FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY STUDY...

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FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY

STUDY GUIDE 1st YEAR BDS (2019-2022)

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List of Contents S. No Topic Page No.

1. Teaching and learning methods

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2. Student Assessment 4

3. Anatomy 5 4. Physiology 18 5. Biochemistry 27 6. Oral biology 37 7. Timetable 44 8. Academic Calendar 46

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Teaching and learning methods

The teaching-learning sessions of this Year will be of diverse nature and will include:-

1. Large group interactive sessions. (LGIS)

2. Small group discussions (SGIS) including tutorials, demonstrations and practical.

3. Practical Sessions

4. Sessions of Self-directed learning. This is the time during which students are

expected to revise what they have learnt in the class, clear their confusions by

consulting different text and reference books and prepare their assignments and

projects in Library/ Computer Lab.

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Student Assessment

The Assessment system comprises of an end of session Professional Examination for each subject of

2nd year BDS.

The internal assessment will comprise of 2 term exams and 1 send-up exam, assessing both theory and

practical component.

Internal Assessment Calculation Method

1. Internal Assessment Theory

Marks obtained (1st Term + 2nd Term +Send-up) = Z

Total Marks (1st Term+ 2nd Term + Send-up)

Internal Assessment Marks =10% of Z Z x 10

100

2. Internal Assessment Viva/Practical

Viva +OSPE Exam =

(1st term+ 2nd term + send-up)

a. Practical Book) =

(2)

10

8%

2%

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Department of

Anatomy

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FACULTY OF DEPARTMENT

Head of department: Prof. Dr. Huma Musarrat Khan

Faculty members:

Professor Dr. Saadia Rashid

Dr. Sumbal Khan, Demonstrator

Dr. Aila Afzal Bhatti, Demonstrator

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MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

Mission

To educate scholars about anatomical basis of diseases in integration with other basic and clinical

sciences at undergraduate and postgraduate level so that they can display excellence in professional

growth, academics, research and delivery of medical care to the community.

To produce dedicated and updated faculty in the field of anatomy.

To conduct high quality research for publication in impact factor journals.

BROAD OBJECTIVES OF ANATOMY

At the end of the first year, BDS student should be able to know:

The gross and microscopic features of the structure located in head and neck region.

The gross anatomical features of lung and heart.

The basics of general embryology.

The concepts of Neuroanatomy along with the microscopic and developmental features of

nervous tissue.

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Table of Specification of Department

Region Topics MCQ'S SEQ's

General Anatomy

Anatomical nomenclature – descriptive terms

2 1

Bones

Joints

Muscles

Skin

Circulatory System

General Histology

Histology and its Methods of Study

3

2

Cell

Epithelial tissue

Connective Tissue

Cartilage

Bone

Muscle

Skin

Nervous system

Circulatory system

Lymphoid organs & cells of immune system

Special Histology

Endocrine system

2

Respiratory System

Digestive system

Organs of special senses (Eye and Ear)

General

Embryology

Gametogenesis

5 2

First week of Development

Second week of Development

Third week of Development

Organogenetic Period (4th to 8th week)

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Fetal Period (9th week to birth)

Placenta and Fetal Membranes

Human Birth Defects

Special

Embryology

Development of Respiratory System

3

Development of Integumentary System

Development of Nervous system

Development of Digestive system (uptill

oesophagus)

Development of Special senses (Eye and Ear)

Development of muscular and skeletal system

Gross Anatomy

Head & neck 8 3

Brain 6 2

Thorax 1

Total 30 10

Topics Objectives

At the end of session students should be able to:

MIT

General

anatomy

Introduction to

Anatomy

Define the terms commonly used in Anatomy.

Define types of movements, planes and axis

Describe the structures met in dissection.

LGIS

Muscle Classify muscles

Describe general features of muscles.

Bone

Classify bones

Describe general features of bones and types of Ossification

Blood supply of bone

Circulatory system

Outline general anatomy of Vascular system.

Differentiate between different types of vessels

Joints

Classify joints

Describe the structure, blood supply, lymphatics and movements around synovial joints

Nervous system Describe general features of the Nervous system.

Classify the Nervous system.

Describe the characteristic features different

OBJECTIVES OF ANATOMY

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subdivisions of the nervous system

Describe the formation of the Common spinal nerve

General

histology

Microtechniq

ues

Theory

Describe the steps involved in tissue processing.

Explain the functions of different parts of light microscope.

Define resolution.

Describe the principle and usage of Phase contrast microscope, polarizing microscope, conofocal microscope, fluorescence microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope.

LGIS

Practical

Identify and draw the different parts of microscope and illustrate their usage.

Focus the prepared slide at different magnifications

Cell & Nucleus

Define cell and describe the two main types of cells.

Describe the ultrastructure and functions of plasma membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, proteasomes and peroxisomes of cell.

Explain the process of phagocytosis.

Explain the process of Signal Reception.

Describe the structure and types of cytoskeleton and cell inclusions

Describe the ultra structure of nuclear envelope, chromatin and nucleolus.

Illustrate cell cycle, and Apoptosis.

Epithelium

Theory

Describe specialization of cell surfaces: Basal lamina,basement membrane, intercellular adhesions and junctions, microvilli, stereociliaand cilia.

Explain the types of epithelium with examples.

Describe Glandular epithelium.

Differentiate the structure of serous and mucus secreting cells

Practical

Identify different types of epithelia.

Draw a labeled diagram of different types of simple epithelia.

Identify Mucous and Serous acini.

