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The television series On Common Ground: Framework for Democracy was designed and produced by INTELECOM Intelligent Telecommunications

Copyright © 2002 by INTELECOM Intelligent Telecommunications

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Contents

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1

1American Heritage

Assignment

This lesson is based on information in the following text selections and video. Carefully read and review all of the materials before taking the practice test. The key terms, focus points, and practice test are intended to help en-sure mastery of the essential political issues surrounding America’s political heritage.

Text: Chapter 1, “The American Heritage,” pp. 1–26

Reading 1, “Presidential Inaugural Address,” R1-1 to R1-4

Video: “American Heritage”

Overview

The American political culture is based on a set of com-mon ideals dating back to the Declaration of Indepen-dence and the U.S. Constitution that give the nation its identity. These ideals—liberty, self-government, equali-ty, individualism, diversity, and unity—continued to take root as new immigrants arrived, bringing their own beliefs in reason, progress, and self-reliance.

American ideals help define the differences between the United States and European nations, although Americans have not always lived up to these ideals as demonstrated by their treatment of African-Americans and their suspicion of immigrants. These ideals are gen-eral enough that there is room for disagreement as to how they should be applied in practice. Still, American

ideals (sometimes referred to as the American creed) continue to serve as an inspirational myth.

Politics embodies both the application of the ideals of a political culture and attempts by individuals to serve their own needs, and is the means of making a society’s governing decisions. Political conflict emerges because resources are scarce, and individuals have different values.

Government consists of the institutions, processes, and rules designed to facilitate control of a particular geo-graphic area and its people. All governments have power to raise revenue and exercise coercion. The American Framers were suspicious of unlimited power and attempt-ed to channel its exercise through the establishment of a system of checks and balances. American public policy thus intentionally emerges from a fragmented system of government.

There are different ways to characterize the system of government in the United States. The system is demo-cratic in that it is based on political equality and majority rule. Such majority rule, however, is channeled through constitutionalism, a system that restricts the lawful uses of power. The American system can also be described as a capitalistic system, or one that eschews government own-ership of major industries and relies chiefly on free enter-prise and self-reliance. Americans typically draw a fairly sharp distinction between what is political and what is economic; what should be decided in the public arena and what should be settled in the private realm.

American government can be described as democrat-ic, as constitutional, and as capitalistic, depending on whether one chooses to emphasize majority rule, the rule of law, or the role of private enterprise. Those who exam-ine the exercise of power in America fall into three pri-

On Common Ground: Framework for Democracy

2

1

mary camps—those who emphasize democracy (the majoritarian view), those who emphasize the role of groups (the pluralists), and those who think government is controlled by a few powerful individuals (the elitists).

According to political scientist David Easton, Ameri-can government can best be understood as a system of in-terrelated parts. This political system rests on a constitutional framework that defines how power is ob-tained and exercised. It is composed of inputs, or the de-mands made by and the support provided by people and groups, the governing officials and institutions that pro-cess these demands, and the resulting output, or public policies, generated.

No matter how one chooses to describe the political system in the United States, there are three great threats to American democracy that individuals must be aware of: indifference, escapism, and resignation.

Learning Objectives

After completing this assignment you should be able to:

1. List and describe the core principles that have shaped American political culture.

2. Explain how American principles compare to those of European nations and be able to cite examples of how Americans have not always lived up to their principles.

3. Be able to describe what politics means and to understand how politics springs from the scarcity of societal resources and from disagreements about values.

4. Understand the relationship between government, power, authority, and policy.

5. Understand the manner in which American gov-ernment can be characterized as democratic, as constitutional, and as capitalistic.

6. Describe three major views of who exercises power in America.

Key Terms and Concepts

Pay particular attention to the following key terms and concepts. Many appear both in the readings and the

video, and you should understand and be prepared to discuss them when the assignment is complete.

authoritycapitalismchecks and balancesconstitutionalismdemocracydiversityelitismgovernmentindividualismiron law of oligarchylibertymajoritarianismmelting potmixed economymythic ideaspluralismpolicypolitical culturepolitical systempoliticspowerself-governmentsocialismunity

Text Focus Points

These text focus points are intended to guide your read-ing of the selections for this assignment. Review the points before reading the materials; it will be useful to take notes related to these points.

➤ American government still operates according to ide-als that were articulated in the Declaration of Inde-pendence and the U.S. Constitution.

➤ American ideals include liberty, self-government, equality, individualism, diversity, and unity.

➤ These ideals help distinguish American government from others, but Americans disagree about how their ideals should be applied and sometimes fail to live up to the ideals they have articulated.

➤ Politics is concerned with both the pursuit of ideals and the exercise of power.

American Heritage

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➤ American government attempts to limit power, sepa-rating responsibilities so that branches of government serve as checks and balances on one another.

➤ American government may be accurately described as democratic, as constitutional, and as capitalistic.

➤ There are three main explanations as to who governs America. The majoritarian view stresses the rule of the majority; the pluralistic view emphasizes the role of special interests; and elitist theorists believe power is held by a few well-positioned individuals.

➤ Like any government, American government can be understood in the context of a political system in which inputs (divided into demands and supports) into the political system result in policy outputs.

Video Focus Points

These video focus points are intended to guide your viewing of the video selection for this assignment. Re-view the points before watching the video; it will be use-ful to take notes related to these points.

➤ Modern American politics can only be understood against the background of the eighteenth century ideals on which American government is based.

➤ These ideals include a belief in liberty, a suspicion of power, and a theory of democracy, or government by consent.

➤ America is a diverse nation of immigrants, held to-gether by ideals rather than by common ancestry.

➤ Politics stems from the scarcity of resources and dif-ferences in values. Although sometimes regarded as negative, politics is necessary in order to bring about consensus.

➤ The Framers intended for the size of the nation and the system of checks and balances to check unac-countable exercises of power. Power is also guided by the rule of law and by a distinction that Americans make between what should be done in the public po-litical sphere and what should be accomplished through the private economic sphere.

➤ American government balances majority rule against minority rights.

