Foundations: 8000 B.C.E.- 600 C.E. AP World History.

Foundations: 8000 B.C.E.- 600 C.E.

AP World History

The Bookends 8000 BCE – 600 BCE

8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture and its spread to the four “River Valley Civilizations” (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Huang He valley)

600 BCE marks the end of the Complex Civilizations and the beginning of the Classical Empires

Themes

Interaction and Exchange

Urbanization

Nomadic Peoples

The Big Thematic picture

Technological and Environmental Transformations

Big Geography and Peopling of the EarthThe Neolithic Revolutions (Agricultural Transformation) and Early Agricultural SocietiesThe Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

Big Geography and Peopling of the Earth

Archeological evidence indicates during the Paleolithic Era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from East Africa to other areas adapting their technology and cultures to new climates and regions.

Used Fire in new ways

Developed a wider range of tools

Economics focused on small kinship groups that could make what they needed but also exchanged people, ideas and goods.

Some Things to Remember

The discovery/use of agriculture and surpluses of food quickened the pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary civilizationsAs sedentary civilizations developed, social structures and gender roles cemented.Civilizations became more complex and structured as time moved on.

Neolithic Revolution

Early modern humans seemed to have developed farming over time, dropping seeds one year and then harvesting the “crops” the next. This led to settled, formal farmingDomestication and breeding of Animals was also an important inventionSome humans decided to settle in villages and soon were able to create a surplus of food. This lead to diversification of labor, the creation of governmental structures, and the payment of taxes! Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and move with their animal herds

Rise of Agriculture

Spontaneous separate development – why, where and when?

Diffusion of specific plants and techniques

Birth of New Technologies

Fire

Bronze

Iron

Technology

Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then Iron. These increasingly harder metals aided agriculture tremendously. They also provided increasingly sophisticated weapons.Wheel- first used by the Sumerians proved helpful in agriculture, trade, and warfareHydrological technology- waterwheels, windmills, aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the water needs of large populations as well as the irrigation required in drier areas.

Demography

World’s population increased rapidly with the advent of farming and domesticated animals. Waves of diseases “plagues” increase in frequency with increased population density

What is a Civilization?

Origins of term-

Standard criteria:

Use of term?

Civilizations?

Social and Gender Structures

Ownership of land signified power

Kings were usually divine and had absolute power

Religions emerge (Vedic, Hebrew, Zoroastrianism)

Gender roles emerged as farming expanded. Men worked in the fields while women stayed in the house.

Who’s Your Daddy phenomenon. Women lost power.

Religion cements and justifies social and gender structures

Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

Monumental architecture- Kings “show off” their power by building big buildings for either themselves or the state’s religion


Writing -as record-keeping becomes paramount, writing develops


Literature as an expression of culture and values.


Art and Artisanship

Structure and Function of State

First- relatively small states. “City-states”Then- large Coercive tribute empires. Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus allows for large armies.

Trade- Can’t live without it!

Trade, especially over land, is important.Begins as relatively informal networks.Expands from local, to regional, to transregional.Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in development of long-distance trade.

Movement of people

Bantu Migration across AfricaIron

Agriculture methods

Language

Polynesian migration across Pacific OceanTake seedlings and animals

Population

Demography-

What factors influence population growth and decline?

Role of Climate and Geography in Early Societies

Imagine how were early societies may have been affected.

How do you think early peoples responded?

What difference would geography make in the long term development of a society?