Draw a labeled diagram of Mucous and Serous acini

Connective

tissue

Theory

Describe different types of cells in connective tissue

Describe different types of fibers in connective tissue

Discuss various constituents of ground substance

Classify various types of connective tissue

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Describe the histology of different types of adipose tissue

Practical

Identify the microscopic structure of Loose connective tissue, dense regular and irregular connective tissue

Draw a labeled diagram showing the microscopic structure of loose connective tissue, dense regular and irregular connective tissue

SGIS

Cartilage

Theory

Describe microscopic features of various types of cartilage

LGIS

Practical

Identify different types of cartilage microscopically

Draw a labeled diagram showing the histological structure of different types of cartilage

SGIS

Bone

Theory

Describe microscopic features of bones and types of Ossification

LGIS

Practical

Identify different types of bone microscopically

Draw a labeled diagram showing the histological structure of different types of bone

SGIS

Muscle

Theory

Describe the microscopic features of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

LGIS

Practical

Identify different types of muscles microscopically

Draw a labeled histological diagram of different types of muscles

SGIS

Skin

Theory

Discuss layers & cells of epidermis & dermis

Describe blood vessels & nerves of skin

Describe microscopic features of skin appendages

LGIS

Practical

Identify different types of skins microscopically

Draw a labeledhistological diagram of different types of skins

SGIS

Circulatory

system

Theory

Discuss the histology of different arteries, veins and capillaries and lymph vessels

LGIS

Practical

Identify different types of arteries, veins and capillaries and lymph vessels.

SGIS

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Draw a labeled histological diagram of different arteries, veins and capillaries and lymph vessels

Lymphoid

tissue

Theory

Describe the histology and distribution of the cells of the lymphoid system in the body..

Explain the histology of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen

LGIS

Practical

Identify palatine and pharyngeal Tonsils, thymus, lymphnode and spleen microscopically

Draw a labeled histological diagram of palatine and pharyngeal Tonsils, thymus, lymphnode and spleen microscopically

SGIS

Nervous tissue

Theory

Classify types of Neurons.

Outline the microscopic structure of a nerve cell body (Nucleus and Cytoplasm).

Describe the microscopic structure of a nerve cell processes.

Describe Membrane potential and the process of axon transport (Antegrade& Retrograde).

Describe types of Synapses and their histology.

Explain the histology of different types of Glial cells.

Describe the histology of Meninges.

Describe the histology of Choroid Plexus.

Describe the microscopic structure of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

Describe the microscopic structure of Sensory and Autonomic ganglia.

Classify Receptor nerve endings.

Describe the microscopic structure of different Receptor nerve endings

Classify effector nerve endings.

Describe briefly the microscopic features of neuromuscular junctions.

Illustrate the microscopic structure of Spinal cord, cerebral cortex, cerebellum

LGIS

Practical

Identify and draw peripheral nerve, spinal cord, sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, cerebral cortex and cerebellum

SGIS

SPECIAL

HISTOLOGY

Respiratory

system

Theory

Describe the histology of Nasal cavity + Paranasal sinuses.

Describe the histology of epiglottis, Larynx, Trachea.

Practical

Identify the slide of epiglottis, Larynx, Trachea.

LGIS

SGIS

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Endocrinology

Theory

The cellular organization of pars distalis, pars tuburalis, intermedia and nervosa

The histology of different zones of adrenal cortex and medulla

The cytoarchitecture of parenchyma of thyroid & parathyroid gland

The histology of islet of langerhans Practical

Identify The features in histological slides of Pituitary gland on light microscope

The features in histological slides of adrenal gland

The features in histological slides of thyroid and parathyroid gland

LGIS SGIS

GIT

Theory

The general organization of wall of digestive tract and histology of lips, cheeks, oral cavity, palate and pharynx

The microscopic structure of tongue, different types of papillae and taste buds

The histological organization of wall of esophagus

the histological features of parotd, submandibular and sublingual Salivary glands

Practical Identify and draw

The features in histological slides of Lip and tongue

The features in histological slides of esophagus

Identify microscopic slides of Submandibular, parotid and sublingual gland.

LGIS SGIS

Special

senses

Theory

Describe the histology of various layers of eye ball.

Describe the histology of lens, vitreous body & retina.

Describe the histology of conjunctiva, eyelids and lacrimal apparatus.

Describe the histology of external and middle ear and internal ear

Practical

Identify microscopic slide of eyelid

Draw a labeled microscopic slide of eyelid

Identify microscopic slide of retina.

Draw a labeled microscopic structure of retina.

Identify microscopic slide of cornea.

Draw a labeled microscopic structure of cornea.

Identify microscopic slide of ear

Draw a labeled microscopic structure of ear

LGIS

General

Embryology

Describe the historical background of embryology.

Define and explain the terms commonly used in embryology.

Describe the process of Mitosis & Meiosis and its importance.

Describe the process of Gametogenesis:

LGIS

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Spermatogenesis and maturation of sperms.

Describe the process of Ogenesis, Phases of fertilization.

Describe cleavage, formation of Blastocyst&Implantation.

Describe the formation of bilaminar germ disc with amniotic cavity and yolksac.

Describe the development of Chorionic sac.

Describe the process of Gastrulation and the formation of germ layers.

Describe the formation and fate of primitive streak.

Describe the formation of Notochordal process and Notochord.

Describe the formation of allantois.

Describe the process of Neurulation.

Describe the formation of Neural plate, neural tube and neural crest cells.

Enumerate the derivatives of neural crest cells.

Describe the development of Intraembryonic coelom.

Describe the early development of CVS.

Describe the formation of Primary, secondary and tertiary chorionic villi.

Describe the Folding of the embryo in the median plane.

Describe the Folding of the embryo in the horizontal plane.

Enumerate the derivatives of Germ layers.

Describe the highlights of 4th to 6th week of development.

Describe the highlights of 7th to 8th week of development.

Discuss the various methods of estimating fetal age.

Describe the highlights of fetal period.

Calculate the expected date of delivery.

Describe the factors influencing fetal growth.

Describe the development of deciduas.

Describe the development of placenta.

Discuss the functions of placenta.

Describe the development of umbilical cord.

Describe the composition, circulation and significance of amniotic fluid.

Describe the development of yolksac and allantois.

