France in 1799

10th November 1799: • Members of the French government met, there were furious arguments and soldiers hustled many politicians out of the building at bayonet- point. • A few weeks later, a new government was installed with Napoleon Bonaparte as leader.

Changes 1789 to 1799 The State: • No longer the royal family ruling the country. • Government chosen by people. • Laws are made by the National assembly, not by the king. • Everyone became equal in the eyes of the law.

The Economy: • Seriously weakened by the Revolution as it disrupted trade and industry. • Higher cost of living. • Unemployment.

Education: • State education for everyone but no public schools. • Education was no longer to be controlled by the Roman Catholic Church. • Less pupils attending colleges. Bordeaux Harbour

The Church: • No longer a major property-owner. • Tithes abolished. • Bishops and other senior officials now appointed by the State, not by the Pope. • Freedom for religion. • No charity

The People

LOSSES GAINS TITLES REVOLUTIONARY POLITICS OLD PRIVILEGES ENLARGEMENT OF LANDS DESTROYED PROPERTIES JOBS GIVEN BY THE GOVERNMENT

LOSSES GAINS PLACES PURCHASING CHURCH LANDS MONEY JOBS IN STATE ADMINISTRATIVE

REVOLUTIONARY POLITICS

The bourgeoisie

Nobles

LOSSES GAINSPOVERTY FEUDAL PRIVILEGESNO LONGER CHARITY RIGHT TO VOTEHIGHER TAXESHUNGER FORCED TO JOIN ARMY

Peasants

Civil Rights Freedom to women and non- Catholics Protestants and Jews New laws on marriage Crisis again? 1799 Higher Prices Riots Debt Economic problems Takeover Republicans vs. Napoleon Complete control The people´s army 1799: France vs. Europe ‘Citizen army’ Sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of lives

‘The Revolutionaries have killed our king,

driven away our priests and sold all the goods

that belonged to our churches. They have

eaten all our food, and now they want our

bodies, too. . . They won’t get them.’

Napoleon’s rise to power

Napoleon Bonaparte Corsica His family Schooling Napoleon’s report from army cadet school Napoleon’s career as a ‘thunderbolt’ or a ‘shooting star’

Jacobin club (1791) Commander (1795) Napoleon married (1796) Conqueror of northern Italy (1796-97)

Josephine Beauharnais

Napoleon’s Conquests

Vienna: Treaty at Campo Formio (1797)

Egypt: Battle of the Pyramids (1798)

Syria (1798 and 1799)

Negative Results

Battle of the Nile (1798)

Bad news from home…

Josephine’s affair… Country in crisis

French defeat in Italy

New institutions: Napoleon’s greatest achievement New system of law State- run schools Prefets Centralised Civil Service Police network National Bank Legion of honour

Some ideas still remain:

Many experimental reforms from Revolutionary period Abolition of Revolutionary calendar Restored Nobles titles Greater freedom to women End of Revolutionary wars Few Revolutionary policies State separate from the church

Rebuilding France: Napoleon First Consul Real leader Kept all for himself Clear ideas Shut down newspapers that disagreed with him