer and Frith 2002; Farrer andothers 2003). In support of this function and of particularinterest, a recent study demonstrated selective impairmentof self-other distinction when repetitive transcranial mag-netic stimulation was applied over the right inferior pari-etal lobule as participants performed a perceptual task involving discrimination between self-faces and otherfamiliar faces (Uddin and others 2006). These results pro-vide direct evidence for a causal role for this region in self-other discrimination.

In addition, the TPJ region is also activated by the vio-lations in expectation about external physical events—such as the presentation of visual stimuli in a noncuedscreen location (Corbetta and Shulman 2002). Similarly,the multimodal detection of sensory changes in the envi-ronment leads to stronger TPJ involvement (e.g., Downarand others 2000). However, the same region has also beenshown to contribute to directing attention to salient eventsand enabling a variety of responses to those events (Astafievand others 2006). Thus, the requirement to compare inter-nal predictions with actual external events might be analternative interpretation for right TPJ involvement duringsocial cognition.

The goal of this article is to propose a more parsimo-nious account of the role of TPJ in social cognition that canelucidate how this region may implement a single compu-tational mechanism subserving multiple aspects of cogni-

tion. We argue that high-level meta-cognitive processingsuch as theory of mind or empathy depends at least in parton low-level computational processes involved in the pre-diction of external events. This view is radically differentfrom the notion that the TPJ plays a specific role in socialcognition in general and in theory of mind in particular. Itis, however, consistent with the view that social cognitionrelies on both domain-specific abilities and domain-general abilities (Decety and Grèzes 2006).

To this end, we computed function/location meta-analyses(Fox and others 1998) of the available neuroimaging

studies on agency, empathy, and theory of mind, on onehand, and the reorienting of attention, on the other hand.

Our results demonstrate a substantial overlap in brainactivation between low-level processing such as reorient-ing of attention or the sense of agency and higher-levelsocial-cognitive abilities such as empathy or theory of mind. These results provide strong empirical support for adomain-general mechanism implemented in the TPJ.

Materials and Methods

Literature Search and Coordinates Selection

We used a step-wise procedure to identify the relevantexperimental papers to compute four independent function/ location meta-analyses of agency, empathy, reorientingof attention, and theory of mind. As a first step, we per-formed four searches (on December 19, 2006) of thePubMed database (http://www.pubmed.gov) using thesearch terms [“magnetic resonance imaging”[MeSHTerms] OR Fmri[Text Word] OR PET[All Fields] OR“positron emission tomography”[All Fields]], combined

with [((Theory AND Mind) OR mentalizing)], [agency],[empathy], or [attention].Second, we used the “related articles” function of the

PubMed database to identify additional papers. Third, wemanually searched tables of contents and advance publica-tion papers (EPub ahead of print) of two recently appearednew journals that are not listed in PubMed yet (Social Neuroscience, Psychology Press; Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Oxford University Press), as wellas the advance publication lists of journals publishingfunctional neuroimaging studies. Out of the resulting listof papers, we identified the relevant hits and searched foractivations in and around rTPJ (see appendix for a com-plete list of selected publications and coordinates).

A paper was classified to study empathy if partici-pants were engaged in a task involving some sort of affective sharing with another person. This definitiondoes not include empathy for sensations, such as touch.Theory of mind or mentalizing studies were defined asreasoning about beliefs, intentions, or thoughts. If theexperimental manipulations made participants eitherexplicitly or implicitly think about the ownership of theirown or another’s actions, a study was considered to beon agency. As for attention reorienting and changedetection, we included paradigms requiring participantsto reorient their attention to a cue in a noncued locationor to detect and reorient to unexpected changes in the

external sensory environment.As unequivocal structural markers or boundaries cannot

define the TPJ, we included activations that were local-ized in the posterior parts of the superior temporal sulcus(STS) and in the inferior parietal lobe/angular gyrus. If activation was reported to be located in or around the rightTPJ, we included it also, after verifying whether thislabeling was in line with our own definition of rTPJ. Thisled to the exclusion of one activation cluster that we con-sidered as too ventral (Downar and others 2002; Talairachand Tournoux coordinates x/y/z = 55/-53/4).

2 THE NEUROSCIENTIST TPJ and Social Interaction

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We then extracted the reported stereotactic coordi-nates (x/y/z) and, if necessary, converted them from theMontreal Neurological Institute space to the Talairachand Tournoux (TAL) space using the transformation pro-posed by Brett (1999). If the analysis space could not be

clearly determined, we contacted the authors of thepaper for clarification. We also contacted the authorsif activation in rTPJ was reported or suspected but nocoordinates were provided.

