FPN I Semestar (1)

8/12/2019 FPN I Semestar (1)

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UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGROINSTITUTE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Dr Igor Laki

E N G L I S H

FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE AND DIPLOMACYIII

Podgorica, Sep e!"er #$%%

CONTENTS&1


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UNIT ONE& T'ENTY FIRST CENTURY AND ITS CHALLENGES 1Reading and speaking 1VocabularyGra!!ar re"ie#$ %resen& Si!ple and %resen& 'on&inuous (

UNIT T'O& THE UNITED NATIONS )

Reading and speaking )Vocabulary *Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %as& Si!ple and %as& %er+ec& 1,

UNIT THREE& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (I) 1-Reading and speaking 1-Vocabulary 1.Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %resen& %er+ec& 'on&inuous Tense 1/

UNIT FOUR& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (II) ,0Reading and speaking ,0Vocabulary ,,Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %as& Si!ple and %as& 'on&inuous ,-

UNIT FI*E& INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS ,.Reading and speaking ,.Vocabulary ,/Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %as& %er+ec& Si!ple and 'on&inuous 0

APPENDI+ ,Mock Tes&s ,Final E a! %repara&ion .Tenses 2 Re"ision )3o# #ell do you kno# &4e UN5 67ui89 *

U N I T %

RE:;ING :N; S%E: presen&> +u&ureVO':?U@:RY$ Ma&c4ing> #ord +or!a&ion> colloca&ions=RITING$ =ri&ing a su!!aryRE:;ING :N; @ISTENING$ Aob ad"er&ise!en&GR:MM:R$ %resen& Si!ple and %resen& 'on&inuous

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READING AND SPEA ING

Di-c.-- /e 0o11o2i3g 4.e- io3- "e0ore 5o. read /e e6

1B ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e #orld 4as c4anged a lo& in &4e las& (0 years or so5,B I+ you &4ink &4a& &4e #orld 4as c4anged> #4a& are &4e e"en&s &4a& 4a"e c4anged &4e #orl

#orld poli&ics in &4e las& (0 years5B =4a& 4as been &4e i!pac& o+ &4e *C11 &erroris& a&&acks5-B :re s&a&es i!por&an& no# as &4ey used &o be in &4e ,0&4 cen&ury5(B :re &4ere any en&i&ies &4a& 4a"e reduced &4e i!por&ance o+ s&a&es5

Read /e e6 a3d co!pare 5o.r idea- 2i / /o-e e6pre--ed i3 /e e6

T'ENTY FIRST CENTURY AND ITS CHALLENGES

3o# can #e bes& unders&and &4e poli&ical con"ulsions &4a& con+ron& &4e globeDs !oresi billion people al!os& daily5 3o# can #e an&icipa&e &4eir +u&ure signi+icance5 :nd 4o# can #eunders&and #4ic4 +ac&or and +orces !os& in+luence &4e #orldDs +u&ure5 :& &4e beginning oen&y +irs& cen&ury> #e 4a"e been engul+ed in +u&uris& &alkB =e 4a"e been +orced &o use ulanguage 2 ne# cen&ury > ne# !illenniu! > ne# #orld 2 and &o specula&e #4a& #ill &4e ne##orld be like> #ill i& be di++eren& or #ill &4e pa&&erns o+ &4e pas& endure5

E"ery 4is&orical period is !arked &o so!e e &en& by c4angeB No#> 4o#e"er> &4e pace oc4ange see!s !ore rapid and i&s conseHuences !ore pro+ound &4an e"erB To !any obser"ers> &4ecascade o+ e"en&s a& &4e s&ar& o+ &4e ,1s& cen&ury i!plies a re"olu&ionary res&ruc&uring o+ #orld poli&icsB T4e coun&ries o+ &4e #orld are dra#ing closer &oge&4er in co!!unica&ions> ideas and &as &4e in&egra&ion o+ na&ional econo!ies 4as produced a globali8ed !arke&> +or!ing in&erdepend bonds a!ong coun&ries and cul&uresB Globali8a&ion is c4anging &4e #ay &4e #orld #orksB @ike#idisin&egra&i"e &rends are s4aking &4e globe and res&ruc&uring &4e #ay i& opera&esB T4e prolo+ con"en&ional and uncon"en&ional #eapons> global en"iron!en&al de&eriora&ion> and &resurgence o+ na&ionalis! and e&4nic con+lic& all por&end a res&ruc&uring !arked by disorderBopposing +orces o+ in&egra&ion and disin&egra&ion poin& &o#ard a &rans+or!a&ion in #orld pole &ensi"e and i!por&an& as &4e sys&e! disrup&ing con"ulsion +ollo#ing =orld =ars I and II and &'old =ar beeen &4e Uni&ed S&a&es and &4e +or!er So"ie& Union and &4eir alliesB

;espi&e all &4a& appears radically di++eren& since &4e *C11 &erroris& a&&acks> !ure!ains &4e sa!e in #orld poli&icsB In +ac&> as poli&ical ournalis& Rober& AB Sa!uelson no&ed+irs& anni"ersary o+ *C11> =4a& is !os& s&riking abou& &4e pas& year is 4o# li&&le 4as c4=4a& no one can kno# is #4e&4er Sep&e!ber 11 !arked &4e beginning o+ &4e end +or global&erroris! or #4e&4er &4ese &4eore&ical &4rea&s #ill so!eday !a&eriali8eB =e are s#a!ped #i&

4ypo&4e&icalsB =4e&4er Sep&e!ber 11 beco!es a de+ining !o!en& in 4is&ory> or us& an isola&ragedy depends on 4o# all &4e 4ypo&4e&icals &urn ou&B


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3o# can #e de&er!ine #4en an e is&ing pa&&ern o+ rela&ions4ips gi"es #ay &o a co!ple&elyne# in&erna&ional sys&e!5 Follo#ing S&anley 3o++!ann 61*.19> #e #ill proceed by assu!ing &4ae 4a"e a ne# in&erna&ional sys&e! #4en #e 4a"e a ne# ans#er &o one o+ &4ree Hues&ions$ 61What are the systems basic units 5 6eBgB s&a&es or suprana&ional ins&i&u&ions +or global go"erna

6,9 What are the predominant foreign policy goals that these units seek with respect to oneanother 5 6eBgB &erri&orial conHues& or !a&erial gain &4roug4 &rade9J and 6 9What can these units doto one another with their military and economic capabilities 5

T4ese cri&eria !ig4& lead us &o conclude &4a& a ne# sys&e! 4as no# e!ergedB Firs&> ne&rade par&ners4ips 4a"e been +orged in Europe> &4e one o+ Sou&4 :!erica> Nor&4 :!erica and &%aci+ic Ri!> and &4ese &rading blocks !ay be4a"e as uni&ary or independen&> nons&a&e ac&ors aco!pe&e #i&4 one ano&4erB Moreo"er> in&erna&ional organi8a&ions> suc4 as &4e =orld TOrgani8a&ion and &4e European Union no# so!e&i!es +le &4eir poli&ical !uscles in con&es&s #indi"idual s&a&es and &ransna&ional religious !o"e!en&s> suc4 as Isla!ic +unda!en&alis!> c4alleng&4e global sys&e! i&sel+ 2 a sys&e! &4a& in&erna&ional la# s&ill de+ines as co!posed pri!arils&a&es consis&ing o+ "arious na&ionali&y groups #4o percei"e &4e!sel"es as uni+ied by a co!!onlanguage> cul&ure or e&4nic iden&i&yB :& &4e sa!e &i!e> so!e s&a&es 4a"e disin&egra&ed in&uni&sB

Second> &erri&orial conHues& is no longer &4e predo!inan& goal o+ !os& s&a&esD + policiesB Ins&ead> &4eir e!p4asis 4as s4i+&ed +ro! &radi&ional !ili&ary !e&4ods o+ e ercin+luence &o econo!ic !eansB

T4ird> &4e proli+era&ion o+ #eapons &ec4nology 4as pro+oundly al&ered &4e da!age &s&a&es can in+lic& on one ano&4erB Grea& po#ers alone no longer con&rol &4e #orldDs !oseaponsB Increasingly> 4o#e"er> &4e grea& po#ersD prosperi&y depends on econo!ic circu!s&ance&4roug4ou& &4e globeB

6Fro! 'B =B World Politics 9

Poi3 - 0or di-c.--io3

1B ;o you agree #i&4 &4e s&a&e!en& &4a& &4e cascade o+ e"en&s a& &4e s&ar& o+ &4e ,1s& cen&ury i!pliesa re"olu&ionary res&ruc&uring o+ #orld poli&ics 5,B In #4a& #ays 4a"e &4e coun&ries o+ &4e #orld beco!e closer5

B 3o# #ould you de+ine &4e globali8a&ion process5-B ;o you agree #i&4 &4e clai! &4a& Sep&e!ber 11 !arked &4e beginning o+ &4e end +or glob&erroris!5(B ;o you agree &4a& a ne# sys&e! 4as e!erged and> i+ so> #4a& are i&s &4ree !ain c4arac&eris&ic

*OCA7ULARY

Look i3 o /e e6 a3d 0i3d /e 2ord- /a /a8e /e 0o11o2i3g !ea3i3g-

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a "iolen& social or na&ural up4ea"al KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK be a#are o+ a +u&ure e"en& and &ake ac&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK co!ple&ely surround or co"er KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK re!ain in e is&ence KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a +orce or +eeling &4a& uni&es people KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK be a sign or #arning KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o"er#4el! #i&4 &oo !uc4 o+ so!e&4ing KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

a large nu!ber o+ so!e&4ing KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK progressi"e #orsening KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK increase or re"i"al a+&er a period

o+ li&&le ac&i"i&y> populari&y or occurrenceKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK carry on> con&inueJ begin a course o+ ac&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK accep& as &rue #i&4ou& proo+ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK produce or crea&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK beco!e a#are o+J regard as KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK con&rac& or &ense 6a !uscle9 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK cause so!e&4ing unpleasan& or pain+ul

&o be su++ered by so!eone else KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK su++icien& &o cause dea&4 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4e ac&ion o+ &aking con&rol by !ili&ary +orce KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-

NOUN *ER7 AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK an&icipa&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK signi+icance KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK endure KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

c4ange KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK obser"er KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK i!ply KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&egra&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK na&ionalglobali8a&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK de&eriora&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK&rans+or!a&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK di++eren&&4rea& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKgo"ernance KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK co!pe&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK e!p4asis KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 i3 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 0or!- o0 /e 2ord- i3 "racke -&

1B Mos& 11 year olds are no& encouraged &o de"elop reading skillsJ a s!all bu& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK nu!ber are illi&era&eB 6signi+icance9,B T4ere are +ears &4a& &4e si&ua&ion !ig4& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&o a +ull scale #ar