Describe the types of multiple pregnancies.

Define congenital anomalies.

Classify and give examples of the types of birth defects.

Discuss the common teratogenic agents.

Describe the principles of Teratology.

SPECIAL

EMBRYOLOGY

Skin Describe the embryological origin of skin & its appendages

LGIS

Musculoskelatal Describe the origin & development of muscles

Describe the origin & development of bones

LGIS

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System Describe the origin & development of skeletal system

Respiratory

System

Trace the development of Nasal cavity + Paranasal sinuses.

Trace the development of Larynx.

Trace the development of Trachea and describe briefly the Common Congenital anomalies.

LGIS

GIT Describe

Derivates of foregut with development of oesphagus

LGIS

CNS

Describe the development of Spinal cord, its ganglia and meninges.

Describe the positional changes of the spinal cord.

Describe the process of myelination of nerve fibers with its clinical application

Describe the Development of Myelencephalon ,Metencephalon , Mesencephalon,

Prosencephalon along with Clinical correlates.

Describe briefly the development of cranial nerves.

Describe briefly the development of Autonomic nervous system

Outline the Pathways of various cranial nerves,trace their nuclei, central connections

LGIS

Special Senses

Describe the development of various layers of eye ball.

Describe the development of lens, vitreous body & retina..

Describe the development of external and middle ear and internal ear

LGIS

GROSS

ANATOMY

Brain

Describe the salient features and relations of interior of the skull.

Describe the attachments, reflections, nerve supply and blood supply of Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia mater.

Describe the various sub arachnoid cisterns with the clinical correlates.

Describe the gross structure of spinal cord. With Discuss clinical correlates.

Describe the anatomical organization of Pain, ,temperature , Touch and Pressure pathways.

Describe the anatomical organization of discriminative touch, vibratory and muscle joint sense of positioning With Clinical correlates.

Describe the anatomical organization of Joint sense pathways and visceral sensory tracts.

Describe the anatomical organization of Descending tracts of spinal cord With Clinical correlates.

Describe the superficial vessels on the base of the brain.

Describe the gross anatomy of medulla Oblongata.

Describe and draw the anatomical organization of structures present in sections at the different levels

Describe the gross anatomy of Pons.

Describe and draw the anatomical organization of

LGIS & SGIS

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structures present in transverse section at the different levelsthrough Pons.

Describe and draw the anatomical organization of structures present in transverse section at the level through the cranial part of Pons.

Describe the gross appearance, lobes and peduncles of cerebellum

Describe the afferent cerebellar fibers and efferent cerebellar fibers.

Describe the gross anatomy of Midbrain & draw the anatomical organization of structures present in sections at the different with clinical correlates.

Describe the boundaries o f3rd, lateral and 4th Ventricle.

Describe the subdivisions of Cerebrum.

Describe the subdivisions and gross features of Diencephalon.

Describe the general appearance of cerebral hemisphere and main sulci.

Describe the main sulci and gyri on superolateral surface, medial and inferior surfaces,.

Describe the Commissural fibers, Association fibers and Projection fibers,

Identify the various cortical areas and relate their functional significance.

Discuss clinical correlates.

Describe the salient features, nuclei and functions of Thalamus.

Describe the salient features of Hypohalamus, their connections and the functions of Hypothalamus wth theclinical correlates.

Describe the boundaries of Third Ventricle.

Describe the various components of the Basal ganglia,

Describe the general organization and functions of Reticular formation

Describe the salient features and functions of limbic system model

Describe the formation and drainage of CSF

Describe the CSF barriers

Describe the various blood vessels (superficial and deep) supplying the brain, their course and branches

Identifyall the structures on the cadaver and model

Thorax

Describe the gross anatomy of thoracic cage, muscles and its joints

Describe the features of typical rib, atypical ribs ,manubrium, sternum and vertebrae

Describe the gross anatomy of posterior mediastinum

Enumerate the subdivisions of mediastinum with their contents.

Describe the anatomy of lungs

Describe the gross features of heart with its blood

LGIS & SGIS

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supply

Head & Neck

Skull –I (norma frontalis, occipitalis)

Skull – II (norma lateralis)

Skull –III (norma basalis)

Cervical Vertebrae (typical & atypical).

Cervical fascia.

Deep dissection of neck (oesophagus, trachea & great vessels)

Anterior triangle of neck

Posterior triangle of neck

Thyroid gland & prevertebral region

Nerves of neck & cervical plexus

Revision & spotting

Assessment

Cranial nerves, 9, 10, 11 & 12

Lymphatic drainage of head & neck and root of neck.

Scalp, Temple & Face.

Deep dissection of face.

Parotid region.

Mandible.

Hyoid bone.

Submandibular region.

Temporal Region

Infratemporal fossa

Pterygopalatine fossa

Temporomandibular joint.

Assessment

Eyelids, lacrimal apparatus & orbit

Muscles of orbit.

Nerves & vessels of orbit & Eye ball

External & middle ear.

Bony labyrinth and internal ear

Larynx-I

Larynx-II

External nose & nasal cavity.

Later wall of nose

Revision & spotting

Paranasal sinuses

Mouth, palate & tongue

Pharynx

vertebral canal, joints & surface anatomy

Assessment

LGIS &

SGIS

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Department of

Physiology

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1. FACULTY OF DEPARTMENT

Head of department: Professor Dr. Sadia Ahsin, MBBS, FCPS (Physiology)

Co-Ordinator: Assoc. Prof. Gule Naghma Saeed, MBBS, MPhil (Physiology)

Faculty members:

1. Professor Dr. Sadia Ahsin

2. Assoc. Prof. Dr Gule Naghma Saeed

3. Assoc. Prof. Dr Madiha Imran

4. Assistant prof. Dr hira Ashraf

5. Assistant Prof. Dr komal Saad

6. Dr Aqsa Jabeen - PG trainee

7. Dr Zara Shaukat - PG trainee

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2. VISSION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

Vision: To be a top- ranked teaching and research-intensive department with best ethical

practices

Mission: To educate scholars physiological basis of diseases in integration with other

basic and clinical sciences at undergraduate and postgraduate level so that they can

display excellence in professional growth, academics, research and delivery of medical

care to the community.