➤ There are three prominent views of how power is ex-ercised in America. Some believe it is exercised by majorities; some believe it is controlled by groups; and others think it is primarily held by power elites.

➤ Three great evils that can destroy democracy are in-difference, escapism, and resignation.

Related Activities

These are supplementary activities intended for further examination of the issues raised by the readings and vid-eo in this assignment. Your instructor may assign them, or you may wish to pursue them independently.

➤ In his Inaugural Address, President George W. Bush articulated a number of American ideals. See how many of these ideals you can identify. Are there any ideals that Bush identifies that are not listed in the first chapter of the book? If you were revising the text would you add them? Write an essay explaining why.

➤ America is a nation of immigrants. Search a newspa-per or magazine until you have found a story about an immigrant family in the United States. Write an essay summarizing this story and explaining which, if any, general American ideals this family seems to possess or to lack.

➤ Your book speaks of a political system. See if you can write an essay comparing your university to a political system. See if you can identify: the principles that serve as a type of framework for your university, the key demands and supports, the system of governance, and the primary outputs of this system.

Practice Test

This practice test is designed to ensure you have mas-tered the material in the assignment. Work through the questions and then check your answers against the key. If you answered some questions incorrectly, review the rel-evant sections of the readings and/or video.


4

1

Multiple Choice

1. To a large extent, American government still rests upon ideals that were first prominent in thea. sixteenth century.b. seventeenth century.c. eighteenth century.d. nineteenth century.

2. The majority of immigrants to the United States have come froma. Europe.b. Asia.c. Africa.d. South America.

3. According to Alexis de Tocqueville,a. Americans were more class conscious than

Europeans.b. Americans were less class conscious than

Europeans.c. Americans disliked individualism.d. Americans disliked capitalism.

4. Throughout their history, Americans havea. rarely been guided by ideals.b. always adhered to their ideals.c. agreed on how ideals should be implemented.d. had remarkable agreement about important

ideals.

5. According to the videoa. politics is “dirty business.”b. politicians work to bring about compromises.c. politicians try to accentuate disagreements.d. politicians should seek other employment.

6. Americans think thata. all decisions should be made politically.b. all decisions should be made through the market

place.c. the line between politics and economics is rela-

tively vague.d. the line between politics and economics is rela-

tively sharp.

7. Those who believe that America is controlled by a relatively few number of very powerful people stress the role ofa. majority rule.b. checks and balances.c. the diversity of interests.d. elites.

8. Governments almost uniformly have power toa. raise revenue.b. coerce individuals to comply.c. both a and bd. none of the above

9. A broad course of action pursued by government is referred to as a(an)a. agenda.b. policy.c. mandate.d. referendum.

10. The Greek word for people isa. demos.b. aristoi.c. polis.d. arete.

11. Many people who work in governmenta. are recruited from overseas.b. have inherited their positions.c. are taken from the general population.d. have renounced their citizenship.

12. The economic system that assigns government a large role in the ownership of major industries is known asa. capitalism.b. socialism.c. a mixed economy.d. a laissez-faire economy.

Essay

13. What is the main lesson that the video draws from the presidential election of 2000? Describe how the presidential election of 2000 showed a balance between the ideals of democracy and constitution-alism. What does the acceptance of the results of this election say about American beliefs and prac-tices?

14. On a number of occasions, your text and the video for this unit compare America with other European nations. What are some of the central differences that are noted? What principles appear to account for a majority of these differences?

15. Compare and contrast the three views of who exer-cises primary power in the United States. Based on what you know, which view do you believe is the most accurate? The least accurate? Explain.

5

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�� E 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� ��

Essay

�� XQGHUO\LQJ JRYHUQPHQWDO VWUXFWXUHV FRQWLQXH WR EH

LPSRUWDQW � LQGLYLGXDOV YRWHG EXW WKH\ GLG VR

WKURXJK DQ LQGLUHFW V\VWHP NQRZQ DV WKH HOHFWRUDO

FROOHJH � GHPRFUDF\ ZDV EDODQFHG E\ WKH UXOH RI ODZ

� WKH SHRSOH DFFHSWHG WKH UHVXOW HYHQ WKRXJK WKH

QDWLRQDO SRSXODU YRWH ZLQQHU GLG QRW EHFRPH SUHVL�

GHQW

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� �

�� $PHULFDQV DUH PRUH VKDSHG E\ HLJKWHHQWK LGHDOV�

WKH\ DUH LQGLYLGXDOLVWLF DQG VHOI�UHOLDQW � OHVV OLNHO\

WR IDYRU VROLG ZHOIDUH SROLFLHV � SXW PRUH HPSKDVLV

RQ KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ� SD\ ORZHU WD[HV

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� �²�

�� PDMRULWDULDQLVP VWUHVVHV UXOH RI WKH PDMRULW\�SOXUDO�

LVP VWUHVVHV WKH UROH RI JURXSV� HOLWLVP VWUHVVHV WKH

UROH RI PDOO JURXS RI NH\ LQGLYLGXDOV

9LGHR DQG FKDSWHU SS� ��²��

Lesson 2: The American

Experiment

Multiple Choice

�� D &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� G 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� ��

�� E &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� F &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� G &KDSWHU SS� ��²��



�� D 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� ��

�� F 9LGHR

�� G 9LGHR

Essay

�� LQFOXGH OLEHUW\� VHOI�JRYHUQPHQW� LQGLYLGXDO ULJKWV�

ODZIXO SRZHUV UHSRUWLQJ � OLNH /RFNH� 'HFODUDWLRQ


124

DGYRFDWHV QDWXUDO ULJKWV DQG LGHD RI JRYHUQPHQW

EDVHG RQ FRQVHQW

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU� SS� ��²�� EDFN RI ERRN

�� VWDWH VRYHUHLJQW\ � XQLFDPHUDO HTXDO VWDWH UHSUHVHQ�

WDWLRQ� ODFN RI FRQJUHVVLRQDO FRPPHUFH SRZHUV RU

SRZHUV WR WD[� GLIILFXOW\ RI DPHQGLQJ &RQJUHVV�

VWDWHV SD\ PHPEHUV

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� ODUJH �SRSXORXV� VWDWHV YV� VPDOO VWDWHV� IUHH VWDWHV

YV� VODYH VWDWHV � DJULFXOWXUDO YV� FRPPHUFLDO VWDWHV �

*UHDW &RPSURPLVH SURYLGHG IRU 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ E\