B 3e al#ays pu&s an KKKKKKKKKKKKKK on #orld poli&ics in 4is speec4esB 6e!p4asise9

-B 3e called +or a KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ !ood in Sco&&is4 poli&icsB 6c4ange9(B T4ere 4as been an a&!osp4ere o+ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK around 4ere +or a +e# da6an&icipa&e9

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.B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a lo& #i&4 &4e %residen& on se"eral issuesB T4eir s&yles KKKK#ellB 6di++eren&9)B T4e e ercise #ill ob"iously i!pro"e s&reng&4 and KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB 6endure9/B ;elega&es also discussed 4o# &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK guerilla in&o a regular ar!yB 6&rans+*B 3e said cri!inals KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &o cause rio&sB 6&4rea&910B T4e si&ua&ion is under KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK all &4e &i!eB 6obser"e9

P. a3 appropria e pre0i6 i3 0ro3 o0 /e 0o11o2i3g 2ord-&

+a!iliar KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK s&ruc&uring KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK dependen& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK con"en&ional KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&egra&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK na&ional KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK s&a&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Crea e -e3 e3ce- o0 5o.r o23 .-i3g /e 0o11o2i3g co11oca io3-&

na&ional econo!ies e&4nic con+lic& &o e ercise in+luence grea& po#ers le&4al #eapons +oreign policy

!a&erial gain econo!ic circu!s&ances

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pre-e3 Si!p1e a3d Pre-e3 Co3 i3.o.-

Pre-e3 Si!p1e

=e use presen& si!ple &o &alk abou&$

1B 4abi&ual ac&ions She usually stays at the Hilton, but it was fully booked.,B per!anen& si&ua&ions

He works in the Personnel Department of a large multinational company.

B &4ings #4ic4 are generally &rue

Metals e pand when heated.

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Pre-e3 Co3 i3.o.-

=e use &4e presen& con&inuous &o &alk abou&$

1B ac&ions 4appening around &4e &i!e o+ speaking

!ngelas in "ondon at the moment. She is staying at the Hotel #nternational.

We are e panding our operations in the $ar %ast.

,B &e!porary si&ua&ions

# am working in a bookshop during the summer holidays.

So!e "erbs are no& nor!ally used in a con&inuous +or!B

# know "ondon. &'() # am knowing* # like my +ob. &'() # am liking*

T4ese are &4e so called s&a&i"e "erbs$ T4ey include$:B "erbs o+ +eeling$ like, dislike, lo e, hate, want, prefer, appreciate?B "erbs o+ &4inking$ know, understand, think &-ha e an opinion*, belie e, forget,

remember, recognise, realise, mean'B "erbs o+ senses$ taste, smell, hear, feel ;B o&4er "erbs$ belong, own, be, ha e &- possess*, consist of, contain, include, e ist

T/i- i- a par o0 a repor /a a per-o33e1 !a3ager 2ro e a0 er i3 er8ie2i3g a ca3dida e 0or/e po-i io3 o0 Direc or o0 So0 2are De8e1op!e3 : P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o /e pre-e3

-i!p1e or pre-e3 co3 i3.o.- e3-e&

:r&icula&e and #ell presen&ed> %aul Su&4erland is an e cellen& candida&e +or &4e pos& o+ o+ So+are ;e"elop!en&B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKK 6#an&9 &o lea"e 4is presen& e!ployer> co!pu&er co!pany> because 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6+eel9 &4a& 4e KKKKKKKKKKKK4is kno#ledge o+ so+are engineering &o &4e +ullB 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6look +c4allenging posi&ion #4ere 4is +ield o+ specialisa&ion can be e ploi&ed in a !ore s&i!ula&inen"iron!en&B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6realise9 &4a& our co!pany KKKKKKKKKKKKrapidly> and &4a& 4e #ould be e pec&ed &o con&ribu&e &o &4a& gro#&4B 3e is +a!iliar #i&4 ourange o+ so+are and regularly KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6read9 our publica&ionsB:l&4oug4 a& presen& 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6li"e9 in &4e sou&4> 4e KKKKKKKKKK&4a& 4e is #illing &o go #4ere"er #e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6decide9 &o send 4i!B 3e oc KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6&ra"el9 &o "arious European coun&ries +or &rade +airs and e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6en oy9 !ee&ing people o+ di++eren& na&ionali&iesB :& &

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6a&&end9 a &raining course a& &4e Goe&4e Ins&i&u&e in oGer!anB

AB 3argrea"es%ersonnel Manager ,) &4 Aanuary ,00-

UNIT ONE ; T'ENTY FIRST CENTURY AND ITSCHALLENGES

G@OSS:RY

E3g1i-/ Tra3-1a io3 e4.i8a1e3 6s9

a115 sa"e8nik&pl. allies*a1 er preinaLi&i> i8! eni&i> pro! eni&ia3 icipa e pred"id e&i> oLeki"a&i> predu4i&ri&ia--.!e s!a&ra&i> pre&pos&a"l a&i"a-ic &e!el an> osno"ni"o3d "e8a> spona> sa"e8capa"i1i 5 !ogu nos&> sposobnos&ca-cade kaskada> "alo"i& ni8> s&epenas& ni8c/a11e3ge i8a8o"> prko en e> pri e&n acirc.!- a3ce prilika> okolnos&co!pe e nad!e&a&i se> &ak!iLi&i seco30ro3 suoLi&i se> suoLa"a&i se> ispri eLi&i se> suLeli&i

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co34.e- os"a an eco3 e- borba> &ak!iLen eco38.1-io3 pol. &r8a"ica> ne!ir> pre"iran e> po&res> neredde0i3i3g odluLu u i> odsudande eriora io3 pogor an e> pogor a"an edi-i3 egra e ras&a"i&i> raspas&i se> ra8ni e&idi-order raskol> rasulo> !e&edi-r.p uni e&i ra8dor> ra8bi&i> raskoli&idra2 c1o-er pribli a"a&i seeco3o!5 pri"reda> ekono!i ae3d.ra3ce is&ra nos&> i8dr l i"os&e3d.re ops&a&i> is&ra a&ie3g.10 obu8e&i> prepla"i&ie6erci-e "r i&i> pri! en i"a&ie6 e3-i8e obi!an> opse an01e6 s&egnu&i> 8a&egnu&i0o11o2i3g po8i"a u i se na> ugleda u i se na0orge sklopi&i> sko"a&igai3 dobi&go8er3 upra"l a&i> "odi&igo8er3a3ce upra"l an e> "oPen e> "las&/5po /e ica1 pre&pos&a"ka> nagaPan ei!p15 podra8u!i e"a&i> 8naLi&i> nago" e &a"a&ii301ic nan e&i> 8ada&i1e /a1 s!r&onosan!ark obil e i&i> o8naLi&i!arked obil e en> o8neLen!a eria1i obu8e&ipace &e!po> ri&a!> br8inaPaci0ic Ri! oblas& %aci+ika> Obod %aci+ikapa er3 obra8ac> ablonpercei8e "id e&i> opa a&i

por e3d nago" e &a"a&i> predska8a&i> slu&i&i na> bi&i pred8nak predo!i3a3 pro"laPu u i

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proceed nas&a"i&i> produ i&i> i i napri edpro0o.3d dubok> in&e8i"anpro0o.3d15 bi&no> 8na&no> 8naLa nopro1i0era io3 obil e> s"e "e i bro 6neLega9> proli+eraci apro-peri 5 proc"a&> napredak re- r.c .ri3g pres&ruk&uriran e> rekons&rukci a> reorgani8aci are-.rge3ce pono"no i8bi an e> preporod> pono"no a"l an e-eek &e i&i> sli edi&i> &ra i&i&seek sought sought* -/ake po&resa&i> u8dr!a&i-/i0 po! eri&i> !i en a&i> po!ica&i-ig3i05 o8naLa"a&i> uka8i"a&i> nago" es&i&i-pec.1a e nagaPa&i> &eore&isa&i> u!o"a&i> !o8ga&i- riki3g upadl i"> i8ra8i&-.pra3a io3a1 nadnacionalni-2a!p 8asu&i> obasu&i> prepla"i&i

/rea pri e&n a> opasnos&.r3 o. poka8a&i 6se9> ispas&i

.30a!i1iar nepo8na&> nena"ikao> neobiLan

.3i0ied u edin en

.3i ar5 edins&"en> uni&aran

.p/ea8a1 pobuna> pre"ra&2i / re-pec o u pogledu> s ob8iro! na

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U N I T #

RE:;ING :N; S%E:


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based on e&4nic and linguis&ic 4eri&ages> and !ul&ina&ional corpora&ions are e a!ples nongo"ern!en&al organi8a&ionsB

T4ere are o principal &ypes o+ nons&a&e ac&ors$i3 ergo8er3!e3 a1 orga3i#4ose !e!bers are s&a&es> and3o3go8er3!e3 a1 orga3i #4ose !e!bers are pri"a&e indi"iduals and groupsBT4e Uni&ed Na&ions 6UN9 is &4e bes& kno#n global organi8a&ionB =4a& dis&inguis4es i& +ro&4er IGOs is i&s nearly uni"ersal !e!bers4ip> including &oday 1*0 independen& s&a&es +ro! e"eregionB In principle> any so"ereign s&a&e accep&ing &4e UNDs regula&ions and principles can o

&4e grea& po#ers 4a"e o+&en le& realpoli&ik poli&ical considera&ions dic&a&e #4a& coun&ad!i&&edBIn addi&ion &o i&s nearly uni"ersal !e!bers4ip and i&s per"asi"e poli&ics !irroring #orld

poli&ics> &4e UN is also a !ul&ipurpose organi8a&ionB :s :r&icle 1 o+ &4e UN '4ar&er s&a&eob ec&i"es are &o$ Main&ain in&erna&ional peace and securi&y ;e"elop +riendly rela&ions a!ong na&ions based on respec& +or &4e principle o+ eHual rig4&s a

sel+ de&er!ina&ion o+ peoples :c4ie"e in&erna&ional coopera&ion in sol"ing in&erna&ional proble!s o+ an econo!ic> social>

cul&ural or 4u!ani&arian c4arac&er and in pro!o&ing and encouraging respec& +or 4u!an rig4&and +or +unda!en&al +reedo!s +or all

Func&ion as a cen&er +or 4ar!oni8ing &4e ac&ions o+ na&ions in &4e a&&ain!en& o+ &4ese endsT4e UN 4as soug4& +ro! i&s bir&4 &o co!bine &4e dual goals o+ preser"ing peace and i!pro"ing

