Foucault, Discourse and Truth- The Problematization of Parrhesia Copy

8/10/2019 Foucault, Discourse and Truth- The Problematization of Parrhesia Copy

1/66

Discourse and Truth: The Problematization of Parrhesia.

(six lectures given by Michel Foucault at Berkeley, Oct-Nov. 1983)

THE MEANING OF THE WORD "PARRHESIA"

1. Parrhesia and Frankness

2. Parrhesia and Truth

3. Parrhesia and Danger

4. Parrhesia and Criticism

5. Parrhesia and Duty

THE EVOLUTION OF THE WORD PARRHESIA

1.

Parrhesia and Rhetoric2. Parrhesia and Politics

3. Parrhesia and Philosophy

PARRHESIA IN THE TRAGEDIES OF EURIPIDES

1. Phoenician Women

2. Hippolytus

3. The Bacchae

4. Electra

5. Ion

6.

Orestes

7. Problematization of parrhesia

PARRHESIA AND THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

PRACTICES OF PARRHESIA

1. Socratic Parrhesia

2. Parrhesia and Community Life

3. Parrhesia and Public Life

4.

Parrhesia and Personal Relationships

TECHNIQUES OF THE PARRHESIASTIC GAMES

1. Seneca & evening examination

2. Serenus & general self-scrutiny

3. Epictetus & control of representations

4. Conclusion

CONCLUDING REMARKS

"#$%&$'()*+,# - . //


2/66

The Meaning of the Word " Parrhesia "

012 3#45 6!"##$%&'"6 7!"##$%&"8 &992&4: ,#4 (12 ,*4:( (*;2 *+ (H;#'#G*%&''HF

6!"##$%&'"(%&+$"'6 ;2&+: 6 (# :&H 2S24H(1*+G AA,4#; 6!".6 7!(08 Z2S24H(1*+G\ &+5 6 #$%*"6

7/,T"8 Z(1&( 31*%1 *: :&*5\) 012 #+2 31# $:2:!"##$%&'"F (12!"##$%&'"&+%&F *: :#;2#+2 31#

:&H: 2S24H(1*+G 12 1&: *+ ;*+5 Q 12 5#2: +#( 1*52 &+H(1*+GF I$( #92+: 1*: 12&4( &+5 ;*+5

%#;9'2(2'H (# #(124 92#9'2 (14#$G1 1*: 5*:%#$4:2) Y+ !"##$%&'"F +$% :92&=24 *: :$99#:25 (#

G*S2 & %#;9'2(2 &+5 2J&%( &%%#$+( #, 31&( 12 1&: *+ ;*+5 :# (1&( (12 &$5*2+%2 *: &I'2 (#

%#;94212+5 2J&%('H 31&( (12 :92&=24 (1*+=:) 012 3#45 6 !"##$%&'"6 (12+F 42,24: (# & (H92 #,

42'&(*#+:1*9 I2(322+ (12 :92&=24 &+5 31&( 12 :&H:) "#4 *+ !"##$%&'"F (12 :92&=24 ;&=2: *(

;&+*,2:('H %'2&4 &+5 #IS*#$: (1&( 31&( 12 :&H: *: 1*: #3+ #9*+*#+) K+5 12 5#2: (1*: IH

&S#*5*+G &+H =*+5 #, 412(#4*%&' ,#4; 31*%1 3#$'5 S2*' 31&( 12 (1*+=:) Y+:(2&5F (12

!"##$%&'"&+%& $:2: (12 ;#:( 5*42%( 3#45: &+5 ,#4;: #, 2J942::*#+ 12 %&+ ,*+5) b1242&:

412(#4*% 94#S*52: (12 :92&=24 3*(1 (2%1+*%&' 52S*%2: (# 12'9 1*; 942S&*' $9#+ (12 ;*+5: #, 1*:

&$5*2+%2 Z42G&45'2:: #, (12 412(#4*%*&+_: #3+ #9*+*#+ %#+%24+*+G 31&( 12 :&H:\F *+!"##$%&'"F

(12!"##$%&'"&+%&&%(: #+ #(124 92#9'2_: ;*+5 IH :1#3*+G (12; &: 5*42%('H &: 9#::*I'2 31&( 12&%($&''H I2'*2S2:)

Y, 32 5*:(*+G$*:1 I2(322+ (12 :92&=*+G :$Ic2%( Z(12 :$Ic2%( #, (12 2+$+%*&(*#+\ &+5 (12

G4&;;&(*%&' :$Ic2%( #, (12 2+#$+%25F 32 %#$'5 :&H (1&( (1242 *: &':# (12 :$Ic2%( #, (12

2+$+%*&+5$; A31*%1 42,24: (# (12 12'5 I2'*2, #4 #9*+*#+ #, (12 :92&=24) Y+ !"##$%&'" (12

:92&=24 2;91&:*M2: (12 ,&%( (1&( 12 *: I#(1 (12 :$Ic2%( #, (12 2+$+%*&(*#+ &+5 (12 :$Ic2%( #,

(12 2+$+%*&+5$; A(1&( 12 1*;:2', *: (12 :$Ic2%( #, (12 #9*+*#+ (# 31*%1 12 42,24:) 012 :92%*,*%

6 :922%1 &%(*S*(H 6 #, (12 9&4412:*&:(*% 2+$+%*&(*#+ (1$: (&=2: (12 ,#4; Q 6 Y &; (12 #+2 31#

(1*+=: (1*: &+5 (1&( 6

Y $:2 (12 914&:2 6 :922%1 &%(*S*(H 6 4&(124 (1&+ N#1+ d2&4'2_: 6 :922%1 &%( 6Z#4 K$:(*+_: 6

924,#4;&(*S2 $((24&+%2 6\ *+ #4524 (# 5*:(*+G$*:1 (12 9&4412:*&:(*% $((24&+%2 &+5 *(:

%#;;*(;2+(: ,4#; (12 $:$&' :#4(: #, %#;;*(;2+( 31*%1 #I(&*+ I2(322+ :#;2#+2 &+5 31&(12 #4 :12 :&H:) "#4F &: 32 :1&'' :22F (12 %#;;*(;2+( *+S#'S25 *+ !"##$%&'" *: '*+=25 (# &

"#$%&$'()*+,# e . //


3/66

%24(&*+ :#%*&' :*($&(*#+F (# & 5*,,242+%2 #, :(&($: I2(322+ (12 :92&=24 &+5 1*: &$5*2+%2F (# (12

,&%( (1&( (12!"##$%&'"&+%&:&H: :#;2(1*+G 31*%1 *: 5&+G24#$: (# 1*;:2', &+5 (1$: *+S#'S2: &

4*:=F &+5 :# #+)

2. Parrhesia and Truth

01242 &42 (3# (H92: #, !"##$%&'"31*%1 32 ;$:( 5*:(*+G$*:1) "*4:( F(1242 *: & 92c#4&(*S2

:2+:2 #, (12 3#45 +#( S24H ,&4 ,4#; 6 %1&((24*+G 6 &+5 31*%1 %#+:*:(: *+ :&H*+G &+H #4

2S24H(1*+G #+2 1&: *+ ;*+5 3*(1#$( U$&'*,*%&(*#+) 01*: 92c#4&(*S2 :2+:2 #%%$4: *+ W'&(#F ,#4

2J&;9'2F &: & %1&4&%(24*M&(*#+ #, (12 I&5 52;#%4&(*% %#+:(*($(*#+ 31242 2S24H#+2 1&: (12 4*G1(

(# &5542:: 1*;:2', (# 1*: ,2''#3 %*(*M2+: &+5 (# (2'' (12; &+H(1*+G A2S2+ (12 ;#:( :($9*5 #4

5&+G24#$: (1*+G: ,#4 (12 %*(H) 01*: 92c#4&(*S2 ;2&+*+G *: &':# ,#$+5 ;#42 ,42U$2+('H *+

E14*:(*&+ '*(24&($42 31242 :$%1 6 I&5 6!"##$%&'"*: #99#:25 (# :*'2+%2 &: & 5*:%*9'*+2 #4 &: (12

42U$*:*(2 %#+5*(*#+ ,#4 (12 %#+(2;9'&(*#+ #,


4/66

3. Parrhesia and Danger

d#;2#+2 *: :&*5 (# $:2!"##$%&'"&+5 ;24*(: %#+:*524&(*#+ &: &!"##$%&'"&+%+'H *, (1242

