Francis turbine
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Francis turbineBy:
Prathamesh,Akash
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IntroductionA turbine is a rotary mechanical device that
extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
Turbines are used in boat propulsion systems, hydroelectric power generators, and jet aircraft engines.
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Basic Types of TurbineSteam Turbine
Water Turbine
Wind Turbine
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Types Based Energy UsedImpulse turbine : Only kinetic energy of
water is used to drive turbine. Eg.Pelton Turbine
Reaction turbine : Kinetic energy as well as Pressure energy of water is used to drive turbine.
Eg.Francis Turbine
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IntroductionFrancis turbines are the most common
water turbine in use today. They operate in a water head from 10 to
650 meters (33 to 2,133 feet).They are primarily used for electrical
power production. The turbine powered generator power
output generally ranges from 10 to 750 megawatts
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Sir James B. FranceThis turbine was invented by Sir
James B. France in Lowell, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Studying the Boyden turbine ,Francis was able to redesign it to increase efficiency.
Boyden Turbine could achieve a 65 percent efficiency.
So, James France redesigned this turbine and new turbine with 88% efficiency was invented.
This was known as ‘Francis turbine’.
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The Boyden Turbine
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The Invention Studying the Boyden turbine Francis was able to
redesign it to increase efficiency. Constructing turbines as “sideways water
wheels,” Francis was able to achieve an astounding 88 percent efficiency rate.
After further experimenting, Francis developed the mixed flow reaction turbine which later became an American standard.
Twenty-two of the “Francis turbines” reside in Hoover Dam to this day.
His work on these turbines was later published as The Lowell Hydraulic Experiments in 1855.
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X blade runnerTraditional runner
The Francis Runner
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The Francis Turbine
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The Francis Installation
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Working Penstock: It is a large size conduit which conveys water from the
upstream to the dam/reservoir to the turbine runner. Spiral Casing: It constitutes a closed passage whose cross-sectional area
gradually decreases along the flow direction; area is maximum at inlet and nearly zero at exit.
Guide Vanes: These vanes direct the water on to the runner at an angle appropriate to the design, the motion of them is given by means of hand wheel or by a governor.
Governing Mechanism: It changes the position of the guide blades/vanes to affect a variation in water flow rate, when the load conditions on the turbine change.
Runner and Runner Blades: The driving force on the runner is both due to impulse and reaction effect. The number of runner blades usually varies between 16 to 24.
Draft Tube: It is gradually expanding tube which discharges water, passing through the runner to the tail race.
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Francis Turbine Power Plant : A Continuous Hydraulic System
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Parts of A Francis Turbine
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R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
R a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanesR a d i a l v i e wrunner guide vanes and stay vanes
Water from spiral casing
Water particle
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Guide vanesGuide vanesGuide vanesGuide vanesGuide vanesGuide vanes
Runner inlet (Φ 0.870m)
Guide vane outlet for designα) (Φ 0.913m)
ClosedPosition
Max. Opening Position
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Operation of Guide Vanes
Guide vane at DesignPosition = 12.21°
Guide vane at closed position
Guide vane at Max. openPosition = 18°
.
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Hydraulic efficiency of Francis Hydraulic System
gV
hgV
h
LosseshydraulicgV
hgV
h
hydraulic
22
22
23
3
21
1
23
3
21
1
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AdvantagesIt is a most widely used turbine in world
(about 70-80%).Effective use of water pressure as well as
velocity.It is American standard turbine.Very good efficiency(80-94%).
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DisadvantagesCost is High.Due to its complex design and large number
of moving parts, maintenance and repair is difficult and costly.
It is applicable to flow of medium head only.
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Recent Advancements:New types of designs are developed to
reduce cost and complexity of mechanism.Modified turbine include Inline Linkless
Francis Turbine, Cross-flow Turbine,etc.These new turbine require less space,
simplified designs, less moving parts, etc.
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Thank YouBy:
Prathamesh , Akash