Environmental Impact

Use of water resources

Clearing of land

Use of building materials

Roads

Use of fuel materials

Animals, disease

Mining

Early Societies

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Indus

Shang

Mesoamerica and Andean South America

River Valley CivilizationsMesopotamia

Tigris, Euphrates = Fertile Crescent

Sumer, Babylon, Persia

Unpredictable flooding

Sumer: The first

Successful agriculture, river managementWriting, cuneiformsUse of wheel12 month calendar, base 60, geometryPolytheisticZigguratsUr, Erech, Kish 3000 BCEOverthrown by Akkadians 1700 BCE

Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to Babylon

Overthrew Akkadians 1700 BCE

Hammurabi, Code of Law

Fell to Kassites, then Hittites 1500 BCE

Hittites-iron, then fell to

Assyrians-organized, cruel, Nineveh, exiles, cultural diffusion

Conquered by Medes, Chaldeans, rebuilt Babylon

Persian Immersion

By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to Afghanistan

Great Royal Road, 1600 miles

Transportation, Communication

Multi-cultural Empire, Tolerance

Smaller Civilizations co-existedLydians-coined money

Phoenicians-22-letter alphabet (adopted by Greeks), naval power

Hebrews-Judaism, monotheism - Codified

Walk Like an Egyptian

Rich soil, gentle flooding

•3 Kingdoms

•water management, pyramids, astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar, gold, spices

•Polytheistic

•Women rulers, buy, sell property, inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men

• Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves

•Conquered by (1100 BCE) Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Islam, Ottomans, Euros

Comparison of Egypt and Mesopotamia

Egypt

Predictable flood

Mesopotamia

Irregular flooding

Hyksos

ChariotsCompound bows

Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE

Outside contact more limitedKyber Pass connection to outsideHarrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ eachMaster-planned, water system, strong central gov’t, polytheistic, written languagePottery, cotton, clothCities abandoned, reason unknownAryans arrive 1500 BCE

Aryans

From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea

Nomads who settled

Vedas, Upanashads basis for Hinduism

Caste system

warriors, priests, peasants

later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests), warriors, landowners-merchants, peasants, untouchables (out castes)

China: Shang on the Hwang

Shang: 1600-1100 BCE

Stable agri-surplus, trade-centeredN. China, walled cities, strong army, chariots“The Middle Kingdom” World ViewTrade with MesopotamiaBronze, pottery, silk, decimal system, calendarPatriarchal, ancestors as advocates w/the gods

It’s Zhou Time

Replaced Shang around 1100 BCE

Ruled 900 years, kept customs, traditions

Mandate of Heaven

Feudal system, nobles gained, bureaucracies, war amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCE

Exceptions to the Rule

Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendar, monumental building

The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth, no contact

The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No major river to use as transportation or generator of agri-production

Nomadic Peoples

Hunting-gathering lifestyle (!Kung people)

Labor/ leisure

Population growth

Gender relations

Early Societies

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Indus

Shang

Mesoamerica and Andean South America

Shared Features

Unique characteristics

Urbanization

Comparisons between urban, pastoral and nomadic life

The Bookends 600 BCE – 600 CE600 BCE marks the end of the Complex

Civilizations and the beginning of the Classical Empires

600 CE marks the end of the last of the Classical Empires

Themes

Axial Age

Empires

Spread of Religion

The Classics: India-China

4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE

IndiaMaurya

Gupta

ChinaQ’in

Han

Empire Building

What does an empire require?

What do its subjects expect?

Symbols of legitimacy

Axial Age

time between approximately 900 - 200 BCE when “The spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently and these are the foundations upon which humanity still subsists today.”

It was a pivotal time in early human history when human beings began to reflect for the first time about individual existence, and the meaning of life and death.

Increasing urban civilization initially brought about under the leadership of a priestly ruling class, encouraged trade and brought different societies closer together. But, as urban life accelerated and expanded, it disrupted the old sense of order. In addition, this new way of living generated unprecedented social and political conflict and an increase in violence and aggression.

Old customs could no longer be taken for granted. People began to question their own beliefs once they came into contact with others whose beliefs were different. They were challenged to look at themselves in different ways and entertain new ideas or cling steadfastly to their old ones.

Plus the increase in population and the mixing of cultures exposed more people to the realities of life, such as, sickness, greed, suffering, inhumanity and social injustice. As a result of all this, people began to experience themselves as separate from others for the very first time.