&4e Huali&y o+ li+e +or 4u!ani&yB T4ese in !issions 4a"e carried &4e UN in&o nearly e"ery coo+ &4e co!ple neork o+ in&ers&a&e rela&ionsB T4e UNDs con+erence !ac4inery 4as bec per!anen&$ i& 4as pro"ided a !ec4anis! +or &4e !anage!en& o+ in&erna&ional con+lic&> aincreasingly &4e UN 4as beco!e in"ol"ed in a broad range o+ global #el+are issuesB

T4e 4is&ory o+ &4e UN re+lec&s &4e +ac& &4a& bo&4 ric4 coun&ries and de"eloping coun&success+ully used &4e organi8a&ion &o pro!o&e &4eir o#n +oreign policy goals> and &4is proud re4as bred 4opes &4roug4ou& &4e #orld &4a& &4e UN #ill be able &o !anage an e"er c4anging a

gro#ing agendaB T4e UN Millenniu! Su!!i& a&&ended in Sep&e!ber ,000 by 1(0 #orld leaders>#4ic4 led &o &4e ra&i+ica&ion o+ nearly 00 &rea&ies and con"en&ions> !ade e plici& &4ideology e pressed in i&s eig4& !illenniu! goals$ 619 Eradica&e e &re!e po"er&y Q 4unger> 6:c4ie"e uni"ersal pri!ary educa&ion> 6 9 %ro!o&e gender eHuali&y and e!po#er #o!en> 6-9Reduce c4ild !or&ali&y> 6(9 I!pro"e !a&ernal 4eal&4> 6.9 'o!ba& 3IVC:I;S> !alaria and o&4erdiseases> 6)9 Ensure en"iron!en&al sus&ainabili&y and 6/9 ;e"elop a global par&ners4ip +ode"elop!en&B

1,


13/49

Since 1*)0s> &4e organi8a&ion 4as been asked &o sponsor a #ide array o+ #orld con+erences on popula&ion> +ood> #o!en> 4u!an se&&le!en&s> basic 4u!an needs> #a&er> disar!a!en&> racis! anracial discri!ina&ion> agrarian re+or! and rural de"elop!en&> science and &ec4nology> ne# andrene#able sources o+ energy> peace+ul uses o+ nuclear energy> pre"en&ion o+ cri!e and &rea&!en&o++enders> drug abuse and illici& &ra++icking in drugs> pro&ec&ion o+ c4ildren> en"iron!enecono!ic de"elop!en&> in&erna&ionally organi8ed cri!e> social de"elop!en&> 4ousing> 4u!anrig4&s> global #ar!ing> in&erna&ional &ra++icking o+ c4ildren +or pros&i&u&ion> principles +order and !any o&4ersBDi-c.-- /e 0o11o2i3g:

1B :re NGOs i!por&an& bo&4 on &4e local and in&erna&ional le"el5,B =4a& is &4e role o+ NGOs in Mon&enegro5

B ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e UN is as in+luen&ial as &4e au&4ors o+ &4e &e & clai!5-B T4ere are eig4& !illenniu! goals &4a& &4e UN 4as de+inedB ;o you &4ink &4ey are #e+or!ula&ed or #ould you add any o&4er5(B In &4e las& paragrap4 a lo& o+ proble!s &4a& &4e #orld is +acing no#adays are lis&edB =4a& !os& serious ones on &4e global le"el5

.B =4ic4 o+ &4e lis&ed proble!s !os& a++ec& Mon&enegro5

*OCA7ULARY

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-:

NOUN *ER7 AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK do!inan&c4allenge KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in+luence KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK accep& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ad!i& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK i!pro"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK !ain&ain KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK de"elop KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&erac& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK gro#ing KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK pro!o&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ra&i+y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK pre"en&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK discri!ina&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK pro&ec&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK go"ern!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

1


14/49

Make ad8er"- 0ro! /e 0o11o2i3gad=ec i8e- a3d c/eck 2/e /er /ere i- ac/a3ge i3 !ea3i3g:

large KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK signi+ican& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK se"ere KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

increasing KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK near KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Add a -.00i6 o 0or! a3 ad=ec i8e:

agricul&ure KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK peace KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 4ouse KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK uni"erse KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

race KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK rene# KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK econo!y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 /e -e3 e3ce- "e1o2 2i / a3 appropria e 0or! o0 /e 2ord i3 "racke -:

1B T4e organi8a&ion is co!!i&&ed &o :I;S KKKKKKKKKKKKKK and educa&ionB 6pre"en&9,B T4is par& o+ &4e coun&ry is !ainly KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB 6agricul&ure9

B Ao4n #as KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in persuading &4e producers &o pu& !oney in&o6in+luence9-B Many coun&ries 4a"e no# KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4e UN 'on"en&ion on &4e Rig4&s o+6ra&i+ica&ion9(B KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK> &4ere is a pressure on &4e council &o !ake a decision as soon a6increase9.B T4e !inis&er 4as announced &4a& &4ere #ill be no c4ange in KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK6go"ern9B)B ID"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK +inis4ed &4a& book you len& !eB 6near9/B Music co!panies 4a"e pro+i&ed +ro! &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ ';s o"er "inyl rec6do!inan&9*B Round &4e clock police KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is gi"en &o all senior poli&iciansB 6pro&10B KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK coopera&ion is a "ery i!por&an& issue in &4e ?alkansB 6region9

Fi11 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 2ord o !ake co11oca io3-

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK poli&ics KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK years KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a++airsKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK organi8a&ionsKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK corpora&ions

in&erna&ional KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK rela&ions KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK rig4&s KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK respec& +or 4u!an+unda!en&al KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK policy goe &re!e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

gender KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3IVC:I;Sen"iron!en&al KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

1-


15/49

global KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK cri!e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK organi8ed KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #orld KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK range o+ issues KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK end

Fi11 /e gap- 2i / /e !i--i3g 2ord-

NAME AD9ECTI*E PERSON

:lbania

:lgeria

:rgen&ina:us&ralia

:us&ria?elarus

?elgiu!?osnia 3er8ego"ina

?ra8il?ulgaria

'anada

'roa&ia'uba

'8ec4 Republic'yprus

;en!ark England

Egyp&

Es&oniaGreece

1(


16/49

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pa- Si!p1e a3d Pre-e3 Per0ec

Pa- Si!p1e

=e use pas& si!ple &o &alk abou& ac&ions and e"en&s #4ic4 4appened in a +inis4ed period o+ &i!e&4e pas&B

Pasteur made important medical disco eries. 6#4en 4e #as ali"e9 Did you go to the meeting yesterday/She worked in Paris for fi e years before mo ing to 0ome. 6eBgB 1**- 2 1***> no& no#9

Pre-e3 Per0ec

=e use %resen& %er+ec&$:B +or an ac&ion &4a& s&ar&ed in &4e pas& and con&inues &o &4e presen& &i!e$

He has been in the army for two years B 63e is s&ill in &4e ar!y9She has li ed here all her life B 6S4e s&ill li"es 4ere9

'o!pare &4e abo"e sen&ences #i&4$ He was in the army for two years B 63e is no& in &4e ar!y no#9She li ed here all her life B 6%resu!ably s4e is no# dead9

?B +or pas& ac&ions #4ose &i!e is no& !en&ioned$

# ha e read the instructions but # dont understand them B Ha e you had breakfast/ 'o, # ha ent had it yet B'o!pare #i&4$

# read the instructions last night B 6&i!e is gi"en> so si!ple pas&9 Did you ha e breakfast at the hotel 5 6iBeB be+ore you le+& &4e 4o&el> so si!ple pas&9

'B +or ac&ions occurring in an inco!ple&e period #4ic4 !ay be indica&ed bytoday or thismorning1afternoon1e ening1week, month1year1century B

'o!pare &4e +ollo#ing sen&ences$)om has rung up three times this morning already B)om rang up three times this morning

No&e &4a& &4e presen& per+ec& can be used #i&4this morning only up &o abou& one oDclock> becausea+&er &4a& &4is !orning beco!es a co!ple&ed period and ac&ions occurring in i& !us& be pu& in&si!ple pas&B

;B +or a recen&ly co!ple&ed ac&ion 6usually #i&4 +ust 9B He has +ust gone out B

1.


17/49

:d"erbs &4a& +reHuen&ly appear #i&4 %resen& %er+ec& are alsoalready >lately >recently > since > for >e er >ne er > se eral times e&cB

P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o Pre-e3 Per0ec or Pa- Si!p1e:

1B I 4ope you KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& #ai&9 +or !e yes&erdayB,B 'o!e &o see #4a& I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6buy9 +or youB

B =e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6ge&9 &4e in+or!a&ion #4en #e #ere a& &4e s&a&ionB-B T4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6lea"e9 +i"e !inu&es agoB(B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6already book9 &4e sea&sB.B I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK6no& be9 &o &4e Na&ional @ibrary ye&B)B KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6you arri"e9 la&e las& nig4&5/B =4ere KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6you spend9 your 4oliday las& su!!er5*B =e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6be9 +riends +or yearsB10B I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& be9 &o Ro!e ye&> bu& I KKKKKKKKKK 6be9 in Venice la11B Mary KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6 us& ge&9 a le&&er +ro! 4er +riendB1,B Mary KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& see9 4i! since AuneB1 B 3elen KKKKKKKKKKKK 6see9 To! in &4e &4ea&re las& nig4&B1-B T4is &er! #e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6be busy9 preparing +or our e a!sB1(BI kno# &4a& Aane is ill> bu& I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& "isi&9 4er ye&B

UNIT T=O ; THE UNITED NATIONS1)


18/49

G@OSS:RY


ac/ie8e pos&i i> os&"ari&iac io3 d elo"an ead!i pris&upi&i> pri!i&i 6u Llans&"o9a00air 6s9 poli&ika> posao> s&"ar> odnosage3da progra! 6rada9> plan> dne"ni redAr ic1e lana ai3 pos&i i> os&"ari&i"a3d udru i&i> u edini&i"a-ed o3 8asno"an na> ko i poLi"a na"o.3darie- granica> !ePa"road ra3ge irok spek&ar> irok ni8ce3 er sredi &ec/a11e3ged osporen> i8a8"anc/ar er po"el ac/ro3ic1e prika8> 8apisco!"a bori&i seco!!o3 e3d 8a edniLki cilco!p1e6 8a!r en> slo enco301ic sukobco3-idera io3 !o&i"> okolnos&dic a e nalaga&i> naredi&idi-ar!a!e3 ra8oru an edi-ea-e obol en e> boles&di- i3g.i-/ ra8liko"a&i> odliko"a&i> is&aknu&i sedr.g a".-e 8loupo&reba drogee!po2er osna i&i> o"las&i&i> opuno!o i&ie3co.rage pods&a i> unapri edi&i> po&sp e i&ie3-.re obe8b edi&i> osigura&i> garan&o"a&ie38iro3!e3 a1 ekolo ki> ko i se &iLe 68a &i&e9 i"o&ne sredinee4.a1i 5 ra"nopra"nos&> ednakos&eradica e iskori eni&i> is&ri ebi&i