Meta-analysis

Analysis of activation peaks was performed using activa-tion likelihood estimation (ALE; Laird, Fox, and others2005; Laird, Lancaster, and others 2005). Analyses wereimplemented in version 3.2.1 of the Search&View pro-gram developed by the Research Imaging Center at theUniversity of Texas, San Antonio (http://brainmap.org).ALE performs quantitative function/location meta-analysesby using activation peaks in a stereotactic space as theinput data. These peaks are modeled using a 3-D Gaussiandistribution with a user-specified kernel width (full-width-at-half-maximum, FWHM) and pooled across studies togenerate an estimate of the likelihood of activation at eachindividual voxel. To assess the statistical significance of the resulting map, nonparametric permutation testing isused to test the null hypothesis that the activation foci arespread randomly (uniformly) throughout the acquiredbrain volume. The resulting P value map is corrected formultiple comparisons by controlling the false discoveryrate (FDR; Benjamini and Hochberg 1995; Genovese andothers 2002).

For the current analysis, separate meta-analyses werecomputed for the four target conditions, with an FWHMof 10 mm, 5000 permutation tests, and an FDR thresh-old of q = 0.05. In addition to those analyses that localizedactivation for each condition separately, differences in acti-vation between theory of mind and attention reorientingwere computed using difference maps (Laird, Fox, andothers 2005). The resulting thresholded ALE maps werevisualized on a flat-map representation of a standardizedbrain atlas (PALS-B12 human atlas) using Caret, version5.5 (http://brainmap.wustl.edu/caret.html; Van Essenand others 2001; Van Essen 2002).

Results

The appendix lists the studies and coordinates thatwere included in the meta-analyses. The literaturesearches yielded 18 studies with 29 coordinates on atten-tion reorienting, 15 studies with 18 coordinates on agency,

13 studies with 13 coordinates on empathy, and 24 studieswith 28 coordinates on theory of mind.

Figure 1 illustrates that the four different conditions ledto highly similar and overlapping ALE clusters in the rightTPJ. Table 1 displays the coordinates of the weighted cen-ter and the peak of the activation cluster with the highestactivation—showing that the centers of activation of thefour conditions are located in closely together. Figure 2provides a color-coded map of activation overlaps relatedto attention reorienting, empathy, and theory of mind.The white area centered over the TPJ delineates the areawhere all three conditions show significant activation,demonstrating a considerable overlap for the three differ-

ent conditions. Note, however, that there are also activa-tion differences between the four conditions. In particular,attention reorienting and agency seem to show activationcenters that are slightly more dorsal than the ones of the-ory of mind and empathy. Table 1 contains the results of the quantitative comparison between theory of mind andattention. Figure 3 illustrates that these two conditionsshow slightly differing activations along a dorso-ventralaxis, with the activation maxima being located on oppos-ing sides of the angular gyrus. Reorienting attentionextends into posterior STS, whereas theory of mindexpands more into the posterior direction. Note that wechose to compare only these two conditions directly

because a comparable number of foci were available forthem. Computing difference maps between all social-cognitive conditions and reorienting might have resultedin biased results due to the large difference in the numberof available activation foci.

Discussion

The goal of this study was motivated by the intriguingobservation of similar activation sites in the TPJ areaacross several seemingly distinct domains including the-ory of mind, empathy, the sense of agency, and attentionorientation.

Volume XX, Number X, XXXX THE NEUROSCIENTIST 3

Table 1. Coordinates (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) of Weighted Centers and Peaks of Clusters Derived from theFour ALE Analyses

Weighted Center Peak

x y z x y z Peak Value

Attention 54 –46 23 52 –50 28 0.05

Empathy 51 –55 20 50 –56 20 0.018

Theory of mind 50 –53 21 54 –52 18 0.037Difference map

Theory of mind > Attention 48 –57 22 52 –52 18 0.022

Attention > Theory of mind 55 –43 26 52 –48 28 0.036




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The results from quantitative meta-analyses show a

substantial overlap of activation clusters in the right TPJduring both high- and low-level cognitive processes. Themost parsimonious interpretation of this overlap wouldsuggest that activation in the TPJ during social cognitionmay therefore rely on a lower-level computational mech-anism involved in generating, testing, and correctinginternal predictions about external sensory events. Suchan interpretation is consistent with an evolutionary viewthat higher levels operate on previous levels of organiza-tion and should not be seen as independent of, or con-flicting with, one another. Evolution has constructedlayers of increasing complexity, from nonrepresentationalto representational and meta-representational mecha-

nisms, which need to be taken into account for a fullunderstanding of human social cognition.

