Foundation of American Foundation of American GovernmentGovernment

Government & CivicsGovernment & Civics

Mr. DavisonMr. Davison

Government: what is it?Government: what is it?

What is government? Which What is government? Which form of government is best? form of government is best? Why did government Why did government originate? What are the originate? What are the functions of government?functions of government?

Roots in antiquity: The POLISRoots in antiquity: The POLIS

The Greek philosopher The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first Aristotle was one of the first to study government.to study government.

He studied the He studied the polispolis, a state , a state consisting of a city and the consisting of a city and the surrounding countryside, of surrounding countryside, of the ancient Greeks. the ancient Greeks. (Metropolis)(Metropolis)

The Greeks gave us many The Greeks gave us many terms and concepts of terms and concepts of government such as government such as politics, politics, democracy, democracy, andand republic. republic.

The U.S. is a STATEThe U.S. is a STATE

The word The word statestate comes comes from the Latin word from the Latin word “stare” and means “to “stare” and means “to stand.”stand.”

AA state state is a political is a political community that occupies community that occupies a a definite territorydefinite territory and and has an has an organized organized government government with the with the power to make and power to make and enforce laws enforce laws without without approval from any higher approval from any higher authorityauthority..

NationNation

The term The term nationnation commonly refers to an commonly refers to an independent state or independent state or country.country.

A nation is a group of A nation is a group of people united by bonds of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, race, language, custom, tradition, and, sometimes, tradition, and, sometimes, religion.religion.

Nation - StateNation - State

A A nation-statenation-state is a is a country in which the country in which the of both the nation of both the nation and the state and the state coincide.coincide.

The U.S.A is an The U.S.A is an example of a nation-example of a nation-state. France is also state. France is also an example.an example.

4 Characteristics of a STATE4 Characteristics of a STATE

States share four essential States share four essential features :features : population, population, territory,territory, sovereignty, sovereignty, government government ..

PopulationPopulation

People are needed to form People are needed to form a state. (Empty land alone a state. (Empty land alone can NOT be a state)can NOT be a state)

Population affects stability Population affects stability of a state.of a state.

States where people share States where people share a general a general political and political and social social consensus, consensus, oror agreement,agreement, have the most have the most stable governments.stable governments.

Mobility of people affects Mobility of people affects political power.political power.

Specific GeographySpecific Geography(the more well defined the better)(the more well defined the better) What are the territorial What are the territorial

boundaries of the U.S. ?boundaries of the U.S. ? The U.S. has gained land The U.S. has gained land

through treaties, war, and through treaties, war, and purchasing it.purchasing it.

The most notable purchases: The most notable purchases: Louisiana Purchase, the Louisiana Purchase, the Gadsden Purchase, and Gadsden Purchase, and Alaska.Alaska.

The most notable treaties: The most notable treaties: Original 13 colonies, Territory Original 13 colonies, Territory in 1790, Texas, the Mexican in 1790, Texas, the Mexican Cession, and the Treaty of Cession, and the Treaty of Paris (1898).Paris (1898).

Political SovereigntyPolitical Sovereignty

Political Political sovereignty sovereignty means that means that the state has the supreme and the state has the supreme and absolute authority within its territorial absolute authority within its territorial boundaries.boundaries.

Theoretically, each state is equal in Theoretically, each state is equal in legal rights and duties.legal rights and duties.

In practice, states with greater In practice, states with greater economic strength and military economic strength and military capabilities have more power than capabilities have more power than other states. other states.

QUESTION? Is New York State QUESTION? Is New York State equal to California, Florida, equal to California, Florida, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada??????Montana, Wyoming, Nevada??????

Can a Sovereign State leave a Can a Sovereign State leave a Sovereign Nation?Sovereign Nation?

American Civil War 1861- 1865 said NOAmerican Civil War 1861- 1865 said NO A Nation is a SINGLE UNITA Nation is a SINGLE UNIT IT IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS IT IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS

PARTSPARTS

Confederation v. NATIONConfederation v. NATION

confederationconfederation NATION

WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?WHAT IS GOVERNMENT? Government Government is the is the

institution through which institution through which the statethe state

1. 1. maintainsmaintains social order, social order, 2. 2. providesprovides public services, public services, 3. 3. enforcesenforces decisions that decisions that

are binding on all people are binding on all people living within the state.living within the state.

