Fourier Transform Infrared Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) (FTIR)

SpectrometerSpectrometerSubhashree MishraSubhashree Mishra

ATMS Grad Student, UNRATMS Grad Student, UNR

W. P. ArnottW. P. ArnottPhysics, UNRPhysics, UNR

Introduction to Atmospheric Instrumentation (ATMS 360)

University of Nevada Reno

Energy Levels: Basic IdeasEnergy Levels: Basic Ideas

About 15 micron radiationBasic Global Warming: The C02 dance …

Wavelength and WavenumberWavelength and Wavenumber Wavelength = 1 / WavenumberWavelength = 1 / Wavenumber For the IR, wavelength is in microns.For the IR, wavelength is in microns. Wavenumber is typically in 1/cm, or cmWavenumber is typically in 1/cm, or cm -1-1.. 5 microns corresponds to 2000 cm5 microns corresponds to 2000 cm-1-1.. 20 microns corresponds to 500 cm20 microns corresponds to 500 cm-1-1..

15 microns corresponds to 667 cm15 microns corresponds to 667 cm-1-1. Much . Much ‘terrestrial’ IR energy at the wavenumber.‘terrestrial’ IR energy at the wavenumber.

Carbon Dioxide ConcentrationCarbon Dioxide Concentration

Example Problem: Example Problem: InstantlyInstantly Double CO2 Concentration. Double CO2 Concentration.What is the effect on the infrared spectrum at the surface?What is the effect on the infrared spectrum at the surface?

Consequence: The Earth’s surface warms because of the additional IR comingto the surface from the Atmosphere.

Example Problem: Example Problem: InstantlyInstantly Double CO2 Concentration. Double CO2 Concentration.What is the effect on the infrared spectrum from space?What is the effect on the infrared spectrum from space?

TeB(Te)

Satellite with FTIR Looking Down

Consequence: The less IR radiation escapes to space when the atmosphere has 800 ppmCO2 because the atmosphere is less transparent to IR emitted by the Earth’s surface. TheEarth’s surface temperature must increase to again balance the outgoing IR with the incoming solar radiation.

LEDs As DetectorsLEDs As Detectors

Each photon with enough energy will normally free exactly one electron, and result in a free hole as well. If this happens close enough to the electric field, or if free electron and free hole happen to wander into its range of influence, the field will send the electron to the N side and the hole to the P side. This causes further disruption of electrical neutrality, and if we provide an external current path, electrons will flow through the path to their original side (the P side) to unite with holes that the electric field sent there, doing work for us along the way. The electron flow provides the current, and the cell's electric field causes a voltage. With both current and voltage, we have power, which is the product of the two.

From http://science.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell3.htm

LEDs As Detectors: Thermal NoiseLEDs As Detectors: Thermal Noise

FTIRs Often Use MCT Detectors: FTIRs Often Use MCT Detectors: Mercury Cadmium TellurideMercury Cadmium Telluride

HgCdTe or Mercury cadmium telluride (also Cadmium Mercury Telluride, MCT or CMT) is an alloy of CdTe and HgTe and is sometimes claimed to be the third semiconductor of technological importance after Silicon and Gallium(III) arsenide. The amount of cadmium (Cd) in the alloy (the alloy composition) can be chosen so as to tune the optical absorption of the material to the desired infrared wavelength.(from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride)

OutlineOutline

Introduction Theory Design Applications Measurements Discussions

What is a FTIR Spectrometer?What is a FTIR Spectrometer? A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure

properties of light over a specific portion of the properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, 5 microns to 20 microns.electromagnetic spectrum, 5 microns to 20 microns.

FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) spectrometer is a obtains FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) spectrometer is a obtains an infrared spectra by first collecting an interferogram of a an infrared spectra by first collecting an interferogram of a sample signal using an interferometer, then performs a Fourier sample signal using an interferometer, then performs a Fourier Transform on the interferogram to obtain the spectrum. Transform on the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.

An interferometer is an instrument that uses the technique of An interferometer is an instrument that uses the technique of superimposing (interfering) two or more waves, to detect superimposing (interfering) two or more waves, to detect differences between them. The FTIR spectrometer uses a differences between them. The FTIR spectrometer uses a Michelson interferometer.

FOURIER TRANSFORMS Fourier transform defines a relationship between a Fourier transform defines a relationship between a

signal in time domain and its representation in signal in time domain and its representation in frequency domain. frequency domain.

Being a transform, no information is created or lost in Being a transform, no information is created or lost in the process, so the original signal can be recovered the process, so the original signal can be recovered from the Fourier transform and vice versa. from the Fourier transform and vice versa.

The Fourier transform of a signal is a continuous The Fourier transform of a signal is a continuous complex valued signal capable of representing real complex valued signal capable of representing real valued or complex valued continuous time signals. valued or complex valued continuous time signals.