*: & 4*:= #4 5&+G24 ,#4 1*; #4 124 *+ (2''*+G (12 (4$(1) "#4 *+:(&+%2F ,4#; (12 &+%*2+(


5/66

!"##$%&'"&+%& *: &'3&H: '2:: 9#324,$' (1&+ (12 #+2 3*(1 31#; 12 #4 :12 :92&=: ) 012

!"##$%&'"%#;2: ,4#; 6 I2'#3 6F &: *( 3242F &+5 *: 5*42%(25 (#3&45: 6 &I#S26) 01*: *: 31H &+

&+%*2+(


6/66

The Evolution of the Word " parrhesia "

i#3 31&( Y 3#$'5 '*=2 (# 5# *+ (1*: :2;*+&4 *: +#( (# :($5H &+5 &+&'HM2 &'' (12 5*;2+:*#+:

&+5 ,2&($42: #,!"##$%&'"F I$( 4&(124 (# :1#3 &+5 (# 2;91&:*M2 :#;2 &:92%(: #, (12 2S#'$(*#+

#, (12 9&4412:*&:(*% G&;2 *+ &+%*2+( %$'($42 Z,4#; (12 "*,(1 E2+($4H DE\ (# (12 I2G*++*+G: #,

E14*:(*&+*(H) K+5 Y (1*+= (1&( 32 %&+ &+&'HM2 (1*: 2S#'$(*#+ ,4#; (1422 9#*+(: #, S*23)

1. Parrhesia and Rhetoric

012 ,*4:( %#+%24+: (12 42'&(*#+:1*9 #, !"##$%&'" (# 412(#4*%AA& 42'&(*#+:1*9 31*%1 *:

94#I'2;&(*% 2S2+ *+ >$4*9*52:) Y+ (12 d#%4&(*%AW'&(#+*% (4&5*(*#+F!"##$%&'"&+5 412(#4*% :(&+5

*+ & :(4#+G #99#:*(*#+ R &+5 (1*: #99#:*(*#+ &992&4: S24H %'2&4'H *+ (12 5)#6'"&F ,#4 2J&;9'2F

31242 (12 3#45 6!"##$%&'"6 #%%$4:) 012 %#+(*+$#$: '#+G :922%1 *: & 412(#4*%&' #4 :#91*:(*%&'

52S*%2F 31242&: (12 5*&'#G$2 (14#$G1 U$2:(*#+: &+5 &+:324: *: (H9*%&' ,#4 !"##$%&'" R *)2)F

5*&'#G$2 *: & ;&c#4 (2%1+*U$2 ,#4 9'&H*+G (12 9&4412:*&:(*% G&;2)

012 #99#:*(*#+ #,!"##$%&'"&+5 412(#4*% &':# 4$+: (14#$G1 (12,$"%7#8&AA 31242F &: H#$

=+#3F (12 ;&*+ 94#I'2; *: +#( &I#$( (12 +&($42 #, (12 #99#:*(*#+ I2(322+ :922%1 &+5 34*(*+GFI$( %#+%24+: (12 5*,,242+%2 I2(322+ (12 4)6)&31*%1 :92&=: (12 (4$(1 &+5 (12 4)6)&31*%1 *:

+#( %&9&I'2 #, :$%1 (4$(1A(2''*+G) 01*: #99#:*(*#+ I2(322+!"##$%&'"&+5 412(#4*%F 31*%1 *: :#

%'2&4A%$( *+ (12 "#$4(1 E2+($4H DE (14#$G1#$( W'&(# _: 34*(*+G:F 3*'' '&:( ,#4 %2+($4*2: *+ (12

91*'#:#91*%&' (4&5*(*#+) Y+ d2+2%&F ,#4 2J&;9'2F #+2 ,*+5: (12 *52& (1&( 924:#+&' %#+S24:&(*#+:

&42 (12 I2:( S21*%'2 ,#4 ,4&+= :92&=*+G &+5 (4$(1A(2''*+G *+:#,&4 &: #+2 %&+ 5*:92+:2F *+ :$%1

%#+S24:&(*#+:F 3*(1 (12 +225 ,#4 412(#4*%&' 52S*%2: &+5 #4+&;2+(&(*#+) K+5 2S2+ 5$4*+G (12

d2%#+5 E2+($4H KL (12 %$'($4&' #99#:*(*#+ I2(322+ 412(#4*% &+5 91*'#:#91H *: :(*'' S24H %'2&4

&+5 *;9#4(&+()

g#32S24F #+2 %&+ &':# ,*+5 :#;2 :*G+: #, (12 *+%#49#4&(*#+ #,!"##$%&'"3*(1*+ (12 ,*2'5

#, 412(#4*% *+ (12 3#4= #, 412(#4*%*&+: &( (12 I2G*++*+G #, (12 >;9*42) Y+ j$*+(*''*&+_:

9.&+'+8+') :#"+)#'"F ,#4 2J&;9'2 ZD##= YkF E1&9(24 YY\F j$*+(*''*&+ 2J9'&*+: (1&( :#;2

412(#4*%&' ,*G$42: &42 :92%*,*%&''H &5&9(25 ,#4 *+(2+:*,H*+G (12 2;#(*#+: #, (12 &$5*2+%2 R &+5

:$%1 (2%1+*%&' ,*G$42: 12 %&'': IH (12 +&;2 6 %;


7/66

L$4*+G (12 g2''2+*:(*% 924*#5 (1*: 9#'*(*%&' ;2&+*+G %1&+G2: 3*(1 (12 4*:2 #, (12

g2''2+*% ;#+&4%1*2:) ,"##$%&'" +#3 I2%#;2: %2+(2425 *+ (12 42'&(*#+:1*9 I2(322+ (12

:#S242*G+ &+5 1*: &5S*:#4: #4 %#$4( ;2+ ) Y+ (12 ;#+&4%1*% %#+:(*($(*#+ #, (12 :(&(2F *( *: (12

&5S*:#4_: 5$(H (# $:2 !"##$%&'" (# 12'9 (12 =*+G 3*(1 1*: 52%*:*#+:F &+5 (# 942S2+( 1*; ,4#;

&I$:*+G 1*: 9#324 ) ,"##$%&'" *: +2%2::&4H &+5 $:2,$' I#(1 ,#4 (12 =*+G &+5 ,#4 (12 92#9'2

$+524 1*: 4$'2 ) 012 :#S242*G+ 1*;:2', *: +#( & !"##$%&'"&+%&F I$( & (#$%1:(#+2 #, (12 G##54$'24 *: 1*: &I*'*(H (# 9'&H (12 9&4412:*&:(*% G&;2) 01$: F & G##5 =*+G &%%29(: 2S24H(1*+G (1&( &

G2+$*+2!"##$%&'"&+%&(2'': 1*;F 2S2+ *, *( ($4+: #$( (# I2 $+9'2&:&+( ,#4 1*; (# 12&4 %4*(*%*:;

#, 1*: 52%*:*#+:) K :#S242*G+ :1#3: 1*;:2', (# I2 & (H4&+( *, 12 5*:42G&45: 1*: 1#+2:( &5S*:#4:F

#4 9$+*:12: (12; ,#4 31&( (12H 1&S2 :&*5 ) 012 9#4(4&H&' #, & :#S242*G+ IH ;#:( 9*%$42&+:F!"##$%&'"_: &,,*+*(H 3*(1 (12 %&42 #, #+2:2', 52S2'#925 (#

(12 9#*+( 31242!"##$%&'" *(:2', 3&: 94*;&4*'H 42G&4525 &: & +%9*%$4*&+ 34*(24: 5$4*+G (12 "*4:( E2+($4H DE\F

34#(2 & I##= &I#$(!"##$%&'"7.1#&!"##$%&"-8 31*%1 %#+%24+ (2%1+*%&' 94&%(*%2: $:2,$' ,#4

(2&%1*+G &+5 12'9*+G #+2 &+#(124 *+ (12 >9*%$42&+ %#;;$+*(H) b2 :1&'' 2J&;*+2 :#;2 #,

(12:2 9&4412:*&:(*% (2%1+*U$2 &: (12H 52S2'#925 *+ F ,#4 2J&;9'2F (12 d(#*% 91*'#:#91*2: #,

>9*%(2($:F d2+2%&F &+5 #(124: )