Meta-analyses are becoming more and more popularin the neuroimaging community, reflecting the need toadvance from subjective and qualitative reviews of theliterature to quantified measures of activation. Notably,such analyses do not replace or overrule available exper-imental evidence. Rather, they are experiments in them-selves, attempting to integrate and synthesize available“scattered evidence.” The analyses performed for thisstudy are in line with the general heuristic of the meta-analytic approach. This heuristic consists of a dialectic

loop that proceeds from meta-analyzing published or avail-

able data to generating new or revising old hypotheses,which are then challenged in new experimental studies.The results clearly support our hypothesis that the TPJimplements a component that is not domain-specific insocial cognition but is rather a more general and power-ful computational process that operates in many othercontexts besides theory of mind.

Nonetheless, some limitations of our study do need tobe acknowledged. The analysis approach chosen in thisarticle has several shortcomings that partially apply toall meta-analyses. Sample sizes and effects sizes showconsiderable variability that is not taken into accountexplicitly by the ALE approach. Additional imprecision

is introduced by differences in scanning resolution andsignal-to-noise ratio of the chosen neuroimaging methodsand by the lack of a standardized analysis approach for sta-tistical parametric mapping. Differences in voxel resolution,the amount of spatial smoothing, or the chosen statisticalthreshold certainly add some uncontrollable noise to themeta-analyses and will particularly affect their spatial res-olution. In addition, the common reporting standard in theneuroimaging literature is to publish only peak coordinates,resulting in a potential mischaracterization of the actual acti-vation profile of the individual studies. Furthermore, notall sampled papers—irrespective of which condition was


Fig. 1. Activation likelihood estimation maps (ALE) in the right temporoparietal junction projected on a partially inflatedlateral view of the PALS-B12 brain atlas. The yellow to orange colors code the probability of activation, with brighteryellow indicating higher activation probability. Note that the activation peaks are localized very closely, whereas theextent of activation is slightly different across the four conditions.




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analyzed—actually reported rTPJ activation. This might be

due to a number of reasons, including too high thresholds orthe omission of activation reports due to a different focus of the article.

On top of these specific and inherent shortcomings,neuroimaging research suffers from a lack of knowledgeabout which amount of spatial separation between twoclusters justifies the conclusion that they indeed reflectdifferent neural activations. This issue is particularlyprevalent in the difference maps for theory of mind andattention. Although these two conditions are statisticallyseparated in image/voxel space, knowledge of brainanatomy suggests that the obtained clusters are in realityvery closely located (i.e., on either side of angular gyrus),making it hard to determine whether or not they reflectactivation of separate neural networks. This difficulty iscomplicated further in structure-to-function inferences, inthat one of the aims of neuroimaging is to allow conclu-sions about the functional-cognitive processes involved inthe tasks studied (see Henson 2005; Coltheart 2006).

Despite all these shortcomings and caveats, our dataprovide strong evidence for a high degree of activationoverlap in and around the rTPJ region for low-level andhigh-level cognitive functions. The question thereforeis which cognitive processes are implemented in this

area and how they support functions as different as the

reorienting of attention and the attribution of agency.Future research should aim at investigating several

experimental designs (spanning from low-level attentionreorienting to metacognition) in the same participants. Werecommend utilizing tailored high spatial-resolution scan-ning of the rTPJ to test the hypothesis that reorienting of attention and the detection and processing of uncertaintydoes significantly contribute to higher-level processessuch as theory of mind or empathy. Another challengingaspect, which is certainly more difficult to address thanrunning a new study, yet extremely important, deals withthe current conceptualization of mental operations insocial neuroscience. Most if not all of the concepts used insocial cognition emanate from our folk psychology; we areprisoners of words. Theory of mind, perspective-taking,empathy—these are all complex psychological constructsthat cannot be directly mapped to unique single computa-tional mechanisms, and the functions that they attempt todescribe are underpinned by a network of areas. By devel-oping a parsimonious account of exactly how and wherecomplex cognitions are instantiated in the brain, we hopeto create a clearer understanding of our very conceptsthemselves. This is certainly one challenging theoreticalaspect that social cognition will have to resolve.


Fig. 2. Overlap of activation between reorienting,empathy, and theory of mind, projected on a flat-maprendering of the PALS-B12 brain atlas. The centeredwhite area indicates the considerable activation over-lap between all three conditions. Red = area exclusivelyactivated by reorienting; blue = area exclusively acti-vated by theory of mind; green = area exclusivelyactivated by empathy; purple = overlap between reori-enting and theory of mind; yellow = overlap betweenreorienting and empathy; turquoise = overlap betweentheory of mind and empathy.

Fig. 3. Activation difference between reorienting and the-ory of mind. Areas where reorienting led to higher activationprobabilities are coded in orange to yellow, whereas areaswith higher activation during theory of mind are displayed

in light to dark blue. Note that this figure shows gradedactivation differences—that is, regions in which activationprobability was higher during either of the two conditions.The indicated area might nevertheless be activated by bothconditions (see Fig. 2).