SRSXODWLRQ LQ WKH +RXVH DQG HTXDOO\ LQ 6HQDWH�

7KUHH�ILIWKV &RPSURPLVH UHODWHG WR WD[DWLRQ DQG

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI VODYHV � FRQYHQWLRQ DOORZHG WD[HV

RI LPSRUWV EXW QRW H[SRUWV


Lesson 3: The Living Constitution

Multiple Choice

�� G 9LGHR

�� F 9LGHR� &KDSWHU S� ��

�� E 9LGHR� &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� E 5HDGLQJ 5�� SS� �²�


�� F &KDSWHU S� �� DQG S� ��



�� G 9LGHR

�� D 9LGHR

�� G &KDSWHU S� ��

�� E &KDSWHU S� �� S� ��

Essay

�� JUDQWV RI SRZHU� GHQLDOV RI SRZHU � VHSDUDWH LQVWLWX�

WLRQV VKDULQJ SRZHU � %LOO RI 5LJKWV� IHGHUDOLVP� MXGL�

FLDO UHYLHZ

&KDSWHU� S� ��

�� LQYROYHG )HGHUDOLVWV WKDW $GDPV KDG DSSRLQWHG EXW

ZKRVH FRPPLVVLRQV -HIIHUVRQ DQG 0DGLVRQ UHIXVHG

WR GHOLYHU � &RXUW VDLG LW FRXOG QRW LVVXH D ZULW RI

PDQGDPXV EHFDXVH WKH ODZ SURYLGLQJ IRU LW ZDV

XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO


�� +RXVH� � \HDU WHUPV� GLUHFW HOHFWLRQ� 6HQDWH� � \HDU

WHUPV� RQFH E\ VWDWH OHJLVODWRUV� QRZ E\ SRSXODU YRWH

SUHVLGHQW� � \HDU WHUP� HOHFWRUDO FROOHJH MXGLFLDU\�

´GXULQJ JRRG EHKDYLRUµ SUHVLGHQWLDO DSSRLQWPHQW

DQG VHQDWRULDO FRQILUPDWLRQ�OHJLVODWLYH DQG H[HFX�

WLYH WR EH PRUH GLUHFWO\ DFFRXQWDEOH WR WKH SHRSOH�

&KDSWHU� SS� ��²��

Lesson 4: A Question of

Sovereignty

Multiple Choice

�� F 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� ��






�� F 9LGHR






Essay

�� WKH\ WKRXJKW LW ZRXOG SURWHFW OLEHUW\ � PRGHUDWH WKH

SRZHUV RI JRYHUQPHQW � VWUHQJWKHQ WKH XQLRQ �DOORZ

JRYHUQPHQW WR DGDSW WR ORFDO FLUFXPVWDQFHV � RSSR�

QHQWV IHDUHG WKH LQFUHDVHG SRZHU RI WKH QDWLRQDO

JRYHUQPHQW


�� FDWHJRULFDO JUDQWV DUH IRU VSHFLILF SURMHFWV DQG FRPH

ZLWK IHGHUDO UHVWULFWLRQV DQG UHJXODWLRQV � WKH ILUVW

JLYHV JUHDWHU FRQWURO WR WKH QDWLRQDO JRYHUQPHQW �

EORFN JUDQWV DUH OHVV UHVWULFWLYH DQG JLYH JUHDWHU

FKRLFH WR WKH VWDWHV DERXW KRZ WR XVH WKH PRQH\

EHFDXVH WKH IHGHUDO JRYHUQPHQW RQO\ VSHFLILHV WKH

RYHUDOO DUHD ZKHUH WKH IXQGV VKRXOG EH XVHG


�� QDWLRQDO SRZHUV LQFOXGH GHIHQVH� FXUUHQF\� FRQWURO

RI WKH SRVW RIILFH� IRUHLJQ DIIDLUV� DQG LQWHUVWDWH FRP�

PHUFH � VWDWH SRZHUV SUHYDLO LQ DUHDV RI HGXFDWLRQ�


125

SXEOLF VDIHW\� YRWLQJ DQG LQWUDVWDWH FRPPHUFH � PRVW

SRZHUV OLNH WD[DWLRQ DQG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ DUH VKDUHG

&KDSWHU S� ��

Lesson 5: The Most Basic of Rights

Multiple Choice

�� F 9LGHR


�� D 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��

�� D 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� F 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²��



�� F 9LGHR


�� E 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU� SS� ��²��



Essay

�� FOHDU�DQG�SUHVHQW�GDQJHU WHVW � LPPLQHQW ODZOHVV

DFWLRQ WHVW � IUHHGRP LV JUHDWHU WKDQ LQ SDVW � IUHH�

GRP LV ZLGHU WKDQ LQ PRVW


�� RYHUWXUQHG ODZV EDVHG RQ FRQWHQW � XSKHOG DJJUD�

YDWHG SHQDOWLHV � GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VSHHFK

DFWLRQ � VXFK D PDUFK PLJKW EH OLPLWHG VR DV WR SUH�

VHUYH RUGHU EXW QRW SURKLELWHG


�� *ULVZROG DSSOLHG WR ELUWK FRQWURO � 5RH DSSOLHG WR

DERUWLRQ � 3HUPLWWHG JUHDWHU VWDWH GLVFUHWLRQ RYHU

DERUWLRQ � OLPLWHG DSSOLFDWLRQ WR VRGRP\ ODZV � OLPL�

WDWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ WR ULJKW WR GLH


Lesson 6: Rights of the Accused

Multiple Choice



�� D 9LGHR




�� D 9LGHR






Essay

�� GHVLJQHG WR HQIRUFH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW DQG )LIWK