"#$%&$'()*+,# C . //


8/66

PARRHESIA IN THE TRAGEDIES OF EURIPIDES

0#5&H Y 3#$'5 '*=2 (# I2G*+ &+&'HM*+G (12 ,*4:( #%%$442+%2: #, (12 3#45 6!"##$%&'"6 *+

(2#%'2: Z31# 3&: #'524\ 42*G+*+G ,*4:() D$( &,(24 1*: *+*(*&' H2&4 #, 42*G+F >(2#%'2: 42,$:2: (#

1&+5 #S24 (12 %4#3+ &+5 H*2'5 9#324 (# 1*: I4#(124F W#'H+2*%2:) >(2#%'2: (1$: 42942:2+(:

(H4&++HF &+5 W#'H+2*%2:n31# '*S2: *+ 2J*'2n42942:2+(: (12 52;#%4&(*% 42G*;2) d22=*+G 1*:

:1&42 #, 1*: ,&(124o: %4#3+F W#'H+2*%2: 42($4+: 3*(1 &+ &4;H #, K4G*S2: *+ #4524 (# #S24(14#3

>(2#%'2: &+5 '&H :*2G2 (# (12 %*(H #, 012I2:) Y( *: *+ (12 1#92 #, &S#*5*+G (1*: %#+,4#+(&(*#+(1&( N#%&:(&n(12 ;#(124 #, W#'H+2*%2: &+5 >(2#%'2:F &+5 (12 3*,2 &+5 ;#(124 #, h25*9$:n

924:$&52: 124 (3# :#+: (# ;22( *+ & (4$%2) b12+ W#'H+2*%2: &44*S2: ,#4 (1*: ;22(*+GF N#%&:(&

&:=: 1*; &I#$( 1*: :$,,24*+G 5$4*+G (12 (*;2 12 3&: 2J*'25 ,4#; 012I2:) pY: *( 42&''H 1&45 (# I2

2J*'25o &:=: N#%&:(&) K+5 W#'H+2*%2: &+:324:F 63#4:2 (1&+ &+H(1*+G6 K+5 312+ N#%&:(& &:=:

31H 2J*'2 *: :# 1&45F W#'H+2*%2: 429'*2: (1&( *( *: I2%&$:2 #+2 %&++#( 2+c#H!"##$%&'"Q

9:TAU/AV /$'& ">)E% "44 9 4).6 +) 3.)IV S$"+ '& ". %;'4%W& 4'1%X 9& '+ 6#%"+ *'&%#BX

,:0YZP9TPUV /$% 6#%"+%&+J I)#&% '. #%"4'+B +$". '. #%!)#+[

\:TAU/AV S)#&% '. I$"+ I"BX S$"+


9/66

9:TAU/AV /) D)'. 1))4& '. +$%'# 1))4'&$.%&&]+$"+ *"3%& ).% &'$4*9*52: Y 3&+( (# U$#(2 %#;2: ,4#;LB!!)4'+8&) K: H#$ =+#3F(12 9'&H *: &I#$( W1&254&o: '#S2 ,#4 g*99#'H($:) K+5 (12 9&::&G2 %#+%24+*+G !"##$%&'"#%%$4:

c$:( &,(24 W1&254&o: %#+,2::*#+Q 312+ W1&254& F 2&4'H #+ *+ (12 9'&HF %#+,2::2: 124 '#S2 ,#4

g*99#'H($: (# 124 +$4:2 Z3*(1#$(F 1#32S24F &%($&''H :&H*+G 1*: +&;2\) D$( (12 3#45

6!"##$%&'"6 5#2: +#( %#+%24+ (1*: %#+,2::*#+F I$( 42,24: (# :#;2(1*+G U$*(2 5*,,242+() "#4 c$:(

&,(24 124 %#+,2::*#+ #, 124 '#S2 ,#4 g*99#'H($:F W1&254& :92&=: #, (1#:2 +#I'2 &+5 1*G1AI#4+

3#;2+ ,4#; 4#H&' 1#$:21#'5: 31# ,*4:( I4#$G1( :1&;2 $9#+ (12*4 #3+ ,&;*'HF $9#+ (12*4

1$:I&+5 &+5 %1*'542+F IH %#;;*((*+G &5$'(24H 3*(1 #(124 ;2+) K+5 W1&254& :&H: :12 5#2: +#(

3&+( (# 5# (12 :&;2 :*+%2 :12 3&+(: 124 :#+: (# '*S2 *+ K(12+:F 94#$5 #, (12*4 ;#(124F &+5

2J24%*:*+G !"##$%&'") K+5 :12 %'&*;: (1&( *, & ;&+ *: %#+:%*#$: #, & :(&*+ *+ 1*: ,&;*'HF 12

I2%#;2: & :'&S2Q

,LAP2^AV 9 I'44 .%E%# >% 3.)I. +) >#'.6 7'&$).)# ). *B $8&>".7 )# *B


10/66

2S24H(1*+G 12 =+#3:F ,#4 12 ,2&4: (12 =*+Go: 34&(1) K+5 W2+(12$: 94#;*:2: (1&( 12 3*'' +#(

G2( *+(# (4#$I'2 :# '#+G &: 12 :92&=: (12 (4$(1)

LP^2UCAZV 9 $"E% &%%. +$% $)4B N"'2%(4&F 31# *: (1242 312+ 124 ;#(124 &44*S2:F &':# I21&S2: '*=2 &

:'&S2 *+ #4524 (# 1*52 (12 ,&%( (1&( (12 ;#;2+( #, 42S2+G2 ,#4 124 ,&(124o: 52&(1 *: &( 1&+5) d12

*: &':# (1242 (# *+:$'( E'H(2;+2:(4&F &+5 (# 42;*+5 124 #, 124 %4*;2) 01*: 54&;&(*% :%2+2 G*S2:

3&H (# & %#+,4#+(&(*#+ I2(322+ (12 (3#) K 5*:%$::*#+ I2G*+:F &+5 32 1&S2 (3# 9&4&''2'

"#$%&$'()*+,# -B . //


11/66

:922%12:F I#(1 2U$&''H '#+G Z,#4(H '*+2:\F (12 ,*4:( #+2 IH E'H(2;+2:(4&F &+5 (12 :2%#+5 IH

>'2%(4&)

E'H(2;+2:(4&o: :922%1 I2G*+: 3*(1 (12 3#45: 62345/36n]Y 3*'' :92&=^7')-B-O8) K+5 :12

94#%225: (# (2'' (12 (4$(1F %#+,2::*+G (1&( :12 =*''25 KG&;2;+#+ &: & 9$+*:1;2+( ,#4 (12

:&%4*,*%*&' 52&(1 #, 124 5&$G1(24F Y91*G2+2*&) "#''#3*+G (1*: :922%1F >'2%(4& 429'*2:F I2G*++*+G

3*(1 (12 :H;;2(4*%&' ,#4;$'&(*#+ 6236*'To (06 n](12+F Y 3*'' :92&=^7') -B/B8) Y+ :9*(2 #, (1*::H;;2(4HF 1#32S24F (1242 *: & %'2&4 5*,,242+%2 I2(322+ (12 (3#) "#4 &( (12 2+5 #, 124 :922%1F

E'H(2;+2:(4& &5542::2: >'2%(4& 5*42%('H &+5 :&H: (# 124F ]$:2 H#$4 !"##$%&'" (# 94#S2 (1&( Y

3&: 34#+G (# =*'' H#$4 ,&(1246Q

T0Y/PCZPU/ÂV [[[ 9 3'44%7 $'*[ 9 +))3 +$% ).4B I"B )!%. +) *%]+8#.%7 1)# $%4! +)

$'& %.%*'%&[ S%44@ I$"+ '2%(4& 429'*2:F pL# +#( ,#4G2( H#$4 '&(2:( 3#45:F ;#(124) q#$

G&S2 ;2 9&4412:*& (#3&45: H#$oQ

P0PT/ÂV C)+$%#@ #%*%*>%# I$"+ B)8 &"'7 D8&+ .)I[ Y)8 !#)*'&%7 +$"+ 9 *'6$+ &+"+%

*B )!'.'). 1#%%4B I'+$)8+ 1%"#

K+5 E'H(2;+2:(4& &+:324:Q 6Y :&*5 :#F 5&$G1(24F &+5 Y ;2&+( *(6 7')-BPC8 D$( >'2%(4& *: :(*''