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A P P E N D I X

S t u d i e s a n d C o o

r d i n a t e s U s e d f o r t h e M e t a - A n

a l y s e s

N u m b e r o f

I m a g i n g

O r i g i n a l

S t u d y

C o n

d i t i o n

A c t i v a t i o n s

M e t h o d

T A

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T A L y

T A L z

S p a c e

A s t a f i e v S V , S h u l m a n G L , C o r b e t t a M . 2 0 0 6 .

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T A L

V i s u o s p a t i a l r e o r i e n t i n g s i g n

a l s i n t h e h u m a n

t e m p o r o - p a r i e t a l j u n c t i o n a r

e i n d e p e n d e n t o f

r e s p o n s e s e l e c t i o n . E u r J N e u r o s c i 2 3 : 5 9 1 – 9 6 .

B a r o n - C o h e n S , R i n g H A , W h e e l w r i g h t S , B u l l m o r e E T ,

T o M

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a n f M R I s t u d y . E u r J N e u r o s

c i 1 1 : 1 8 9 1 – 8 .

B o t v i n i c k M , J h a A P , B y l s m a L

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2 0 0 5 . V i e w i n g f a c i a l

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c o r t i c a l a r e a s i n v o l v e d

i n t h e d i r e c t e x p e r i e n c e o f p

a i n . N e u r o I m a g e

2 5 : 3 1 2 – 9 .

B r a v e r T S , B a r c h D M , G r a y J R

, M o l f e s e D L , S n y d e r A .

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n t i o n

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f M R I

5 6

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2 0 0 1 . A n t e r i o r c i n g u l a t e c o r

t e x r e s p o n s e c o n f l i c t :

e f f e c t s o f f r e q u e n c y , i n h i b i t i o n a n d e r r o r s . C e r e b

C o r t e x 1 1 : 8 2 5 – 3 6 .

B r u n e t E , S a r f a t i Y , H a r d y - B a y

l e M C , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 0 .

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k . N e u r o I m a g e 1 1 : 1 5 7 – 6 6 .

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l é M C , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 3 .

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h o l o g i a 4 1 : 1 5 7 4 – 8 2 .

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o f b r a i n ; t h e r e f o r e ,

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C o r b e t t a M , K i n c a d e J M , O l l i n

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5 7

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i n v o l v e d i n r e c i p r o c a l i m i t a t i o n . N e u r o I m a g e

1 5 : 2 6 5 – 7 2 .

D e c e t y J , J a c k s o n P L , S o m m e r v i l l e J A , C h a m i n a d e T ,

T o M

1

f M R I

5 1

– 4 4

4 5

M N I

M e l t z o f f A N . 2 0 0 4 . T h e n e u r a l b a s e s o f c o o p e r a t i o n

a n d c o m p e t i t i o n : a n f M R I s t u d y . N e u r o I m a g e

2 3 : 7 4 4 – 5 1 .

D e n O u d e n H E M , F r i t h U , F r i t h

C D , B l a k e m o r e S - J .

T o M

1

f M R I

4 8

– 6 6

3 9

M N I

2 0 0 5 . T h i n k i n g a b o u t i n t e n t i o n s . N e u r o I m a g e

2 8 : 7 8 7 – 9 6 .

D o w n a r J , C r a w l e y A P , M i k u l i s

D J , D a v i s K D . 2 0 0 0 .

A t t e

n t i o n

1

f M R I

5 3

– 4 0

1 6

M N I

A m u l t i m o d a l c o r t i c a l n e t w o

r k f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o f

c h a n g e s i n t h e s e n s o r y e n v i r o n m e n t . N a t N e u r o s c i

3 : 2 7 7 – 8 3 .


D J , D a v i s K D . 2 0 0 1 .

A t t e

n t i o n

2

f M R I

5 8

– 4 3

1 7

M N I

T h e e f f e c t o f t a s k r e l e v a n c e

o n t h e c o r t i c a l r e s p o n s e

5 7

– 4 8

1 0

M N I

t o c h a n g e s i n v i s u a l a n d a u d i t o r y s t i m u l i : a n

e v e n t - r e l a t e d f M R I s t u d y . N e u r o I m a g e 1 4 : 1 2 5 6 – 6 7 .


D J , D a v i s K D . 2 0 0 2 .

A t t e

n t i o n

3

f M R I

5 6

– 3 6

2 4

T A L

A c o r t i c a l n e t w o r k s e n s i t i v e

t o s t i m u l u s s a l i e n c e i n

5 6

– 3 6

2 4

T A L

a n e u t r a l b e h a v i o r a l c o n t e x t

a c r o s s m u l t i p l e

5 5

– 5 3

4

T A L

s e n s o r y m o d a l i t i e s . J N e u r o

p h y s i o l 8 7 : 6 1 5 – 2 0 .

