5th Conference on European Historical Bibliographies, Prague, 7-8 november 2013

France during World War II

Historiographic analysis based upon the Annual bibliography of the French

history (Bibliographie annuelle de l’Histoire de France) 1964-2010

Résumé

La France dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale Bilan historiographique à partir de la Bibliographie annuelle de l’Histoire de France (1964-2010) L’historiographie de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en France n’a cessé d’évoluer. Ces évolutions peuvent être étudiées à partir des recensements de la BAHF (de 1964 à 2010), permettant de poser un regard statistique face à la masse considérable de publications et de mettre en évidence l’évolution des champs de recherches. Dans les années 1964-1965, marquées par l’anniversaire de la Libération, de nombreux ouvrages, articles et témoignages étudient les mouvements de Résistance et les maquis. Dans les années 1970-1975 la Résistance est présentée dans sa vision patriotique, communiste et gaulliste. Les premiers écrits sur les Juifs dans la Résistance font leur apparition ainsi que de nombreux articles sur la déportation. Le gouvernement de Vichy est au centre des recherches des années 1980-1985. Les institutions ne sont plus représentées seulement par l’armée de terre, la marine mais également par des études sur la justice et l’administration. De nombreux livres sont publiés à compte d’auteurs, témoignages d’anciens prisonniers de guerre. L’étude du sort des Juifs est au cœur de l’historiographie de la période 1990-1995 et de nouveaux thèmes sont étudiés : la collaboration, les camps d’internements français, la vie culturelle sous Vichy et d’abondantes monographies sur le débarquement de Normandie sont publiées. Dans les années 2000-2010 les thèmes de recherches concernant le gouvernement de Vichy sont désormais élargis et nuancés par les chercheurs. On assiste à l’émergence de la notion de mémoire, à un renouvellement de l’historiographie grâce à de nouvelles sources, de nouvelles méthodes avec un déplacement de la macro- vers la micro- histoire et un intérêt pour des parcours personnels et des lieux précis.

Abstract

Historiography of World War II never stopped evolving. The BAHF's overviews (from 1964 to 2010) allow to study through a statistic approach these evolutions despite the large amount of publications, but also highlight the evolution of research fields. The years 1964-65, years of celebration of the Liberation and Victory, a large number of books, articles and testimonies study the Resistance movement and the Maquis. During the years 1970-1975, Resistance is presented through a patriotic perspective, either communist or Gaullist. First writings about Jews in the Resistance appear as well as many articles on the Nazi mass deportation. The Vichy government is at the center of researches in the years 1980-1985. Institutions are represented not only by the Army, or the Navy but also by studies about Justice and administration. Number of books are self-published, testimonies of former war prisoners. The study of the fate of Jews is the main focus of the historiography of the 1990-1995 period, and new topic are being studied: French "collaboration" with the Nazis, French captivity camps, cultural life under the Vichy government and numerous monographs about the Invasion of Normandy are published. In 2000-2010, research themes regarding the Vichy government are now extended and tempered by researchers. The notion of "Memory" (Mémoire) arises and there's a renewal of historiography due to new sources, new methods with a transfer from macro to micro history and an attention to personal experiences and specific places.

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Since the end of World War II, France never stopped wondering on these years of war also called in French “black years, dark, troubled or grey years”. Based upon these reflections, studies, monographs, articles, testimonies and memoirs, were produced, as well as numerous novels and films. Historiography of World War II in France never stopped evolving. These evolutions can be studied through the overviews of the Annual bibliography of the French history from 1964 to 2010 (Bibliographie annuelle de l’Histoire de France), since it allows a statistic approach despite the large amount of publications, and also brings to light evolutions of research fields.