To produce dedicated and updated faculty in the field of Physiology

To conduct high quality research for publication in impact factor journals

Learning Outcomes of Course of Physiology

After completing the course of physiology, the student of 1st Year BDS will be able to:

Understand physiological mechanisms though which the body meets changing demands

while maintaining the internal constancy necessary for all cells and organs to function.

Understand the basic organization of the cell and the functions of its component parts.

Explain how the differences in the concentrations of important electrolytes and other

substances in the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid are brought about by the

transport mechanisms of the cell membranes

Explain how membrane potentials are generated both at rest and during action by nerve

and muscle cells.

Discuss the physiological principles underlying the functioning of skeletal muscles,

cardiac muscles and smooth muscles.

Understand how the cardiovascular system circulation carries out its functions to

transport nutrients to the body tissues, to transport waste products away, to transport

hormones from one part of the body to another, and, in general, to maintain an

appropriate environment in all the tissue fluids of the body for optimal survival and

function of the cells.

Discuss how immune system works for combating the different infectious and toxic

agents.

Understand how respiratory system provides oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon

dioxide at rest, during increased respiratory demand and in unusual environmental

conditions.

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Explain how central nervous system integrates millions of bits of information from the

different sensory nerves and sensory organs to determine responses to be made by the

body.

Discuss how the alimentary tract provides the body with a continual supply of water,

electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrients

Explain how endocrine and neuroendocrine hormone systems interact with one another

to maintain homeostasis.

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3. Table of Specification of Physiology Department

Table of Specification Physiology Theory

Name of Topic

No of LGIS 1hr each

Assessment tool

MCQs SEQs

Introductory lecture of Physiology & functions and organization/ Homeostasis

02 1

1.Cell, nerve and muscle (12 lectures) 1. Cell membrane and its functions / Cell organelles

and their functions 2. Transport through cell membrane-1 3. Transport through cell membrane-2 4. Resting membrane potential 5. Generation of action potential 6. Conduction of action potential 7. Physiological structure of skeletal muscle 8. Skeletal muscle Contraction mechanics 9. Excitation contraction coupling/ NMJ and

transmission 10. Smooth muscle physiology-1 11. Smooth muscle physiology-2

14 3 1

2. Blood / Immunity/ Hemostasis 1. Composition and General Functions of blood 2. Red Blood Cell, Hemoglobin and Erythropoiesis 3. Blood Indices, Anemia and its types 4. Blood groups, Blood Transfusion & complications

matching & significance 5. White Blood Cells and their functions,

Leucopoiesis, Leucocytosis 6. Reticuloendothelial systems, lines of defense

against infection. Innate immunity 7. Types and cells of acquired immunity 8. Platelets, Thrombocytopenia, Hemostasis and

Bleeding disorders 9. Blood coagulation and clotting disorders

12

05

2

3. Cardiovascular System Heart

1. Function of cardiac muscle /Cardiac pacemaker and cardiac muscle contraction

2. Regulation of cardiac pumping 3. Cardiac cycle.-1 4. Cardiac cycle.-2 Clinical significance of cardiac

cycle, correlation of heart sounds to cardiac cycle 5. ECG: recording and interpretation correlation of

ECG to cardiac cycle

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(6)

6 2

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Circulation 6. Types of blood vessels and their functions.

Arterial pulse/ Hemodynamics of blood flow 7. Microcirculation: capillary fluid exchange,

interstitial fluid 8. Mechanisms of Local control of tissue blood flow 9. Mechanisms of humoral control of tissue blood

flow 10. Arterial blood pressure, short Term regulation 11. Arterial blood pressure, long Term regulation,

Hypertension 12. Cardiac output, Venous return & its regulation 13. Coronary circulation 14. Cardiovascular changes during exercise 15. Cardiac failure 16. Shock and its types

(16)

4. Respiratory System 1. Organization / functions of Respiratory Tract 2. Mechanics of Breathing 3. Pulmonary hemodynamics 4. Gaseous exchange through the respiratory

membrane 5. Ventilation / perfusion ratio 6. Transport of O2 in blood 7. Transport of CO2 in blood 8. Regulation of respiration (Nervous) 9. Regulation of respiration (Chemical) 10. Hypoxia-types and effects of Hypoxia, cyanosis

10 4 1

5. Gastrointestinal Tract 1. Structure and General Functions Enteric nervous

system (Gut Brain) 2. Mastication, Stages of Swallowing, Dysphagia,

achalasia 3. Stomach, Peptic Ulcer / Hormones and

secretions of GIT 4. Functions and movements of gut / Vomiting and

defecation reflex 5. Functions of Liver, Jaundice

5 1 1

6. Central Nervous System Sensory Nervous System

1. Organization of Nervous system 2. Classification of nerve fibers 3. Properties of Synaptic transmission 4. Types and function of sensory Receptors 5. Physiology of touch, temperature and pain

sensations Motor nervous system

1. General organization of motor system 2. Functions of spinal cord, cord reflexes 3. Functions of muscle spindle, GTO, muscle tone

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(7)

(10)

6 2

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4. Cerebral cortex, Motor control pathways, pyramidal & extra Pyramidal tracts functions

5. Brainstem functions and muscle tone 6. Vestibular apparatus, balance and equilibrium 7. Functions of cerebellum 8. Functions of Basal Ganglia and Parkinsonism

Higher mental functions 1. Cerebral cortex regional functions,, intellectual

functions of brain; speech physiology 2. Intellectual functions of brain; learning and

memory 3. Physiology of sleep / EEG 4. Hypothalamus & temperature regulation 5. Cerebrospinal fluid 6. Autonomic Nervous system