( c o n t i n u e d )




9/15


A

P P E N D I X ( c o n t i n u e d )

N u m b e r o f

I m a g i n g

O r i g i n a l

S t u d y

C o n

d i t i o n


M e t h o d

T A

L x

T A L y

T A L z

S p a c e

F a r r e r C , F r a n c k N , F r i t h C D , D

e c e t y J , J e a n n e r o d M .

A g e

n c y

1

P E T

5 5

– 5 3

3 6

M N I

2 0 0 3 . M o d u l a t i n g t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f a g e n c y : A P E T

s t u d y . N e u r o I m a g e 1 8 : 3 2 4 – 3 3 .

F a r r e r C , F r a n c k N , F r i t h C D , D

e c e t y J , D a m a t o T ,

A g e

n c y

1

P E T

6 3

– 5 3

2 5

M N I

J e a n n e r o d M . 2 0 0 4 . N e u r a l

c o r r e l a t e s o f a c t i o n

a t t r i b u t i o n i n s c h i z o p h r e n i a .

P s y c h i a t r y R e s

1 3 1 : 3 1 – 4 4 .

F a r r e r C , F r i t h C D . 2 0 0 2 . E x p e

r i e n c i n g o n s e s e l f v s .

A g e

n c y

1

f M R I

4 4

– 5 5

3 2

M N I

a n o t h e r p e r s o n a s b e i n g t h e

c a u s e o f a n a c t i o n :

t h e n e u r a l c o r r e l a t e s o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f a g e n c y .

N e u r o i m a g e 1 5 : 5 9 6 – 6 0 3 .

F i n k G R , M a r s h a l l J C , H a l l i g a n

P W , F r i t h C D , D r i v e r J ,

A g e

n c y

1

P E T

5 0

– 5 4

3 8

T A L

F r a c k o w i a k R S J , D o l a n R J .

1 9 9 9 . T h e n e u r a l

c o n s e q u e n c e s o f c o n f l i c t b e

t w e e n i n t e n t i o n a n d

t h e s e n s e s . B r a i n 1 2 2 : 4 9 7 – 5 1 2 .

F l e t c h e r P C , H a p p e F , F r i t h U ,

B a k e r S C , D o l a n R J ,

T o M

1

P E T

4 2

– 5 0

2 4

T A L

F r a c k o w i a k R S J , F r i t h C D . 1

9 9 5 . O t h e r m i n d s i n

t h e b r a i n : a f u n c t i o n a l i m a g i n g s t u d y o f t h e o r y o f

m i n d i n s t o r y c o m p r e h e n s i o

n . C o g n i t i o n 5 7 : 1 0 9 – 2 8 .

G a l l a g h e r H L , H a p p e F , B r u n s w i c k N , F l e t c h e r P C ,

T o M

1

f M R I

4 6

– 5 6

2 6

T A L

F r i t h U , F r i t h C D . 2 0 0 0 . R e a

d i n g t h e m i n d i n

c a r t o o n s a n d s t o r i e s : a n f M R I s t u d y o f t h e o r y o f

m i n g i n v e r b a l a n d n o n v e r b a l t a s k s .

N e u r o p s y c h o l o g i a 3 8 : 1 – 2 1 .

G i e s s i n g C , T h i e l C M , R o e s l e r

F , F i n k G . 2 0 0 6 .

A t t e

n t i o n

1

f M R I

4 4

– 4 6

1 9

M N I

T h e m o d u l a t o r y e f f e c t s o f n i c o t i n e o n p a r i e t a l

c o r t e x a c t i v i t y i n a c u e d t a r g e t d e t e c t i o n t a s k

d e p e n d o n c u e r e l i a b i l i t y . N e u r o s c i e n c e 1 3 7 : 8 5 3 – 6 4 .

G r e e n e J , S o m m e r v i l l e R B , N y

s t r o m

L E , D a r l e y J M ,

M o r

a l

1

f M R I

5 0

– 5 7

2 0

T A L

C o h e n J D . 2 0 0 1 . A n f M R I i n

v e s t i g a t i o n o f e m o t i o n a l

e n g a g e m e n t i n m o r a l j u d g m

e n t . S c i e n c e 2 9 3 : 2 1 0 5 – 8 .

G r e z e s J , F r i t h C D , P a s s i n g h a m

R E . 2 0 0 4 . I n f e r r i n g

T o M

1

f M R I

4 2

– 5 9

2 7

M N I

f a l s e b e l i e f s f r o m t h e a c t i o n s o f o n e s e l f a n d o t h e r s :

a n f M R I s t u d y . N e u r o I m a g e

2 1 : 7 4 4 – 5 0 .