On September 1st 1939, France joins World War II. From late September 1939 to May 10th 1940, France goes through what was called “the Phoney War” (la drôle de guerre), marked by a lack of major military operations on its territory and an endless inactivity for the troops standing on the Maginot Line. On May, 10th 1940, the launching of the offensive led to a mass exodus (l’exode): from May to June 1940, 8 to 9 millions of civilians mostly French but also Belgians and North Europeans are thrown on the roads, trying to flee the German troops progress. “La défaite s’abattit sur la France comme la foudre sur un arbre. La vue d’une armée aussi considérable jetée à terre en quelques semaines ébranla les Français jusqu’au fond d’eux-mêmes”1. The Third Republic didn’t survive the defeat. The Marshal Pétain was given full authority to implement a new constitution. The new government, often called the Vichy Government is named after the town where they had settled their headquarters. Therefore, the Vichy Government steps into collaboration with the Nazis and begins a National Revolution. Meanwhile, the General de Gaulle, from London, in his Appeal of 18 June exhorts the French people to keep on and fighting the enemy, and marks the beginnings of the resistance organization “Free France” (la France Libre).

As early as 1944 was created the History Commission of the Nazi occupation and of the Liberation of France (Commission d’Histoire de l’Occupation et de la Libération de la France) and in 1945 is founded the War History Committee (Comité d’Histoire de la guerre), their fusion in 1951 would led to the creation of the Committee of History of the Second World War (Comité d’Histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale) whose works would be published in the World War II Historical review (Revue d’histoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale) following the War Historical Records (Cahiers d’histoire de la guerre). The War History Committee was dissolved at the end of the seventies, and was replaced in 1978 by the History of present time Institut (l’Institut d’histoire du Temps présent), a CNRS research unit. In 1964, The Annual bibliography of the French history (Bibliographie annuelle de l’Histoire de France, BAHF) broaden its inventory to the World War II period, twenty years after the end of this conflict. The 1975 edition will see the introduction of the French Fourth Republic (1946-1958). In the political history chapter, Second World War entries are classified into 9 sections. This classification was progressively established from 1964 to 1980 because of the increase of publications about the Second World War, and was therefore achieved in the 1985’s edition of the BAHF.

1 “The defeat stroke France like lightning hits a tree. The sight of this major army being knocked out in only a few weeks hurt the French deeply” in Burin (Philippe), La France à l’heure allemande, 1940-1944. Paris. Éditions du Seuil, 1995, p. 11

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1/ General studies 2/ The “Phoney War” (September, 1st 1939- May, 9th 1940) (la Drôle de guerre) 3/ The exodus (L’Exode) 4/ Military operations 5/ The German occupation and the Vichy Regime 6/ The Resistance 7/ The Deportation 8/ The Liberation 9/ The legal purge (l’épuration)

Diagram #1: Political History of the Second War, number of entries

The topics’ evolution from 1965 to 2010-11 in these entries shows: A meaningful growth of the number of entries from 1965 to 1990. An over-representation of these entries during the year 1995 (twice the 2000’s entries).

A stabilization of the entries’ growth starting in 2000 without getting up to 1995 figures. Major topics Three topics explain this over-representation in 1995: Military operations, the Resistance Movement, and above all the Vichy Government. But as the first two topics then decrease, the Vichy section diminishes a little but still represents more than half of the 2010-11’s entries (206/384, that is 53,6%).

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

General studies

"Phoney War" (Drôle de Guerre)

Exodus (L'exode)

Military operations

Vichy Regime

Resistance

Deportation

Liberation

the legal purge

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Minor topics The “Phoney War” is concentrated during the years 1970 to 1975. The exodus is a major topic specific to the year 1980 (almost a third of all the entries: 75/225). In 1995, the deportation section has the larger number of entries (45 for an average of 19,1 all periods together). Same scheme regarding the Liberation or the legal purge in 1995, as the “anniversary celebrations” seems to prevails. Finally the hypertrophy of the General studies in 1965 most likely reveals a problem in the nomenclature.

Diagram #2: Second World War: thematic repartition expressed as a percentage of the cases found items in the chronological indexes

Diagram #2bis : thematic repartition of the found items (only politics)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Institutions

Economy

Society

The press

Overseas territory

Judaism

Catholicism

Teaching

Protestantism

Art

Medecine, sciences

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

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The entry "Politics" prevails during the period 1965-2010/11. Three topics: protestantism, art and medicine/sciences only appear in the entries later on (only in 1990), as it is in 1980 that appear Catholicism and teaching. In 1965 only one topic exists "politics. Details Some entries can be considered as stable in their repartition during the whole period:

- Institutions (from 7,2% in 1970 to 9,8% in 2010-11), The Press from 2,8% to 2,8%, and to some extent protestantism, the arts, the medicine and sciences.