3&4H &+5 %&$(*#$:F ,#4 :12 3#+524: 312(124 124 ;#(124 3*'' '*:(2+ (# 124 #+'H (# 1$4( 124

&,(243&45:Q

P0PT/ÂV 2) B)8 *%". B)8W44 4'&+%. 1'#&+@ ".7 6%+ B)8# )I. >"'2%(4& 94#%225: (# :92&= #92+'HF I'&;*+G 124 ;#(124 ,#4 31&( :12 1&: 5#+2)

01242 *: &+#(124 &:H;;2(4*%&' &:92%( I2(322+ (12:2 (3# 5*:%#$4:2: 31*%1 %#+%24+: (12

5*,,242+%2 *+ :(&($: #, (12 (3# :92&=24:) "#4 E'H(2;+2:(4& *: (12 U$22+F &+5 5#2: +#( $:2 #4

42U$*42!"##$%&'"(# 9'2&5 ,#4 124 #3+ 52,2+:2 *+ =*''*+G KG&;2;+#+) D$( >'2%(4&n31# *: *+

(12 :*($&(*#+ #, & :'&S2F 31# 9'&H: (12 4#'2 #, & :'&S2 *+ (1*: :%2+2F 31# %&+ +# '#+G24 '*S2 *+

124 ,&(124o: 1#$:2 $+524 124 ,&(124o: 94#(2%(*#+F &+5 31# &5542::2: 124 ;#(124 c$:( &: &

:24S&+( 3#$'5 &5542:: (12 U$22+n>'2%(4& +225: (12 4*G1( #,!"##$%&'")

K+5 :# &+#(124 9&4412:*&:(*% %#+(4&%( *: 54&3+ I2(322+ E'H(2;+2:(4& &+5 >'2%(4&Q

E'H(2;+2:(4& 94#;*:2: :12 3*'' +#( 9$+*:1 >'2%(4& ,#4 124 ,4&+=+2:: c$:( &: W2+(12$: 94#;*:251*: ;2::2+G24 *+ /$% N"


12/66

5. Ion [c.418-4171]

b2 ($4+ +#3 (#9).F & 9&4412:*&:(*% 9'&H)

012 ;H(1#'#G*%&' ,4&;23#4= #, (12 9'&H *+S#'S2: (12 '2G2+5&4H ,#$+5*+G #, K(12+:)

K%%#45*+G (# K((*% ;H(1F >42%(12$: 3&: (12 ,*4:( =*+G #, K(12+:AI#4+ & :#+ #, >&4(1 &+5

42($4+*+G (# >&4(1 *+ 52&(1) >42%(12$: (1$: 924:#+*,*2: (1&( #, 31*%1 (12 K(12+*&+: 3242 :#94#$5F S*M)F (12*4 &$(#%1(#+HQ (1&( (12H '*(24&''H 3242 :94$+G ,4#; K(12+*&+ :#*' ) Y+ ?-@ D) E)

F &I#$( (12 (*;2 312+ (1*: 9'&H 3&: 34*((2+F :$%1 ;H(1#'#G*%&' 42,242+%2 1&5 9#'*(*%&'

;2&+*+G) "#4 >$4*9*52: 3&+(25 (# 42;*+5 1*: &$5*2+%2 (1&( (12 K(12+*&+: &42 +&(*S2 (#

K(12+*&+ :#*'R I$( (14#$G1 (12 %1&4&%(24 #, k$(1$: Z1$:I&+5 (# >42%(12$:o 5&$G1(24 E42$:&F

&+5 & ,#42*G+24 (# K(12+: :*+%2 12 %#;2: ,4#; W1*(1*&\F >$4*9*52: &':# 3&+(25 (# *+5*%&(2 (#

1*: &$5*2+%2 (1&( (12 K(12+*&+: &42 42'&(25F (14#$G1 (1*: ;&44*&G2F (# (12 92#9'2 #, (12

W2'#9#+2:2F &+5 :92%*,*%&''H (# K%1&*&n+&;25 ,4#; #+2 #, (12 :#+: #, k$(1$: &+5 E42$:&Q

K%1&2$:) "#4 >$4*9*52:o &%%#$+( #, (12 W&+Ag2''2+*% +&($42 #, K(12+*&+ G2+2&'#GH ;&=2: Y#+

(12 :#+ #, K9#''# &+5 E42$:& Z5&$G1(24 (# K(12+: &+%*2+( =*+G >42(12$:\) E42$:& '&(24 ;&44*2:

k$(1$: Z31# 3&: &+ &''H #, (12 K(12+*&+: *+ (12*4 3&4 &G&*+:( (12 >$I#2&+: 7':) P@A/e8) 03#

:#+: &42 I#4+ ,4#; (1*: ;&44*&G2Q L#4$: &+5 K%1&2$:) Y#+ 3&: :&*5 (# I2 (12 ,#$+524 #, (12Y#+*% 92#9'2R L#4$:F (12 ,#$+524 #, (12 L#4*&+:R &+5 K%1&2$:F (12 ,#$+524 #, (12 K%1&2&+:)

01$: &'' #, (12 &+%2:(#4: #, (12


13/66

b2 :1&'' :22 (1&( K9#''# =229: :*'2+( (14#$G1#$( (12 54&;&R (1&( N$(1$: *: 52%2*S25 IH

(12 G#5F I$( *: &':# & 52%2*S24) K+5 32 :1&'' &':# :22 1#3 E42$:& &+5 Y#+ I#(1 :92&= (12 (4$(1

&G&*+:( K9#''#o: :*'2+%2F ,#4 #+'H (12H &42 %#++2%(25 (# (12 K(12+*&+ 2&4(1 31*%1 2+5#3:

(12; 3*(1!"##$%&'")

a.

Hermes Prologue

Y 3#$'5 ,*4:( '*=2 (# I4*2,'H 42%#$+( (12 2S2+(:F G*S2+ *+ g24;2:o 94#'#G$2F 31*%1 1&S2

(&=2+ 9'&%2 I2,#42 (12 9'&H I2G*+:)

K,(24 (12 52&(1 #, >42%(12$:o #(124 %1*'542+ ZE2%4#9:F h4*(1H*&F &+5 W4#%4*:\F E42$:& *:

(12 #+'H :$4S*S*+G #,,:94*+G #, (12 K(12+*&+ 5H+&:(H) h+2 5&HF &: & H#$+G G*4'F 31*'2 9*%=*+G

H2''#3 ,'#324: IH (12 X#+G V#%=:F K9#''# 4&92: #4 :25$%2: 124)

Y: *( & 4&92 #4 & :25$%(*#+a "#4 (12


14/66

K+5 Y +225 (# =+#3 +#3 312(124 12 *: :(*'' '*S*+G #4 +#() b1&(F K9#''#F 1&: I2%#;2 #, #$4

:#+ao

K9#''#o: (2;9'2F (12 #4&%'2 &( L2'91*F 3&: (12 9'&%2 31242 (12 (4$(1 3&: (#'5 IH (12 G#5:

(# &+H ;#4(&': 31# %&;2 (# %#+:$'( *() D#(1 k$(1$: &+5 E42$:& &44*S2 (#G2(124 *+ ,4#+( #, (12

(2;9'2 5##4 &+5F #, %#$4:2F (12 ,*4:( 924:#+ (12H ;22( *: Y#+AK9#''#o: :24S&+( &+5 :#+ (#

E42$:&) D$( +&($4&''H E42$:& 5#2: +#( 42%#G+*M2 124 :#+F +#4 5#2: Y#+ 42%#G+*M2 1*: ;#(124)012H &42 :(4&+G24: (# #+2 &+#(124F c$:( &: h25*9$: &+5 N#%&:(& 3242 *+*(*&''H *+ d#91#%'2:o

:%7'!8& +$% b'.6)

V2;2;I24 (1&( h25*9$: 3&: &':# :&S25 ,4#; 52&(1 *+ :9*(2 #, (12 3*'' #, 1*: ;#(124) K+5

12F (##F 3&: $+&I'2 (# 42%#G+*M2 1*: 42&' ,&(124 &+5 ;#(124) 012 :(4$%($42 #, Y#+o: 9'#( *:

:#;231&( :*;*'&4 (# (12 h25*9$: :(#4H) D$( (12 5H+&;*%: #, (4$(1 *+ (12 (3# 9'&H: &42 2J&%('H

42S24:25)