H y n e s C A , B a i r d A A , G r a f t o n S T . 2 0 0 6 . D i f f e r e n t i a l

T o M

1

f M R I

5 3

– 5 1

1 9

T A L

r o l e o f t h e o r b i t o f r o n t a l l o b e

i n e m o t i o n a l v e r s u s

c o g n i t i v e p e r s p e c t i v e - t a k i n g

. N e u r o p s y c h o l o g i a

4 4 : 3 7 4 – 8 3 .




10/15


H y n e s C A , B a i r d A A , G r a f t o n S T . 2 0 0 6 . D i f f e r e n t i a l

E m p

a t h y

1

f M R I

5 3

– 5 1

1 9

T A L

r o l e o f t h e o r b i t o f r o n t a l l o b e

i n e m o t i o n a l v e r s u s

c o g n i t i v e p e r s p e c t i v e - t a k i n g

. N e u r o p s y c h o l o g i a

4 4 : 3 7 4 – 8 3 .

I n d o v i n a I , M a c a l u s o E . 2 0 0 6 .

D i s s o c i a t i o n o f s t i m u l u s

A t t e

n t i o n

1

f M R I

5 0

– 3 6

2 8

M N I

r e l e v a n c e a n d s a l i e n c y f a c t o r s d u r i n g s h i f t s o f

v i s u o s p a t i a l a t t e n t i o n . C e r e b C o r t e x E p u b a h e a d

o f p r i n t .

J a c k s o n P L , B r u n e t E , M e l t z o f f A N , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 6 .

E m p

a t h y

1

f M R I

4 8

– 5 4

2 8

M N I

E m p a t h y e x a m i n e d t h r o u g h

t h e n e u r a l m e c h a n i s m s

i n v o l v e d i n i m a g i n i n g h o w I

f e e l v e r s u s h o w y o u f e e l

p a i n : a n e v e n t - r e l a t e d f M R I

s t u d y . N e u r o p s y c h o l o g i a

4 4 : 7 5 2 – 6 1 .

J a c k s o n P L , M e l t z o f f A N , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 5 . H o w d o

E m p

a t h y

1

f M R I

4 0

– 4 7

3 9

M N I

w e p e r c e i v e t h e p a i n o f o t h e r s : a w i n d o w i n t o t h e

n e u r a l p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n e m p a t h y . N e u r o I m a g e

2 4 : 7 7 1 – 9 .

K a b l e J W , C h a t t e r j e e A . 2 0 0 6 .

S p e c i f i c i t y o f a c t i o n

A g e

n c y

1

f M R I

5 0

– 4 8

2 6

M N I

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n t h e l a t e r a

l o c c i p i t o t e m p o r a l

c o r t e x . J C o g n N e u r o s c i 1 8 : 1 4 9 8 – 5 1 7 .

K i n c a d e M , A b r a m s R A , A s t a f i e v S V , S h u l m a n G L ,

A t t e

n t i o n

3

f M R I

5 0

– 4 8

2 6

T A L

C o r b e t t a M . 2 0 0 5 . A n e v e n t

- r e l a t e d f u n c t i o n a l

5 1

– 5 1

2 6

T A L

m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e i m a g i n g s t u d y o f v o l u n t a r y a n d

5 4

– 4 8

3 0

T A L

s t i m u l u s - d r i v e n o r i e n t i n g o f

a t t e n t i o n . J N e u r o s c i

2 5 : 4 5 9 3 – 6 0 4 .

K o n r a d K , N e u f a n g S , T h i e l C M

, S p e c h t K , H a n i s c h C ,

A t t e

n t i o n

f M R I

C o o r d i n a t e s r e q u e s t e d

F a n J , a n d o t h e r s . 2 0 0 5 . D e

v e l o p m e n t o f a t t e n t i o n a l

v i a

e - m a i l ; n o

n e t w o r k s : a n f M R I s t u d y w i t h c h i l d r e n a n d a d u l t s .

r e s

p o n s e r e c e i v e d

N e u r o I m a g e 2 8 : 4 2 9 – 3 9 .

L a m m

C , B a t s o n C D , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 7 . T h e n e u r a l b a s i s

E m p

a t h y

1

f M R I

4 8

– 6 0

4 4

M N I

o f h u m a n e m p a t h y — e f f e c t s

o f p e r s p e c t i v e - t a k i n g

a n d c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l . J C

o g n N e u r o s c i 1 9 : 1 – 7 .

L a w r e n c e E J , S h a w P , G i a m p i e t r o V P , S u r g u l a d z e S ,

E m p

a t h y

1

f M R I

4 7

– 4 5

4 1

M N I

B r a m m e r M J , D a v i d A S . 2 0 0 6 . T h e r o l e o f ‘ s h a r e d

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ’ i n s o c i a l p e

r c e p t i o n a n d e m p a t h y :

a n f M R I s t u d y . N e u r o I m a g e

2 9 : 1 1 7 3 – 8 4 .