Catholicism undergoes a three-fold increase between 1980 and 2010-11, judaism and Overseas undergoes a four-fold increase. And finally the economy (three-fold increase) and above all the society (eleven-fold increase) catching up “the institutions” in 2010-11 to become the three major topics, in 2010-11 but still really behind the “Politics” section.

Diagram #3: Studied periods, all historiographic fields mixed, expressed as a percentage of the cases found in the chronological indexes

Periods with an increased interest: Mainly all the periods starting with the French “Restauration”:

- 1815-1851: 4,1% in 1965 to 10,3% in 2010-11, that is a two point five-fold increase

- Second Empire: 2,7% en 1965 to 8,9% in 2010-11 that is a three-fold increase

- Third Republic: 9,2% in 1965 to 20,2% in 2010-11, that is a two-fold increase, becoming

the preferred period in 2010-11.

0

5

10

15

20

25

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010-11

Middle Age

16th century

17th century

18th century

French Revolution

First Empire

1815-1851

Second Empire

Third Republic

Second World War

Fourth Republic

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Periods with a growing lack of interest: It concerns the post ancient periods:

- Mainly the Middle Age, with the greatest fall, since it prevailed in 1965 with 23% of the

entries, reduced to the fifth position in 2010-2011.

- But also the 17th century (drops from 18,1% to 8,7%), 16th and 18th centuries also go

through a minor drop.

Periods relatively stable:

- French Revolution, First Empire, Second World War, and Fourth Republic.

Diagram #4: Political History, studies period, expressed as a percentage of the entries number found in the chapter

The French Revolution sees a growing interest over the overviews, with an increase of 15,6% to 14,2% between 1965 and 2010-11. Two periods: The Third Republic and the Second World War growing up in the representation along all the studied periods, to finally become in 2010-11 the two major topics, before the French Revolution. In 2010-11, those three studied periods represent more than 60% of the center of interests.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010-11

Middle Age

16th century

17th century

18th century

French Revolution

First Empire

1815-1851

Second Empire

Third Republic

Second World War

Fourth Republic

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Diagram #5: political history of the Second War : form and origins of the works, after the entries of the BAHF

Books: It is noteworthy that the book production is remarkably stable over this period, even if a slight weakening of foreign books production can be noticed during the last years of observation. Articles: On the contrary, articles are a growing form of expression, in French as well as in foreign languages. It is noteworthy that if in 1995 French articles reach their maximum production, 2000 sees the foreign articles’ production becoming more important, it would be interesting to ponder the analysis of their respective content. Colloquium: Finally, since 1970-75, there’s a growing number of colloquium being organized. There is a peak in 1995 and then a slight decline at the end of the observation period, yet without getting back to the 70-75 year’s figures, as if the year 1995 had been a turning point or had domino effect.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 2005 2010-11