$PHQGPHQWV� E\ GHWHUULQJ LOOHJDO FRQGXFW DQG

NHHSLQJ SROLFH FOHDQ� 0D\ UHVXOW LQ FULPLQDOV JRLQJ

IUHH� &RXUW KDV QRW DSSOLHG WR PLQRU YLRODWLRQV RU

FDVHV RI ´LQHYLWDEOH GLVFRYHU\�µ

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²�� ²��

�� OHQJWKV RI VHQWHQFHV DQG LQFUHDVLQJ LQFDUFHUDWLRQ

IRU GUXJV� (LJKWK $PHQGPHQW ´FUXHO DQG XQXVXDO

SXQLVKPHQWµ FODXVH PD\ EH XVHG WR DSSHDO� HGXFD�

WLRQ DQG UHLQWHJUDWLRQ LQWR FRPPXQLW\ FXW UHFLGL�

YLVP� EXW VXFK PHDVXUHV DUH RIWHQ XQSRSXODU


�� 0DSS DSSOLHG H[FOXVLRQDU\ UXOH WR VWDWHV� *LGHRQ

DSSOLHG ULJKW WR FRXQVHO IRU LQGLJHQWV LQ QRQ�FDSLWDO

IHORQ\ FDVHV� 0LUDQGD UHTXLUHG ZDUQLQJV RI ULJKWV�

0DSS DQG 0LUDQGD KDYH EHHQ QDUURZHG� EXW

0LUDQGD KDV DOVR EHHQ UHDIILUPHG LQ UHFHQW 6XSUHPH

&RXUW GHFLVLRQ


Lesson 7: The Struggle for Equality

Multiple Choice








�� D 9LGHR






126

Essay

�� 3OHVV\ Y� )HUJXVRQ�� SHUPLWWHG VHSDUDWH EXW

HTXDO � ODWHU FRXUW GHFLVLRQV RXWODZHG WKH DOO�ZKLWH

SULPDU\ � %URZQ Y� %RDUG �� RYHUWXUQHG 3OHVV\ �

6ZDQQ Y� &KDUORWWH 0HFNOHQEXUJ �� SHUPLWWHG

EXVLQJ �OLPLWHG E\ ODWHU GHFLVLRQV�� %DNNH GHDOW SUL�

PDULO\ ZLWK DIILUPDWLYH DFWLRQ� QRZ DOVR EHLQJ VRPH�

ZKDW OLPLWHG

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²�� SS� ��²��

�� 6HQHFD )DOOV &RQYHQWLRQ IRFXVHG RQ ZRPHQ·V ULJKWV

� ��WK $PHQGPHQW IDLOHG WR DSSO\ WR ZRPHQ � ��WK

$PHQGPHQW JUDQWHG YRWLQJ ULJKWV�VXEVHTXHQW OHJLV�

ODWLRQ KDV PDQGDWHG HTXDO SD\� GHDOW ZLWK IDPLO\

OHDYH� DQG VH[XDO KDUDVVPHQW


�� %RZHUV Y� +DUGZLFN �� SHUPLWWHG VWDWH ODZ

SHQDOL]LQJ KRPRVH[XDO FRQGXFW � %R\ 6FRXW FDVH

DOVR OLPLWHG ULJKWV� 5RPHU Y� (YDQV �� VWUXFN

GRZQ D GLVFULPLQDWRU\ VWDWH ODZ

&KDSWHU S� ��

Lesson 8: Frames of Reference

Multiple Choice

�� & &KDSWHU S� ��

�� $ &KDSWHU S� ��

�� & 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� $ 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� % &KDSWHU S� ��

�� ' &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� $ &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� & &KDSWHU S� ��

�� ' &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� % &KDSWHU ��

�� $ 5HDGLQJ 5 �²�

�� ' 9LGHR

Essay

�� SURFHVV E\ ZKLFK SXEOLF RSLQLRQ LV IRUPHG � DJHQWV�

IDPLO\� VFKRROV� SHHUV� PHGLD� FKXUFKHV� DQG SROLWLFDO

OHDGHUV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV


�� IRUP RSLQLRQV WKURXJK JURXS DWWDFKPHQWV � JURXSV�

UHOLJLRQ� FODVV� UHJLRQ� UDFH�HWKQLFLW\� JHQGHU� DQG

DJH � DWWDFKPHQWV FDQ RIIVHW RQH DQRWKHU


�� OLPLWHG NQRZOHGJH GXH WR SRRU LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV

� SHRSOH IRUP UHDVRQDEOH RSLQLRQV ZLWK FXHV IURP

RWKHUV � PRUH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI SXEOLF RSLQLRQ

ZRXOG EH JRRG

5HDGLQJ 5 ��²5 ��

Lesson 9: Voice of the People

Multiple Choice











�� E 9LGHR

�� E 9LGHR

Essay

�� UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU UHJLVWUDWLRQ � ZK\ VR PDQ\ HOHF�

WLRQV" � WKH LQFRQYHQLHQFH RI HOHFWLRQV � ODFN RI

ODERU SDUWLHV


�� IHHOLQJV RI FLYLF GXW\ � OHYHOV RI DOLHQDWLRQ DQG DSD�

WK\ � DJH � LQFRPH OHYHOV � HGXFDWLRQ OHYHOV


�� WRWDO IDFH�WR�IDFH LQWHUDFWLRQV � LQFUHDVHG WUXVW�

FRRSHUDWLRQ� DQG FRPPXQLW\ LQWHUHVWV � GHFOLQH GXH

WR WHFKQRORJLFDO FKDQJHV

&KDSWHU S� ��


127

Lesson 10: Party Politics

Multiple Choice












�� F 9LGHR

Essay

�� UROH RI -HIIHUVRQ DQG +DPLOWRQ � -DFNVRQLDQ FKDQJHV

� SRVW�&LYLO:DU VWDELOLW\ �1HZ'HDO UHDOLJQPHQW �

SRVVLEOH GHDOLJQPHQW


�� FXUUHQW SDUWLVDQ WHQGHQFLHV � JHQGHU � DJH � UDFH DQG

HWKQLFLW\ � LQFRPH � UHOLJLRQ � UHJLRQ


�� WKLUG SDUWLHV FDQ HIIHFW WKH RXWFRPH RI DQ HOHFWLRQ �

3HURW GUHZ IURP ERWK SDUWLHV � 1DGHU GUHZ GLVSUR�

SRUWLRQDWHO\ IURP 'HPRFUDWV


Lesson 11: Campaign Trail

Multiple Choice

�� G &KDSWHU S� ��²��



�� E 9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²��





�� G &KDSWHU SS� ��

�� G 5HDGLQJ S� 5��

�� D 9LGHR

�� F 9LGHR

Essay

�� VHOI�VHOHFWLRQ WR UXQ � PRQH\ FKDVH � KLUHG JXQV �

PHGLD DLU ZDUV DQG VSLQ

9LGHR� &KDSWHU SS� ��²�� DQG 5HDGLQJ SS� 5��²

5��

�� DGYDQWDJHV� QHZ EORRG DQG ORFDO LQWHUHVWV � GLVDG�

YDQWDJHV� UROH RI SHUVRQDOLWLHV DQG EOXUV OLQHV RI

DFFRXQWDELOLW\� GLIILFXOW IRU YRWHUV WR DFW LQ XQLRQ�

QR FRPPRQ SODWIRUP

&KDSWHU SS� ��²�� DQG 5HDGLQJ 5��²5��

�� DPRXQW RI WLPH VSHQW IXQGUDLVLQJ � SHUFHSWLRQ RI

FRUUXSWLRQ� DFFHVV DQG FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI YRWHV RQ

IXQGUDLVLQJ� LQFXPEHQW DGYDQWDJH


Lesson 12: Pressure Politics

Multiple Choice






�� G &KDSWHU SS� ��²�� ²��



�� G 5HDGLQJ 5�� WR 5��

�� D 9LGHR


�� E 9LGHR

Essay

�� LURQ WULDQJOH� VWDEOH UHODWLRQVKLSV� PXWXDO EHQHILWV

IRU JURXSV� &RQJUHVV� DQG DJHQFLHV � LVVXH QHWZRUNV�

WHPSRUDU\ DQG IOXLG UHODWLRQVKLSV� GHDO ZLWK FRP�

SOH[ SROLF\ LVVXHV RQ D SHU�LVVXH EDVLV

&KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� ERWK DUH URXWHV WR LQIOXHQFH � PRQH\� FRQWULEXWLRQV�

OREE\LVWV� DQG DFFHVV � PHPEHUVKLS� YRWHV� SXEOLF

SUHVVXUH

9LGHR


128

�� JURXSV HQWUHQFKHG GXH WR GLYLVLRQ RI SRZHUV �

GHFUHDVHG DELOLW\ WR DGGUHVV QHZ SUREOHPV � KDUPIXO

WR ERWK OLEHUDOV DQG FRQVHUYDWLYHV

&KDSWHU S� �� DQG 5HDGLQJ 5 �� WR 5 ��

Lesson 13: The Fourth Estate

Multiple Choice










�� E 9LGHR


�� G 9LGHR

Essay

�� XQGHUPLQHV FRPPRQ�FDUULHU UROH � HPSKDVL]HV

LQWHUSUHWLYH UHSRUWLQJ � HPSKDVLV RQ VWRULHV ZLWK

FRQIOLFW � SROLWLFLDQV PXVW PDQDJH PHGLD UHODWLRQV


�� SURPRWHV XQLIRUPLW\ LQ QHZV FRYHUDJH � FRQIOLFW DQG

YLVXDO VWRULHV JHW FRYHUHG � SROLWLFV LQFUHDVLQJO\

KDUVK DQG GLYLVLYH


�� ODFN RI DFFRXQWDELOLW\ � ODFN RI FRQVLVWHQW SROLWLFDO

YLHZV DQG YDOXHV � HPSKDVLV RQ JRRG VWRULHV� QRW WKH

SXEOLF LQWHUHVW

&KDSWHU SS� ��²�� DQG 5HDGLQJ 5�� WR 5��

Lesson 14: The First Branch

Multiple Choice

�� E 9LGHR


�� F 9LGHR


�� G 9LGHR







�� F 5HDGLQJ S� 5��

Essay

�� OLVWHQLQJ WR FRQVWLWXHQF\ � SRUN EDUUHO SURMHFWV �

VHUYLQJ FRQVWLWXHQWV �ZLWK KHOS IURP VWDII DQG WKH

IUDQN� � UDLVLQJ FDPSDLJQ IXQGV PXFK PRUH HDVLO\


�� OHDUQLQJ KRZ &RQJUHVV RSHUDWHV � DSSRUWLRQLQJ WLPH

HIIHFWLYHO\ � KLULQJ DQG PDQDJLQJ VWDII � KDQGOLQJ WKH

ODUJH YROXPH RI PDLO

9LGHR

�� PHPEHUV DUH GUDZQ WR DFWLYLWLHV WKDW ZLOO KHOS WKHP

SROLWLFDOO\ � VHFXULQJ SRUN EDUUHO SURMHFWV IRU WKH GLV�

WULFW DQG FDVHZRUN DUH DOPRVW SXUH SROLWLFDO SURILW �

ODZPDNLQJ FDQ EH FRQWURYHUVLDO DQG WKHUHIRUH SROLW�

LFDOO\ ULVN\

5HDGLQJ SS� 5�� WR 5��

Lesson 15: Government by

Committee

Multiple Choice


�� E 9LGHR


�� D 9LGHR




�� D 9LGHR


�� E 9LGHR




129

Essay

�� IRUPHG WR ZRUN RXW GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ +RXVH DQG

6HQDWH YHUVLRQV RI D ELOO � MRLQW FRPPLWWHH � PHP�

EHUV DSSRLQWHG E\ 6SHDNHU LQ +RXVH� PDMRULW\ OHDGHU

LQ 6HQDWH � LI FRPSURPLVH ELOO LV SURGXFHG� LW PXVW EH

DSSURYHG E\ ERWK KRXVHV EHIRUH JRLQJ WR SUHVLGHQW

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� ��²��

�� VRPHWLPHV ZKDW FRQVWLWXHQWV ZDQW FRQIOLFWV ZLWK

WKH QDWLRQDO LQWHUHVW � SXWV PHPEHUV LQ D GLOHPPD �

VRPHWLPHV GLIIHUHQW FRQVWLWXHQWV ZDQW GLIIHUHQW

WKLQJV � WKHUH LV DOVR VRPHWLPHV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO

LQWHUHVW

9LGHR

�� VHHLQJ WKDW WKH H[HFXWLYH EUDQFK FDUULHV RXW ODZV

DQG VSHQGV PRQH\ DV &RQJUHVV LQWHQGHG � GRQH

WKURXJK WKH FRPPLWWHH V\VWHP � &RQJUHVV ODFNV WKH

WLPH DQG LQFHQWLYHV WR FRQGXFW RYHUVLJKW WKRU�

RXJKO\ � JLYHQ VL]H DQG VFRSH RI IHGHUDO DFWLYLW\� WKH

WDVN LV KXJH


Lesson 16: The Glorious Burden

Multiple Choice

�� & 9LGHR

�� & &KDSWHU S� ��

�� % &KDSWHU S� ��

�� ' &KDSWHU S� ��

�� % 9LGHR

�� $ &KDSWHU SS� ��²��

�� ' &KDSWHU S� ��

�� ' 9LGHR

�� $ &KDSWHU S� ��

�� $ 9LGHR

�� % &KDSWHU S� ��

�� & &KDSWHU S� ��

Essay

�� 8�6� EHFRPLQJ D ZRUOG SRZHU DURXQG �� PDGH

OHDGHUVKLS RI IRUHLJQ SROLF\ PRUH LPSRUWDQW � SUHVL�

GHQW SURYHG DEOH WR PDNH GHFLVLRQV PRUH TXLFNO\

WKDQ &RQJUHVV � &ROG:DU DQG ODWHU HYHQWV EROVWHUHG

SUHVLGHQW·V UROH


�� FDQGLGDWH WULHV WR GLVDVVRFLDWH IURP :DVKLQJWRQ

HVWDEOLVKPHQW FRYHUDJH � %RE 'ROH LQ �� SUHVL�

GHQWV HOHFWHG XQGHU VXFK D VWUDWHJ\ ILQG WKHLU OHDG�

HUVKLS UHVWV RQ SXEOLF RSLQLRQ� QRW SDUW\ OR\DOW\ RU

LQIOXHQFH ZLWK SHRSOH LQ :DVKLQJWRQ

9LGHR

�� WHOHYLVLRQ SOD\V NH\ UROH LQ WKH FDPSDLJQ � ´VRXQG

ELWHVµ � GHEDWHV � DGYHUWLVLQJ � H[SHQVH


Lesson 17: Leader for a Nation

Multiple Choice

�� D 9LGHR


�� F 9LGHR




�� G 9LGHR





�� E 5HDGLQJ S� 5��

Essay

�� RFFXUV GXULQJ SUHVLGHQWV· ILUVW PRQWKV LQ RIILFH �

SHULRG ZKHQ &RQJUHVV� SUHVV� DQG SXEOLF DUH SUHGLV�

SRVHG WR VXSSRUW SUHVLGHQWV � EHVW WLPH IRU SUHVL�

GHQWV WR SURSRVH SURJUDPV


�� SRVWPRGHUQ SUHVLGHQWV KDYH WRR PXFK H[SHFWHG RI

WKHP� FDQQRW GRPLQDWH LQWHUQDWLRQDO V\VWHP � WUDGL�

WLRQDO SUHVLGHQWV KDG UHODWLYHO\ IHZ UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV �

PRGHUQ SUHVLGHQWV ZHUH DFWLYH EXW RSHUDWHG IURP D

VWURQJHU SRVLWLRQ

5HDGLQJV SS� 5�� WR 5��

�� SUHVLGHQWV KDYH JXDUDQWHHG DFFHVV WR PHGLD FRYHU�

DJH� HVSHFLDOO\ WHOHYLVLRQ � DOORZV SUHVLGHQWV WR SUR�

PRWH VHOYHV DQG SROLFLHV GLUHFWO\ WR SXEOLF � \HW SUHVV

RIWHQ FULWLFDO RI SUHVLGHQWV � ´IHHGLQJ IUHQ]LHVµ GXU�

LQJ VFDQGDOV



130

Lesson 18: The Federal Workplace

Multiple Choice

�� D 9LGHR


�� F 9LGHR




�� G 9LGHR




�� D 9LGHR


Essay

�� -DFNVRQ ZDQWHG RUGLQDU\ FLWL]HQV WR VHUYH VKRUW

WHUPV LQ JRYHUQPHQW RIILFHV � PRUH UHVSRQVLYH JRY�

HUQPHQW � HDUOLHU SUHVLGHQWV KDG WXUQHG WR VRFLDO

HOLWHV WR ILOO JRYHUQPHQW SRVLWLRQV � VSRLOV V\VWHP

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� ��

�� 3DUN 6HUYLFH ZDQWHG WR OHW ILUHV EXUQ DV ORQJ DV WKH\

GLGQ·W WKUHDWHQ SHRSOH � YLVLWRUV ZDQWHG WR KDYH

WKHLU YDFDWLRQV LQ WKH SDUNV DV SODQQHG � LOOXVWUDWHV

WKH WHQVLRQ EHWZHHQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ SODQV WKDW PDNH