Limited Government v. Unlimited or Limited Government v. Unlimited or absolute Governmentabsolute Government

The ideas of The ideas of “limited government” “limited government” shaped shaped the constitutional government of the U.S.the constitutional government of the U.S.

In 1215, King John of England was forced In 1215, King John of England was forced to sign the to sign the Magna Carta Magna Carta

. Magna Carta required King . Magna Carta required King John to to proclaim certain rights (proclaim certain rights (freemen), respect ), respect certain certain legal procedures, and accept that , and accept that his his will could be could be bound by the law. It . It protected certain rights of the King's protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered subjects, whether free or fettered supported what became the supported what became the writ of of habeas corpus, allowing appeal against , allowing appeal against

unlawful imprisonment.unlawful imprisonment.

Theory of how governments are Theory of how governments are formedformed

The The evolutionary theoryevolutionary theory holds the natural holds the natural development of government came out of early family development of government came out of early family units. units.

The The force theory statesforce theory states one person or a small group one person or a small group claimed control over an area and forced all within it to claimed control over an area and forced all within it to submit to that person's or group's rule. submit to that person's or group's rule. The The divine rightdivine right is the doctrine that states the right of is the doctrine that states the right of rules in a monarch (one ruler) is developed directly rules in a monarch (one ruler) is developed directly from God and is only accountable to God because from God and is only accountable to God because God created the state. God created the state.

Change over time in EnglandChange over time in England

Petition of Right,Petition of Right, 1628, a 1628, a statement of civil liberties statement of civil liberties sent by the English sent by the English Parliament to Parliament to Charles I. .

The Petition of asserted The Petition of asserted fourfour principles: principles: 1. 1. no taxes may be no taxes may be levied without consent of levied without consent of Parliament; Parliament; 2. 2. no subject may be no subject may be imprisoned without cause shown imprisoned without cause shown habeas ; habeas ; 3. 3. no soldiers may be no soldiers may be quartered upon the citizenry; quartered upon the citizenry; 4. 4. martial law may not be used in martial law may not be used in time of peace. time of peace. All will be All will be incorporated into our Constitutionincorporated into our Constitution

Hey Mr. King “We have our Hey Mr. King “We have our RIGHTS”!!RIGHTS”!!

The The English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights names names certain certain rights to which to which subjects and and permanent residents of a of a constitutional monarchy were were thought to be entitled . Asserting thought to be entitled . Asserting subjects' subjects' right to petition the the monarch, as well as to bear arms monarch, as well as to bear arms in defense. It also sets out certain in defense. It also sets out certain constitutional requirements of constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of to seek the consent of the people, as represented in the people, as represented in

parliament. . Government Government by the consent of the by the consent of the governed!governed!

Early Political PhilosophersEarly Political Philosophers Tomas Hobbes was one of the Tomas Hobbes was one of the

first to theorize on the first to theorize on the social social contract.contract.

Social contract Social contract is by contract is by contract people gave up to the state the people gave up to the state the power needed to maintain power needed to maintain order. The state, in turn, order. The state, in turn, agreed to protect the citizens.agreed to protect the citizens.

In In Leviathan, Hobbes set out , Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation his doctrine of the foundation of of states and legitimate and legitimate governments - based on - based on social contract theories. He . He talks about the “state of talks about the “state of nature” – what life would be nature” – what life would be like without government. like without government.

Life in a state of NatureLife in a state of Nature The state of nature inevitably The state of nature inevitably

leads to conflict, a "war of all leads to conflict, a "war of all against all" and thus lives that are against all" and thus lives that are "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (xiii).short" (xiii).

To escape this state of war, men To escape this state of war, men agree to a agree to a social contract . All . All individuals in that society give up individuals in that society give up their natural rights for the sake of their natural rights for the sake of protection. Any abuses of power protection. Any abuses of power by this authority are to be by this authority are to be accepted as the price of peace. accepted as the price of peace. However, he also states that in However, he also states that in severe cases of abuse, rebellion is severe cases of abuse, rebellion is expected. In particular, the expected. In particular, the doctrine of doctrine of separation of powers is is rejected. The sovereign must rejected. The sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers.ecclesiastical powers.