"#4 *+ :%7'!8& +$% b'.6F W1#2I$: K9#''# :92&=: (12 (4$(1 ,4#; (12 S24H I2G*++*+GF

(4$(1,$''H ,#42(2''*+G 31&( 3*'' 1&992+) K+5 1$;&+ I2*+G: &42 (12 #+2: 31# %#+(*+$&''H 1*52

,4#; #4 &S#*5 :22*+G (12 (4$(1F (4H*+G (# 2:%&92 (12 52:(*+H ,#42(#'5 IH (12 G#5) D$( *+ (12 2+5F

(14#$G1 (12 :*G+: K9#''# 1&: G*S2+ (12;F h25*9$: &+5 N#%&:(& 5*:%#S24 (12 (4$(1 *+ :9*(2 #,

(12;:2'S2:) Y+ (12 942:2+( 9'&HF 1$;&+ I2*+G: &42 (4H*+G (# 5*:%#S24 (12 (4$(1Q Y#+ 3&+(: (#=+#3 31# 12 *: &+5 31242 12 %#;2: ,4#;R E42$:& 3&+(: (# =+#3 (12 ,&(2 #, 124 :#+) q2( *( *:

K9#''# 31# S#'$+(&4*'H %#+%2&': (12 (4$(1) 012 h25*9&' 94#I'2; #, (4$(1 *: 42:#'S25 IH

:1#3*+G 1#3 ;#4(&':F *+ :9*(2 #, (12*4 #3+ I'*+5+2::F 3*'' :22 (12 '*G1( #, (4$(1 31*%1 *:

:9#=2+ IH (12 G#5F &+5 31*%1 (12H 5# +#( 3*:1 (# :22) 012 Y#+*% 94#I'2; #, (4$(1 *: 42:#'S25

IH :1#3*+G 1#3 1$;&+ I2*+G:F *+ :9*(2 #, (12 :*'2+%2 #, K9#''#F 3*'' 5*:%#S24 (12 (4$(1 (12H

&42 :# 2&G24 (# =+#3)

012 (12;2 #, G#5o: :*'2+%2 942S&*': (14#$G1#$( 9).[ Y( &992&4: &( (12 I2G*++*+G #, (12

(4&G25H 312+ E42$:& 2+%#$+(24: Y#+) E42$:& *: :(*'' &:1&;25 #, 31&( 1&992+25 (# 124F :# :12

:92&=: (# Y#+ &: *, :12 1&5 %#;2 (# %#+:$'( (12 #4&%'2 ,#4 124 p,4*2+5o) d12 (12+ (2'': 1*; 9&4(

#, 124 #3+ :(#4HF &((4*I$(*+G *( (# 124 &''2G25 G*4',4*2+5F &+5 &:=: 1*; 312(124 12 (1*+=:

K9#''# 3*'' G*S2 124 p,4*2+5o &+ &+:324 (# 124 U$2:(*#+:) K: & G##5 :24S&+( (# (12 G#5F Y#+

(2'': 124 (1&( K9#''# 3*'' +#( G*S2 &+ &+:324) "#4 *, 12 1&: 5#+2 31&( E42$:&o: p,4*2+5o %'&*;:F

(12+ 12 3*'' I2 (## &:1&;25Q

9:ZV [[[ '& A!)44) +) #%E%"4 I$"+ $% '.+%.7& &$)847 #%*"'. " *B&+%#BX

T^P`UAV U8#%4B $'& )#"


15/66

+#( &992&4) Y+:(2&5F K(12+2 &44*S2: (# %#+S2H 1*: ;2::&G2) K+5 :12 &992&4: &I#S2 (12 4##, #,

(12 L2'91*% (2;9'2F ,#4 (12 (2;9'2 5##4: &42 +#( #92+) >J9'&*+*+G 31H :12 1&: %#;2F :12

:&H:Q

A/LPZPV [[[ 9 "* B)8# 1#'%.7 $%#% "& '. A+$%.&@ +$% %6%+ B)8@ >8+ A!)44) 6"E% B)8 +) $'* &) +$"+ B)8 *'6$+ >%+G'*:1 25*(*#+:) 012 B >'#+$@ )# *%#%4B >B 6'1+X

e`/L`UV A 6'1+@ B%&J >8+ *'.% >B >'#+$ +))

"#$%&$'()*+,# -P . //


16/66

d# H#$ :22 (1&( K9#''# 5#2: +#( G*S2 &+ #I:%$42 &+5 &;I*G$#$: #4&%$'&4 94#+#$+%2;2+( &:

12 3&: 3#+( (# 5# 3*(1 *+5*:%42(2 U$2:(*#+24:) 012 G#5o: &+:324 *: & 9$42 '*2) "#4 Y#+ *: +#(

k$(1$:o :#+ 6IH +&($426 #4 6IH I*4(16) K9#''# *: +#( &+ &;I*G$#$: (4$(1A(2''24 *+ (1*: %&:2) g2

*: & '*&4) K+5 k$(1$:F 52%2*S25 IH K9#''#F %&+5*5'H I2'*2S2: (1&( Y#+A(12 ,*4:( 924:#+ 12 ;2(A*:

42&''HF IH +&($42F 1*: #3+ :#+)

b1&( ,#''#3: *: (12 ,*4:( ;&*+ 9&4412:*&:(*% :%2+2 #, (12 9'&HF 31*%1 %&+ I2 5*S*525 *+(#(1422 9&4(:)

012 ,*4:( 9&4( %#+%24+: (12 ;*:$+524:(&+5*+G I2(322+ Y#+ &+5 k$(1$:) k$(1$: '2&S2: (12

(2;9'2F :22: Y#+F &+5A*+ '*G1( #, K9#''#o: &+:324nI2'*2S2: (1&( 12 *: 1*: :#+) "$'' #, %1224F 12

G#2: (# 1*; &+5 3&+(: (# =*:: 1*; ) Y#+n 31# 5#2: +#( =+#3 31# k$(1$: *:F &+5 5#2: +#(

=+#3 31H 12 3&+(: (# =*:: 1*;n;*:$+524:(&+5: k$(1$: I21&S*#4 &+5 (1*+=: (1&( k$(1$:

3&+(: (# 1&S2 :2J 3*(1 1*; Z&: &+H H#$+G $4*9*52:o (4&G25*2:) Y+ &+H %&:2F Y#+ :&H: (# k$(1$:Q pY, H#$ %#+(*+$2 1&4&::*+G ;2F Yo'' :1##(

&+ &44#3 *+ H#$4 %12:()o 01*: *: :*;*'&4 (# :%7'!8& +$% b'.6F 31242 h25*9$: 5#2: +#( =+#3

(1&( X&*$: F l*+G #, 012I2: F *: 1*: ,&(124) K+5 12 &':# ;*:$+524:(&+5: (12 +&($42 #, 1*:2+%#$+(24 3*(1 1*;R & U$&442' 2+:$2:F &+5 X&*$: *: =*''25 IH h25*9$:) D$( *+ Y#+ (1242 *: (1*:

42S24:&'Q k$(1$:F l*+G #, K(12+:F 5#2: +#( =+#3 (1&( Y#+ *: +#( 1*: :#+F &+5 Y#+ 5#2: +#(

=+#3 (1&( k$(1$: (1*+=: (1&( 12 *: Y#+o: ,&(124) d# &: & %#+:2U$2+%2 #, K9#''#o: '*2: 32 &42 *+

& 3#4'5 #, 52%29(*#+)

012 :2%#+5 9&4( #, (1*: :%2+2 %#+%24+: (12 ;*:(4$:( #, Y#+ (#3&45: k$(1$:) k$(1$: (2'':

Y#+Q p0&=2 *( 2&:HR *, Y 3&+( (# =*:: H#$F *( *: I2%&$:2 Y &; H#$4 ,&(124)o D$( 4&(124 (1&+

42c#*%*+G &( (12 5*:%#S24H #, =+#3*+G 31# 1*: ,&(124 *:F Y#+o: ,*4:( U$2:(*#+ (# k$(1$: *:Q

pb1#F (12+F *: ;H ;#(124ao) "#4 :#;2 $+=+#3+ 42&:#+F Y#+o: 94*+%*9'2 %#+%24+ *: (12