Special senses 1. Taste & smell 2. Hearing

(8)

(3)

7. Endocrinology 1. Hormones, general classification and mechanism of

action/ Anterior Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary

hormones and their actions

2. Thyroid hormones and its functions

3. Parathyroid hormone and its functions

4. Pancreatic hormones and their actions

5. Adrenal hormones and their functions

9 4 1

Total 100 30 10

25

Topic Total No of MCQs

No of MCQs/topic

(I mark each)

Percentage /topic

Total No of SEQs

(5 marks each)

No of SEQs /topic

Marks Allocated/ topic for SEQs

Percentage /topic

Homeostasis, Cell, Nerve and Muscle

30 4 13% 10 1 06 10%

Blood and Immunity

5 17% 2 12 20%

Respiration 4 13% 1 06 10%

CVS 6 20% 2 12 20%

CNS and Special Senses

6 20% 2 12 20%

Endocrinology 4 13% 1 06 10%

GIT 1 4% 1 06 10%

TOTAL MARKS

30 100 60 100

Theory Marks distribution

MCQs: 30 x 1 mark= 30 marks

SEQs: 10 x 6 marks= 60 marks

Internal assessment: 10 marks

Grand total theory: (MCQs +SEQs + internal assessment): 30 + 60 + 10= 100

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Table of Specification Physiology Practicals For 1st Year BDS

Name of Practicals No of Session Percentage/topic

Cell and Hematology

1. Study of the microscope/ Study of Neubauer chamber

2. Haemoglobin (Hb %) 3. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 4. Packed cell volume (PVC)/ Haematocrit 5. Blood Groups 6. RBCs Count / Red cell indices 7. WBCs Count 8. Differential leucocyte Count (DLC) 9. Bleeding time (BT) Clotting time (CT)

10 33%

Nerve and Muscle

1. Simple Muscle Twitch 02 6%

Cardiovascular System

1. Examination of Apex Beat /Heart Sounds – auscultation of normal sounds

2. ECG recording/interpretation 3. Examination of arterial pulse 4. Measurement of arterial blood pressure

and Effect of exercise & posture on BP 5. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

06 20%

Respiratory System

1. Measurement of Pulmonary volumes and capacities (Spirometry)

2. Forced expiratory volumes

03 8%

Nervous System

1. Examination of superficial and deep reflexes

2. Clinical Examination of cranial nerves 3. Recording of body temperature

06 20%

Special Senses

1. Examination of Taste sensation 2. Examination of Olfaction 3. Hearing tests

03 10%

Endocrinology 01 3%

Total practical sessions 30 100%

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Topic OSPE stations (4 marks each)

Percentage /topic

Cell and Hematology 3 30%

Nerve and Muscle 1 10%

Cardiovascular System 2 20%

Respiratory System 1 10%

Nervous System 2 10%

Special Senses 1 10%

Endocrinology 1 10%

Total 10 100%

Internal Assessment

VIVA with Internal

VIVA with External

Practical/ OSE/ IPE

Practical viva

Grand Total

10 15 15 50 10 100

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Department of

Biochemistry

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FACULTY OF DEPARTMENT OF

BIOCHEMISTRY

Head of Department:

Professor Dr. Seyyedha Abbas

Faculty:

Dr. Irum ,Demonstrator

Dr. Ayesha ,Demonstrator

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VISSION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT OF

BIOCHEMISTRY

MISSION:

To educate scholars molecular and biochemical basis of diseases in integration with other basic

and clinical sciences at undergraduate and postgraduate level so that they can display excellence in

professional growth, academics, research and delivery of medical care to the community.

To produce dedicated and updated faculty in the field of biochemistry and molecular sciences.

To conduct high quality research for publication in impact factor journals.

Learning Outcomes

After completing the course of specific subject, the student of Year BDS will be able to:

The course aims to provide students with an advanced integrated knowledge and

understanding of core topics, with general principles set in particular contexts:

STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL BIOLOGY, including nucleic acid structure and

interactions, signaling proteins and membrane proteins, Explain the biochemical aspects

related to enzyme functions & enzyme kinetics

THE DYNAMIC CELL, including the dynamics of proteins and membrane-bound

organelles in eukaryotic cells.

To learn and understand the basis and clinical implementation of organic molecules

( Carbohydrates, proteins & Lipid) , Vitamins and minerals and molecular biology.

To understand the importance of different metabolisms like Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

and there application in day to day life.

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TOS OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Name of Topic No of LGIS 1hr each

No of Tutorial

Total Marks Theory 100

(80+20 IA)

No of MCQs 20/30

1mark each Total

marks:20

No of SEQs : 6/5 10 marks

each Total

marks:60/50

Introduction of Biochemistry

01

Biochemistry of the Cell & Biological Membrane

a. Cell membranes and their chemical composition

b. Importance of lipids and proteins in cell membranes

c. Cellular organelles along with biochemical markers / enzymes and significance

d. Transport across cell membrane

04

02 01

01

Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid a. Chemistry and structure of nucleotides

and their biochemical role b. Nucleotides, structure, their derivatives

and their biochemical role c. Nucleic acids, their types, structure

and functions

04

02

01

0.25

Enzymes

a. Classification, specificity and mode of action

b. Chemistry of the active site c. Co-enzymes and co-factors d. Energy changes occurring during

the reaction e. Clinical significance of Michaelis –

Menten kinetics f. Enzymes inhibitors- types and

MOA g. Isoezymes and their clinical

importance h. Therapeutic uses and application of

enzymes in clinical diagnosis

08

02

02

01

32

Name of Topic LGIS Tutorials No of MCQs 1mark each

No of SEQs : 6/5 10 marks

each

Digestive Enzymes in GIT Secretions

a. Saliva b. Gastric c. Pancreatic d. Bile e. Succus Entericus

02 02 02

Porphyrins & Hemoglobin

a. Chemistry and biosynthesis of porphyrins & Heme synthesis and its disorders (porphyrias)

b. Structure, functions and types of hemoglobin c. Hemoglobinopathies (HP-S, Thalassemia etc.)

and their biochemical causes.

d. Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin e. Degradation of heme f. Hyperbilirubinemia, their biochemical causes

and differentiation, Jaundice and its types g. Formation of Bile pigments, its types, transport and excretion.