Life is a Contractual AgreementLife is a Contractual Agreement John Locke took social John Locke took social

contract a step further. contract a step further. People were endowed with the People were endowed with the

right of life, liberty, and right of life, liberty, and property. To keep these rights, property. To keep these rights, they willingly contracted to give they willingly contracted to give power to a governing authority. power to a governing authority. When government failed to When government failed to preserve the rights of the preserve the rights of the people, the people had the people, the people had the right to break the contract.right to break the contract.

He influenced the American He influenced the American Declaration of Independence.Declaration of Independence.

John LockeJohn Locke The The Two Treatises of Two Treatises of

Government Government by by John Locke. .

People need government People need government to keep social order to keep social order because they have not because they have not figured out a way to live figured out a way to live in groups without conflict.in groups without conflict.

The Second TreatiseThe Second Treatise outlines a theory of outlines a theory of political or political or civil society based on based on natural rights and and contract theory..

MontesquieuMontesquieu The Spirit of LawsThe Spirit of Laws was was

published anonymously by published anonymously by Montesquieu..

Montesquieu stressed the Montesquieu stressed the separation of powers, the separation of powers, the abolition of slavery, the abolition of slavery, the preservation of civil preservation of civil liberties, the rule of law, liberties, the rule of law, and the idea that politics and the idea that politics and laws should reflect the and laws should reflect the social and geographical social and geographical character of each character of each particular community.particular community.

Why Government?Why Government?

Government serves four purposes: (1.) to Government serves four purposes: (1.) to maintain social order; (2.) to provide public maintain social order; (2.) to provide public services; (3.) to provide for national security and services; (3.) to provide for national security and a common defense; and (4.) to provide and a common defense; and (4.) to provide and control the economic system.control the economic system.

Government must make decisions that are Government must make decisions that are binding to all citizens. It has the authority to binding to all citizens. It has the authority to require all individuals to obey these decisions require all individuals to obey these decisions and the power to punish those who do not obey and the power to punish those who do not obey them.them.

Decisions can be enforced…Decisions can be enforced…

The decisions of government The decisions of government are authoritative – they can be are authoritative – they can be enforced upon all society.enforced upon all society.

It gets its power from 2 It gets its power from 2 sources – legitimacy and sources – legitimacy and coercive force.coercive force.

Legitimacy is the willingness of Legitimacy is the willingness of citizens to obey the citizens to obey the government.government.

Coercive force comes from the Coercive force comes from the police, judicial, and military police, judicial, and military institutions of government.institutions of government.

Governments range in size Governments range in size and type. Most larger countries and type. Most larger countries have several levels of have several levels of government – national, state, government – national, state, and local.and local.

AA unitary system unitary system gives all key gives all key powers to the national or powers to the national or central government. The central government. The central government can still set central government can still set up other local or state up other local or state governments.governments.

China is an example of unitary China is an example of unitary governmentgovernment

The Federal SystemThe Federal System

The The federal systemfederal system divides the powers of divides the powers of government between the government between the national government and national government and state or provincial state or provincial governments.governments.

Each state has Each state has sovereignty in some sovereignty in some areas.areas.

The U.S. is an example.The U.S. is an example.

A ConfederacyA Confederacy

AA confederacy confederacy is a is a loose union of loose union of independent states.independent states.

The Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Independent States of Independent States (CIS), formerly known (CIS), formerly known as the Soviet Union. as the Soviet Union.

What is a Constitution?What is a Constitution?

A A constitution constitution is a plan that is a plan that provides the rules for provides the rules for government.government.

It has 3 major purposes: (1.) it It has 3 major purposes: (1.) it sets out ideals that the people sets out ideals that the people bound by the constitution bound by the constitution believe in and share; (2.) it believe in and share; (2.) it establishes the basic structure establishes the basic structure of government and defines the of government and defines the government’s powers and government’s powers and duties; and (3.) it provides the duties; and (3.) it provides the supreme law for the country. supreme law for the country.

Constitution as Padlock on Constitution as Padlock on Govt.Govt.

A A constitutional governmentconstitutional government refers to a government in refers to a government in which a constitution has which a constitution has authority to place clearly authority to place clearly recognized limits on the recognized limits on the power of those who govern.power of those who govern.

