FRAMEWORK AND OVERVIEW OF SOCIAL INDICATORS IN ASIA

The 3rd Social Experts MeetingSeoul Palace Hotel, 19 November 2008

Theresa ChaResearcher of Health and Social Policy Programme OECD Korea Policy Centre(http://www.oecdkorea.org/social/sp_main_eng.asp)

Korea Centre

OUTLINE

Framework Comparison Context - Social Indicators

General Context (GE) - 2 Self-sufficiency (SS) -2 Equity (EQ) -1 Health (HE) -2 Social Cohesion (CO) - 2

Conclusion

Context - Framework Com-parison GE

National income per capita

Age-dependency ratioFertility rates

MigrationMarriage and divorce

National income per capita

Age-dependency ratioFertility rates

MigrationMarriage and divorce

SAG OECD SAG ASIA

Context - Framework Com-parison SS

EmploymentUnemployment

Mothers in paid em-ployment

Childcare costsTax wedge on labourOut-of-work benefits

EQ1. EmploymentEQ2. Unemployment

N/A

SAG OECD SAG ASIA

Students’ perfor-mance

EQ3. Education

Context - Framework Com-parison EQ

Material deprivationIntergenerational

mobilityTotal social spendingPoverty persistence

Housing costsEarnings inequalityGender wage gaps

Public social spendingOld-age pensions re-

placement rates

SAG OECD SAG ASIA

N/A

EQ1. Earnings in-equality

EQ2. Gender wage gaps

EQ3. Public social spending

EQ4. Old-age pen-sions replacement

rates

Context - Framework Com-parison HE

Life expectancyHealth care spending

Low birth weightSick-related absences

from workLong-term care recipients

Health inequalities

SAG OECD SAG ASIA

Life expectancyHealth care spending

Low birth weight

N/A

N/A

Infant mortality rateHealth risk factors and public health

changes

Context - Framework Com-parison CO

SuicidesTrust in political insti-

tutions

Life satisfactionDrug use and related

risksStrikesVoting

Work accidentsPrisoners

N/APublic policies and in-

stitutions

SAG OECD SAG ASIA

Life satisfactionDrug use and related

risksStrikesVoting

Work accidentsPrisoners

“What are the most appropriate social indica-tors

for the

region?”

WHY different?

Context

Countries (15) Bangladesh China Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia

Mongolia Pakistan Philippines Chinese Taipei Thailand Singapore Viet Nam

Dear Theresa,

We were going through the SAG and it has come out quite well

but also noticed that Sri Lanka was not included in it? Can we know why?

BestRuwanthi

GDP per capita in 1990 USD, 2006 (GE Ex. 1/2)

Average= 7,471 USD

Average of economi-cally ad-vanced na-tions (JP, KOR, HK, CT, & SG)= 19,720 USD

Average for the rest = 1,346 USD

Viet N

am

Bangl

ades

h

Mongo

lia

Paki

stan

Indi

a

Phili

ppin

es

Indo

nesia

China

Thai

land

Malay

sia

Chine

se T

aipe

i

Korea

Hong

Kong,

Chi

na

Sing

apor

e

Japa

n

Wor

ld

OECD-T

otal

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

241 461 637 716 739 908 1,1041,4412,797

4,417

10,929

12,969

22,12423,164

29,418

5,262

26,000

GDP per capita (1990 USD), 2006

HUGE DIF-FERENCE!(18,375

USD)

Dropping fertility rates (GE ex. 2/2)

GE3.1 TFRs below 2.0 GE3.2 TFRs above 2.0

TFR 1980 TFR 1990 TFR 2000 TFR 20050

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Hong Kong, China

Korea

Sin-gaporeThailand

Japan

OECD

TFR 1980

TFR 1990

TFR 2000

TFR 2005

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8BangladeshIndiaIndonesiaMalaysiaMongoliaPakistanPhilippinesViet NamOECD

Employment rates according to age groups… Asian countries show less extreme variations be-tween each other (SS1/2)

SS1.1 Employment to population ratio, total, 2006

Men and women

Bangladesh: 2003, India: 2001, 25-54(25-59) 55-64(50-69) 15-64(15-69), Malaysia: 1999, Mongolia: 2005, 55-64(55-60+), Chinese Taipei: 2005, Viet Nam: 2004

Age

15-64 15-24 25-54 55-64

Bangladesh 58.6 51.6 62.5 56.7

Hong Kong, China 70.0 42.9 81.4 47.2

India 60.0 42.4 70.0 59.0

Indonesia 67.5 53.3 77.0 56.2

Japan 73.0 44.9 82.8 67.2

Korea 66.2 30.2 76.3 60.7

Malaysia 64.2 48.8 74.5 46.1

Mongolia 57.8 45.5 72.1 18.8

Pakistan 54.1 45.9 59.6 56.0

Philippines 65.8 46.1 76.3 67.1

Singapore 71.3 38.9 83.2 56.2

Chinese Taipei 62.8 30.6 76.7 40.4

Thailand 72.9 48.8 87.9 59.1

Viet Nam 77.6 56.1 91.3 55.2

Average 65.8 44.7 76.5 53.2

OECD 66.6 42.3 78.1 49.4

Generally, unemployment rate higher among women (SS 2/2)

Unemployment rates, 2005Men and women

Viet N

amKor

ea

Malay

sia

Chine

se T

aipe

i

Sing

apor

eIn

dia

Avera

ge

Phili

ppin

es

OECD

Paki

stan

Indo

nesia

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

MenWomen

Similar patterns overall (page 83), EQ(1/1)

EQ1.1 Percentages Share of Income or Consumption

(2005)

EQ1.2 percentage share of income or consump-

tion (1998)

