AP REVIEW

FRANCE FRANCE FRANCEAP REVIEWNote:This review is being done to supplement what you are doing on your own outside of class. Make sure that you are reviewing notes that are found online.

THE GOAL OF THIS IS TO BE ABLE TO ASSESS CHANGE OVER TIME!13th- 15th century FranceHundred Years War (1337-1453)Significance?Rise of New MonarchiesDIRECT TAXATIONGAVE RISE TO POWERFUL ARISTOCRACYPeasant response?

16th century FranceConsolidation of power by the monarchyTaxationOne example of a French tax?Creation of armiesReduce political power of clergyCreation of efficient bureaucracies

FRENCH CIVIL WARSValois VS. BOURBON VS. GuiseWar of the Three HenrysHenry IV (of Navarre) becomes first Bourbon kingPolitiqueHuguenot (what does he do that is a politique move?)Edict of Nantes

17th Century France30 YEARS WAR (1618-1648)French Phase (Final Phase)Cardinal Richelieu (politique, Catholic) aligns himself with Protestants to defeat HREFRANCE BECOMES MAJOR EUROPEAN POWER AS A RESULT OF THIS

Colbert and Mercantilism Self sufficiencyGovernment controlled monopoliesColonial ExploitsThe AmericasAfrica not fully colonized until 19th century

17th century France ContinuedLOUIS XIV and ABSOLUTISM (1643-1715)characteristicsDivine rightDid not have to answer to national assembliesWeak nobilityLarge armies=TOTALITARIANISM OriginsDestructive civil warsNew nobility (Sword VS. Robe)Intendant systemI AM THE STATEVERSAILLESSuccesses and FailuresAccidental creation of a BALANCE OF POWER SYSTEM

18th Century FranceAncien regime7 Years War (1754-1763) (T. of Paris)France loses most of its colonial possessionsSignificant debt

ENLIGHTENMENTFRANCE WAS THE CENTER OF CULTUREMovement away from religious principles to natural law French RevolutionCausesPlayers3 StagesMontesquieu (National Assembly)Rousseau (Robespierre and Republic)Voltaire (Napoleon)Why revolutionary?

19th century FranceNapoleon and ConquestContinental systemWars of the CoalitionSignificance of NapoleonRestoration of MonarchyResulting revolutionsRedevelopment of ParisWhy?Prevent Parisian uprisingsFranco-Prussian War

Toward a permanent republicDreyfus AffairParis Commune

20th Century FranceWWIAftermathLegacy

Relationship with Germany

WWIIVichy FranceDe Gaulle

Post War FranceEnd of colonialismStudent revoltsEuropean Unity

Government over timeRegional MonarchiesAbsolute Monarchies (Bourbons)Constitutional Monarchy (Louis XVI)1st Republic (1792-1804)Empire (Enlightened absolutism?) NapoleonConstitutional Monarchies (Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Phillippe)2nd Republic (1848-1852)Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870)3rd Republic (1870-1939)Vichy Regime (1939-1946)4th Republic (1946- 1958)5th Republic (1958-Present)AP REVIEWENGLAND, GREAT BRITAIN, OR UNITED KINGDOM?England 13th-15th CenturyHundred Years War

Early Reform movements in the churchWyclif (1329-1384)

Isolation and development of industry

New MonarchiesEngland 16th CenturySerfdom ends (1550)How is this a different path from the rest of Europe?

Northern Renaissance in EnglandThomas More and Utopia (1516)Shakespeare (1564-1616)Christian HumanismImpacts?

Rise of the TudorsWar of the RosesTaxationState run armiesThe parliament always maintained more leverage in England than in other countries

16th Century ContinuedHenry VIII (concurrent with Protestant Reformation) (1509-1547)Political reasons for English ReformationFounding of Anglican ChurchAct of Supremacy (1534)

Edward VI (1547-1553)Movement toward CalvinismDemonstrates power of nobility in England during this time

Mary I (1553-1558) Bloody MaryMovement toward Catholicism

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Virgin QueenPolitiqueElizabethan SettlementSpanish Armada (1588)England 17th CenturyEnglish Civil War Ollie sandwich (James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II)Religious and Political casesCavaliers (loyalists V. Roundheads (Calvinists)Charles I first European king to be executed

Cromwell and the Puritan ProtectorateRadically oppressiveRadically conservative

17th Century ContinuedRestoration of monarchyAttempts at gaining more powerOUTCOMES OF GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONGOV POWER IS LIMITED BY LAW. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY ESTABLISHEDBill of RightsCONSTITUTIONALISM REIGNS OVER ABSOLUTISMLocke and the Two Treatises of Civil GovNatural rightsLife, liberty, and property