1/


19/49

e6p1ici i8riLi&> odrePen> asan> ra8go" e&an0.3da!e3 a1 osno"an/eri age ba &ina> naslePe/o.-i3g s&ano"an e> s&a!beni pros&ori11ici ra00icki3g nedo8"ol ena &rgo"inai3crea-i3g15 s"e "i e i "i ei301.e3 ia1 u&ica ani3 erac io3 !ePusobni u&ica > !ePusobno d elo"an ei3 ergo8er3!e3 a1 !ePu"ladin1arge15 ugla"no!> u "eliko ! eri!ai3 ai3 odr a&i> 8adr a&i!a3age!e3 upra"l an e> ruko"oPen e!irror odra a"a&i!or a1i 5 s!r&nos&> !or&ali&e&!.1 ip.rpo-e "i ena! enskio"=ec i8e cil > s"r4ao00e3der pres&upnik> 8loLinacper8a-i8e s"e pro i!a u ipre-er8e oLu"a&i> saLu"a&ipri3cipa1 gla"ni> osno"nipri3cip1e naLelo> princippri8a e i3di8id.a1 po edinacpro!o e unapri edi&i> po&sp e i&i> po&aknu&i> pods&ica&ipro8ide obe8b edi&i> o!ogu i&i> pru i&irecord s" edoLans&"o> 8apisred.ce s!an i&i> u!an i&i> sni8i&i> spus&i&ire01ec iska8a&i> odra a"a&ireg.1a io3 propis> uredbare!ai3 os&a&iro.3d> /e>c1ock c elodne"an> ,-C)-ec.ri 5 be8b ednos&-e10>de er!i3a io3 sa!oopred el en e-e 1e!e3 nasel e> naseobina-e8ere15 8na&no> "eo!a

-/ape obliko"a&i> prilagodi&i> s&"ori&i-ig3i0ica3 15 8naLa no> 8na&no> u 8na&no ! eri

1*


20/49

-.pre!ac5 nad!o > pre"las&-.- ai3a"i1i 5 odr i"os&

ra3-ce3d prekoraLi&i> pre!a i&i> prela8i&i> nad!a i&irea !e3 pos&upan e> pos&upakrea 5 ugo"or 2i3 d"o ni> sliLan> srodan

2e10are pi&an a soci alne po!o i> dobrobi&> blagos&an e2ide arra5 irok spek&ar> "elik bro

U N I T ?

RE:;ING :N; S%E:


21/49

Read /e e6 "e1o2 a3d 0i3d /e 0o11o2i3g i30or!a io3&

si principal organs o+ &4e UN &4e organ &4a& can only !ake reco!!enda&ions &4e organ &4a& ini&ia&es ac&ions &4e body consis&ing o+ represen&a&i"es o+ all !e!ber s&a&es &4e body &4a& under&akes in"es&iga&ion and !edia&ion

ORGANI@ATION OF THE UN& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (I)

T4e UNDs li!i&a&ions are per4aps roo&ed in &4e #ays i& is organi8ed +or i&s a!bi&ious #ide ranging purposesB

T4e Securi&y 'ouncil is one o+ si principal organs es&ablis4ed by &4e UN '4ar&erJ &4o&4ers are &4e General :sse!bly> &4e Econo!ic and Social 'ouncil> &4e Trus&ees4ip 'ouncil> &4eSecre&aria& and &4e In&erna&ional 'our& o+ Aus&iceB

In &4e General :sse!bly> &4e only organ &4a& represen&s all !e!ber s&a&es> decision !akin+ollo#s &4e principle o+ !a ori&y rule> #i&4 no s&a&e gi"en a "e&oB Unlike &4e Securi&y 'o

#4ic4 is e!po#ered by &4e UN '4ar&er &o ini&ia&e ac&ions including &4e use o+ +orce> &4e Ge:sse!bly can only !ake reco!!enda&ionsB T4e +ounders o+ &4e UN did no& +oresee &4a& &4ili!i&ed !anda&e #ould la&er be e panded &o allo# &4e General :sse!bly &o par&icipa&e #i&4 &Securi&y 'ouncil in !anaging securi&yB T4e General :sse!bly 4as assu!ed #ider responsibili&iesand is no# &4e pri!ary body +or addressing securi&y as #ell as social and econo!ic proble!sB :sSecre&ary General &4e original UN design is ou&da&ed$re+lec&s &4e #orld o+ 1*-( and no& &4e econo!ic and poli&ical reali&ies o+ &oday > and &4is +adap& &o c4anging &i!es lies a& &4e core o+ co!plain&s &4a& &4e UN is unprepared &o con&4rea&s +acing 4u!ani&y in &4e en&y +irs& cen&uryB

T4a& inadeHuacy is no& necessarily per!anen&> 4o#e"erB In response &o &4e c4allenge!anaging &4e #orldDs !any proble!s> &4e UN 4as adap&i"ely e"ol"ed in&o an e &raordinarilyco!ple neork o+ o"erlapping ins&i&u&ions> so!e o+ #4ic4 6&4e UN '4ildrenDs Fund or UNI'EFor &4e Uni&ed Na&ions Uni"ersi&y> +or e a!ple9 +ul+ill &4eir !ission in par& &4roug4 NGOsB T4as also increasingly co!e &o rely on &4e !any NGOs &4a& are no& under i&s +or!al au&4ori&yB I process> &4e UN 4as beco!e no& one organi8a&ion bu& a decen&rali8ed conglo!era&e o+ coun&co!!i&&ees> bureaus> boards> co!!issions> cen&res> ins&i&u&es> o++ices and agencies sca&&ere&4e globeB

I+ any o+ &4ese "arious uni&s in &4e UNDs #idespread +a!ily occupies a cen&ral role in &UNDs o"erall s&ruc&ure> i& is &4eGe3era1 A--e!"15 B I& is co!posed o+ represen&a&i"es o+ all !e!bers&a&es> eac4 o+ #4ic4 4as one "o&eB Func&ions and po#ers o+ &4e General :sse!bly include issurela&ing &o &4e !ain&enance o+ in&erna&ional peace and securi&yJ pro!o&ion o+ in&erna&ionalcoopera&ionJ de"elop!en& and codi+ica&ion o+ in&erna&ional la#J reali8a&ion o+ 4u!an rig4&s+unda!en&al +reedo!s +or allJ in&erna&ional collabora&ion in econo!ic> social> cul&ural> educa&and 4eal&4 +ieldsJ peace+ul se&&le!en& o+ any si&ua&ionJ considera&ion o+ repor&s +ro! &4e'ouncil and o&4er Uni&ed Na&ions organsJ considera&ion and appro"al o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions buand appor&ion o+ &4e con&ribu&ions a!ong !e!bersB

,1


22/49

T/e Sec.ri 5 Co.3ci1 4as pri!ary responsibili&y> under &4e '4ar&er> +or &4e !ain&enance o+in&erna&ional peace and securi&yB =4en a co!plain& concerning a &4rea& &o peace is broug4& bi&> &4e 'ouncil s +irs& ac&ion is usually &o reco!!end &o &4e par&ies &o &ry &o reac4 agre peace+ul !eansB In so!e cases> &4e 'ouncil i&sel+ under&akes in"es&iga&ion and !edia&ionB I&appoin& special represen&a&i"es or reHues& &4e Secre&ary General &o do so or &o use 4is goodI& !ay se& +or&4 principles +or a peace+ul se&&le!en&B

=4en a dispu&e leads &o +ig4&ing> &4e 'ouncil s +irs& concern is &o bring i& &o an end aas possibleB On !any occasions> &4e 'ouncil 4as issued cease +ire direc&i"es #4ic4 4a"e beenins&ru!en&al in pre"en&ing #ider 4os&ili&iesB I& also sends Uni&ed Na&ions peace keeping +o4elp reduce &ensions in &roubled areas> keep opposing +orces apar& and crea&e condi&ions o+ ca#4ic4 peace+ul se&&le!en&s !ay be soug4&B T4e 'ouncil !ay decide on en+orce!en& !easures>econo!ic sanc&ions 6suc4 as &rade e!bargoes9 or collec&i"e !ili&ary ac&ionB

6Fro! 'B =B World Politicsand &4e o++icial #eb si&e o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions9

Poi3 - 0or di-c.--io3

1B =4a& are &4e UNDs li!i&a&ions in your opinion5,B ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e General :sse!bly s4ould 4a"e #ider co!pe&ences5

B T4e Securi&y 'ouncil consis&s o+ ( per!anen& !e!bers and 10 elec&ed by &4e General :sse!bly +or o year &er!sB ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e lis& o+ per!anen& !e!bes4ould be e &ended5 I+ so> #4ic4 coun&ries s4ould beco!e per!anen& !e!bers o+ &4e Securi&y'ouncil5-B ;o you agree #i&4 &4e s&a&e!en& &4a& &4e UN is unprepared &o con&rol &4e &4rea&s +acinin &4e en&y +irs& cen&ury5 I+ so> #4y5(B ;o &4e UN peace keeping +orces !anage &o secure peace and s&abili&y in &4e #orld5 Gi"e so!e a!plesB

*OCA7ULARY

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-:

NOUN *ER7 AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK li!i& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK e pand KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK represen& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK reduce KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK crea&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

,,


23/49

ac&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK reco!!enda&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK securi&y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK co!plain& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK response KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +reedo! KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ins&i&u&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKcollabora&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK con&ribu&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKin"es&iga&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!edia&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK sanc&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK en+orce!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK appro"al KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 /e -e3 e3ce- "e1o2 2i / a3 appropria e 0or! o0 /e 2ord i3 "racke -:

1B T4e Uni&ed Na&ions 4a"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a series o+ peace !ee&ings beeen &46!edia&ion9,B Federal leaders con&inued &4eir e++or&s &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK a cease+ireB 6securi&y9

B T4ey +inally signed a ne# s&ra&egic ar!s KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK agree!en&B 6reduce9-B Miners 4a"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4a& &4e go"ern!en& did no& +ul+ill &4eir pro!isesB (B T4e c4air!an 4as gi"en 4is KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +or an in"es&iga&ion in&o &4e caseB.B T4is is a "ery KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK class #i&4 plen&y o+ ideasB 6response9)B T4e dea&4s occurred #4en &4e police KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &o s&op #idespread "andalis!B

/B :ll &4e &alk #as abou& &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ nuclear #eaponB 6li!i&9*B T4ey are se& &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK !ore prisoners &4an e"er be+oreB 6+reedo!910B T4e ne# 4ead o+ s&a&e s4ould be elec&ed by /) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB 6represen&9

Fi11 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 2ord o !ake co11oca io3-

NOUN NOUN KKKKKKKKKKKKKK !aking KKKKKKKKKKKKKK rule KKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ +orce

AD9ECTI*E NOUN&roubled KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK cen&ral KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK peace+ul KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK peace keeping KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

*ER7 NOUN

!ake KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK assu!e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +ul+ill KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

,


24/49

crea&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ini&ia&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK



3olland

3ungaryIcelandIranIraHIrelandIsraelI&aly

Aa!aicaAapan


25/49

Re!e!ber &4a& a nu!ber o+ "erbs are no& nor!ally used in &4e con&inuous +or!> bu& so!e o+ &4esecan be used in &4is +or! in cer&ain casesB =e can &4ere+ore say$

)om has been seeing Mary for some time now. # e been thinking it o er.