Bangl

ades

h

China

Indi

a

Indo

nesia

Mon

golia

Paki

stan

Phili

ppin

es

Thai

land

Viet N

am

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

3.8 1.8 3.6 3 3 3.9 2.2 2.7 2.98.8

4.38.1 7.1 7.5 9.1

5.4 6.3 7.1

12.2

8.511.3 10.7 12.2 12.9

9.1 9.9 11.1

15.6

13.7

14.9 14.416.8 16.1

13.6 14 15.1

20.9

21.7

20.4 20.523.1 21.1

21.3 20.821.8

42.551.9

45.3 47.340.5 40.8

50.6 49 44.8

28 34.9 31.1 32.324.6 26.5 34.2 33.4 28.9

Low10 Low20 Second20 Third20Fourth20 High20 High10

Hong Kong, China

Japan Korea Malaysia Singapore0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

5.310.6

7.94.4 5

9.4

14.213.6

8.1 9.4

13.9

14.213.6

8.19.4

20.7

2223.1

20.322

50.7

35.737.5

54.3 49

34.9

21.7 22.538.4

32.8

Low10 Low20 Second20 Third20 Fourth20High20 High10

Large share of population living below Na-tional Poverty Line (EQ 1/1)

EQ1.3 Population Below National Poverty Line

Bangl

ades

h

Viet N

am Indi

a

Mongo

lia

Phili

ppin

es

Paki

stan

Indo

nesia

Thai

land

China

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990s2000

Increased life expectancy at birth in ALL countries. (HE ex 1/1)

Life expectancy at birth, Female, 2005 and 1960

Life expectancy at birth, Male, 2005 and 1960

OECDJa

pan

Hong

Kong,

Chi

na

Sing

apor

e

Korea

Chine

se T

aipe

i

Malay

sia

China

Phili

ppin

es

Viet N

am

Indo

nesia

Thai

land

Mongo

lia

Paki

stan

Indi

a

Bangl

ades

h0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1960 2005

* OECD data: 2006 and 1960

OECDJa

pan

Hong

Kong,

Chi

na

Sing

apor

e

Korea

Chine

se T

aipe

i

Malay

sia

China

Phili

ppin

es

Viet N

am

Indo

nesia

Thai

land

Mongo

lia

Paki

stan

Indi

a

Bangl

ades

h0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960 2005

Considerable differences in life sat-isfaction within OECD countries. (CO1/2)

Source: Data from the 1999-2004 wave of the World Value Surveys for all countries.

Turk

ey

Paki

stan

Italy

Hunga

ry

Slov

ak R

epub

lic

Portu

gal

Pola

nd

Irela

nd

Korea

Bangl

ades

hIn

dia

Czech

Rep

ublic

Greec

e

Japa

n

Viet N

am

Germ

any

Chine

se T

aipe

i

Mexico

Phili

ppin

es

Luxe

mbo

urg

China

Unite

d Kin

gdom

Indo

nesia

Spai

n

Sing

apor

e

Unite

d St

ates

Austra

lia

Canad

a

New Z

eala

nd

Swed

en

Norway

Switz

erla

nd

Denm

ark

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

OECDAsia

Asia average is calcu-lated only for 11 coun-tries. This average may change if we include all

other SE Asian countries.

Showing higher life satisfaction in women, upper education, and high income groups.

　 Gender Education Income

　 Male Female Lower Middle Upper Low Medium High

Bangladesh 0.38 0.43 0.33 0.5 0.4 0.29 0.36 0.61

China 0.59 0.61 0.55 0.57 0.6 0.50 0.60 0.71

Chinese Taipei 0.47 0.52 0.41 0.46 0.59 0.36 0.51 0.63

India 0.46 0.46 0.37 0.5 0.55 0.38 0.44 0.54

Indonesia 0.62 0.62 0.53 0.63 0.68 0.45 0.69 0.84

Japan 0.52 0.55 0.44 0.52 0.61 0.44 0.53 0.65

Korea 0.46 0.47 0.36 0.51 0.61 0.35 0.50 0.59

Pakistan 0.1 0.09 0.05 0.13 0.2 0.02 0.10 0.18

Philippines 0.52 0.56 0.49 0.5 0.63 0.38 0.49 0.71

Singapore 0.7 0.71 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.63 0.71 0.81

Viet Nam 0.44 0.44 0.4 0.49 0.54 0.29 0.35 0.62

Source: Data from the 1999-2004 wave of the World Value Surveys for all countries.

Steady increase in most OECD countries, but decline in prison population in quite a few Asian countries. (SS2/2)

CO8.2 Prison population rates, 2001~2007

CO8.3 Prison population rates, 2001~2007

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

China Hong Kong Mongolia

Korea Japan Indonesia

Malaysia OECD

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Phillipines Singapore Thailand

Viet Nam India Pakistan

OECD

Source: International Centre for Prison studies.

Conclusion

Large gap in social trends between the economically developed East Asian coun-tries (e.g., Japan & Korea) and the less de-veloped South Asian countries (e.g., Bangladesh & Indonesia). Generally speaking, economically developed

countries have higher social expenditure, tend to spend more on health and education.

While, less developed countries have less than 2% of social spending.

Conclusion

Generally, the Asian countries experi-ence rise in poor working families and extreme poor.

Therefore, social policies targeting equal opportunities, resource distribution & welfare, and increased health spending are needed.

And efforts to reduce the # of people under national poverty line.

Future work….

The need/possibility to add more Asian coun-tries? Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Azerbaijan, and other Pa-

cific countries? Do you have such social data? Can you send

us the sources (national/international)? The need for different policies for countries

with different level of development For instance, policies targeting labour market in-

security, difficulties in finding suitable housing, & unaffordable/unavailable childcare

Thank you all and a special thanks to Maxime!

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