Fourier Transforms cont. The Continuous Fourier Transform, for use on continuous The Continuous Fourier Transform, for use on continuous

signals, is defined as follows:signals, is defined as follows:

And the Inverse Continuous Fourier Transform, which allows And the Inverse Continuous Fourier Transform, which allows you to go from the spectrum back to the signal, is defined as:you to go from the spectrum back to the signal, is defined as:

F(w) is the spectrum, where w represents the frequency, and F(w) is the spectrum, where w represents the frequency, and f(x) is the signal in the time where x represents the time. i is f(x) is the signal in the time where x represents the time. i is sqrt(-1), see complex number theory. sqrt(-1), see complex number theory.

Fourier Transforms cont. A computer can only work with finite discrete signals, not A computer can only work with finite discrete signals, not

with continuous signals. Thus, we need to define the Discrete with continuous signals. Thus, we need to define the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).Fourier Transform (DFT).

In DFT, the infinite borders of the integrals can be replaced by In DFT, the infinite borders of the integrals can be replaced by finite ones, and the integral symbol can be replaced by a sum. finite ones, and the integral symbol can be replaced by a sum. So the DFT is defined as: So the DFT is defined as:

And the inverse DFT is defined as:And the inverse DFT is defined as:

FTIR Theory

The spectrometer described here is a modified Bomem MB-100 FTIR.

The heart of the FTIR is a Michelson interferometer (figure 2). The mirror moves at a fixed rate. Its position is determined

accurately by counting the interference fringes of a collocated Helium-Neon laser.

The Michelson interferometer splits a beam of radiation into two paths having different lengths, and then recombines them.

A detector measures the intensity variations of the exit beam as a function of path difference.

A monochromatic source would show a simple sine wave of intensity at the detector due to constructive and destructive interference as the path length changes (refer figure 3).

In the general case, a superposition of wavelengths enter spectrometer, and the detector indicates the sum of the sine waves added together.

Figure 3 shows some idealized light sources, and the interferograms that they would theoretically produce.

The difference in path length for the radiation is known as the retardation d (OM = OF + d) in figure 1 and 2.

When the retardation is zero, the detector sees a maximum because all wavenumbers of radiation add constructively.

When the retardation is l/2, the detector sees a minimum for the wavelength l. An interferogram is the sum of all of the wavenumber intensities.

Figure 1.

Schematic of Michelson Interferometer

Source: MS thesis submitted by Carl George Schmitt, UNR , 1998.Source: MS thesis submitted by Carl George Schmitt, UNR , 1998.

Figure 2.

Wave InterferenceWave Interference

Sample interferograms and their theoretical source intensity Sample interferograms and their theoretical source intensity

Source: MS thesis submitted by Carl George Schmitt, UNR , Source: MS thesis submitted by Carl George Schmitt, UNR , 1998. 1998.

Figure 3.

Calibration of the FTIR spectrometer

Source: MS thesis submitted by Carl George Schmitt, UNR , 1998.Source: MS thesis submitted by Carl George Schmitt, UNR , 1998.

The spectrometer produces a complex voltage at each wavenumber. A linear model for the spectrometer response is assumed, where A is an instrument offset, and C is a scaling factor,

V= A+CI (1) If the spectrometer views a perfect blackbody, Eq. (1) gives

V = A+ CBT (2)where BT is the Planck emission curve for a blackbody of temperature T.

The two unknowns (A and C) can be determined from blackbody measurements at two different temperatures,

V1 = A+ CBT1

V2 = A+ CBT2

Solving for the unknowns yields

C = (V1-V2)/(BT1-BT2)

and A = {V1(BT1-BT2)-BT1 (V1-V2)}/(BT1-BT2)

Returning to Eq (1), The FTIR voltage of another target (Vtarget) is related to the target radiance (Itarget) by

Itarget=[(BT1-BT2)Vtarget–BT1V2+BT2V1]/(V1-V2)

Thus, with measurements of blackbodies at two temperatures, the calibrated radiance from a target (cloud) can be determined.

APPLICATIONS Identification of inorganic compounds and organic Identification of inorganic compounds and organic

compoundscompounds Identification of components of an unknown mixture Identification of components of an unknown mixture Analysis of solids, liquids, and gasses Analysis of solids, liquids, and gasses In remote sensingIn remote sensing In measurement and analysis of Atmospheric SpectraIn measurement and analysis of Atmospheric Spectra

- Solar irradiance at any point on earth- Solar irradiance at any point on earth- Longwave/terrestrial radiation spectra- Longwave/terrestrial radiation spectra

Can also be used on satellites to probe the spaceCan also be used on satellites to probe the space

Source : UV thoughts from Source : UV thoughts from

http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/publications/uvb_primer.pdfhttp://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/publications/uvb_primer.pdf

MODIS Solar IrradianceMODIS Solar Irradiance Source : Source :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MODIS_ATM_solar_irradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MODIS_ATM_solar_irradiance.jpgiance.jpg

Theoretical IR cross sections for absorption in the wavenumber range Theoretical IR cross sections for absorption in the wavenumber range most relevant to longwave (terrestrial) radiation.most relevant to longwave (terrestrial) radiation. Source : Source : http://www.patarnott.com/atms749/Theoreticahttp://www.patarnott.com/atms749/TheoreticalSpectraIR.htmlSpectraIR.htm

Measurement Example from RenoMeasurement Example from Reno