( c o n t i n u e d )




11/15


A

P P E N D I X ( c o n t i n u e d )

N u m b e r o f

I m a g i n g

O r i g i n a l

S t u d y

C o n

d i t i o n


M e t h o d

T A

L x

T A L y

T A L z

S p a c e

L e p s i e n J , P o l l m a n n S . 2 0 0 6 . C o v e r t r e o r i e n t i n g a n d

A t t e

n t i o n

2

f M R I

5 6

– 5 2

1 6

T A L

i n h i b i t i o n o f r e t u r n : a n e v e n t - r e l a t e d f M R I s t u d y .

5 5

– 4 9

1 5

T A L

J C o g n N e u r o s c i 1 4 : 1 2 7 – 4 4

.

L e u b e D T , K n o b l i c h G , E r b M ,

G r o d d W , B a r t e l s M ,

A g e

n c y

1

f M R I

4 8

– 4 0

1 9

M N I

K i r c h e r T T . 2 0 0 3 . T h e n e u r a l c o r r e l a t e s o f p e r c e i v i n g

o n e ’ s o w n m o v e m e n t s . N e u

r o I m a g e 2 0 : 2 0 8 4 – 9 0 .

M a c a l u s o E , F r i t h C D , D r i v e r J

. 2 0 0 2 . S u p r a m o d a l

A t t e

n t i o n

1

f M R I

6 0

– 4 8

3 2

T A L

e f f e c t s o f c o v e r t s p a t i a l o r i e

n t i n g t r i g g e r e d b y

v i s u a l o r t a c t i l e e v e n t s . J C o

g n N e u r o s c i

1 4 3 : 3 8 9 – 4 0 1 .

M a y e r A R , D o r f l i n g e r J M , R a o

S M , S e i d e n b e r g M .

A t t e

n t i o n

2

f M R I

5 4

– 5 1

2 8

T A L

2 0 0 4 . N e u r a l n e t w o r k s u n d e

r l y i n g e n d o g e n o u s

f M R I

5 5

– 5 3

2 7

T A L

a n d e x o g e n o u s v i s u a l - s p a t i a l o r i e n t i n g .

N e u r o I m a g e 2 3 : 5 3 4 – 4 1 .

M o l l J , O l i v e i r a - S o u z a R , E s l i n g e r P J , B r a m a t i I E ,

M o r

a l

1

f M R I

4 5

– 6 0

1 8

T A L

M o u r a o - M i r a n d a J , A n d r e i u o l o P A , P e s s o a L . 2 0 0 2 .

T h e n e u r a l c o r r e l a t e s o f m o r a l s e n s i t i v i t y : a

f u n c t i o n a l m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n

c e i m a g i n g

i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f b a s i c m o r a l

e m o t i o n s .

J N e u r o s c i 2 2 : 2 7 3 0 – 8 .

M o r i g u c h i Y , D e c e t y J , O h n i s h

i T , M a e d a M , M o r i T ,

E m p

a t h y

1

f M R I

6 3

– 3 3

3 5

M N I

N o t e :

C o n v e r s i o n

N e m o t o K , a n d o t h e r s . 2 0 0 6 . E m p a t h y a n d j u d g i n g

l o c

a t e d p e a k o u t s i d e

o t h e r ’ s p a i n : a n f M R I s t u d y o f a l e x y t h y m i a .

o f b r a i n ; t h e r e f o r e ,

C e r e b C o r t e x E p u b a h e a d o

f p r i n t .

x - c

o o r d i n a t e w a s

c o r r e c t e d f r o m

5 7

t o 5 3

M o r i g u c h i Y , O h n i s h i T , L a n e R

D , M a e d a M , M o r i T ,

T o M

1

f M R I

5 2

– 4 6

1 4

M N I

N e m o t o K , a n d o t h e r s . 2 0 0 6 . I m p a i r e d o f

s e l f - a w a r e n e s s a n d t h e o r y o

f m i n d : a n f M R I s t u d y

m e n t a l i z i n g i n a l e x i t h y m i a . N

e u r o I m a g e

3 2 : 1 4 7 2 – 8 2 .

O h n i s h i T , M o r i g u c h i Y , M a t s u d a H , M o r i T , H i r a k a t a M ,

T o M

1

f M R I

4 8

– 4 2

1 9

T A L

I m a b a y a s h i E , a n d o t h e r s . 2

0 0 4 . T h e n e u r a l

n e t w o r k f o r t h e m i r r o r s y s t e m

a n d m e n t a l i z i n g

i n n o r m a l l y d e v e l o p e d c h i l d r e n : a n f M R I s t u d y .