:n ac&ion #4ic4 began in &4e pas& and is s&ill con&inuing can> #i&4 cer&ain "erbs> be e presseei&4er &4e presen& per+ec& si!ple or &4e presen& per+ec& con&inuousB Verbs #4ic4 can be used

#ay includee pect, learn, lie, li e, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, worketcB

How long ha e your learnt %nglish/ How long ha e you been learning %nglish/

He has slept for ten hours. He has been sleeping for ten hours.

#t has rained for a long time. #t has been raining for a long time.

T4ere is> 4o#e"er> a di++erence beeen a single ac&ion in &4e presen& per+ec& si!ple and an acin &4e presen& per+ec& con&inuousB

6a9 # e polished the car. 6T4e ob 4as been co!ple&ed96b9 # e been polishing the car. 6T4is is 4o# ID"e spen& &4e las& 4ourB9

P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o ei /er Pre-e3 Per0ec Si!p1e or Pre-e3 Per0ec Co3 i3.o.-:

1B T4e co!!i&&ee KKKKKKKKKK 6&ry9 &o +ind an adeHua&e solu&ion +or days> bu& &4ey K6no& do9 i& ye&B,B T4e o girls KKKKKKKKKKK 6c4a&9 +or 4ours and 4ours> and s&ill &4ey KKKKKKKKKano&4er all &4ey #an&edB

B I KKKKKKKKKK 6#ri&e9 &4e repor& on &4e gi"en &opic all !orning> and ye& I KKKKK#ri&e9 e"en a 4al+ o+ i&B-B 3e KKKKKKKKKK 6no& !ake9 any progress al&4oug4 4e KKKKKKKKKKK 6#ork9 in &4is +!on&4sB(B T4ese o &ea!s KKKKKKKKKK 6play9 +or ( !inu&es already> bu& nei&4er KKKKKKKKgoalB.B T4e prices KKKKKKKKKKK 6go up9 since las& year> #4a& KKKKKKKKKKK 6&4ey do9 &o )B T4is +il! KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6run9 +or !on&4s already> bu& I KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no/B I KKKKKKKKKKKK 6dri"e9 &4is car +or years and I KKKKKKKKKK 6no& 4a"e9 any &roubl

*B I KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6&4ink9 i& o"er +or #eeks and s&ill I KKKKKKKKKKK 6no&decisionB

,(


26/49

10B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6pain&9 Ai! s por&rai& +or Hui&e a long &i!e> bu& I belie"e 4e K6no& +inis49 i& ye&B

UNIT T3REE ; ORGANI@ATION OF THE UN& SYSTEM AND

STRUCTUREG@OSS:RY


ac io3 d elo"an e> d ela&nos&> d eloadap i8e15 prilagodl i"oaddre-- 6po8a9ba"i&i se 6Li!e9> oslo"i&i> oslo"l a"a&iappoi3 pos&a"i&i> odredi&iappor io3 podi eli&i> od! eri&i> 6pod9 ednako ra8di eli&ia--.!e preu8e&i> pre&pos&a"i&ia. /ori 5 o"la &en e> odobren e> u&ica > ugled> "las&ca1! !ir> &i ina> spokoco!p1ai3 prigo"or> pri&u ba> alba> &u baco3cer3 s&"ar 6ko a se koga &iLe9> posao> briga> bo a8anco3-idera io3 ra8!a&ran e> ra8!i l an e

,.


27/49

co3 ri". io3 prilog> 6do9prinoscore sr > e8grode-ig3 nacr&> cr&e > slika> oblik di-p. e spor> prepirka> s"aPae!po2er o"las&i&i> opuno!o i&ie30orce!e3 !ea-.re- prisilne ! eree8o18e ra8"i&i 6se9> e"oluira&ie6pa3d pro iri&i> iri&i> po"e a&i0ai1.re neusp e4> neuspio poku a > kra40ig/ i3g sukob> borba0ore-ee pred"id e&i> naslu&i&i> pred"iPa&i0o.3der osni"aL> u&e!el i"aL0.10i1 ispuni&i> i8"r i&i0.3c io3 du nos&> oba"e8a> slu ba> d ela&nos&good o00ice diplo!a&sko posredo"an e> usluge> polo a/o- i1i 5 nepri a&el s&"oi3ade4.ac5 nedoraslos&> nepri! erenos&i3i ia e 8apoLe&i> pokrenu&ii3- r.!e3 a1 kl uLan> 8nala an> "i&alan1i!i a io3 ograniLen e> ograniLa"an eJ granica!ai3 e3a3ce odr a"an e!a=ori 5 "e ina!a3age upra"l a&i> ruko"odi&i> nadgleda&i3ece--ari15 nu no> oba"e8noocc.p5 8au8e&i> 8au8i!a&i> ispun a"a&io00ice preds&a"ni &"o> ured> kancelari a> slu baorigi3a1 pr"obi&ni> i8"ornio. da ed pre"a8iPen> 8as&ario> s&aro!odano8era11 s"eobu4"a&an> s"eukupan> ukupano8er1ap prepli&a&i 6se9> preklapa&i> ukr &a&i> s e ipeace>keepi3g !iro"an> !iro&"oranpo2er 6s9 o"la &en e> u&ica > !opri3cipa1 pr"i> gla"ni> na "a ni i> na "e i> "ode ipri3cip1e naLelo> princip> &e!el

rea1i i8"r a"an e> reali8aci areco!!e3da io3 preporuka

,)


28/49

red.ce s!an i&i> sni8i&ire4.e- 8a4& e"a&i> 8a&ra i&i> 8a!oli&ire-po3-i8e pris&upaLanroo kori en> i8"or> pori eklo-ca ered ra &rkan> rasi an-ec.ri 5 be8b ednos&-e 0or / na"es&i> ra8lo i&i> propisa&i-e 1e!e3 r e a"an e> pora"nan e> pogodba

e3-io3 nape&os&> &r"en ero."1ed pogoPen> proble!a&iLan

.3der ake spro"es&i> oba"e8a&i se> la&i&i se 6Lega9> podu8e&i

.3i od el ak> edinica2ide>ra3gi3g dalekose an> irokog opsega2ide-pread iroko raspros&ran en

UNIT

RE:;ING :N; S%E:


29/49

Na&ions sys&e!B I& is responsible +or pro!o&ing 4ig4er s&andards o+ li"ing> +ull e!ploy!en& econo!ic and social progressJ iden&i+ying solu&ions &o in&erna&ional econo!ic> social and 4ea proble!sJ +acili&a&ing in&erna&ional cul&ural and educa&ional coopera&ionJ and encouraging unirespec& +or 4u!an rig4&s and +unda!en&al +reedo!sB I& 4as &4e po#er &o !ake or ini&ia&e s&udirepor&s on &4ese issuesB I& also 4as &4e po#er &o assis& &4e prepara&ions and organisa&ion in&erna&ional con+erences in &4e econo!ic and social and rela&ed +ields and &o +acili&acoordina&ed +ollo# up &o &4ese con+erencesB

E'OSO' 4as &aken a lead role in key policy areas in recen& yearsB I&s 1*** 4ig4 le"el

seg!en& issued a Mani+es&o on %o"er&y > #4ic4 in !any respec&s an&icipa&ed &4e +or!ula&&4e Millenniu! ;e"elop!en& Goals &4a& #ere appro"ed a& &4e UN Millenniu! Su!!i& in Ne#YorkB

Tr.- ee-/ip Co.3ci1 is one o+ &4e !ain organs o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions and assigned &o i& &&ask o+ super"ising &4e ad!inis&ra&ion o+ Trus& Terri&ories placed under &4e Trus&ees4ip SyMa or goals o+ &4e Sys&e! #ere &o pro!o&e &4e ad"ance!en& o+ &4e in4abi&an&s o+ Trus& Teand &4eir progressi"e de"elop!en& &o#ards sel+ go"ern!en& or independenceB T4e Trus&ees4i'ouncil is !ade up o+ &4e +i"e per!anen& !e!bers o+ &4e Securi&y 'ouncil '4ina> France>Russian Federa&ion> Uni&ed in consul&a&ion #i&4 &4e :d!inis&ering :u&4orie a!ine pe&i&ions +ro! and under&ake periodic and o&4er special !issions &o Trus& Terri&oriesB

T/e I3 er3a io3a1 Co.r o0 9.- ice is &4e principal udicial organ o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ionsBT4e 'our& 4as a dual role$ &o se&&le in accordance #i&4 in&erna&ional la# &4e legal dispu&es sub&o i& by s&a&es> and &o gi"e ad"isory opinions on legal Hues&ions re+erred &o i& by duly au&in&erna&ional organs and agenciesB T4e 'our& is co!posed o+ 1( udges elec&ed &o nine year &er!s o+ o++ice by &4e Uni& Na&ions General :sse!bly and Securi&y 'ouncil si&&ing independen&ly o+ eac4 o&4erB T4e ud!us& possess &4e Huali+ica&ions reHuired in &4eir respec&i"e coun&ries +or appoin&!en& &o &4 udicial o++ices> or be uris&s o+ recogni8ed co!pe&ence in in&erna&ional la#B T4e co!posi&ion 'our& 4as also &o re+lec& &4e !ain +or!s o+ ci"ili8a&ion and &4e principal legal sys&e!s o+ &4e #o T4e 'our& decides in accordance #i&4 in&erna&ional &rea&ies and con"en&ions in +oin&erna&ional cus&o!> general principles o+ la# and> as subsidiary !eans> udicial decisions and &&eac4ings o+ &4e !os& 4ig4ly Huali+ied publicis&sB T4e ad"isory procedure o+ &4e 'our& is open solely &o in&erna&ional organi8a&ionsB T4e bodies a& presen& au&4ori8ed &o reHues& ad"isory opinions o+ &4e 'our& are +i"e organs o+ &4e Na&ions and 1. speciali8ed agencies o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions +a!ilyB