The idea of the self brought with it the problem of what happens to the self after death. In answer to this, people began searching for more comprehensive religious and ethical concepts, and to formulate a more enlightened morality where each person was responsible for his own destiny. So, between approximately 900 and 200 BCE, a new mode of thinking developed almost simultaneously in four distinct areas of the world.

Axial Age Thinkers

Classical SocietiesAxial age-

Why then?

Results: ReligionPoliticsSocial StructureGender relations

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions

Codification and development of existing religions and traditions provided a bond among people and a code to live by.Development of monotheism.Jewish Diaspora Core beliefs outlined in religious texts—

Vedics/Hinduism.

New Belief Systems and Cultural traditions emerged and spread often asserting universal

truthsEmergence of salvation religions

Christianity and BuddhismEmergence of Confucianism promotes social harmonyDaoism promotes balance between humans and

nature. Also influence Chinese culture—medicine, poetry, architecture.

Core ideas in Greco-Roman philosophy and science emphasize logic, nature of political power.

Other religions and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified, written beliefs in core

civilizations

Shamanism and animism continue to shape lives outside the core civilizations.

Ancestor veneration persist in many regionsAfricaEast AsiaAndean Areas

Diffusion of Belief Systems

Belief Systems through 600 CE

PolytheismConfucianismDaoismLegalismHinduismBuddhismJudaismChristianity

Commonalities

Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sects

Consider social, political, cultural, military impacts as well as theological and philosophical

Where did it start? Where did he spread? How?

Origins of World Belief Systems

Polytheism

Polytheism

Majority of ancient civs

Through 600 CE all Med and Mesop Civs were poly. Exceptions were Hebrews and Christians

In the East, all were poly; Aryans, Hindus, traditional Chinese, Daoists, some Buddhists, Americas, Africa

The Deity Details

Multiple gods, may be good or bad

Deities impact daily life

Human attributes (Grk-Rom)

Egypt: Benevolent and kind

Sumer, Aztec: Feared, to be appeased

The Big Deal?

major impact on civ development

Art & architecture

Ritual based

Rise of priestly class

Rigid social structures

Gods for culture as whole, city-state as well: rise and fall seen as battle of gods as well as city-states


Hinduism

Hinduism

Aryans, and empires of Indian subcontinent

Brahma-supreme forceGods are manifestations of Brahma

• Vishnu-preserver

• Shiva-destroyer

ReincarnationDharma: rules and obligations

Karma: fate based on how dharma was met

Moshka: highest state of being, release of soul

The Big Deal?

Religion as well as social system

Caste system, accept lot in life, next one will be better (if dharma met)

Close relationship w/Indian culture, caste system have limited its spread

Treatment of animals

Hinduism spawns Buddhism


Judaism

JudaismThe HebrewsChosen by God, special statusPersonal relationship with GodAfterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy, personal salvationTo honor, serve God, promote prophets, maintain cultural identityA religion & cultureThe First Monotheistic Belief System:

ChristianityIslam

Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, Judaism

Seem very differentConfucianism, not a religion

Hinduism, polytheistic

Judaism, monotheistic

All tied to the culture where the came from, not evangelical, converting others


Confucianism

Confucianism

Specifically Chinese (Kong Fu Tse) 400 BCE onward

Political-social philosophy, not religion

Moral, ethical, also practical

How to restore political-social order?

5 key relationships: political, parental, spousal, sibling, friends

ConfucianismRight relationships = right society

Put aside personal ambition for good of state

Ren-humanity, benevolence, kindness

Li-propriety, courtesy, respect, deference

Xiao-filial piety, family obligation, extended

Lead by good example

Women, 2nd status, honored by kids

The Big Deal?

As a ethical, social, political belief system it was compatible with other religions, could practice Buddhism and Confucianism simultaneouslyFlexibleEmbraced by leaders as well, ordered society, tight familiesExclusively Chinese, only in context of Chinese culture


Daoism

Daoism-Taoism

China 500 BCE onward“The Way” (of nature/cosmos)Lao-tzu, philosopherEternal principles, passive, yielding

Like water, yet strong, shapingOpening of a pot, nothing, yet not a pot without it

Wu wei- non-doing, harmony with nature

The Big Deal?