N e u r o R e p o r t 1 5 : 1 4 8 3 – 8 .

P e r n e r J , A i c h h o r n M , K r o n b i c

h l e r M , S t a f f e n W ,

T o M

2

f M R I

5 3

– 5 4

2 8

M N I

L a d u r n e r G . 2 0 0 6 . T h i n k i n g

o f m e n t a l a n d o t h e r

4 8

– 5 2

3 4

M N I

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s : t h e r o l e s o f l e f t a n d r i g h t

t e m p o r o - p a r i e t a l j u n c t i o n . S

o c N e u r o s c i 1 : 2 4 5 – 5 8 .




12/15


R a m n a n i N , M i a l l R C . 2 0 0 4 . A

s y s t e m i n t h e h u m a n

A g e

n c y

1

f M R I

5 5

– 5 1

2 7

M N I

b r a i n f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e a c t i o

n s o f o t h e r s .

N a t N e u r o s c i 7 : 8 5 – 9 0 .

R i l l i n g J K , S a n f e y A G , A r o n s o n J A , N y s t r o m L E ,

T o M

2

f M R I

4 8

– 5 5

2 7

T A L

C o h e n J D . 2 0 0 4 . T h e n e u r a l c o r r e l a t e s o f t h e o r y

f M R I

4 0

– 5 5

3 2

T A L

o f m i n d w i t h i n i n t e r p e r s o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n s .

N e u r o I m a g e 2 2 : 1 6 9 4 – 7 0 3 .

R i l l i n g J K , S a n f e y A G , A r o n s o n J A , N y s t r o m L E ,

T o M

1

f M R I

4 2

– 5 2

1 6

T A L

C o h e n J D . 2 0 0 4 . O p p o s i n g

B O L D r e s p o n s e s t o

r e c i p r o c a t e d a n d u n r e c i p r o c

a t e d a l t r u i s m

i n

p u t a t i v e r e w a r d p a t h w a y s . N

e u r o R e p o r t

1 5 : 2 5 3 9 – 4 3 .

R u b y P , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 1 . E f f e c t o f t h e s u b j e c t i v e

A g e

n c y

3

P E T

4 8

– 5 7

3 8

M N I

p e r s p e c t i v e t a k i n g d u r i n g s i m u l a t i o n

A g e

n c y

4 5

– 6 4

2 5

M N I

o f a c t i o n : a P E T i n v e s t i g a t i o

n o f a g e n c y .

A g e

n c y

4 4

– 4 6

2 6

M N I

N a t N e u r o s c i 4 : 5 4 6 – 5 0 .

R u b y P , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 3 . W h a t

y o u b e l i e v e v e r s u s

T o M

1

P E T

4 4

– 6 6

3 6

M N I

w h a t y o u t h i n k t h e y b e l i e v e ? A n e u r o i m a g i n g

s t u d y o f c o n c e p t u a l p e r s p e c t i v e t a k i n g . E u r J

N e u r o s c i 1 7 : 2 4 7 5 – 8 0 .

R u b y P , D e c e t y J . 2 0 0 4 . H o w w o u l d y o u f e e l v e r s u s

E m p

a t h y

1

P E T

5 9

– 5 3

2 3

M N I

h o w d o y o u t h i n k s h e w o u l d

f e e l ? A n e u r o i m a g i n g

s t u d y o f p e r s p e c t i v e t a k i n g

w i t h s o c i a l e m o t i o n s .

J C o g n N e u r o s c i 1 6 : 9 8 8 – 9 9

.

R u f f C C , D r i v e r J . 2 0 0 6 . A t t e n t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n f o r

A t t e

n t i o n

1

f M R I

5 6

– 3 6

1 6

T A L

a l a t e r i l i z e d v i s u a l d i s t r a c t o r

: b e h a v i o r a l a n d

f M R I e v i d e n c e . J C o g n N e u r o s c i 1 8 : 5 2 2 – 3 8 .

S a x e R , K a n w i s h e r N . 2 0 0 3 . P

e o p l e t h i n k i n g a b o u t

T o M

1

f M R I

5 0

– 5 5

2 8

M N I

p e o p l e — t h e r o l e o f t h e t e m p o r o - p a r i e t a l j u n c t i o n

i n t h e o r y o f m i n d . N e u r o I m a

g e 1 9 : 1 8 3 5 – 4 2 .

S a x e R , P o w e l l L J . 2 0 0 6 . I t ’ s t h e t h o u g h t t h a t c o u n t s :

T o M

1

f M R I

5 2

– 5 2

1 8

M N I

s p e c i f i c b r a i n r e g i o n s f o r o n

e c o m p o n

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