T/e Secre aria an in&erna&ional s&a++ #orking in du&y s&a&ions around &4e #orld ou& &4e di"erse day &o day #ork o+ &4e Organi8a&ionB I& ser"ices &4e o&4er principal orgaUni&ed Na&ions and ad!inis&ers &4e progra!!es and policies laid do#n by &4e!B :& i&s 4ead is &4Secre&ary General #4o is appoin&ed by &4e General :sse!bly on &4e reco!!enda&ion o+ &4eSecuri&y 'ouncil +or a +i"e year> rene#able &er!B

,*


30/49

T4e du&ies carried ou& by &4e Secre&aria& are as "aried as &4e proble!s deal& #i&4 byUni&ed Na&ionsB T4ese range +ro! ad!inis&ering peacekeeping opera&ions &o !edia&inin&erna&ional dispu&es> +ro! sur"eying econo!ic and social &rends and proble!s &o preparings&udies on 4u!an rig4&s and sus&ainable de"elop!en&B Secre&aria& s&a++ also in+or! &4e #co!!unica&ions !edia abou& &4e #ork o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ionsJ organi8e in&erna&ional con+erencissues o+ #orld#ide concern and in&erpre& speec4es and &ransla&e docu!en&s in&o &4e Organi8a&o++icial languagesB

In &4e en&y +irs& cen&ury> &4e UN is likely &o con&inue &o play an ac&i"e role in

bo&4 o+ social and econo!ic en4ance!en& and o+ peace and securi&yB 3o#e"er> &4e prospec&s ++u&ure UN peacekeeping are uncer&ain> and &4e capaci&y +or &4e globeDs !os& po#er+ul IGengineer progress in &4e social and econo!ic real! is also likely &o be se"erely &es&edB

6Fro! &4e o++icial #eb si&e o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ionsand 'B =B World Politics 9

*OCA7ULARY

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-:

NOUN *ER7 AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +or!ula&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +acili&a&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ini&ia&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK repor& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK assis& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK super"ise KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK sub!i& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK possess KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK appoin& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&erpre& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &ransla&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK con&inue KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ser"ice KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK e!ploy!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK solu&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +unc&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ad!inis&ra&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ad"ance!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in4abi&an& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKau&4ori&y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Huali+ica&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK co!posi&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK dispu&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK speec4 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK separa&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ad"isory KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK "aried

Fi11 eac/ gap 2i / o3e o0 /e 0or!- 0ro! a"o8e&

1B T4eir do!es&ic re+or! did no&4ing &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4e proble! o+ une!ploy!en&B,B T4a& is a land !ainly KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK by no!adsB

B T4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e +irs& session a& &4e con+erence is MrB ?ro#nB

0


31/49

-B 3e #as al!os& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #4en 4e 4eard &4e bad ne#sB(B T4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4eir repor&s &o &4e '4ancellor yes&erdayB.B 3e announced &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ a rural de"elop!en& progra!!eB)B I& #ould cer&ainly be #i&4in 4is po#er &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK a police raid like &4a&B/B T4is &e & KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +ro! &4e earlier "ersionsB*B I&Ds &4e coali&ion +orces #4o are &o bla!e +or &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e #arB

10B T4e plan calls +or a cease+ire and &4e UN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e coun&ryB

Make 5o.r o23 -e3 e3ce- .-i3g /e 0o11o2i3g co11oca io3-&

speciali8ed agencies policy reco!!enda&ions key policy areas progressi"e de"elop!en& discuss repor&s under&ake !issions &er! o+ o++ice sus&ainable de"elop!en& play an ac&i"e role engineer progress



%akis&an%ales&ine

%eru%oland%or&ugal

RussiaSco&land

SerbiaSlo"akia

Slo"eniaSpain

SudanS#eden

S#i&8erland

T4ailandTibe&

TunisiaTurkey

1


32/49

T4e U< T4e US:

Vie&na!=ales

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pa- Si!p1e a3d Pa- Co3 i3.o.-

T4e %as& 'on&inuous is c4ie+ly used +or pas& ac&ions #4ic4 con&inued +or so!e &i!eB 3o#e"e&4ere are so!e "arie&ies in i&s useB

:B =4en i& is used #i&4ou& a &i!e e pression i& can indica&e gradual de"elop!en&$

#t was getting darker.)he wind was rising.

?B I& is used +or an ac&ion going on a& a speci+ic &i!e in &4e pas&$

!t eight he was ha ing breakfast.

'B I& is also used +or an ac&ion &4a& #as going on #4en ano&4er ac&ion 4appened$

When # arri ed, )om was talking on the phone.

'o!pare &4is co!bina&ion #i&4 a co!bina&ion o+ o si!ple pas& &enses> #4ic4 nor!ally indica&essuccessi"e ac&ions$

=4en 4e sa# !e 4e pu& &4e recei"er do#nB

;B %as& con&inuous is also used in descrip&ionsB No&e &4e co!bina&ion o+ descrip&ioncon&inuous9 #i&4 narra&i"e 6si!ple pas&9$

! wood fire was burning on the hearth, and a cat was sleeping in front of it. ! girl was playing the piano and was singing softly to herself. Suddenly, there was a knock on thedoor. )he girl stopped playing. )he cat woke up.

EB %as& con&inuous is used +or o parallel ac&ions going on in &4e pas&B So!e&i!es> &4ewhile is used$

While # was reading, she was watching the news.

FB No&e &4a& con&inuous &enses are used only +or apparen&ly con&inuous unin&errup&ed ac&di"ide &4e ac&ion up or say 4o# !any &i!es i& 4appened> #e !us& use &4e si!ple pas&$

# talked to )om se eral times.,


33/49

T/e 0or!- i3 i a1ic- are i3 pa- co3 i3.o.- a3d pa- -i!p1e e3-e-: U3der1i3e /e correc0or!-:

1B S4eworked1was working Huie&ly a& 4er desk #4en suddenly &4e dooropened1was opening and

4er daug4&errushed1was rushing inB,B 3e stood up1was standing up, walked1was walking across &4e roo!> andclosed1was closing &4e#indo#B

B : s&range !anwalked1was walking in&o &4e roo!B 3ewore1was wearing red &rousers and a pinks4ir&B-B Didn2t you meet1Weren2t you meeting your #i+e #4ile youworked1were working in '4ile5(B I saw1was seeing you in &4e park yes&erdayB You sat1were sitting on a benc4 #i&4 your ar! roundTo!B.B :s soon as Iwalked1was walking in&o &4e roo!> 4ehanded1was handing !e &4e le&&erB)B 3is +a&4er #as really angry #i&4 4i! because 4elistened1was listening &o !usic #4ile 4edid1wasdoing 4is 4o!e#orkB/B =4y didn2t they isit1weren2t they isiting !e #4ile &4ey stayed1were staying in @ondon5*B :s 4e passed1was passing &4e bank> a !an in a !askknocked1was knocking 4i! on&o &4e groundB10B =4a&did you write1were you writing #4en you co!pu&ercrashed1was crashing 5

UNIT T3REE ; ORGANI@ATION OF THE UN& SYSTEM ANDSTRUCTURE (II)


34/49

G@OSS:RY


addre-- upu&i&i> oslo"i&i> poyaba"i&i se 6Li!e9ad!i3i- er nadgleda&i> upra"l a&i> ruko"odi&iAd!i3i- eri3gA. /ori 5

Upra"na "las&

ad!i3i- ra io3 upra"l an e> nadgledan e> ruko"oPen ead8a3ce!e3 napredak> unaprePen ead8i-or5 sa" e&oda"an> ko i i!a pra"o da da e sa" e&C!i l en eappoi3 !e3 pos&a"l en e> i!eno"an e

a--ig3 dodi eli&i> odredi&ia ai3 os&"ari&i> pos&i i> dos&i ia. /ori-ed o"la &encapaci 5 sposobnos&> s"o s&"o> nadle nos&> o"la &en ecarr5 o. oba"l a&i> oba"i&i> spro"odi&i> i8"r i&ico!pe e3ce s&ruLnos&> sposobnos&> ! eroda"nos&> nadle nos&co3cer3 in&eres> 8naLa > s&"ar 6ko a se koga &iLe9

coopera io3 saradn a> saraPi"an e> sud elo"an ecoordi3a e uskladi&i> i8 ednaLi&i> koordinira&ic.- o! praksa> obiLa > na"ikadi-c.-- ra8!o&ri&i> raspra"l a&idi8er-e ra8no"rs&an> ra8nolik> ra8liLi&d.15 pra"no> legalno> propisno> "al anod. 5 - a io3 pos&a a> ba8a

e!p1o5!e3 8aposlenos&e3co.rage pods&ica&i> unapri edi&i> po&po!aga&ie3gi3eer upra"l a&i> gradi&ie3/a3ce!e3 unaprePi"an e> po&sp e i"an ee6a!i3e ra8!a&ra&i> ra8!o&ri&i> is&ra i&i> pregleda&i0aci1i a e po&sp e i&i> po!o i> olak a&i> o!ogu i&i0o11o2>.p nas&a"ak ak&i"nos&i 6nakon Lega9

/ig/ 1e8e1 -eg!e3 "isoki preds&a"nik ide3 i05 prepo8na&i> na i> prona i

-


35/49

i3 0orce na sna8ii3/a"i a3 s&ano"nik> i&eli3i ia e pokrenu&i> 8apoLe&ii--.e i8da&i> ob a"i&i

=.ri- pra"nik 1a5 do23 propisa&i> pos&a"i&i> odredi&i!ake .p saLini&i> sas&o a&i seo00ice polo a > +unkci aprogre-- napredak> napredo"an epro-pec budu nos&> perspek&i"a> i8gledra3ge "arira&i> kre&a&i se 6od do9rea1! ra"an> podruL ere0er upu&i&i> pripisa&i> odnosi&i sere1a ed srodan> po"e8anrepor i8" e &are4.ired 8a4& e"an> po&reban-e10>go8er3!e3 sa!oupra"a-er8ice pru a&i usluge> opskrbi&i> odr a"a&i> ser"isira&i-i 8as eda&i> odr a&i s ednicu-o1e15 iskl uLi"o> sa!o> edino- a00 kadar> osobl e-."-idiar5 sporedan> po!o ni> dopunski-.per8i-e nadgleda&i> nad8ira&i-.r8e5 pra&i&i> proc eni&i> anke&ira&i> nadgleda&i> nad8ira&i-.- ai3a"1e odr i"

er! o0 o00ice !anda&e> "ri e!e slu bo"an aTr.- Terri orie- nesa!oupra"ne &eri&ori e> po" ereniLke

