France and Indochina. Containment Mao Ze-dong, communist leader, succeeds in taking over China in...
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Transcript of France and Indochina. Containment Mao Ze-dong, communist leader, succeeds in taking over China in...
France and Indochina
ContainmentMao Ze-dong, communist leader, succeeds
in taking over China in 1949 –People’s Republic of China (PRC)
US believes China to be puppets of USSR
Refuses to acknowledge new govt
France Post WWIIReasserts colonial holdings in Indochina
(Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)Anti-colonial movement led by Ho Chi Minh
in Vietnam has taken rootDeclare independence a month after WWII
ends France refuses to accept it
Insurgent CampaignHo Chi Minh and forces called the
Vietminh in full-blown fight against French French try to set up a government with
Bao Dai as leaderJan 1950 Vietminh proclaim control as
Democratic Republic of VietnamUS ignores
US Opinion - shiftsAt start of French-Vietminh conflict US
sympathizes with VietnamOwn struggle with G.B.
Korean War causes shift in US opinionSee Vietnam as chance to contain Communism1950 US signs Mutual Defense Assistance
Agreement with France
Geneva Conference British, Soviets, US,
France, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos,
China, and Ho Chi Minh reps from Dem.
Rep. of Vietnam Tentative peace: Vietnam in 2 regions
North controlled by VietminhSouth controlled by State of Vietnam
Many Vietminh from South “regroup” into
Vietcong in North to continue communist
cause post Geneva conference
1961-1973
Leaders of North VietnamHo Chi Mihn - 1949 until his death in 1969Le Duan – leader 1969-74Pham Van Dong – led reunified Vietnam
1975-1986
Leaders of South VietnamBao Dai: 1950-1954
French supported leader ousted by DiemNgo Dinh Diem: 1954-1963
Leader until killed by own generals in coupNguyen Van Thieu: 1967-1975
president of S. Vietnam until the fall of capital, Saigon.
Presidential TimelineEisenhower: 1953-1961
provided military aid to the French in Indochina, but refused to commit U.S. troops
JFK: 1961-1963 (assassinated)tripled the amount of American aid to Vietnam and
increased the number of U.S. military advisors there
LBJ: 1963-1969won a second term, but then increased U.S. involvement
in Vietnam, and his popularity plummeted
Timeline Continued…Nixon: 1969-1977
policy of "Vietnamization," whereby many U.S. troops were withdrawn and replaced by South Vietnamese army
continued to provide supplies and air support for the Vietnamese, and expanded the war into Laos and Cambodia
cease-fire agreement signed that, "brings peace with honor in Vietnam and Southeast Asia," -Nixon
last American forces left Vietnam during Nixon's second term
Timeline Continued…Carter: Jan 21, 1977
proclaimed a blanket pardon for nearly all those who had evaded the military draft.
The End1973:
End of Military Draft AnnouncedLast American Troops Leave Vietnam
1975: North Vietnam takes control of South and reunifies the nation of Vietnam
1976: Socialist Republic of Vietnam Joins United Nations
Tet Offensive1968:
U.S. military caught off guard, North Vietnamese and Vietcong attack several key cities in South Vietnam.
Within days, US forces recapture most areas. Military point of view, Tet is a huge defeat for
the Communists, but becomes a psychological victory.
U.S. military's assessment of the war is questioned and further opposition builds.
My Lai Massacre
March 1968:On March 16, the angry and frustrated US
soldiers of 11th Brigade, enter the village of My Lai.
"This is what you've been waiting for -- search and destroy -- and you've got it," say their superior officers.
A short time later the killing begins. Sends shockwaves through the U.S.
Change in Tactics1959: Weapons Moving Along Ho Chi
Minh Trail
1962: U.S. Military Employs Agent Orange
Gulf of Tonkin1964: Incident
August 2, N.Vietnamese boats allegedly fire torpedoes at U.S.S. Maddox, a destroyer in the Tonkin Gulf (off coast of N. Vietnam)
Alleged second attack August 4. Attack after 6 months of covert U.S. and S.V. naval
operations.
ResolutionApproved by Congress on August 7 and authorizes
President LBJ to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States."
Resolution allows LBJ to wage all out war against North Vietnam without a formal Declaration of War from Congress.
Cambodia1969: Nixon Begins Secret Bombing of
CambodiaTo destroy Communist supply routes and base
camps in Cambodiasecret from Congress and public for 14
months. 1973: Hearings on Secret Bombings Begin
Allegations: Nixon allowed secret bombing raids when Cambodia's neutrality was officially recognized.
Result: Congress orders bombing in Cambodia cease