French books

Foreign books

Total books

French articles

Foreign articles

Total articles

Colloquiums

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In 1964 and 1965 notices were gathered in the World War II section: 120 entries are gathered in 1964 and 136 in 1965 in the political history chapter. The 1964-65’s are commemoration years of the Liberation: Numerous local periodicals mention the Normandy landings and battles. 1964 also sees Jean Moulin’s ashes being transferred to the Pantheon (senior official, representative of Charles de Gaulle designated to unify the Resistance movements, arrested by the Gestapo on June, 21st 1943, he was tortured to death), and an exhibition about Jean Moulin and the Resistance2 is held in Paris. Many works, articles and testimonies study the Resistance movements and the different Maquis. Only one article about Jews in France during the Second World War is published in an Italian periodical: Rassegna mensile di Israel3. The Committee of History of the Second World War publishes its Bulletin: mass deportation’s statistics of each department, in 1964 more specifically in Ariège, Tarn and Indre-et-Loire departments4. Those statistics will be continued till 1980. Several editions of testimonies and memoirs about the German occupation period are published5. The Seventies The Resistance movemen is presented through a patriotic, communist6 and Gaullist7 filter. The communist’s memory insisted on the PCF’s action (French communist party). Local periodicals present their regional Maquis. Numerous testimonies of Resistance fighters. The first writings about Jews in the Resistance movement appear: one entry in the review Judaism8: French-Jewish Resistance to the Nazi and one book written by A . Latour9: La Résistance juive en France, 1940-1944 (The Jewish Resistance in France, 1940-1944). About the Holocaust: Charlotte Delbo, member of the Resistance movement, deported to Auschwitz in 1943 publishes Auschwitz et après (Auschwitz and After)10. A book is also published about the Struthof camp11: “On May, 1st 1941, in the Struthof locality, Nazis opened a concentration camp, named KL-Natzweiler. The central camp, the only concentration camp in France, was located in the then annexed Alsace department.”12, as well as an article/testimony about Buchenwald13.

2 Exhibition Catalog: Jean Moulin et la Résistance, la Libération de Paris, organised in Paris, in the Hôtel des Invalides, August-December 1964. Paris, Ministère des Anciens Combattants, 1964, 71 ff. 3 Ariel (Joseph), « L’autodifesa e la resistanza degli Ebrei in Francia durante l’ultima guerre ». Rassegna mensile di Israël (Padua-Rome), 1964, vol. 30, n° 3, p. 129-135 4 « Statistique de la déportation. Département de l’Ariège ; Département du Tarn ; Département de l’Indre-et-Loire ». Bulletin du Comité d’Histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiale, 1964, n° 130, p. 10-14 ; n° 135, p. 6-9 ; n° 127, p. 10-13. 5 Bizardel (Yvon), Sous l’Occupation, souvenirs d’un conservateur de musée (1940-1944), Paris, Calman-Lévy, 1964, 261 p. 6 Willard (Germaine). « L’Humanité clandestine : une source essentielle pour l’historien ». Cahiers de l’Institut Maurice Thorez, 1970, year 4, # 18, p. 43-48 7 Hervé (colonel). « L’île de Sein répond à l’appel [du général de Gaulle] ». Revue historique de l’Armée (Paris), 1970, year 25, # 3, p. 129-134 8 Ariel (Joseph), “French-Jewish Resistance to the Nazis”. Judaism (New york), 1969, vol. 18, # 3, p. 299-312 9 Paris. Stock, 1970, 301 p. 10 Delbo, (Charlotte), Auschwitz et après. Tome 1: Aucun de nous ne reviendra ; Tome 2: Une connaissance inutile. Paris. Éditions de Minuit, 1970, 2 vol. of 184 and 192 p. 11 Spitz (Aimé). Struthof. Bagne nazi en Alsace. Reportage mémoires du déporté résistant NN n° 4596. Raon-l’Étape, Nouvelles Éditions, 1970, 42 p. 12 http://www.struthof.fr/fr/le-kl-natzweiler/introduction-a-lhistoire-du-camp/ 13 Lecoq (Jules). “Souvenirs de Buchenwald”. Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, belles-lettres et arts d’Angers, 1968, series 9, tome 2, p. 55-67