07

02

01

01

Vitamins a. Introduction, classification of Vitamins b. chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency

manifestations, daily allowances and source of water soluble (B-

complex vitamins as coenzymes, biochemical role and deficiency

manifestations (Thiamin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid,

pyridoxine) c. Chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency

manifestations, daily allowances and source of water soluble and

fat-soluble vitamins

d. Hypervitaminosis e. Antioxidants

08

02

04

0.5

33


No of SEQs 6/5 10 marks

each

Mineral & Trace Elements Classification and Biochemical role of:

Macro minerals Na, K, Ca, PO4

Micro minerals

Iron absorption, functions, metabolism

Fluoride absorption, functions , metabolism

Iodine, Copper

05

02

0.25

Carbohydrate Chemistry a. Definition, Chemistry and classification of

CHO b. tructure and functions of Monosaccharides,

and their derivatives c. Disaccharides, their important examples d. Oligosaccharides, their important combination

with other macromolecules e. Polysaccharides, their important examples and

biochemical role

f. The biochemical importance of

carbohydrates

04 02 01

2

Carbohydrate Metabolism a. Digestion & Absorption of CHO

b. Glycolysis c. Krebs Cycle d. Gluconeogenesis

07

03

02

01

Proteins Chemistry

a. Definitions, Biomedical importance and classification of

proteins based on:

Physiochemical properties

Functional

Nutritional

Structural b. Amino acids, their structure, properties and

functions c. Classification and nutritional significance of

amino acids d. Structure of proteins and their significance

05

02

01

0.5

34


No of SEQs : 6/5

10 marks each

a. Immunoglobulins and its biomedical significance 01

0.25

b. Plasma proteins & their clinical significance 02

01

0.25

Protein Metabolism a. Digestion Absorption of Proteins b. Ammonia Formation

1. Transamination 2. Deamination

c. NH3 Transport d. Urea Cycle and its genetic disorders e. Hyperammonemia (types, causes, biochemical

effects & toxicity)

06

02

01

02

01

Eicosanoids a. Types , Biosynthesis and biochemical functions.

01

01

0.5

Lipids Chemistry

a. Definition, biomedical function of Lipids/ Fatty Acids b. Classification of lipids c. Chemistry, classification and biochemical function of

Fatty Acid d. Essential fatty acids- types , nutritional signs e. Steroids, Sterol e.g. Cholesterol, their chemistry,

functions and clinical Significance f. Chemistry of Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipds

and their biochemical significance

04

02

0.5

Lipid Metabolism a. Digestion and absorption of Lipids b. Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis c. Fatty Acid Synthesis d. Beta Oxidation e. Cholesterol metabolism/hypercholesterolemia f. Lipoprotein metabolism (Chylomicrons, LDL, HDL,

VLDL)

07

02

01

02

Tutorial 34 20 MCQs

06 SEQs

Total LGIS 76

Grand Total 110 Sessions

110 hrs

35

SYLLABUS BIOCHEMISTRY for 1st year BDS

Session 2019-2022 S.no Name of Practicals No of

Session

1 Introduction to use laboratory facilities / equipment’s 01

2 Pipetting 01

3 Preparation of solutions-Normal solution and Normal saline & lab

calculations

01

4

5

Experiments on Carbohydrates qualitative analysis

Scheme to detect an unknown sugar in the given sample

a. Molisch’s test

b. Iodine Test

c. Benedicts Test

d. Barfoed s test

e. Selwinoff s Test

f. Osazone test

Experiments on proteins- qualitative analysis

a. Biuret Test

b. Ninhydrin Tset

c. Xanthoproteic Test

d. Millons Nasse Test

e. Lead Sulphide Test

04

03

6 Revision 01

36 OSPE TEST

Introduction to Spectrophotometer

01

Estimation of Glucose 01

Estimation of Serum Cholesterol 01

Estimation of Serum LDL 01

Estimation of Serum HDL 01

Estimation of Serum TAG 01

Sample Report 01

Revision 01

OSPE test 01

Urinalysis

a. Normal Urinary constituents

b. Chemical analysis of Normal urinary constituents

c. Analysis of Pathological urinary constituents by Dipstick method

d. Urine report

01

01

Revision 02

OSPE Test 01

Total Practicals

37

Department of

Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology

38

FACULTY OF DEPARTMENT OF ORAL BIOLOGY

& TOOTH MORPHOLOGY

Head of department:

Associate Professor Dr. Adil Durani (BDS, MSc (U.K))

Faculty

Dr. Faiza Gulfam (BDS, MSc (U.K)) , Senior Lecturer

Dr. Falahat Nasir (BDS), Demonstrator

39

4. VISSION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

Vision:

We aim to familiarize students with the most innovative and recent trends in oral health education

and to incorporate teaching methods at par with national and international standards.

Mission:

This will serve as a foundation for the knowledge and skill the students will acquire in the coming four

years of their undergraduate program. We aim to introduce a more diverse interdisciplinary program that

will incorporate elements of other disciplines being taught in 1st year BDS programme. This is to be done

in accordance with international medical and dental education standards. We are striving to make

research a significant component of their professional education.