&eri&ori eCpodruL a> &eri&ori e pod pokro"i&el s&"o!>s&ara&el ska podruL a

Tr.- ee-/ip Co.3ci1 Sa" e& po" erenika> %o" ereniLki sa" e&> S&ara&el skisa" e&

Tr.- ee-/ip S5- e! %o" ereniLki sis&e!> !ePunarodni sis&e! s&ara&el s&"a.3der ake spro"es&i> "r i&i> podu8i!a&i

U N I T B

RE:;ING :N; S%E:


36/49

GR:MM:R$ %as& %er+ec& Si!ple and 'on&inuous=RITING$ For!s o+ address

READING AND SPEA ING

Read /e e6 a3d 0i3d 2/ic/ o0 /e /ree orga3i &4is organi8a&ion pro&ec&s &4e in&eres&s o+ i&s clien&sB

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS

?eyond &4e UN> li&erally 4undreds o+ o&4er IGOs are ac&i"e in&erna&ionallyB 3ere> #e

brie+ly a& &4ree o+ &4e !os& pro!inen& o+ &4ese o&4er IGOs> all o+ #4ic4 are speciali8ed in+ocus on &4e in&erna&ional poli&ical econo!y$ &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion> &4e =orld ?ank &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary FundB

T/e 'or1d Trade Orga3i


37/49

T4e =orld ?ankDs organi8a&ion consis&s no& only o+ &4e presiden&> bu& also &4ree !anadirec&ors> a General 'ounsel and senior "ice presiden& +or Manage!en& and %ersonnel Ser"ices and+our&een "ice presiden&sB

T4e =orld ?ank opera&es on &4e ideological principles go"erning con&e!poraryin&erna&ional +inance and i&s loan cri&eria are ai!ed a& pro&ec&ing i&s credi&orsD in&eres& banks> i& !us& lend +unds &4a& pro!ise &o !ake a re&urn +or i&s credi&or in"es&or coun&ries in ensure &4eir con&inuing suppor&B S&ill> despi&e i&s increased pace o+ ac&i"i&y> &4e =orld ne"er been able &o !ee& all &4e needs +or +inancial assis&ance o+ &4e de"eloping s&a&esB

de+iciencies o+ &4e =orld ?ank> 4o#e"er> 4a"e been par&ly o++se& by &4e es&ablis4!en& o+ anlending IGO> &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary FundBT/e I3 er3a io3a1 Mo3e ar5 F.3d (IMF) is no# one o+ &4e si &een speciali8ed agencies

#i&4in &4e UN sys&e!B T4e pri!ary purpose o+ &4e IMF is s&abili8ing in&erna&ional !one&e c4ange ra&esB T4is po#er+ul +inancial IGO deri"es i&s opera&ion +unds +ro! i&s !e!ber s&a&'on&ribu&ions 6and &4us "o&ing s&reng&49 are based on a coun&ryDs na&ional inco!e> !onreser"es and &rade balanceB

In addi&ion &o s&abili8inge c4ange ra&es in order &o+acili&a&e in&erna&ional&rade> &4e c4ie+ ai!s o+ &4eIMF> as se& +or&4 in i&s:r&icles o+ :gree!en&>include$ pro!o&ingin&erna&ional !one&arycoopera&ion> +acili&a&ing&4e e pansion o+in&erna&ional &rade>

pro!o&ing e c4ange s&abili&y> es&ablis4ing a !ul&ila&eral sys&e! o+ pay!en&s> +os&ering !e!bcon+idence in &4e IMF> alloca&ing &4e resources a"ailable> s4or&ening &4e dura&ion o+ and re&4e degree o+ diseHuilibriu! in !e!bersD balances o+ pay!en&sB

@ike &4e o&4er !a or IGOs crea&ed by &4e grea& po#ers> &4e IMF is resen&ed by &4 po#er+ul> #4o +ind &4a& &4e IMFDs bene+icial in&en&ions are be&rayed by &4e do!ina&ineHuali&ies i&s progra!s 4a"e caused +or &4e leas& de"eloped coun&ries !os& in needB

6:dap&ed +ro! 'B =B World Politics 9

A3-2er /e 0o11o2i3g 4.e- io3-

1B =4a& is &4e !anda&e and &4e purpose o+ &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion5,B =4a& is &4e presen& goal o+ &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion5

B ;escribe &4e !anage!en& s&ruc&ure o+ &4e =orld ?ankB-B =4a& is &4e !ain principle o+ &4e =orld ?ank regarding lending +unds5(B =4ere does &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary +und deri"e +unds +ro!5.B =4a& are so!e o+ &4e ai!s o+ &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary Fund5)B =4o> in your opinion> are &4ese organi8a&ions do!ina&ed by and #4a& are &4e reasons +or sucsi&ua&ion5/B ;o you kno# o+ any o&4er IGO dealing ac&i"ely in &4e +ield o+ in&erna&ional poli&ical econo!y

*OCA7ULARY

Ma c/ /e 2ord- "e1o2 2i / /eir -53o35!- or e6p1a3a io3-

1B pro!inen& KKKK aB &o !ake people obey a rule o+ la#

)


38/49

,B +ull +ledged KKKK bB a &a on goods co!ing in&o a coun&ry or going ou&o+ a coun&ry

B co!!odi&y KKKK cB co!ple&ely de"eloped> &rained or es&ablis4ed-B en+orce KKKK dB &o gi"e so!eone &4e o++icial rig4& &o do or o#n

so!e&4ing(B ad udica&e KKKK eB &o !ake i& easier +or a process or ac&i"i&y &o

4appen.B &ari++ KKKK +B i!por&an&J so!e&4ing &4a& is large and s&icks ou&

)B "es&ed KKKK gB &o 4elp a skill> +eeling> idea e&cB de"elop o"er a period o+ &i!e/B al&erna&e KKKK 4B a produc& &4a& is boug4& and sold*B loan KKKK iB #i&4 &4e resul& &4a& so!e&4ing else 4appens10B re&urn KKKK B &o o++icially decide #4o is rig4& in a disagree!en&

and decide #4a& s4ould be done11B +acili&a&e KKKK kB &o say publicly or o++icially &4a& so!e&4ing

i!por&an& is &rue or e is&s1,B +os&er KKKK lB an a!oun& o+ !oney &4a& you borro# +ro! a bank 1 B diseHuilibriu! KKKK !B &o go beyond &4e usual li!i&s o+ so!e&4ing1-B proclai! KKKK nB replace!en&1(B &4ereby KKKK oB &4e a!oun& o+ pro+i& &4a& you ge& +ro! so!e&4ing1.B &ranscend KKKK pB a lack o+ balance in so!e&4ing

P. /e proper prepo-i io3 a0 er eac/ o0 /e 0o11o2i3g 8er"-

go KKKKKK arise KKKKKK replace KKKKKK be do!ina&ed KKKKKK

be based KKKKKK 4a"e con+idence KKKKKK be resen&ed KKKKKK

consis& KKKKKK be ai!ed KKKKKK be "es&ed KKKKKK be in c4arge KKKKKK

be speciali8ed KKKKKK be responsible KKKKKK deri"e KKKKKK

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-

NOUN *ER7 AD9ECTI*E&rade KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK loan KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK !anu+ac&ure KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK bene+icialcredi&or KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in"es&or KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +inancial+und KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK pay!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK alloca&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK econo!y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 2ord- /a co11oca eT4ere are !any IGOs &4a& +ocus on in&erna&ional poli&ical econo!yB One o+ &4e! is

&4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion 6=TO9 #4ose decision !aking KKKKKKKKKKKKK is a& &/


39/49

!inis&erial le"elB =TO prac&ically +unc&ions as a cour& as i& is gi"en au&4ori&y &o en+or KKKKKKKKKKKKKK in &4e +ield o+ &rade in !anu+ac&ures and agricul&ural co!!odi&iesB

=TO goals are &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &rade barriers and KKKKKKKKKKKKKs&andards> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &ari++s> deal #i&4 in&ellec&ual KKKKKKKKKK&ranscend &4e e is&ing pa&&erns o+ +ree &rade KKKKKKKKKKKKKKB

:ll &4e po#er in &4e =orld ?ank 6=?9> ano&4er i!por&an& IGO in &4e +ield o+ poli&ical econo!y> is "es&ed in &4e ?oard o+ Go"ernors &4a& delega&e KKKKKKKKKKKKK&4e bankDs opera&ions &o i&s KKKKKKKKKKKKKK boardB T4e bankDs presiden& is se

&4e e ecu&i"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK> bu& 4e canno& "o&e e cep& in si&ua&ions #4en i& &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK a &ie "o&eBT4e loan KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e =? are ai!ed a& pro&ec&ing i

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&eres&sB T4e =? &ries &o ensure a KKKKKKKKKKKKKK scredi&or in"es&or coun&ries> bu& i& canno& !ee& al &4e needs o+ &4e de"eloping coun&rie+inancial KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB

T4e In&erna&ional !one&ary Fund 6IMF9 4as as i&s pri!ary purpose &o s&abili8ein&erna&ional !one&ary KKKKKKKKKKKKK ra&esB I& is +unded by i&s !e!bers s&a&es basis o+ &4eir respec&i"e na&ional inco!es> !one&ary KKKKKKKKKKKKK and &r KKKKKKKKKKKB So!e o+ &4e IMF ac&i"i&ies include KKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e a"aiand reducing &4e degree o+ diseHuilibriu! in !e!bersD KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ pay!en&sB

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pa- Per0ec Si!p1e a3d Co3 i3.o.-

1BPa- per0ec is &4e pas& eHui"alen& o+ &4e presen& per+ec&B

%resen&$ !nn has +ust left. #f you hurry you2ll catch her B%as&$When # arri ed !nn had +ust left B

T4e presen& per+ec& can be used #i&4 sinceC+or e&cB +or an ac&ion #4ic4 began in &4e pas& ancon&inuing or 4as only us& +inis4edB T4e pas& per+ec& can be used si!ilarly +or an ac&ion # began be+ore &4e &i!e o+ speaking in &4e pas& and

6a9 #as s&ill con&inuing a& &4a& &i!e> or 6b9 s&opped a& &4a& &i!e or us& be+ore i&B?u& no&ice &4a& &4e pas& per+ec& can also be used

6c9 +or an ac&ion #4ic4 s&opped so!e &i!e be+ore &4e &i!e o+ speakingB

E a!ples o+ &ypes 6a9> 6b9 and 6c9$

6a9)im was in uniform when # met him. He had been a soldier for ten years and planned to stay in the army till he was thirty B6b9 Peter, who had #ai&ed +or an 4our> #as "ery angry #i&4 4is sis&er #4en s4e e"en&ually&urned upB

6c9 He had ser ed in the army for ten years3 then he retired and married BT4e pas& per+ec& is also &4e pas& eHui"alen& o+ &4e si!ple pas& &ense and is used #4en &4e nasub ec& looks back on earlier ac&ion +ro! a cer&ain poin& in &4e pas&$

*


40/49

He met her in Paris in 4566. He had last seen her ten years before. Her hair had been greythen7 now it was white B Or

He met her in 4586 and again ten years later. Her hair, which had been grey at their firstmeeting, was now white B

?u& i+ #e !erely gi"e &4e e"en&s in &4e order in #4ic4 &4ey occurred> no pas& &ense is necessary$

He met her first in 4586 when her hair was grey. He met her again in 4566. Her hair wasnow white B

,BT/e pa- per0ec co3 i3.o.- bears &4e sa!e rela&ion &o &4e pas& per+ec& as &4e per+ec& con&i bears &o &4e presen& per+ec&B=4en &4e ac&ion began be+ore &4e &i!e o+ speaking in &4e pas& and con&inued up &o &4a& s&opped us& be+ore i&> #e can o+&en use ei&4er +or!$

#t was now si and he was tired because he had worked since dawn. #t was now si and he was tired because he had been working since dawn B

: repea&ed ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& can so!e&i!es be e pressed as a con&inuous ac&ion by &4 per+ec& con&inuous$

He had tried fi e times to get her on the phone. Ha had been trying to get her on the phone.