=+#3'25G2 #, 1*: ;#(124o: *52+(*(H) D$( (12+ 12 &:=: k$(1$:Q pg#3 %&+ Y I2 H#$4 :#+ao K+5

k$(1$: 429'*2:Q pY 5#+o( =+#3 1#3R Y 42,24 H#$ (# (12 G#5 K9#''# ,#4 31&( 12 1&: :&*5o) Y#+

(12+ $((24: & S24H *+(242:(*+G '*+2 31*%1 1&: I22+ %#;9'2(2'H ;*:(4&+:'&(25 *+ (12 "42+%1

S24:*#+) 012


17/66

;2&+:A'25 &: (12H &42 IH K9#''#o: '*2:) "#''#3*+G (1*: *+U$*4HF Y#+ 4&(124 42'$%(&+('H &+5

$+2+(1$:*&:(*%&''H &%%29(: k$(1$:o 1H9#(12:*:Q 12 %#+:*524: 1*;:2', (# I2 k$(1$:o :#+)

012 (1*45 9&4( #, (12 9&4412:*&:(*% :%2+2 I2(322+ k$(1$: &+5 Y#+ %#+%24+: Y#+o: 9#'*(*%&'

52:(*+HF &+5 1*: 9#(2+(*&' 9#'*(*%&' ;*:,#4($+2: *, 12 &44*S2: *+ K(12+: &: (12 :#+ &+5 12*4 #,

k$(1$: ) "#4 &,(24 924:$&5*+G Y#+ (1&( 12 *: 1*: :#+F k$(1$: 94#;*:2: (# I4*+G Y#+ I&%= (#

K(12+: 31242F &: (12 :#+ #, & =*+GF 12 3#$'5 I2 4*%1 &+5 9#324,$') D$( Y#+ *: +#( S24H2+(1$:*&:(*% &I#$( (1*: 94#:92%(R ,#4 12 =+#3: (1&( 12 3#$'5 I2 %#;*+G (# K(12+: &: (12 :#+

#, k$(1$: Z& ,#42*G+24 (# K(12+*&+ 2&4(1\F &+5 3*(1 &+ $+=+#3+ ;#(124) K+5 &%%#45*+G (#

K(12+*&+ '2G*:'&(*#+F #+2 %&++#( I2 & 42G$'&4 %*(*M2+ *+ K(12+: *, #+2 *: +#( (12 #,,:94*+G #,

9&42+(: I#(1 #, 31#; 3242 I#4+ *+ K(12+:) d# Y#+ (2'': k$(1$: (1&( 12 3#$'5 I2 %#+:*52425 &

,#42*G+24 &+5 & I&:(&45F *)2)F &: & +#I#5H)

01*: &+J*2(H G*S2: 9'&%2 (# & '#+G 52S2'#9;2+( 31*%1 &( ,*4:( G'&+%2 :22;: (# I2 &

5*G42::*#+F I$( 31*%1 942:2+(: >$4*9*52:o %4*(*%&' 9#4(4&H&' #, K(12+*&+ 9#'*(*%&' '*,2Q I#(1 *+ &

52;#%4&%H &+5 %#+%24+*+G (12 9#'*(*%&' '*,2 #, & ;#+&4%1)

Y#+ 2J9'&*+: (1&( *+ & 52;#%4&%H (1242 &42 (1422 %&(2G#4*2: #, %*(*M2+:Q Z-\ (1#:2 K(12+*&+

%*(*M2+: 31# 1&S2 +2*(124 9#324 +#4 32&'(1F &+5 31# 1&(2 &'' 31# &42 :$924*#4 (# (12;R Ze\

G##5 K(12+*&+: 31# &42 %&9&I'2 #, 2J24%*:*+G 9#324F I2%&$:2 (12H &42 3*:2 F (12H =229 :*'2+(&+5 5# +#( 3#44H &I#$( (12 9#'*(*%&' &,,&*4: #, (12 %*(H ZO\ (1#:2 429$(&I'2 ;2+ 31# &42

9#324,$'F &+5 $:2 (12*4 5*:%#$4:2 &+5 42&:#+ (# 9&4(*%*9&(2 *+ 9$I'*% 9#'*(*%&' '*,2) >+S*:*#+*+G

(12 42&%(*#+: #, (12:2 (1422 G4#$9: (# 1*: &992&4&+%2 *+ K(12+: &: & ,#42*G+24 &+5 & I&:(&45F

Y#+ :&H: (1&( (12 ,*4:( G4#$9 3*'' 1&(2 1*;R (12 :2%#+5 G4#$9F (12 3*:2F 3*'' '&$G1 &( (12 H#$+G

;&+ 31# 3*:12: (# I2 42G&4525 &: #+2 #, (12 "*4:( E*(*M2+: #, K(12+:R &+5 (12 '&:( G4#$9F (12

9#'*(*%*&+:F 3*'' I2 c2&'#$: #, (12*4 +23 %#;92(*(#4 &+5 3*'' (4H (# G2( 4*5 #, 1*;) d# %#;*+G (#

& 52;#%4&(*% K(12+: *: +#( & %1224,$' 94#:92%( ,#4 Y#+)

"#''#3*+G (1*: 9#4(4&H&' #, 52;#%4&(*% '*,2F Y#+ :92&=: #, (12 +2G&(*S2 &:92%(: #, & ,&;*'H

'*,2A 3*(1 & :(29;#(124 31#F 124:2', %1*'5'2::F 3#$'5 +#( &%%29( 1*:A 942:2+%2 &: 12*4 (# (12

K(12+*&+ (14#+2) D$( (12+ Y#+ 42($4+: (# (12 9#'*(*%&' 9*%($42F G*S*+G 1*: 9#4(4&H&' #, (12 '*,2 #,

& ;#+&4%1Q

9:ZV [[[A& 1)# >%'.6 " 3'.6@ '+ '& )E%##"+%7[ ^)B"4+B B &)+$ $".7&@ >%&%+ >B

I)##B]$"& .) "!!%"4 1)# *%[

012:2 (3# 52:%4*9(*#+: #, K(12+*&+ 52;#%4&(*% '*,2 &+5 (12 '*,2 #, & ;#+&4%1 :22; U$*(2 #$(#, 9'&%2 *+ (1*: :%2+2F ,#4 Y#+o: 94#I'2; *: (# 5*:%#S24 31# 1*: ;#(124 *: :# &: (# &44*S2 *+

K(12+: 3*(1#$( :1&;2 #4 &+J*2(H) b2 ;$:( ,*+5 & 42&:#+ ,#4 (12 *+%'$:*#+ #, (12:2 (3#

9#4(4&H&':)

012 9'&H %#+(*+$2: &+5 k$(1$: (2'': Y#+ +#( (# 3#44H &I#$( 1*: '*,2 *+ K(12+:F &+5 ,#4 (12 (*;2

I2*+G 94#9#:2: (1&( Y#+ 942(2+5 (# I2 & S*:*(*+G 1#$:2G$2:( &+5 +#( 5*:%'#:2 (12 p,&%(o (1&( 12

*: k$(1$:o :#+) X&(24 #+F 312+ & :$*(&I'2 (*;2 &44*S2:F k$(1$: 94#9#:2: (# ;&=2 Y#+ 1*:

*+124*(#4R ,#4 +#3F +#(1*+G 3*'' I2 :&*5 (# E42$:&) Y#+ 3#$'5 '*=2 (# %#;2 (# K(12+: &: (12 42&'

:$%%2::#4 (# (12 :2%#+5 5H+&:(*% ,&;*'H #, >42%(12$:F I$( 31&( k$(1$: 94#9#:2:n,#4 1*; (#

942(2+5 (# I2 & S*:*(#4 (# (12 %*(Hn5#2: +#( &5542:: Y#+o: 42&' %#+%24+:) d# (12 :%2+2 :22;:

%4&MHF ;&=2: +# :2+:2) i#+2(12'2::F Y#+ &%%29(: k$(1$:o: 94#9#:&' I$( %'&*;: (1&( 3*(1#$(

=+#3*+G 31# 1*: ;#(124 *:F '*,2 3*'' I2 *;9#::*I'2Q

"#$%&$'()*+,# -C . //


18/66

9:ZV Y%&@ 9 I'44 6)[ N8+ ).% !'%


19/66

31# 3*'' +#+2(12'2:: :$%%225 k$(1$: &: =*+G) K+5 ,#4 (12:2 (3# 42&:#+: :12 *: *+,$4*&(25 +#(