Learning Outcomes:

After completing the course of specific subject, the student of 1st Year BDS will be able to:

They should have a clear understanding of anatomy of oral structures, tissues and physiological

processes associated with them

The students should have a sound knowledge of histology of oral tissues

Based on knowledge of oral histology and laboratory techniques students should be able to

prepare and identify histological sections of oral tissues

The student should be able to identify different types of dentitions and individual teeth and their

morphological features

40

TABLE OF SPECIFICATION OF DEPARTMENT OF ORAL BIOLOGY

Contents Learning Objectives Teaching Strategy 1. Development of Oro-dental tissue: i.. General Embryology Development of Face, palate, jaw (mandible, maxilla) tongue & lip.

Student should be able to- i. State briefly the development of face. Palate, jaw (mandible, maxilla), Tongue lip with appled aspects

LGIS SDL

ii. Physiologic tooth movement, eruption & shedding

ii. Describe pre-eruptive, eruptive, post eruptive tooth movement, cells & pattern of shedding, orthodontic tooth movement

LGIS

iii. Development of the tooth and its supporting tissue.

iii. Germ cell formation and fertilization, formation of three layered embryos, formation of the neural crest and fate of the germ cell Primary epithelial band & its concepts, Dental lamina and its different stage, formation of the permanent dentition, Hard tissue formation & crown stage

LGIS

2. Tooth Morphology: Introduction a. Human dentition, stages of dentition, dental formula, notation b. Tooth surfaces their junction, line angles & point angles. c. Definition of terms used in dentistry. d. Contact area embrasures & clinical significance. Morphology of individual permanent deciduous tooth- a) Identification of individual tooth. b) Variation & anomalies commonly seen.

Student should be able to- i. Describe Types of dentition, ii. Write down dental formula iii. Describe the different methods of notation iv. Outline the tooth surface v. Outline contact area i) Identify the individual permanent/deciduous tooth, ii) c) Estimate age by pattern of teeth eruption from plaster casts. d) Describe tooth morphology with the help of models & specimens

LGIS SGIS Lab Demonstrations

41

Contents Learning Objectives Teaching Strategy 3. Occlusion: a) Factors influence occlusion.

b) Introduction & classification of malocclusion.

Student should be able to- a) Describe the various relations which makeup normal occlusion, clinical significance of occlusion & classification of occlusion. b) Define factors influencing occlusion. c) Inclination of individual tooth. Compensatory Curves d) Centric relation & centric occlusion e) Clinical significance of normal occlusion.

Define both terms and their clinical Significance Types of Malocclusions in anterior and posterior teeth

LGIS SGIS

4. Histology of Oro-dental tissue: a) Enamel. b) Investing organic layers on enamel surfaces.

Student should be able to- Study briefly about- ii. Amelogenesis/ a) Enamel prisms & crystals. b) Incremental lines, Hunter-Schreger bands c) The enamel-dentine junction. d) The surface features of enamels. Student should be able to- a) Pre-eruptive investing layers. b) Investing layers associated with the crowns of erupted teeth.

LGIS SGIS

c) Dentine

Students should be able to describe- a)Physical & chemical properties of dentine.

b) Dentinogenesis c) Dentinal tubules, Peritubular dentin, Intertubular dentin, Predentin, Odontoblast process d) Primary dentin, secondary dentin, Tertiary dentin, Incremental lines, Interglobular dentin, Granular layer. e) Innervation of dentin & clinical consideration

LGIS SGIS

d) Dental Pulp

Student should be able to- Describe a)development of pulp, b) Cells of dental pulp. c) Fibers & ground substance of dental pulp. d) Blood supply of the dental pulp. e) Innervation of dental pulp

LGIS SGIS

42

Contents Learning Objectives Teaching Strategy e) Cementum

Student should be able to describe- a) Cementogenesis b) Classification of cementum. c) The ultrastructural appearance of cementum. c) Resorption & repair of cementum

LGIS SGIS

f) Periodontal Ligament Student should be able to-out line a) Cells & extracellular substance of periodontal ligament b) fibers of the periodontal ligaments Fibers of periodontal ligament. c) Ground substance of periodontal ligament d) Blood vessels & nerves of the periodontal ligaments. e) Periodontal ligaments as a special connective tissue. f) The tooth support mechanism

LGIS SGIS

g) Alveolar bone

Student should be able to- describe a)Gross bone histology, bone cells, Bone development, bone turnover

LGIS SGIS

h) Oral Mucosa

Student should be able to- describe a) The epithelium. b) The Lamina propria. c) Epithelial-connective tissue interface. d) Regional variations in the structure of the oral mucosa.

LGIS SGIS

i) The salivary gland Student should be able to study - a) Classification of salivary gland b) Structural pattern of salivary gland c) Composition of saliva

j) T.M.J

Student should be able to- describe a)Anatomy, histology & clinical consideration

5. The vasculature & Innervation of the mouth (Macroscopic anatomy of the oral cavity):

Student should be able to- a) Blood supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage & innervation of oro-dental tissues.

LGIS SGIS

6. Age changes in teeth & jaws: i) Enamel ii) Dentine iv) Periodontal ligaments v) Cementum vi) Alveolus vii) Epithelial attachment viii) T.M.J, Oral mucosa

Student should be able to- a) The changes in form & structure of the tooth jaw & oral tissues as age advances.

