Foundations of the 19 th Century

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Foundations of the 19 th Century. First Treaty of Paris, May 1814. Bourbons restored to the throne of France In the form of Louis XVIII. 2. France made to give-up all of its Conquests after 1792. 3. France regained most of its overseas Colonies lost in the wars. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Foundations of the 19 th Century

Page 1: Foundations of the 19 th Century

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LOGO Foundations of the 19th Century

Page 2: Foundations of the 19 th Century

First Treaty of Paris, May 1814

1. Bourbons restored to the throne of FranceIn the form of Louis XVIII

2. France made to give-up all of its Conquests after 1792

3. France regained most of its overseasColonies lost in the wars.

4. France was not required to pay anIndemnity.

Louis XVIII

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The Hundred Days

Napoleon decides to attack the allies in

Belgium.The British

under Wellington

& the Prussians under Blucher

defeat Napoleon at Waterloo on

June 18, 1815.

Louis XVIII flees France to save

himself.Napoleon promises

new progressive

reforms and not to

return to conquests.Allies don’t believe him and begin to

move against him.

Napoleon leaves Elba & lands

in Southern France on March 1 1815.

The Army rallies around him.

March 20th he enters Paris in

triumph.

Return Rule Waterloo

The Allies again send Napoleon into exile, this time on St.

Helena in the South

AtlanticHe dies there in

1821.

Exile

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The Congress of Vienna

1. Prevent France from pursuing further wars of aggression

2. Restore a balance of power inEurope with equality among states

3. Principle of Legitimacy – returnTo pre-revolution status quo. 4. Allies were to be rewarded for Victory and those defeated had To be punished.

Congress met from September 1814 to June 1815.

Great powers (Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and France) dominated the proceedings.

Goals:

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Statesmen at the Congress1. Prince Klemens von Metternich

- Austria’s foreign minister- Strong conservative advocate.

2. Viscount Castlereagh of Britain - Supported Metternich

3. Tsar Alexander I of Russia - Agreed with allies, pushed for control of Poland

4. Prince Karl von Hardenberg - Represented Prussia

5. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand- Represented France

Metternich

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Klemens von Metternich

• Conservative statesman who considered liberalism and nationalism a great threat.

• Advocated intervention in any country to keep the conservative order in place.

• In 1819, Metternich issued to Carlsbad Decrees. These measures suppressed nationalist movements in German states and placed severe restrictions on universities.

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Agreements

1. Principle of Legitimacy upheld.- Bourbons returned to power.

2. Holy Roman Empire was not Recreated – German Confederation

3. Britain and Austria oppose the Plan proposed by Prussia & RussiaOver Poland and Saxony.

4. Russia and Prussia back downEach gets smaller amount of land.

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Territorial Settlement

Russia Prussia Austria Britain

Russia gained land in Poland and retained Finland

Acquired 2/5 of Saxony and territory in the Rhineland

Lost Belgium to the Netherlands, gained land in Italy

Acquired Cape Colony, Ceylon, Trinidad and Tobago and Malta

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Second Treaty of Paris

1. Following Napoleon’s final defeat the Allies imposed a more Severe settlement on France

2. France was reduced to the borders of 1790.

3. French required to pay anIndemnity of 700 million francs toAllies.

4. Allies occupied 17 French fortsFor 5 years.

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Europe after Congress of Vienna 1815

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The Alliance System

Great Britain

PrussiaRussia

Austria

France

Concert of Europe

1. The Holy Alliance- Russia, Prussia & Austria allied on “Christian” Principles

2. Quadruple Alliance - With the addition of Britain, maintained alliance that fought France

3. Concert of Europe - Designed to maintain the system devised at the Congress of Vienna

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Independence MovementsOpposition to the Restored Order

Revolt against Turkish rule in Greece – leads to independence in 1829

Revolts in Latin America lead to independence of most nations

Belgium received independence from Holland after revolt in 1830.

Revolts in Spain and Italy for liberal reforms, crushed by French & Austrians

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Industrialization in Europe -Iron and Coal

• The extraction and refinement of coal and iron in the early 19th century made new industrial production possible.

• Iron was the best metal for making machinery

• Coal was the best power source in light of reduced availability of timber.

• The puddling process used coke to create better quality iron.

• Britain had significant coal and iron deposits.

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The Steam Engine

• The steam engine had been used in mining since the middle 18th century.

• More efficient steam engines expanded the use of steam power.

• Steam power was an essential part of the blast furnace for iron smelting.

• James Watt increased the efficiency and design of steam engines, making them feasible for use in transportation,

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Transportation

• Road and canal building in Great Britain and on the continent in the early 19th century was a major government expenditure and undertaking.

• Roads and canals linked the coal and iron fields with ports and manufacturing centers, allowing the materials to be processed.

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Railroads

• The development of steam engines and better quality iron led to the development of railroads.

• George Stephenson was the first to produce an economically viable locomotive in 1825.

• Railroads soon spread across Britain and Europe.

• By 1870, European railroad mileage totaled almost 900,000 miles

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Effects of the Wars

• Britain’s lead in industrialization increased in the period between 1789 and 1815.

• Britain’s insular position and connections to the rest of the world continued the industrial process, while chaos on the continent slowed it.

• The debt and change of the post-war years led to a slow return to economic growth.

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Industrialization spreads

• In the years after 1815, industrialization spread more extensively to the continent.

• This was seen primarily in Belgium, Western Germany, Northern France and the Netherlands.

• This was due to the availability of natural resources, trade networks, and new free market policies that developed during the Revolution and Napoleonic periods.

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Social Effects of Industrialization

• The movement of weaving and other industries to factories changed the economic and social landscape.

• Production occurred on a massive scale and led to the mass migration of people to cities.

• Differentiation (in division of labor, class, or government) had a significant impact on social relationships.

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The Family

• Family roles changed due to the changes occurring and varied among classes.

• More women and children were found in the workplace as the need for unskilled labor rose (leaving skilled men unemployed).

• Development of “middle class values” during this period influenced the views of work and of women’s roles in contrast to working class and aristocratic ideas.

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Standard of Living

• Wealth grew dramatically during the early 19th century, but the middle and upper classes benefited the most.

• Living conditions in the factory towns were often deplorable and overcrowded.

• Cyclical unemployment kept many families on the brink of starvation.

• Even so, standards of living did start to rise by mid-century due to economic stabilization and business reforms.


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