Self-sufficient communitiesCounter to Confucian activismEmphasis on harmony w/ nature leads gains: astronomy, botany, chemistryCo-existed w/Confucianism, Buddhism, LegalismAdded to complexity of Chinese culture

Contrast: Confucianism-DaoismShared belief in spirits of the deadConfucianism

creating orderly societyactive relationships, active gov’tTo guide relationships

Daoismharmony with nature, internal peaceSimple, passive lifeLittle gov’t interferenceTo guide individual in meditation

Legalsim

The Q’in Dynasty

Peace & order through centralized, tightly controlled state

Mistrust of human nature; reliance on tough laws

Focus on things the practical and sustainers of society

2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldier

The Big Deal?

Accomplished swift reunification of China

Completion of projects like the Great Wall

Caused widespread resentment among common people, led to wider acceptance of Confucianism-Daoism

Contrast: Confucianism-Legalism

Social belief systems, not religions

Intended to create orderly society

Confucianism-fundamental goodnessresponsibilities

Legalism-fundamental evilpunishments


Buddhism

Buddhism

India, China, SE Asia

Hindu prince, Siddartha Gautama

Nepal 563-483 BCE

Search for meaning of human suffering

Buddha = enlightened one

No supreme being

Buddhism: 4 Noble Truths

Four noble truthsAll Life is suffering

Suffering caused by desire

One can be freed of desire

Freed by following Eightfold path

Buddhism: Eightfold PathEightfold Path

Right viewsRight aspirationsRight speechRight conductRight livelihoodRight endeavorRight mindfulnessRight meditation

Following the pathLeads to nirvanaState of perfect peace & harmonyMay take several lifetimes

2 formsTheraveda: meditation, harmony, Buddha not a god (Lesser Vehicle)Mahayana: more complex, greater ritual, reliance on priests. Buddha a diety, bodhisattvas, nirvana “helpers”

The Big Deal?

Did not recognize castes

Appealed to lower classes (duh!)

Not attached to social structure, spread rapidly to other cultures

Ashoka adopted, thrived

Eventually reabsorbed into Hinduism

Thrived in China, Japan, SE Asia

Force of cultural diffusion via trade, missionaries


Christianity

ChristianitySplinter group of Jews, quickly spread throughout Roman EmpireJesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish prophecyDevotion to God, love of fellow manJesus sent to redeem man from sinSalvation by faith in divinity, death, and resurrection of Jesus.Crucified by Jewish leaders and Roman gov’t 30 CE

The Big Deal

Emphasis on compassion, grace through faith, salvation, eternal life after death appealed to lower classes, women

By 300 CE, most influential in Med. Region

Spread north and west throughout Europe

Combo of religion & empire = huge impact on political, social development of Europe


Islam

Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCE

Mauryan Empire

Founded by Chandragupta MauryaUnified smaller Aryan kingdoms

Greatest extent under Ashoka Big time traders: silk, cotton, elephants (much more) to the westStrong military, Ashoka converts to Buddhism: non-violence, moderationRock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism spread

Gupta Dynasty 320-467 CE

Rise of GuptaAshoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly decline; econ problems, attacks from NE375-415 CE, revival under Chandra GuptaSmaller, more decentralized: Golden Age, peace, Arts & Sciences; pi, zero, 0-9, skilled iron workersHinduism resurgentWomen lost rights; own property, study religion, child marriages common

(6-7 years-old)Collapsed 550 CE (White Huns)

Q’in Empire

Q’in Ups in China 221-209 BCESame same: strong agri-econ, strong army, iron, expansion…only lasted 10 years. Significance?GREAT WALL…so what?