England and G.B. 18th CenturyEngland Great BritainAct of Union (1707) (England +Scotland = G.B.)Scientific Advances (Enlightenment)Isaac Newton (Principia) and the Royal Society (state supported)IndustrialismAdam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776)Agricultural RevolutionEnclosureCottage systemImperialismThe Americas7 Years WarConflicts with France7 years WarEngland 19th CenturyConflict with FranceagainNapoleonic WarsEffects of continental system2nd industrial revolutionUrbanization and public health movementGolden age of the middle classOrganized laborChartism and the ten hour work dayImproved working conditionsUse of child labor diminished and eventually eliminated (1842)RISE OF 1ST WAVE FEMINISMFight for suffrage (right to vote)splendid isolation

England, G.B., U.K. 20th CenturyWWINaval rivalry with GermanySchlieffen PlanTreaty of VersaillesWWIIFirst appeasement (Chamberlain) and then warMunich ConferenceChurchill and the Big ThreePost-WarRise of the Labour Party (Atlee) and the welfare stateInternational politicsSocial upheaval and the return of conservatism (Thatcher)GOVERNMENT CHANGE OVER TIMEDivine right monarchies (Henry VIII, James I, Charles I)Constitutional Monarchies (William I-Victoria)Conservative and Coalition (between the wars)Conservative Party (Churchill) Labour Party (Atlee) Conservative Party (Thatcher) Labour Party (Blair)Initial dominance and eventual periphery statusItaly and SpainItaly 14th-16th Centuries (Renaissance)Beginning of modern European HistoryChanges from Middle AgesHumanism (Petrarch) leads to more secular concernsRise of vernacular languages (Dante, Luther, Shakespeare) nationalismMain cause of this? Greek and classical influences (see art)Why Italy?Geographic positioning to the Middle East

PoliticsMedici familyComes to power after?City states (different from the rise of new monarchies occurring at the same time in France and England)Fall of Italy and domination by international powers (1550-1813)

22Spain 14th-16th CenturiesFerdinand and Isabella (NEW MONARCHY)Religious policiesPolitical PoliciesEconomic PoliciesGolden Age of Spain under Phillip II (Hapsburg Spain)Decline (Bourbon Spain) 17th CenturyCausesPoliticalEconomicMilitaryDomination by international powers (18th Century)

Charles II of Spain: last Hapsburg ruler in Spain

Grandmother and great grandmother of Charles IIAunt and grandmother of Charles IIItaly and Spain 19th CenturyRomanticism and nationalismReaction against NapoleonEmbracing of the Napoleonic Code

Tear down of old regime in ItalyFor nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law, a fair system of taxation, a better economic situation, and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries.... Everywhere old physical, economic, and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality

Goya, Third of MayNapoleons troops shoot hostages

Key Players in Unification of ItalyCount Cavour (The Mind)Most important politicianGiuseppe Garibaldi (The Sword)Most important liberatorGiuseppe Mazzini (The Soul)Most important nationalistKing Victor Emmanuel IIUnifying force20th Century Italy and SpainWWINeutrality for Spain, allies for Italy

Post WWIRise of fascism Mussolini and ItalySpanish Civil War and Franco

WWIINeutrality for SpainAxis powers and Italy

Post WWIIEventual integration into European Union

Germany14th-16th CenturiesNorthern RenaissancePrinting Press invented byLeads to rise of vernacular languages

Martin Luther and the ReformationTranslates bible into GermanCausesGreat Schism Corruption in the churchPluralismSelling of officesIgnorant priests95 Theses and three main tenentsSalvation by faith alonePriesthood of all believersBible is the sole authority

Reformation spreadsGerman reaction to reformationPeasant revoltsWar of religionSchmkalden League VS Charles V (Hapsburg 1531)Peace of AugsburgLutheranism + Catholicism accepted BUT!Calvinism rejected until?German states remain separated due to religious differences until?A quick asideJohn Calvin = Calvinism in Geneva (Puritanism in England)John Knox = Presbyterianism (Scotland)Ulrich Zwingli = Swiss Reformation in ZurichJohn Leyden = Anabaptism30 Years War (1616-1648)Treaty of Westphalia (1648)Calvinism + Lutheranism + CatholicismWeaker HRE

Results of ReformationWestern Christianity shatteredRise in religious fervorReligious wars break outCouncil of Trent (1534-1549)Society of Jesus (Jesuit order)Abuses reformedIndex of Prohibited BooksNo sig change in Church doctrineTrent, Council ofPope Paul IIIAnti-ProtestantUrsuline Order of NunsLatin Vulgate 18TH Century H.R.E. AND Rise of PRUSSIA and AUSTRIAHOP-RAP Austria and PrussiaH.R.EAustriaPragmatic Sanction (1713)Charles VI Maria TheresaReaction?1740-1748

PrussiaHouse of HohenzollernFredericks, Fredericks, and more FredericksBeginnings of militarism (FREDERICK WILLIAM I)First against France(War of Spanish Succession) and then against Austria (Austrian Succession)Effect of Enlightenment?Frederick II (Frederick the Great) 1740-1786SEVEN YEARS WAR AND THE TREATY OF PARIS (1763)!!! (Silesia)19th Century: Toward UnificationRise of nationalism during reign of NapoleonCONFEDERATION OF THE RHINENapoleon consolidates German states 300 15 German states