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Mid-seventies 1975 commemorates the opening of camps and several articles are published in local periodicals. Eberhard Jäckel14, in his book La France dans l’Europe de Hitler (France in Hitler’s Europe), had shown, as early as 1968, that collaboration hadn’t been a German request, but had sprung from the French State itself, but it didn’t get much attention at the time. In 1973, is published in France, the French translation of the American historian Robert Paxton’s15 La France de Vichy causing public scandal. R. Paxton explains his viewpoint in his work Why France? American Historians Reflect on an Enduring fascination16: “I had discovered that nothing of what I had found in German archives or other contemporary documents could back up the common ideas the French people had about the Vichy government. The common viewpoint, since 1954, when Robert Aron had published his classic’s Histoire de Vichy (History of Vichy)17 was that all initiatives taken during the German Occupation had come from the German side, as Vichy had only complied with these directives, the German archives showed that Vichy had some autonomy during the first year and that they had used this autonomy gap to vigorously fulfill its double project: National revolution in France itself and, abroad, and a policies of neutrality…”. This book had a great impact on the French community of historians. A new law enacted in 1979, started opening archives and many historians started looking at the history of Vichy under a new perspective. The question of the fate of the Jews and Vichy involvement in the Shoah soon took an increasing importance among studies. (On the Hebrew term “Shoah”, see Annette Wieviorka18, “Comprendre, témoigner, écrire” (“Understand, testify, write”): “Today the event has a name according to its strong specificity “Shoah” in France and Israel, “Holocaust” in the Anglo-Saxon world and in most of the texts and international authorities (even if part of researchers prefer the word genocide). The locution “Final solution” (Endlösung)… is still in favor among German historians: since it emphasizes the Nazis mechanisms of destruction”. The periodical Le Monde juif, published an article about “Les évasions de Juifs des trains de déportation de France”19 (“Escapes of Jews from deportation trains in France”). Created in 1946, this review studies the history of the destruction of the Jews in Europe. In 1997, it changed its title to Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah (History of the Shoah Review)20. In 1978, Serge Klarsfeld publishes Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France : listes alphabétiques par convois des Juifs déportés de France, historique des convois de déportation, statistiques de la déportation des Juifs de France21 (The memorial of Jewish deportees of France: alphabetic list of Jewish deportees of France by train numbers, historic of trains for deportation, deportation statistics of French Jews) under the authority of Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France (FFDJF).

14 Frankreich in Hitlers Europa – Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlag-Anstalg, Stuttgart, 1966 ; french translation : La France dans l'Europe de Hitler. Paris, Fayard, 1968, 554 p. 15 Paxton (Robert O.), La France de Vichy : 1940-1944. Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1973, 375 p. Translated from: Vichy France: old guard and new order, 1940-1944. New York, A.A. Knopf, 1972, 339 p. 16 Why France? American Historians Reflect on an Enduring fascination. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2006, 242 p. French translation: Pourquoi la France ? Des historiens américains racontent leur passion pour l’Hexagone, Under the direction of Laura Lee Downs and Stéphane Gerson. Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2007, 377 p. Translated from American 17 Aron (Robert), Histoire de Vichy, 1940-1944. Paris, Fayard, 1954, 766 p. 18 Annette Wieviorka « Comprendre, témoigner, écrire », in Nouvelles perspectives sur la Shoah. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2013, p. 5-6 19 Rutkowski (A.), « Les évasions de Juifs de trains de déportation de France ». Le Monde juif, January-March, 1974, p. 10-29 20 Afoumado (Diane), «1946-2006 : 60 ans dans l’histoire d’une revue », Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah, 2006, n° 185, p. 485-518 21 Paris, B. et S. Klarsfeld, 1978, no pagination

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The eighties and nineties Progressively the Vichy government will become the heart of most studies, growing from 75 entries in 1975 to 124 in 1985. Institutions are now not only represented by the Army, the Navy or Air Force, but are also studied the Justice, the Administration and the police. The role played by the Catholic Church is also being studied. More and more articles analyze the subject of the Compulsory Work Service (Service de Travail Obligatoire, S.T.O.) and the Malgré-nous (“in spite of our will”), men of the Alsace-Moselle region whom were forced to conscript into the Wehrmacht; and above all a large number of books are being self-published, testimonies of former war prisoners about their captivity. Some studies appear based upon the history of a city or a province.

From the nineties to ninety five The collaboration, the National Revolution, the French anti-Semitism, the French internment camps, function played by foreigners in the Resistance movement are topics now being studied. In 1990, indexing of the symposium: De l’exil à la Résistance. Réfugiés et immigrés d’Europe centrale en France, 1933-1945 (From exil to Resistance. Refugees and immigrants form cental Europe in France, 1933-1945).22. The book written by Anne Grynberg: Les camps de la honte : les internés juifs des camps français, 1934-194423 (Camps of infamy: Jew prisoners in French camps, 1939-1944) is published. The fate of Jews is at the heart of the historiography of this period: Condition of the Jews and their exclusion, roundups, especially the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on the 16th and 17th of July 1942 in Paris. Another topic appears: the cultural life under Vichy government, with the thesis of Michele Cone: Art and politics in France during the German Occupation24 and the book supervised by Jean-Pierre Rioux25 is also published. Intellectuals and Vichy is another topic studied with studies about Céline26, Robert Brasillach27, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle and François Mauriac28.