ORQJ WHUP VHQVH IRU VRFLHW\ DV D ZKROH DQG IXOILOOLQJ

WKH ZLVKHV RI SROLWLFLDQV DQG WKH SXEOLF

9LGHR

�� FDELQHW �H[HFXWLYH� GHSDUWPHQWV � LQGHSHQGHQW

DJHQFLHV � UHJXODWRU\ DJHQFLHV � JRYHUQPHQW FRUSR�

UDWLRQV SUHVLGHQWLDO FRPPLVVLRQV


Lesson 19: The Power Imperative

Multiple Choice



�� G 9LGHR


�� E 9LGHR



�� F 9LGHR





Essay

�� QHZV PHGLD UDUHO\ FRYHU EXUHDXFUDF\ H[FHSW ZKHQ LW

PDNHV D KXJH PLVWDNH � EXUHDXFUDF\ LV IDFHOHVV�

ODUJHO\ EH\RQG FLWL]HQ FRQWURO � WUDGLWLRQDO GLVWUXVW

RI ELJ JRYHUQPHQW

&KDSWHU S� ��

�� FDUHHU HPSOR\HHV KDYH RIWHQ ZRUNHG LQ DJHQF\ IRU

\HDUV � WKH\ XQGHUVWDQG LWV SURJUDPV� KDYH LQVWLWX�

WLRQDO PHPRU\� NQRZ KRZ WR LPSURYH WKLQJV � SROLW�

LFDO DSSRLQWHHV PXVW ZRUN ZLWK WKHP WR WDS WKH

NQRZOHGJH WKH\ QHHG WR EH HIIHFWLYH

9LGHR

�� EXUHDXFUDF\ GHYHORSHG WR VROYH HDUOLHU SUREOHPV LQ D

PXFK GLIIHUHQW VRFLHW\� VORZHU SDFHG� PRUH KLHUDU�

FKLFDO� PDVV PDUNHWV� VWURQJ JHRJUDSKLF FRPPXQL�

WLHV � PRGHUQ VRFLHW\ LV PXFK GLIIHUHQW� QHHGV

GLIIHUHQW IRUP RI EXUHDXFUDF\

&KDSWHU SS� ��²�� DQG 5HDGLQJV 5�� WR 5��

Lesson 20: The Rule of Nine

Multiple Choice




�� F 9LGHR








�� G &KDSWHU� S� ��

Essay

�� MXGJHV DUH DSSRLQWHG UDWKHU WKDQ HOHFWHG DQG WKH\

VHUYH ´GXULQJ JRRG EHKDYLRUµ UDWKHU WKDQ IRU IL[HG


131

WHUPV � WKH SURFHVV RI DSSRLQWPHQW DQG FRQILUPD�

WLRQ DUJXDEO\ WHQGV WR SURGXFH MXGJHV LQ EURDG

DFFRUG ZLWK WKRVH ZKR KDYH DSSRLQWHG DQG FRQ�

ILUPHG WKHP

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� ��²�� SS� ��²��

�� MXVWLFHV DUH DSSRLQWHG E\ WKH SUHVLGHQW FRQILUPHG

E\ WKH 6HQDWH � IRXU MXVWLFHV KDYH WR DJUHH WR KHDU D

FDVH� WKH &RXUW ORRNV IRU EURDG LVVXHV DERXW ZKLFK

ORZHU FRXUWV GLVDJUHH � WKHLU GHFLVLRQV VHUYH DV SUH�

FHGHQWV IRU ORZHU FRXUWV


�� %RUN ZDV UHFRJQL]HG DV EHLQJ HPLQHQWO\ TXDOLILHG E\

REMHFWLYH FULWHULD� EXW KH ZDV UHMHFWHG EHFDXVH KLV

YLHZV ZHUH YLHZHG DV EHLQJ RXW RI VWHS � VXEVHTXHQW

FRQILUPDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ YHU\ SDUWLVDQ � SUHVLGHQWV

RIWHQ WU\ WR DSSRLQW VWHDOWK QRPLQHHV ZLWKRXW SDSHU

WUDLOV


Lesson 21: Legal Precedent

Multiple Choice


�� G 9LGHR

�� F &KDSWHU SS� ��







�� E 9LGHR



Essay

�� 8�6� FRXUWV GHULYH IURP D FRPPRQ ODZ UDWKHU WKDQ

FLYLO ODZ WUDGLWLRQ� 8�6� FRXUWV KDYH WR UHIHUHH UHOD�

WLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH QDWLRQDO JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKH

VWDWHV�8�6� MXGJHV GR QRW KDYH WR KDYH IRUPDO WUDLQ�

LQJ� 8�6� FRXUWV H[HUFLVH MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ

&KDSWHU S� ��

�� SUHFHGHQWV SURPRWH XQLIRUPLW\ DQG VWDELOLW\ DQG

SUHGLFWDELOLW\ � EXW WKH\ PD\ FRQWLQXH PLVWDNHQ RU

PLVJXLGHG SUHYLRXV GHFLVLRQV LQ SODFH HYHQ DIWHU WKH

UHDVRQV IRU VXFK GHFLVLRQ QR ORQJHU H[LVW

&KDSWHU S� ��

�� WKLV LV WKH SRZHU RI 8�6� &RXUWV WR GHFODUH ODZV DQG

DFWLRQV RI JRYHUQPHQW WR EH XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO � WKH

SRZHU LV XVXDOO\ WUDFHG WR WKH GHFLVLRQ LQ0DUEXU\ Y�

0DGLVRQ �� WKH SRZHU KDV KHOSHG WKH MXGLFLDU\

WR EH D FRHTXDO EUDQFK RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW

&KDSWHU S� ��

Lesson 22: Balancing Act

Multiple Choice





�� D 9LGHR



�� D 9LGHR




�� F 5HDGLQJ S� 5��

Essay

�� JRYHUQPHQW SROLF\ HPSKDVL]HG FUHDWLQJ IXOO HPSOR\�

PHQW � WKH UHVXOWLQJ WLJKW ODERU PDUNHW HPSRZHUHG

ZRUNHUV � ZRUNHUV JDLQHG PRUH VNLOOV� WKXV LQFUHDVLQJ

WKHLU DELOLW\ WR PRYH WR GLIIHUHQW MREV � LPPLJUDQWV

ILOOHG PDQ\ OHVV DSSHDOLQJ HQWU\ OHYHO MREV

9LGHR

�� D ULVLQJ DYHUDJH VWDQGDUG RI OLYLQJ GRHV QRW UHSUH�

VHQW VXFFHVV LI FHUWDLQ JURXSV DUH OHIW RXW � LI WKRVH

OHIW RXW DUH LGHQWLILDEOH JURXSV �E\ UDFH� VH[� HWKQLF

RULJLQ� HWF�� UHVHQWPHQW EXLOGV � JURXSV· ODFN RI HFR�

QRPLF VXFFHVV WHQGV WR EH VHOI�UHLQIRUFLQJ � FDQ OHDG

WR LQFUHDVHG GLVFULPLQDWLRQ DQG IXUWKHU ODFN RI VXF�

FHVV

5HDGLQJ S� 5��

�� E\ ORZHULQJ RU UDLVLQJ WKH LQWHUHVW UDWHV RQ PRQH\

EDQNV ERUURZ IURP )HG � E\ VHOOLQJ DQG EX\LQJ JRY�

HUQPHQW VHFXULWLHV RQ WKH RSHQ PDUNHW � E\ UDLVLQJ


132

RU ORZHULQJ WKH FDVK UHVHUYH WKDW PHPEHU EDQNV

PXVW GHSRVLW ZLWK WKH )HG


Lesson 23: The Nation�s Welfare

Multiple Choice








�� F &KDSWHU SS� ��

�� F 5HDGLQJ 5��

�� D 9LGHR

�� D 9LGHR


Essay

�� HPSKDVLV RQ ZRUN DQG WLPH OLPLWV � GHFOLQLQJ ZHO�

IDUH UROOV GXH WR UHIRUPV RU JRRG HFRQRP\"

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU SS� �� ²��

�� ORQJ�WHUP ILQDQFLDO FULVLV � UDLVH WD[HV� FXW EHQHILWV�

RU LQFUHDVH UHWXUQV � FDQ LQYHVW LQ VWRFN PDUNHW ZLWK

VDIHJXDUGV

5HDGLQJ SS� 5�� WR 5��

�� EHJDQ ZLWK VWDWHV � UROH RI WKH 1HZ 'HDO DQG 'HPR�

FUDWV � IHGHUDO UROH LQ VRFLDO LQVXUDQFH DQG SXEOLF

DVVLVWDQFH � EDFNODVK


Lesson 24: Health of the Nation;

Health of the Planet

Multiple Choice

�� E 9LGHR


�� F 9LGHR

�� D 9LGHR





�� F 9LGHR



�� G 9LGHR

Essay

�� JRYHUQPHQW IXQGV KHDOWK FDUH LQ %ULWDLQ� EXW FDUH LV

UDWLRQHG � KHDOWK SUREOHPV WUHDWHG PRUH DJJUHVVLYHO\

LQ 8�6� � SDWLHQWV LQ %ULWDLQ ZDLW ORQJHU� KDYH ORZHU

H[SHFWDWLRQ RI FDUH

9LGHR

�� WKH UHVFLQGLQJ RI UHJXODWLRQV DOUHDG\ LQ SODFH � SXU�

SRVH LV WR LPSURYH HIILFLHQF\ � 6DYLQJV DQG /RDQ FUL�

VLV VKRZV WKDW GHUHJXODWLRQ FDQ JR WRR IDU�

JRYHUQPHQW KDG WR EDLO RXW WKH LQGXVWU\

&KDSWHU S� ��

�� ZDWHU DQG DLU PRYH ZLWKRXW UHJDUG IRU LQWHUQDWLRQDO

ERUGHUV � SROOXWLRQ WKHUHIRUH WUDYHOV IUHHO\ � HYHQ LI

8�6� DFWV WR SURWHFW WKHLU HQYLURQPHQW� UHVXOWV ZLOO

EH GLVDSSRLQWLQJ XQOHVV RWKHU QDWLRQV FRRSHUDWH DQG

DWWHPSW WR GR WKH VDPH

9LGHR

Lesson 25: Global Politics

Multiple Choice










�� D 9LGHR DQG 5HDGLQJ 5�� WR 5��

�� D 9LGHR

�� G 5HDGLQJ 5��


133

Essay

�� LVRODWLRQLVP � &ROG :DU LQWHUQDWLRQDOLVP DQG FRQ�

WDLQPHQW � HQG RI WKH &ROG :DU� XQFHUWDLQW\� DQG

SRVVLEOH PXOWLODWHUDOLVP


�� IUHH�WUDGH� ORQJ�WHUP HFRQRPLF EHQHILWV IURP RSHQ

WUDGH � SURWHFWLRQLVP� FRPSOHWHO\ RSHQ WUDGH XQGHU�

PLQHV GRPHVWLF SURGXFHUV� ZKR VKRXOG SURWHFWHG

IURP XQIDLU WUDGH


�� JOREDO PDUNHWSODFH � QDWLRQ�VWDWHV ORVLQJ HFRQRPLF

FRQWURO � ODUJH PXOWLQDWLRQDO FRUSRUDWLRQV QRW WLHG

WR FRXQWULHV � JOREDO PHGLD DQG FXOWXUH

5HDGLQJ 5 �� WR 5 ��

Lesson 26: Preserve, Protect, and

Defend

Multiple Choice





�� G 9LGHR

�� D 9LGHR

�� D 9LGHR

�� E 9LGHR

�� F 9LGHR

�� D 9LGHR

�� F 9LGHR


Essay

�� OLPLWHG DQG XQOLPLWHG QXFOHDU ZDU � OLPLWHG DQG

XQOLPLWHG FRQYHQWLRQDO ZDU � FRXQWHULQVXUJHQF\ �

SROLFH�W\SH DFWLRQV


�� ODFN RI VXSSRUW DW KRPH � QHHGHG IRU VWUDWHJLF UHD�

VRQV � VWDELOL]LQJ VLWXDWLRQ YV� VHSDUDWLQJ SDUWLHV �

H[SHULHQFH LQ 6RPDOLD � FDQQRW LQWHUYHQH HYHU\�

ZKHUH

9LGHR DQG &KDSWHU S� ��

�� PLOLWDU\ HVWDEOLVKPHQW� GHIHQVH FRQWUDFWRUV� DQG

PHPEHUV RI &RQJUHVV � FRQFHUQ GHFLVLRQV PDGH IRU

VHOI�LQWHUHVW UDWKHU WKDQ GHIHQVH QHHGV

&KDSWHU S� ��


134

Framework for Democracy - Social Studies School … diversity elitism government ... ful to take...

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