LGIS SGIS

7. Cytoskeleton and Cell Junctions Fibroblast and Extracellular Matrix

Student should be able to – a)describe the different types of cell junctions and their functions

LGIS SGIS

43

TOPIC % SEQs MCQs

Oral Anatomy Muscles Bones Salivary Glands TMJ Nerve and Vascular Supply Eruption of teeth Articulation of teeth Age Changes

20 1 2

Oral Embryology 10 1 3

Development of Embryo Development of Skull, face, jaws, teeth Development of Dentition Development of Occlusion Common Anomalies

Oral Histology 40 5 15

Histology of Enamel, Dentin, Pulp, Cementum, PDL, Alveolar Process, Mucosa, Salivary Glands, TMJ

Oral Physiology 15 1 2

Saliva Taste, Smell, Mastication, Swallowing, Pain, Speech bone growth

Tooth Morphology

10 2 8

Anatomy of primary and permanent teeth Timing and sequence of eruption

Total Questions 10 30

44

FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY ISLAMABAD (FUCD) Weekly Time Table 1st Year BDS

WEEK DAY TIME

0800 – 0900 0900 – 1000 1000-1030

1030 – 1130 1130 – 1330 1330 – 1500

MONDAY

Anatomy (LGIS)

Topic Name Facilitator Name

Oral Biology (LGIS)

Topic Name

Facilitator Name

BR

EA

K

Anatomy

(LGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Group A: Anatomy Lab

(SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Group B: Biochemistry Lab

(SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Self-Study

Oral Biology Tutorial (SGIS)


TUESDAY

Physiology (LGIS)


Anatomy (LGIS)


Biochemistry (LGIS)


Group A: Oral Biology Lab

(SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name Group B:

Physiology Lab (SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Anatomy

(LGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

WEDNESDAY

Oral Biology (LGIS)

Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Physiology (LGIS)

Topic Name

Facilitator Name

SDL Anatomy

Group A: Biochemistry Lab

(SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Group B: Anatomy Lab

(SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Physiology Tutorial (LGIS)


Physiology Tutorial (SGIS)


THURSDAY

Anatomy

(LGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Biochemistry (LGIS)


Pakistan Studies

(LGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Group A: Physiology Lab

(SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Group B: Oral Biology Lab

(SGIS) Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Anatomy (LGIS)


FRIDAY

02/8/2019

Biochemistry Tutorial


Physiology (LGIS)

Topic Name

Facilitator Name

Islamiyat (LGIS)


SDL

Anatomy

XXXX

46

Academic Calendar 2019 – 2020

FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY (FUCD)

Academics

Bachelors of Dental Surgery (BDS)

First Year- Bachelors of Dental Surgery (BDS)

Orientation Day/Commencement of classes of BDS First Year 4thFeb 2019

1st Term Exam 22nd April –26th April 2019

2nd Term Exam 19th Aug – 23rd Aug 2019

Preparatory Leave for Sendup Exam 14th Oct to 18th Oct 2019

First Year BDS Sendup Exam 21st Oct to 1st Nov 2019

Preparatory Leave for Annual Exam 4th Nov to 22nd Nov 2019

BDS 1st Professional Annual Exam 25th Nov to 20th Dec 2019

Supplementary Exams 1st Professional BDS Feb 2020

Second Year - Bachelors of Dental Surgery (BDS)

Commencement of classes 2nd Year 17th Dec 2018

1st Term Exam 4th March – 8th March2019

2nd Term Exam 13th May – 17th May 2019

Preparatory Leave for Sendup Exam 16th Sep to 20th Sep 2019

Second Year BDS Sendup Exam 23rd Sep to 04th Oct 2019

Preparatory Leave for Annual Exam 07th Oct to 03rd Nov 2019

BDS 2nd Professional Annual Exam 04th Nov to 29th Nov 2019

Supplementary Exams 2nd Professional BDS Jan 2020

Third Year - Bachelors of Dental Surgery (BDS)

Commencement of classes 3rd Year 17th Dec 2018

1st Term Exam 4th March – 8th March 2019



Third Year BDS Sendup Exam 23rd Sep to 04th Oct 2019


BDS 3rd Professional Annual Exam 04th Nov to 29th Nov 2019

Supplementary Exams 3rd Professional BDS Jan 2020

Final Year - Bachelors of Dental Surgery (BDS)

Commencement of classes Final Year 17th Dec 2018

47

1st Term Exam 4th March – 8th March 2019



Final Year BDS Sendup Exam 23rd Sep to 04th Oct 2019


BDS Final Professional Annual Exam 04th Nov to 29th Nov 2019

Supplementary Exams Final Professional BDS Jan 2020

Extra-Curricular Activities

Sports Week 26th Mar to 28th Mar 2019

Class Trip First Year BDS, Second, Third & Final Year BDS 16th Feb 2019

Student Week FUIC (Amended 4-5 Oct 2019 instead of 2-3 May 2019) 01st May to 03rd May 2019

Funfair 30th March 2019

Annual Day 18th April 2019

Parent Teacher Meeting (PTM) 24th May 2019

World Oral Health Day 20th March 2019

Meetings/ Seminars/ Workshops

Events Dates

World Oral Health Day 20th March 2019

Study Day (Oral Maxillofacial Surgery) 23rd April 2019

The Pocket Mystery (Periodontics) 12th September 2019

Workshop on Treatment Planning (Orthodontics) 15th October 2019

Endo/ Restorative workshop (Operative Dentistry) 2nd November 2019

Oral health awareness week/ School visits in collaboration with Colgate 25th -29th November 2019

Short Training Courses by Departments

Topics Plan in Months

Introduction to tooth Whitening and Bleaching Oral Medicine Deptt 26th July 2019

BLS (Basic Life Support) workshop Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Deptt 19th April 2019

“Cast Partial Simplified: A Hands on workshop Prosthodontics Deptt 17th & 18th September 2019

Treatment Planning Session Orthodontics Deptt 15th & 16th October 2019

“Manipulation of Oral Mucosa” (Periodontal Flaps & Grafts) Periodontics Deptt

29th & 30th October 2019

Introduction and definition of different partial coverage restorations Operative Dentistry Deptt

02nd & 03rd November 2019

48

Holidays

Kashmir day 5th Feb 2019

Pakistan day 23rd March 2019

Labour day 1st May 2019

Eid -ul -Fitr/ Summer Vacation 27th May to 28th June 2019

Independence day 14th August 2019

Eid -ul -Azha holiday* 10th Aug to 18th Aug 2019

Ashura* 09th to 10th Sep 2019

Milad un Nabi* 09th Nov 2019

Quaid-e- Azam Day 25th Dec 2019

*subject to appearance of moon

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