1995: 50th anniversary of the Liberation. With 917 entries, that is 29,1% of the political history chapter, The Second World War becomes the first studied period before the Third Republic and the French Revolution (19,3%). Military operations include 244 entries with numerous monographs of local and regional history on the Normandy landings. Researches on the Resistance Movement, are presently studying the different movements, through a social viewpoint rather than a military one: are now studied the status of women, of immigrants, of Jews, of simple activists (see, The Resistance a social history29).

22 De l’exil à la Résistance. Réfugiés et immigrés de l’Europe centrale en France, 1933-1945. International Symposium, Paris VIII-Institut d’Histoire du Temps présent, 1986. Vincennes, Presses universitaires de Vincennes, 1989, 283 p. 23 Grynberg (Anne), Les camps de la honte : les internés juifs des camps français, 1939-1944. Paris, la Découverte, 1991, 399 p. 24 Cone (Michele), Art and politics in France during the German Occupation, 1940-1944. Thesis, New York University, 1988. Ann Arbor, UMI, 1988, 455 p. 25 La vie culturelle sous Vichy, under Jean-Pierre Rioux’s direction. Bruxelles, Ed. Complexe, 1990, 412 p. 26 Ferreux (Christian), Le vocabulaire de l'antisémitisme dans les pamphlets de Louis-Ferdinand Céline. Thesis, Besançon University, 1995. Besançon, 1995, 352 p. 27 Hickey (Sean), The Vichy régime and its National revolution in the political writings of Robert Brasillach, Marcel Déat, Jacques Doriot and Pierre Drieu La Rochelle. Montréal, McGill University, 1991, 118 p. 28 Mauriac entre la Gauche et la Droite. Proceedings of the Sorbonne Symposium, May 24-26, 1994. Paris, Klincksieck, 1995, 290 p. 29 La Résistance une histoire sociale, under Antoine Prost’s direction. Paris, Les Éditions ouvrières, 1997, 250 p.

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In 1995, is published a new review: Clio. Histoire, Femmes et Sociétés (Clio, History, Women and Society) (nowadays Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire) centered on women’s history and gender’s history. The theme chosen for the first issue is Resistances and Liberation: France, 1940-1945. In her introduction Françoise Thébaud30 wonders about women historiography during World War II in France because it is less taken into considerations as in Italy for examples. This feature explores through different point of view this same topic: “the neglect of women in the Resistance movement”31, “Women in the Mediterranean Resistance”32, and an under-studied subject, almost a taboo subject, the feminine collaboration with two articles about the Official purge after the Liberation: “The tondues (women whose head were shaved for alleged collaboration) at the Liberation”33 and “Repression against women guilty of collaboration during the Occupation”34. Laurent Douzou, the same year, publishes in the Cahiers de L’Institut d’Histoire du Temps présent, an article untitled: “La Résistance, une affaire d’hommes ?” 35 (“The Resistance, a men’s business?”).

In the years 2000 to 2010, researchers have now broadened the Vichy government research fields and have more subtle approaches. Are taken into account: History of museums and libraries36, History of teaching and universities, and archeology. Several local or regional studies are published about the everyday life difficulties of French people, especially problems to get fresh supply, the black market, rationing, hours of long wait in front of stores. The movie theaters and theaters, only heated places, are very busy. In 2009, an exhibition is organized in Paris about fashion accessories and objects, as testimonies of women life in Paris, from 1940 to 194437, and presenting fashion during the German Occupation. In 2007, Isabelle von Bueltzingsloewen publishes a book about starvation in psychiatric hospital during the German Occupation38. Numerous testimonies and personal diaries are published, like Albert Grunberg’s Journal d’un coiffeur juif à Paris sous l’Occupation39 (Diary of a Jewish barber in Paris during the German Occupation): during more than two years, from 1942 to 1944, A. Grunberg stayed hidden in an attic room (chambre de bonne) on the 6th floor of a building, protected by the concierge and his wife, and several neighbors. Is also published the Journal, 1942-1944, left by Hélène Berr, studying English in Paris and who died in Auschwitz40.