#+'H &G&*+:( 124 1$:I&+5F I$( 2:92%*&''H &G&*+:( K9#''#) "#4 &,(24 I2*+G 4&925 IH K9#''#F &+5

5294*S25 IH 1*; #, 124 :#+F (# '2&4+ (1&( +#3 :12 3*'' &':# +#( 1&S2 124 U$2:(*#+: &+:32425

31*'2 k$(1$: 42%2*S2: & :#+ ,4#; (12 G#5A(1*: 94#S2: (# I2 (## ;$%1 ,#4 124 (# (&=2) K+5 124

I*((24+2::F 124 52:9&*4F &+5 124 &+G24 I$4:(: ,#4(1 *+ &+ &%%$:&(*#+ ;&52 &G&*+:( K9#''#Q :12

52%*52: (# :92&= (12 (4$(1) 04$(1 (1$: %#;2: (# '*G1( &: &+ 2;#(*#+&' 42&%(*#+ (# (12 G#5o:*+c$:(*%2 &+5 1*: '*2:)

Y+ d#91#%'2:o :%7'!8& +$% b'.6F ;#4(&': 5# +#( &%%29( K9#''#o: 94#912(*% $((24&+%2:

:*+%2 (12*4 (4$(1 :22;: *+%425*I'2R &+5 H2( (12H &42 '25 (# (12 (4$(1 #, (12 G#5o: 3#45: *+ :9*(2

#, (12*4 2,,#4(: (# 2:%&92 (12 ,&(2 (1&( 1&: I22+F ,#42(#'5 IH 1*;) Y+ >$4*9*52:o Y#+F 1#32S24F

;#4(&': &42 '25 (# (12 (4$(1 *+ (12 ,&%2 #, (12 G#5: '*2: #4 :*'2+%2F *+ :9*(2 #, (12 ,&%( (1&( (12H

&42 52%2*S25 IH K9#''#) K: & %#+:2U$2+%2 #, K9#''#o: '*2:F E42$:& I2'*2S2: (1&( Y#+ *:

k$(1$:o +&($4&' :#+) D$( *+ 124 2;#(*#+&' 42&%(*#+ (# 31&( :12 (1*+=: *: (4$2F :12 2+5: IH

5*:%'#:*+G (12 (4$(1)

E42$:&o: ;&*+ 9&4412:*&:(*% :%2+2 %#+:*:(: #, (3# 9&4(: 31*%1 5*,,24 *+ (12*4 9#2(*%

:(4$%($42 &+5 *+ (12 (H92 #,!"##$%&'";&+*,2:(25) 012 ,*4:( 9&4( (&=2: (12 ,#4; #, & I2&$(*,$'

'#+G :922%1A& (*4&52 &G&*+:( K9#''#A31*'2 (12 :2%#+5 9&4( *: *+ (12 ,#4; #, & :(*%1#;H(1*&F *)2)F*+S#'S2: & 5*&'#G$2 I2(322+ E42$:& &+5 124 :24S&+( %#+:*:(*+G #, &'(24+&(2 '*+2:F #+2 &,(24 (12

#(124)

"*4:(F (12 (*4&52) E42$:& &992&4: &( (1*: ;#;2+( *+ ,4#+( #, (12 (2;9'2 :(29: &%%#;9&+*25

IH &+ #'5 ;&+ 31# *: & (4$:(25 :24S&+( #, (12 ,&;*'H Z&+5 31# 42;&*+: :*'2+( 5$4*+G E42$:&o:

:922%1\) E42$:&o: (*4&52 &G&*+:( K9#''# *: (1&( ,#4; #, !"##$%&'" 31242 :#;2#+2 9$I'*%'H

&%%$:2: &+#(124 #, & %4*;2F #4 #, & ,&$'(F #4 #, &+ *+c$:(*%2 (1&( 1&: I22+ %#;;*((25) K+5 (1*:

&%%$:&(*#+ *: &+ *+:(&+%2 #,!"##$%&'"*+:#,&4 &: (12 #+2 31# *: &%%$:25 *: ;#42 9#324,$' (1&+

(12 #+2 31# &%%$:2:) "#4 (1242 *: (12 5&+G24 (1&( I2%&$:2 #, (12 &%%$:&(*#+ ;&52F (12 &%%$:25

;&H 42(&'*&(2 *+ :#;2 3&H &G&*+:( 1*: #4 124 &%%$:24) d# E42$:&o: !"##$%&'" ,*4:( (&=2: (12

,#4; #, & 9$I'*% 4294#&%1 #4 %4*(*%*:; &G&*+:( & I2*+G (# 31#; :12 *: *+,24*#4 *+ 9#324F &+5

$9#+ 31#; :12 *: *+ & 42'&(*#+ #, 5292+52+%2) Y( *: *+ (1*: S$'+24&I'2 :*($&(*#+ (1&( E42$:&

52%*52: (# ;&=2 124 &%%$:&(*#+Q

T^P`UAV g *B $%"#+@ $)I >% &'4%.+X Y%+ $)I B

+$% &"% %"&'%#[ /%"#& 1"44 1#)* *B %B%&@ ".7 *B &!'#'+ '&&'B *%. ".7 6)7&J 9 I'44 %;!)&% +$%*@ 8.6#"+%184 >%+#"B%#&

)1 I)*%.[

g B)8 I$) 6'E% +$% &%E%._+).%7 4B#% " E)'%7 '. " *'++'.6 +) +$%

TB!#'".W& I'44[ 9. *'&%#B 9 >)#% B)8 " &).@ I$)* '. 1%"# )1 *B *)+$%# 9 !4"'#7&@ *B

&). ".7 B)8#&J g 4)&+d N8+ B)8 !4"B +$% 4B#%@


20/66

4)E%#J +$)86$ B)8 )I%7 .) 7%>+ +) *B $8&>".7@ B)8 $"E% &%+ " &). '. $'& $)8&%[ N8+

*B &).@ B%& ".7 B)8#&@ $"#7_$%"#+%7@ '& 4)&+@ ".7).%7[ 2%4)& $"+%& B)8 ".7 +$% B)8.6 4"8#%4 I$'B

+$% !"4* I'+$ '+& 7%4')#% B)8@ " $)4B 42%(12$:AE42$:&AY#+\ *: %#;9'2(2 &( (12 2+5 #, (12 9'&H) k$(1$:F

&':#F *: 52%2*S25 IH K9#''# (# (12 2+5F ,#4 12 42($4+: (# K(12+: :(*'' I2'*2S*+G Y#+ *: 1*: +&($4&'

:#+) K+5 K9#''# +2S24 &992&4: &+H31242 *+ (12 9'&HQ 12 %#+(*+$&''H 42;&*+: :*'2+()

"#$%&$'()*+,# eB . //


21/66

6. Orestes [408 BC]

K ,*+&' #%%$442+%2 #, (12 3#45 6!"##$%&'"6 %&+ I2 ,#$+5 *+ >$4*9*52:o :#%&+%&n& 9'&H

34*((2+F #4 &( '2&:( 924,#4;25F *+ ?B@ DEF c$:( & ,23 q2&4: I2,#42 >$4*9*52:o 52&(1F &+5 &( &

;#;2+( #, 9#'*(*%&' %4*:*: *+ K(12+: 312+ (1242 3242 +$;24#$: 52I&(2: &I#$( (12 52;#%4&(*%

42G*;2) 01*: (2J( *: *+(242:(*+G I2%&$:2 *( *: (12 #+'H 9&::&G2 *+ >$4*9*52: 31242 (12 3#456!"##$%&'"6 *: $:25 *+ & 92c#4&(*S2 :2+:2) 012 3#45 #%%$4: #+ '*+2 mBP &+5 *: (4&+:'&(25 1242

&: 6*G+#4&+( #$(:9#=2++2::) 6 012 (2J( *+ (12 9'&H 31242 (12 3#45 &992&4: *: *+ (12 +&44&(*S2

#, & ;2::2+G24 31# 1&: %#;2 (# (12 4#H&' 9&'&%2 &( K4G#: (# (2'' >'2%(4& 31&( 1&: 1&992+25 *+

(12 W2'&:G*&+ %#$4( &( h42:(2:o (4*&') "#4F &: H#$ =+#3 ,4#;P4%'68)8& &!%%#)+$%# +) 7%"+$@ >8+ &"+'&1B !'%+B >B >".'&$'.6 B)8[ U)*%

&$)8+%7 '. "!!#)E"4J )+$%#& 7'&"6#%%7[

Z%;+ +$%#% &+))7 8! " *". I'+$ " *)8+$ 4'3% " #8..'.6 &!#'.6@ " 6'".+ '.