Constitutional Constitutional government is government is limited limited government.government.

A Constitution is NOT ENOUGHA Constitution is NOT ENOUGH Constitutions Constitutions are incomplete are incomplete for 2 reasons: for 2 reasons: 1.1. no no

written constitution can spell out all the laws, written constitution can spell out all the laws, customs, and ideas that grow around the document customs, and ideas that grow around the document itself; and, itself; and, 2. 2. it does not reflect the actual practice of it does not reflect the actual practice of government in a country.government in a country.

The main body sets out the plan for government The main body sets out the plan for government ((the framework or outline) the framework or outline) – it describes the – it describes the relationship between the national and state relationship between the national and state governments. It is divided into articles and sections.governments. It is divided into articles and sections.

Constitutions provide the supreme law of the land. Constitutions provide the supreme law of the land. There can be NONE HIGHER in written lawThere can be NONE HIGHER in written law

Purpose of PreamblePurpose of Preamble

The The Preamble to the United Preamble to the United States ConstitutionStates Constitution is a brief is a brief introductory statement of the introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding purposes and guiding principles. It states in general principles. It states in general terms, and courts have terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable referred to it as reliable evidence of, the Founding evidence of, the Founding Fathers' Fathers' intentions regarding intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the what they hoped the

Constitution would achieveConstitution would achieve..

POLITICSPOLITICS

Politics Politics is the effort to is the effort to control or influence control or influence the conduct and the conduct and policies of policies of government.government.

There are 2 major There are 2 major political parties in the political parties in the U.S. – Democratic U.S. – Democratic and Republican.and Republican.

Top tier nations vs. othersTop tier nations vs. others Industrialized nations Industrialized nations are large are large

nations with large industries nations with large industries and advanced technology that and advanced technology that provides a more comfortable provides a more comfortable way of life than developing way of life than developing nations.nations.

Characteristics: a large base Characteristics: a large base of productive capital, of productive capital, sophisticated banking systems sophisticated banking systems and financial markets, a variety and financial markets, a variety of industries producing a broad of industries producing a broad range of products, and range of products, and vigorous and varied vigorous and varied international trade. international trade. Industrialized nations also Industrialized nations also have well established systems have well established systems of government and law, and of government and law, and provide educational provide educational opportunities for their people.opportunities for their people.

The others = DevelopingThe others = Developing Developing nations Developing nations are are

those developing industry.those developing industry. Characteristics: the Characteristics: the

economy relies on a few economy relies on a few export crops, farming is export crops, farming is conducted by primitive conducted by primitive methods and, rapid methods and, rapid population growth population growth threatens the supply of threatens the supply of food. food.

Most are in Africa, Asia, Most are in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.and Latin America.

Types of GovernmentsTypes of Governments

All governments All governments belong to one of 3 belong to one of 3 major groups: (1.) major groups: (1.) autocracy – rule by autocracy – rule by one person; (2.) one person; (2.) oligarchyoligarchy – rule by a – rule by a few persons; (few persons; (Muslim Muslim world is a theocracyworld is a theocracy) ) or (3.) or (3.) democracydemocracy – – ruled by many ruled by many persons.persons.

Hail to the Queen!!!!!!Hail to the Queen!!!!!!

MonarchyMonarchy is a form of is a form of government where a king, government where a king, queen, or emperor queen, or emperor exercises the supreme exercises the supreme power of government.power of government.

Absolute monarchs Absolute monarchs have have complete and unlimited complete and unlimited power to rule.power to rule.

Constitutional monarchs Constitutional monarchs share power with elected share power with elected legislatures and serve as legislatures and serve as ceremonial leaders.ceremonial leaders.

Oligarchy could be top dogs or Oligarchy could be top dogs or other dogs but only a few dogs!other dogs but only a few dogs!

Oligarchy Oligarchy is a system is a system of government in of government in which a small group which a small group holds power. holds power.

Power comes from Power comes from wealth, military wealth, military power, social position, power, social position, or a combination of or a combination of these elements.these elements.

Democracy Democracy is any system of is any system of government in which rule is by government in which rule is by the people.the people.

A key to democracy is that the A key to democracy is that the people hold the power.people hold the power.