?u&> &4ere is a di++erence beeen a single ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& si!ple and an ac&ion in & per+ec& con&inuous$

9y si o2clock he had repaired the engine B 6T4is ob 4as been co!ple&ed9B He had been repairing the engine &ells us 4o# 4e 4ad spen& &4e pre"ious 4ourC4al+ 4our e&cBI& does no& &ell us #4e&4er or no& &4e ob #as co!ple&edB

:no&4er di++erence is &4a& an ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& con&inuous con&inues up &o> or b&i!e o+ speaking in &4e pas&B :n ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& !ay occur s4or&ly be+ore &4e speaking> bu& &4ere could be Hui&e a long in&er"al beeen &4e!$

3e 4ad been pain&ing &4e doorB 6T4e pain& #as probably s&ill #e&9 He had painted the door B 6%er4aps recen&ly> per4aps so!e &i!e ago9

P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o /e Pa- Per0ec Si!p1e or Pa- Per0ec Co3 i3.o.-

1B T4e 4o&el &4a& %e&er KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6reco!!end9 #as s!all bu& pre&&yB,B I #as "ery &iredJ I KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#alk9 +or si 4ours #i&4ou& res&ingB

B 3e #as busier &4an 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6e"er be9 in 4is li+eB-B Ao4n kne# &4a& &4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#ai&9 +or 4i! since o o clockB(B 3e 4oped no one kne# #4a& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 64appen9 &o 4i!B.B =e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#alk9 +or 4ours be+ore #e sa# anybodyB)B =4en I arri"ed a& &4e &4ea&re &4e play KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6already begin9B/B I &4oug4& o+ &4e girl I KKKKKKKKKKKK 6!ee&9 &4e day be+oreB

*B 3is +a&4er #as sure &4a& 4e KKKKKKKKKKKK 6gi"e9 &4e rig4& ad"iceB10B =4en I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6lock9 &4e door I #en& &o bedB11B =4en I en&ered s4e go& up +ro! &4e c4air on #4ic4 s4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6si&9 +or o

-0


41/49

1,B I KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#ri&e9 +or 4ours #4en I re!e!bered &4a& I 4ad an appoin&!en&den&is& sB1 B =4en I called a& 4is 4ouse 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6already go9B1-B :+&er s4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6do9 4er 4o!e#ork &4e girl #en& ska&ingB1(B =4en I ca!e in> I no&iced &4a& so!ebody KKKKKKKKKKKK 6lea"e9 a parcel in &4e 4allB1.B ?e+ore 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6read9 e"en 4al+ o+ &4e book> 4e insis&ed 4e didn & like i&

1)B =4en I reac4ed &4e s&a&ion> &4e &rain KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6lea"e9 alreadyB1/B =4en &4ey re&urned &4ey &old us #4a& &4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6see9 in @ondonB1*B =4a& KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6you do9 be+ore you ca!e 4ere5,0B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6spend9 so!e years in &4a& place> so 4e could gi"e us all &4e nin+or!a&ionB

UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGROFACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

ENGLISH FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE III ; Mid er! Te- 6!ock &es&9

S&uden& Inde noB;epar&!en& %oin&s ?$ C

I Read /e 0o11o2i3g e6 a3d do /e e6erci-e- "e1o2:

;is&inguis4ing !eaning+ul &rans+or!a&ion +ro! &e!porary c4anges is di++icul&B T4!o!en& o+ &rans+or!a&ion +ro! one sys&e! &o ano&4er is no& i!!edia&ely ob"iousB S&cer&ain &i!es are especially likely candida&esB Ma or &urning poin&s in #orld poliusually 4a"e occurred a& &4e ends o+ !a or #ars> #4ic4 &ypically disrup& or des&r pree is&ing in&erna&ional arrange!en&sB In &4e en&ie&4 cen&ury> =orld =ars Iand &4e end o+ &4e 'old =ar s&i!ula&ed +unda!en&al breaks #i&4 &4e pas& and se!o&ion !a or &rans+or!a&ions> pro"iding coun&ries #i&4 incen&i"es &o re&4ink seri&4e pre!ises underlying &4eir in&eres&s> purposes and priori&iesB Si!ilarly> !aconcluded &4a& &4e &erroris& a&&acks on Sep&e!ber 11> ,001 produced a +unda!&rans+or!a&ion in #orld a++airsB Indeed> !any +el& &4a& *C11 c4anged e"ery&4ing> +ore"er$ in US %residen& George =B ?us4Ds #ords Nig4& +ell on a di++eren& #oradding la&er T4is is our li+e no#BBB T4is ba&&leDs us& begunB

Sa5 2/e /er /e 0o11o2i3g - a e!e3 - are r.e (T) or 0a1-e (F):

1B I& is di++icul& &o no&ice c4anges +ro! one sys&e! &o ano&4erB BB,B T4e bigges& c4anges 4appen a+&er big #arsB BB

Fi3d /e 2ord- i3 /e e6 /a !ea3 /e 0o11o2i3g&

B dis&urb or dras&ically al&er-B recogni8e> s4o# or &rea& as di++eren& (B las&ing +or a li!i&ed period o+ &i!e

-1


42/49

Fi11 i3 /e !i--i3g 0or!- o0 /e gi8e3 2ord-&

II Make -e3 e3ce- .-i3g /e 0o11o2i3g e6pre--io3-&

1B e&4nic con+lic&

,B co!!on end

III Tra3-1a e /e 0o11o2i3g -e3 e3ce- i3 o E3g1i-/&

%$

NOUN *ER7 AD9ECTI*E

des&roy

priori&yconclude

di++eren&c4ange

B

-,


43/49

1B e!l e u s"i e&u se pribli a"a u kro8 ko!unikaci u> ide e i &rgo"inu> s ob8iro! dain&egraci a nacionalni4 ekono!i a s&"orila globalno &r i &eB

,B I B6#ai&9 +or al!os& , 4oursB(B B 6you prepare9 &4e repor& ye&5 I B 6+inis49 a par& o+ i& las& nig4&> bu& I B 6nori&e9 &4e conclusion ye&B

%$

-


44/49

7: Eac/ "1a3k i3 /e e6 -/o.1d "e 0i11ed 2i / /e correc a3-2er (a, ", c or d) gi8e3"e1o2: P. 5o.r a3-2er- i3 /e grid:

In in&erpre&ing &4e spec&acular 619 o+ IGOs keep in !ind &4a& iden&i+ying &4e ac&ors is no& easyB In principle> IGOs are de+ined no& only by &4e +ac& &4a&

!e!bers are &4e go"ern!en&s o+ s&a&es> bu& by &4eir per!anence and 6 9 organi8a&ioIGOs !ee& a& rela&i"ely regular in&er"als and 4a"e speci+ied procedures +or 6-9 decisions and a per!anen& secre&aria& or 4eadHuar&ers s&a++B I+ &4ese de+ini&ional cri&eriaan addi&ional ->*0) in&erna&ional bodies #ould Huali+y +or 6(9 as IGO> as #ould !ore&4an -)>0*/ o&4er nongo"ern!en&al associa&ionsB T4e "arie&y 6.9 &4e organi8a&ioneac4 subca&egory is grea&B N:TO> +or e a!ple> is pri!arily a !ili&ary alliance> #4ile o&4ers pro bo&4 6)9 and de"elop!en& and de!ocra&ic re+or!sB NGOs 6/9 #idelyB;ue &o &4eir nu!ber and 6*9 > &4ey are e"en !ore di++icul& &4an IGOs &o classi+yB percen& o+ &4e! are 6109 orien&edB

1B aB gro# bB gre#ing cB gro#&4 dB gre#&4,B aB nons&a&e bB uns&a&e cB o++s&a&e dB des&a&e

B aB ins&i&u&ion bB ins&i&u&ioned cB ins&i&u&ional dB ins&i&u-B aB !ake bB !aking cB !ade dB 4a"e !ade(B aB include bB inclusion cB inclusing dB inclisa&ion.B aB beeen bB #i&4 cB o+ dB a!ong)B aB econo!ic bB econo!y cB econo!ical dB econo!is&/B aB di++erence bB di++er cB di++eren& dB di++eren&ia&e*B aB "aria&ion bB nu!erous cB di"ersi&y dB grea&ness10B aB region bB regional cB regionali8ed dB regionally

C: Fi11 i3 /e !i--i3g 0or!-:

D: Tra3-1a e /e 0o11o2i3g p/ra-e-&

a9 resol"e dispu&es BB b9 !a&erial gain BB

#$

1B ,B B -B (B .B )B /B *B 10

B

COUNTRY AD9ECTI*E PERSON

Ireland

Mon&enegro NigeriaRussiaSerbia

B

--


45/49

c9 sel+ de&er!ina&ion o+ peoples BBd9 an&icipa&e c4anges BBe9 encourage respec& +or 4u!an rig4&s

BB

E: Tra3-1a e /e 0o11o2i3g -e3 e3ce- i3 o E3g1i-/&

1B Neka od ograniLen a UN preds&a"l a u i naLini na ko i su organi8o"ane> &o e re8ul&aa!bicio8ni4 i dalekose ni4 cil e"aB

B

B

B,B Tri na is&aknu&i e !ePu"ladine organi8aci e u s"i e&u ko e se ba"e ekono!ski! pi&an iS" e&ska &rogo"inska organi8aci a> S" e&ska banka i MePunarodni !one&arni +ond> i o"e isorgani8aci e 8naLa no su doprini ele s" e&sko! ra8"o uB

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FPN I Semestar (1)

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