Foundation year

Ch.6 Nouns &Pronouns

Dalia Samier ENGL 101

Outlines

• Definition of Noun• Different kind of nouns • Pronunciation of final s – es • Possessive Nouns• Singular Possessive Nouns• Plural Possessive Nouns • Adjective• Using adjectives to describe a noun

• Using nouns as adjectives • Different kinds of Pronouns• Possessive adjectives and Possessive pronouns• Subject – Verb – Object • Prepositions of Time: at, in, on• Word order place and time

Definition• A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun.

• Every noun is either common or proper, concrete or abstract, and singular or plural.

Intro to Nouns

• Common noun • Proper nouns • Plural nouns • Singular noun • Countable nouns • Uncountable nouns • Concrete nouns • Abstract nouns

Different kind of nouns

• A singular noun names ONE person, place, thing, or idea.

• A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Ending Rule

Add –s Most words will only require adding an s to the end (add –s to words that end in a vowel-y, such as monkeys)

Add -es Add –es to words than end in –s, -x, -ch, -z (double z), and –sh. Some words that end in –o, will also add –es

Change –y to –i and add -es For words that end in a consonant-y, drop the –y and add -ies, such as cities, berries, duties, etc.

Change –f or –fe to -ves For some words that end in –f or –fe…examples include calves, knives, halves, etc.

Irregular (word can stay same or change) Stay the same= deer, sheep, moose, etc.Change= children, men, mice, geese

Ways to Make a Noun Plural

[s]• Voiceless sounds that cause the plural “s” to be

pronounced as [s] include:[p], [t], [k], [f]

Example• weeks• bits• backs• briefs

Pronunciation of final s – es

[z]

• Voiced sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced as [z] include:

• [b], [d], [g], [l], [r], [w], [m], [n], [v], [y]

Example• webs - beds - bags - bells - jars - doves

limbs - fans - delays• straws(note the [uw] vowel sound ends in a [w])

[ɪz]

• The sounds that cause the plural “s” to be pronounced with an additional syllable [ɪz] include:

[ch] [sh] [dge] [s] [z]

Example• watches - bridges

• judges - slices

• blazes

• classes

• Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership.

John owns a car. ('John' is the possessor or owner)Ex: It is John's car.

• America has some gold reserves. ('America' is the owner)

Ex : They are America's gold reserves.

• It can also express other relationships.

Ex: John's mother.

- Possessive nouns can be singular or plural.

Possessive Nouns

• For a singular noun that does not end in –s, you will add an ’s

-Example: The teacher’s desk was in the front.• For a singular noun that ends in –s, you can

add ’s, but most sources recommend only adding an apostrophe.

-Example: The bus’s tire was flat. The bus’ tire was flat.

Singular Possessive Nouns

Plural Possessive Nouns

• For plural nouns that do not end in –s, you add ‘s to make the plural possessive.

Ex: The children’s coats were placed in the coat room.

Ex: The men’s restroom was located in the back of the restaurant.

Ex: The people’s opinions were made known at the protest.

-An adjective is a word which describes something.

-It can tell you what it– Looks like - Feels like - Smells like– Tastes like - Sounds like

They usually answer 2 questions. How many ? What kind ?

adjective

• The boy ran down the street .+( adjective )• The naughty boy ran down the street.• I put on my jumper.+( adjective )• I put on my soft colourful jumper.• They went in to the pool. +( adjective )• They went in to the deep pool.

Using adjectives to describe a noun

The "noun as adjective" always comes first• a horse race is a race for horses• a boat race is a race for boats• a love story is a story about love• a war story is a story about war• a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis• tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis• a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers

Using nouns as adjectives

Pronouns take the place of nouns.

There are different types of pronoun .

1-A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence : he, she, they, we, I, it, you.

Ex: You and I will meet later

2-An object pronoun is used as the direct/indirect object or the object of a preposition : him, her, them, us, me, it, you.

Ex: Give the book to me.

Pronouns

• Possessive pronouns are pronouns that demonstrate ownerships.

• Possessive pronouns include my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your, yours, whose, and one's - all words that demonstrate ownership.

1-The smallest cup is yours.

2- His hair is longer than hers.

3- My house is small.

4-Our house is big.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns have two forms. One form is used before a noun. The other form is used alone.

• ours• yours• theirs

• mine• yours

• his, hers, its

• Used• alone

• our• your• their

• my• your

• his, her, its

• Used before nouns

• Plural• Singular

• A reflexive pronoun refers back to another noun or pronoun in the sentence.

• The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves.

1 - I often ask myself why I left London.

2 - They themselves knew that the prank was in bad taste.

3- The dog bit itself.

Reflexive Pronoun

• Possessive adjectives: Possessive adjectives are determiners or pronouns that modify a noun by attributing possession.– That is my car.– This is your car.– This is her notebook.

Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns replaces a noun or another pronoun. They are used to make a sentences less repetitive.

– That car is mine. – The book is his.

Possessive adjectives and Possessive pronouns

Subject – Verb – Object

In On At Months: in January / in April ,Seasons: in spring / in winter, Years: in 1984 / in 2015Centuries: in the 20th century, Times of day: in the morning / in the evening Longer periods of time: in the past / in the 1990s / in the holidays

Days of the week: on Monday -Days + parts of days: on Tuesday afternoon / on Saturday morningsDates: on November 22ndSpecial days: on my birthday / on New Year’s Eve

Clock times: at 7.30 a.m. / at 5 o'clock Festivals: at Christmas / at Easter Exceptions: at night / at the weekend

On – In – At

at in on

PRECISE TIMEMONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS

DAYS and DATES

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

Expression Example

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend* I don't usually work at the weekend.

at Christmas*/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.

at the same time We finished the test at the same time.

At present He's not home at present. Try later

In On

in the mornings on Saturday morningsin the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoonsin the evening(s) on Monday evening

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions

Time Subject Verb Object Place Time

I have breakfastin the kitchen.

They play handball in the gymevery Monday.

My friendis swimming

in the pool.

Every Saturday*

Peter watches TV at home.

Word order place and time

Tell if the underlined word in each sentence is a noun. If so, tell if it names a person, place, thing,

or idea.

• The sky was a canvas of blues and whites.• My teacher was glad to see me this morning.• The team practices every night at 5:00 p.m.• How did the glass get broken?• The United States was founded in 1776.• My friend Janice lives next door to me.• The happiness of the group is very important.

day fairy glassknife mouse boxbeach brush toywoman person patchtray school childfantasy author teacherruby gummy shelf

Determine the plural form of each noun

Tick the right choice

Took Jane a test.-A test Jane took.-Jane took a test.

-She home drives after work-Home she drives after work.-She drives home afar work

-Simon played golf.-Golf Simon played.-Played golf Simon.

-Left everyone the party early.-The party everyone left early.-Everyone left the party early.

References

• https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns.htm

• http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/adjectives.htm

• fundamentals of English Grammar for Betty Schrampfer Azar