Direct democracy – is the Direct democracy – is the people govern themselves by people govern themselves by voting on issues individually as voting on issues individually as citizens.citizens.

Representative democracy – Representative democracy – the people elect the people elect representatives and give them representatives and give them the power to make laws and the power to make laws and run government.run government.

A A political party political party is a is a group of individuals group of individuals with broad common with broad common interests who interests who organize to nominate organize to nominate candidates for office, candidates for office, win elections, and win elections, and determine public determine public policy.policy.

Characteristics of Free Characteristics of Free ElectionsElections

5 Characteristics of 5 Characteristics of Free Elections:Free Elections:

1.) Suffrage1.) Suffrage

2.) Nomination2.) Nomination

3.)3.) Electoral System Electoral System

4.) Scheduling4.) Scheduling 5.) 5.) Election CampaignsElection Campaigns

Economic SystemsEconomic Systems

Free enterprise -Free enterprise -BusinessBusiness governed governed by the laws of by the laws of supplysupply and and demanddemand, not , not restrained by restrained by governmentgovernment interference, interference, regulationregulation or or subsidysubsidy, , also calledalso called free market.free market.

Its all about the $$$$$$ or is it?Its all about the $$$$$$ or is it?

Government has 3 major Government has 3 major economic decisions to economic decisions to make: (1.) providing make: (1.) providing citizens with economic citizens with economic opportunities or opportunities or resources; (2.) pass laws resources; (2.) pass laws that shape the economic that shape the economic environment of the environment of the nation; and, (3.) make nation; and, (3.) make choices that distribute choices that distribute public services and public services and benefits among citizens. benefits among citizens.

CapitalismCapitalismCapital = $$, Wealth, PowerCapital = $$, Wealth, Power

Capitalism Capitalism is an economic is an economic system providing free choice system providing free choice and individual incentive for and individual incentive for workers, investors, workers, investors, consumers, and business consumers, and business enterprises.enterprises.

Free market Free market is an economic is an economic system in which buyers and system in which buyers and sellers make free choices in sellers make free choices in the marketplace.the marketplace.

Laissez-faire Laissez-faire means “to let means “to let alone” – government should alone” – government should keep its hands off the keep its hands off the economy.economy.

SocialismSocialismIn theory all receive equallyIn theory all receive equally

Socialism Socialism is an is an economic system economic system where the where the government owns the government owns the basic means of basic means of production, distributes production, distributes products and wages, products and wages, and provides social and provides social services such as services such as health care and health care and welfare.welfare.

MarxismMarxism Karl Marx was a GermanKarl Marx was a German whose whose

ideas are credited as the ideas are credited as the foundation of modern foundation of modern communism. communism.

He wrote He wrote The Communist The Communist Manifesto.Manifesto.

Marx argued that capitalism, will Marx argued that capitalism, will inevitably produce internal inevitably produce internal tensions which will lead to its tensions which will lead to its destruction. He believed destruction. He believed socialism will replace capitalism, socialism will replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism.society called pure communism.

““From each according to this From each according to this ability to each according to his ability to each according to his needs” = CHRISTIAN needs” = CHRISTIAN CHARITY?CHARITY?

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISMWhat is a commune?What is a commune?

Communism Communism is a is a political and economic political and economic philosophy that philosophy that believes that one believes that one class would evolve, class would evolve, property would be property would be held in common, and held in common, and there would be no there would be no need for government.need for government.

In communist countries, In communist countries, government planners government planners decide how much to decide how much to produce, what to produce, what to produce, how to distribute produce, how to distribute the goods and services the goods and services provided, and how much provided, and how much to charge for these goods to charge for these goods and services. This is and services. This is called a called a command command economy,economy,

Functions of Government:Functions of Government:1.) Form a more perfect Union1.) Form a more perfect Union

2.) Establish Justice2.) Establish Justice

3.) Insure domestic Tranquility3.) Insure domestic Tranquility

4.) Provide for the common 4.) Provide for the common defensedefense

5.) Promote the general welfare5.) Promote the general welfare

6.) Secure the blessings of 6.) Secure the blessings of LibertyLiberty

7) To Ourselves and our 7) To Ourselves and our PosterityPosterity

The End.The End.