30 Thébaut (Françoise), « Résistances et Libérations », Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire, 1995, n° 1. [Online] 31 Thalmann (Rita), « L'oubli des femmes dans l'historiographie de la Résistance », Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire, 1995, n° 1. [Online] 32 Chaubin (Hélène), « Femmes dans la Résistance méditerranéenne. », Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire, 1995, n° 1. [Online] 33 Virgili (Fabrice), « Les « tondues » à la Libération : le corps des femmes, enjeu d'une réaproppriation », Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire, 1995, n° 1. [Online] 34 Leclerc (Françoise) et Weindling (Michèle), « La répression des femmes coupables d'avoir collaboré pendant l’Occupation », Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire, 1995, n° 1. [Online] 35 Douzou (Laurent), « La Résistance une affaire d’hommes ? », Cahiers de l’Institut d’Histoire du Temps présent, 1995, no 31, p. 11-23 36 Poulain (Martine), Livres pillés, lectures surveillées. Les bibliothèques françaises sous l’Occupation.( Looted books, censored reading: French libraries under the Occupation). Paris, Gallimard, 2008, 587 p. 37 Accessoires et objets, témoignages de vies de femmes à Paris, 1940-1944. Exposition au Mémorial du Maréchal Leclerc de Hauteclocque et de la Libération de Paris – Musée Jean Moulin, Paris, May 20th- November 15th, 2009. 38 Bueltzingsloewen (Isabelle von), L'hécatombe des fous. La famine dans les hôpitaux psychiatriques sous l'Occupation. Paris, Aubier, 2007, 512 p. 39 Grunberg (Albert), Journal d’un coiffeur juif à Paris sous l’Occupation. Paris, Éditions de l'Atelier, 2001, 250 p. 40 Berr (Hélène), Journal, 1942-1944. Suivi de Hélène Berr, une vie confisquée par Mariette Job. Paris, Tallandier, 2007, 300 p.

5th Conference on European Historical Bibliographies, Prague, 7-8 november 2013

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The fate of hidden children (French or foreign Jews) by assistance networks is the subject of many articles. We witness the emergence of the concept of memory (mémoire) and the history of memory is studied. In his book: La mémoire désunie41 (The dismantled memory. Political recollection of the dark years from the Liberation to nowadays), Olivier Wieviorka makes an assessment: “The memory of the war has, over the seasons, varied, following a chronology, which Henry Rousso42 established the main lines, for the Vichy period. Therefore, France went through an incomplete period of mourning (1944-1954), then a phase of denial (or psychological repression) (1954-1971), before the mirror broke (1971-1974), leading to a memory shaped mainly by the Shoah and the Vichy Government”43. In 2010, Nicolas Mariot and Claire Zalc published a study following the fate of 991 Jews from the small Jewish community in Lens, in the North of France from 1940 to 1945, day after day, family by family44. Historiography is regenerated by new sources, new methods, with a shift from macro- to micro-history, and a renewed interest for personal stories and precise locations.

Brigitte Keriven Institut d’Histoire moderne et contemporaine (CNRS/ENS)

brigitte.keriven@bnf.fr

41 Wieviorka (Olivier), La mémoire désunie. Le souvenir politique des années sombres de la Libération à nos jours. Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 2010, 307 p. 42 Rousso (Henry), Le syndrôme de Vichy, de 1944 à nos jours. 2nd edition revised and expanded. Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1990, 404 p. English translation: The Vichy Syndrome. History and Memory in France since 1944. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1991 and 1994, 392 p. 43 Wievorka (olivier), op. cit., p. 280 44 Mariot (Nicolas), Zalc (Claire), Face à la persécution : 991 juifs dans la guerre. Paris, O. Jacob ; Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, 2010, 302 p.