Strong centralized, brutal gov’tQin Shihuangdi emperorUnified kingdom, standardized weights, measures, laws, written lang., zero dissent policy, patriarchal societyLegalismPeasant rebellion brings down 209 BCE

Terra Cotta Army

A big hand for the Han!

Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE

Resisted the Huns

Expanded into Central Asia

Silk Road to the Mediterranean

Buddhism spread, culture spread

Civil Service system, bureaucracies, resulting in stable gov’t.

paper money, sundials, calendars, metallurgy

Classical Civs in the Med

Greece and Rome: Roots of Western Civilization

Simply: they put it all together

Representative gov’t

Art

Architecture

Literature

Science

Philosophy

It’s Greek to me!Impact of geography

Trade, not agri.

Est. colonies, strong military

Communications

Transportation

Governance

The Polis

City-states

Common identity, culture in each

AthensPolitical, commercial, cultural center

SpartaAgricultural, militaristic, equality w/o individuality

Hierarchy

Citizens-adult males, business-commerce

Free people w/ no political rights

Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the Athenian pop!)

All citizens expected to participate in public life

Monarchy to aristocracy to democracy

Solon/Draco: aristocrats who worked to ensure fair, =, open participation

Religion

Polytheistic

Had human failings: got drunk, cheated on spouses, jealous, angry, took sides, etc.

Greek mythology remains a large part of Western heritage and language

War with Persia

Persia invades Greece twice. Despite great odds, Greece survives. Key battles: Marathon 490 BCE (land), Salamis 480 BCE (sea)

Greece controls Aegean

Period of peace and prosperity

Golden Age of Pericles

Athenian culture excelsDemocracy for all adult males (citizens)Delian League-city-state allianceSocrates, Plato, Aristotle

Truth through rational thought and observation

Math, Science, Architecture, Literature

Super-power, super mistake

Athens dominated the Delian League

Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431 BCE)

Weakened, Macedonian conquest

Philip encouraged Greek culture

Followed by son, Alexander, unified Greece, invaded Persia

Alexander the Great?

Live fast, die young…

Alexander conquered Persia

Pushed to Egypt

Stopped at India

Empire divided into three: Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)

Ptolemaic (Egypt),

Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)

Hellenistic Era

Greek Culture and ideas flourished and spread

Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, center for learning

After death (323 BCE), empire crumbled

Macedonian focus on the east and Egypt left the door open for…

The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE

Rome

Good Geographic positionProtected by mtns in north

Peninsula

Cross-roads in the Mediterranean

Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek gods, mythology still evident in West

Social-Political StructurePatricians

Senate, AssemblyPlebians

AssemblyConsulsRepresentative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty)Patriarchal/PaterfamiliasWomen influential in family, own property, still considered inferiorSlaves (up to 1/3) city better than country

Military Domination

All Directions, all the timePunic Wars 264-146 BCEGained control of W. MedDefeated MacedoniansGaulSpainRoad net, navy, aqueductsCultural diffusion

Republic, no-Imperialism, yes

Increased slavery, displaced plebians, inflation= social unrest

Senate weakened, Triumvirate, Caesar, Pompey, Crassus, Civil War

Caesar assassinated 44 BCE

2nd Triumvirate, civil war

Imperial Rome

Pax Romana

Pax Romana

Peace and Prosperity

Rome, capital of western worldMilitary expansionRule of law, common coinage. Civil service, secure travel for merchants200 years of stabilityUniform laws, but traditional cultures in territories survived ie Egyptians, HebrewsGrowth of arts and sciences

A New Religion

Christianity competes with paganism

Christians persecuted

Conversion of Constantine ended persecution 312 CE

Edict of Milan-Christianity official religion of Rome

COMPARE

Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, Others

Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and science

Wealth flows in due to military expansion, confidence

Symbols of Legitimacy

Artistic Expressions including literature and drama, architecture and sculpture, show

distinctive cultural development

Technology

Achievements

Greek science and philosophy

Roman law and architecture

Political organization in Han China

Spiritual and artistic developments in Gupta India

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

Emergence of religions- The emergence of the “Classical age” or “Axial Age” (Emergence of core belief or philosophical structures of a society. )Mathematics- number systems develop. India creates the “Arabic numbers and algebra.”Engineering

Development of States and EmpireNumber and size of states and empires grows dramatically by

Structure and Function of State

large Coercive tribute empires. Centralized governments Use of military to control conquered areas Elaborate Legal systems and Bureaucracies

Pax Romana Empires follow Conrad-Demarest model-

grow large and wealthy, then too large, corrupted and fragment. Often from outside pressure—Huns in Rome.

Large empires cause environmental problemsSilted rivers, Deforestation, Desertification, soil

erosion.

Urbanization and Gender

How might gender roles be affected as peoples settled?

Social and Gender Structures

Class/Caste structures divide societies.

Use of slave/coercive labor

Extremely Patriarchal societies

Enforced through religion/philosophies

Women's rights become less pronouncedChild marriage

Role in Confucian society

Role as Mother (in warrior cultures)

Emergence of Trans-regional Networks of Communication and Exchange

Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travelSilk Roads, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan Caravan RoutesSilk, Spices,Cotton travel east to westGlassware, Wool and Linen, Olive Oil travel west to eastDomesticated Pack Animals to transport longer distances• Horses, Oxen, Llamas, Camel (saddle)

Collapse of Empires

Why do Empires fall?

Conrad-Demarest Model

“What goes up…”

Empires fall

Late Classical Period 200-600 CE

Steppe People on the move, dominoes fall

Han, Gupta, Roman Empires fall

Collapse of the Han

Wang Mang 9-23 CE, “Socialist Emperor”

EconomicMilitary drained budget

Confiscate land, raise taxes

Actions discouraged manufacture and trade

Collapse of the Han

SocialRising tensions between rich and poor

Poorly conceived land reform program

Famine

Revolt, murder of Wang Mang

Han Dynasty briefly restored, full recovery impossible, collapse in 220 CE

400 years of regional kingdoms

Collapse of the Gupta

Huns 24/7

Gupta able to hold off for a while, at great cost

Hun kingdoms emerged in western & northern India

Culture survived, Hinduism, caste system, Gupta Empire did not

“Western Rome, you are the weakest link, good-bye”

284 CE, Diocletian splits W-E Empire

Why?

Attempt to re-gain control ofMilitary under imperial control

Co-emperors

Economy• Gov’t budget

• Price caps to control inflation

• Strengthen currency

Collapse

No singular reasonRome sacked 410 CE, 476 CEInternal decay

Weak or bad leadersExpense of empireEpidemics

External pressuresHuns, VisigothsSheer size

CONTRAST: Fall of Han, Gupta, Rome

Two major causes threaten all empires

Internal: economic depression, natural catastrophes, social unrest

External: Invading Armies

Internal: Han

External: Gupta

Combo Meal: Rome

Movement of people

Bantu continue movement to Southern Africa

Swahili

Farming

Iron Working

Autroneasian across the Pacific

Movement along trade routes

Early Migrations

Interregional Networks of People by 600 C.E.

Silk Roads

Mediterranean trade

Indian Ocean trade

Meso and Andean American trading

Silk Routes

Mediterranean Trade Routes

Indian Ocean Trade

Cultural Diffusion via the Silk Road

Ideas, Culture, InventionTrade routes brought various peoples in contactPastoralists provided protection, services, suppliesDisease and armies also traveled the routes, plague, small pox, MongolsReligion-Buddhism to China, SE AsiaChristianity through Med, Europe, BritainPeoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to India, Germanic Tribes to Italy

Conclusions

How do we know what we know?

How does change happen?

What results stem from interaction through migration, trade or pilgrimage?

Why do world historians need to pose questions differently than regional specialists?

Foundations: 8000 B.C.E.- 600 C.E. AP World History.

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