'*!87%.8+ "44 !#)*!+%7 >B

/B.7"#%)&[

A.)+$%# #)&%@ ".7 &!)3% "6"'.&+ $'*]).% %.7)I%7 I'+$ 4'++4% >%"8+B@ >8+ "


22/66

9#324 #, (12 9#324,$'6 Z6:$I:24S*2+( (# (1#:2 *+ 9#324o\ ) 01242 &42 (3# #(124 9'&H: 31242

>$4*9*52: %4*(*%*M2: (1*: (H92 #, 1$;&+ I2*+GF (12 124&'5) Y+ /$% S)*%. )1 /#)BF (12 S24H

:&;2 0&'(1HI*$: &992&4: &,(24 (12 %*(H #, 04#H 1&: I22+ %&9($425 IH (12


23/66

31&( 12 (1*+=:F &+5 94#9#:2: & ;#524&(2 :#'$(*#+ 31*%1 1&: +# 9#'*(*%&' ;#(*S&(*#+Q *( *: +#( &

42S2+G2,$' 42(&'*&(*#+) h+ 42'*G*#$: G4#$+5:F 6(# :&(*:,H 9*2(H6F 12 $4G2: (1&( h42:(2: &+5

>'2%(4& I2 2J*'25 (# 9$4*,H (12 %#$+(4H #, E'H(2;+2:(4&o: &+5 K2G*:(1$:o 52&(1: &%%#45*+G (#

(12 (4&5*(*#+&' 42'*G*#$: 9$+*:1;2+( ,#4 ;$4524) D$( 52:9*(2 L*#;252:o ;#524&(2 &+5

42&:#+&I'2 S245*%(F 1*: #9*+*#+ 5*S*52: (12 &::2;I'HQ :&;2 &G422F #(124: 5*:&G422)

b2 (12+ 1&S2 (3# #(124 :92&=24: 31# 942:2+( (12;:2'S2:) 012*4 +&;2: &42 +#( G*S2+F(12H 5# +#( I2'#+G (# (12 ;H(1#'#G*%&' 3#4'5 #, g#;24F (12H &42 +#( 124#2:R I$( ,4#; (12

942%*:2 52:%4*9(*#+ 31*%1 (12 429#4(*+G ;2::2+G24 G*S2: #, (12;F 32 %&+ :22 (1&( (12H &42 (3#

6:#%*&' (H92:6) 012 ,*4:( #+2 Z31# *: :H;;2(4*%&' (# 0&'(1HI*$:F (12 I&5 #4&(#4\ *: (12 :#4( #,

#4&(#4 31# *: :# 1&4;,$' ,#4 & 52;#%4&%H) K+5 Y (1*+= 32 :1#$'5 52(24;*+2 %&42,$''H 1*:

:92%*,*% %1&4&%(24*:(*%:)

g*: ,*4:( (4&*( *: (1&( 12 1&: 6& ;#$(1 '*=2 & 4$++*+G :94*+G6n31*%1 (4&+:'&(2: (12 4% )1 "44 +$'.6&[ /$%B 7) .)+@ +$%#%1)#%@ *%%+ I'+$ >%4'%1@ I$'


24/66

%1&4&%(24 ;$:( 42:#'S2F (12+F *: 1#3 (# 5*:(*+G$*:1 (1&( 31*%1 ;$:( I2 :&*5 ,4#; (1&( 31*%1

:1#$'5 I2 =29( :*'2+() "#4 +#( 2S24H#+2 %&+ 54&3 :$%1 & 5*:(*+%(*#+F &: (12 ,#''#3*+G 2J&;9'2

*''$:(4&(2:)

Y+ 1*: (42&(*:2 6012 >5$%&(*#+ #, E1*'542+6F W'$(&4%1 G*S2: &+ &+2%5#(2 #, 012#%4*($:F &

:#91*:(F &: &+ 2J&;9'2 #, "+$8#)64)&&)& &+5 #, (12 ;*:,#4($+2: *+%$4425 IH *+(2;924&(2

:922%1) 012 =*+G #, (12 f&%25#+*&+:F K+(*G#+$:F :2+( & ;2::2+G24 (# 012#%4*($: &:=*+G 1*;(# %#;2 (# 1*: %#$4( (# 2+G&G2 *+ 5*:%$::*#+) K+5 *( :# 1&992+25 (1&( (12 ;2::2+G24 12 :2+(

3&: 1*: %1*2, %##=F >$(4#9*&+) l*+G K+(*G#+$: 1&5 &':# '#:( &+ 2H2 *+ I&(('2F :# 12 3&: #+2A

2H25) i#3 012#%4*($: 3&: +#( 9'2&:25 (# 12&4 ,4#; >$(4#9*&+F (12 =*+Go: %#%=F (1&( 12 1&5 (#

G# &+5 S*:*( K+(*G#+$:R :# 12 :&*5 (# (12 %##=Q 6Y =+#3 S24H 32'' (1&( H#$ 3&+( (# :24S2 ;2 $9

4&3 (# H#$4 EH%'#9:6 n(1$: :$Ic2%(*+G (12 =*+Go: 5*:,*G$42;2+( &+5 >$(4#9*&+o: 94#,2::*#+

(# 4*5*%$'2) 0# 31*%1 (12 %##= 429'*25Q 6012+ H#$ :1&'' +#( =229 H#$4 12&5 #+F I$( H#$ :1&''

9&H (12 92+&'(H ,#4 42%='2:: (&'= 7&(1$4#:(#;*&8 &+5 ;&5+2:: #, H#$4:)6 K+5 312+ >$(4#9*&+

429#4(25 012#%4*($: 42;&4= (# (12 =*+GF 12 :2+( &+5 1&5 012#%4*($: 9$( (# 52&(1)

K: 32 :1&'' :22 *+ (12 %&:2 #, L*#G2+2:F & 42&''H ,*+2 &+5 %#$4&G2#$: 91*'#:#9124 %&+ $:2

!"##$%&'" (#3&45: & =*+GR 1#32S24F *+ 012#%4*($:o %&:2F 1*: ,4&+=+2:: *: +#( !"##$%&'" I$(

"+$8#)&+)*'" :*+%2 (# c#=2 &I#$( & =*+Go: 5*:,*G$42;2+( #4 & %##=o: 94#,2::*#+ 1&: +#+#(23#4(1H 91*'#:#91*%&' :*G+*,*%&+%2) A+$8#)64)&&)& #4 "+$8#)&+)*'"F (12+F *: (12 ,*4:( (4&*(

#, (12 (1*45 #4&(#4 *+ (12 +&44&(*#+ #, h42:(2:o (4*&')

g*: :2%#+5 (4&*( *: (1&( 12 *: 6&%=>5056 52+#(2: :#;2#+2o: :(42+G(1F $:$&''H (12 91H:*%&' :(42+G(1 31*%1 2+&I'2: #+2 (#

#S24%#;2 #(124: *+ %#;92(*(*#+) d# (1*: :92&=24 *: :(4#+GF I$( 12 *: :(4#+G 6


25/66

52S#(25 (# 42&:#+ &+5 c$:(*%2\ ,#4 (3# 42&:#+:) 012 ,*4:( *: (1&( :#;2 7"'*).#4 2S*' :9*4*( ;&H

1&S2 I22+ c2&'#$: &+5 3&+(25 S2+G2&+%2) K+5 :2%#+5'HF W'&(# 2J9'&*+: (1&( *G+#4&+%2 I4#=2

#$( *+ d*%*'H) K+5 #, *G+#4&+%2 W'&(# :&H: (1&( *( *: 6(12 :#*' *+ 31*%1 &'' ;&++24 #, 2S*' (# &''

;2+ (&=2: 4##( &+5 ,'#$4*:12: &+5 '&(24 94#5$%2: & ,4$*( ;#:( I*((24 ,#4 (1#:2 31# :#325 *()

012 %1&4&%(24*:(*%:F (12+F #, (12 (1*45 :92&=24n& %24(&*+ :#%*&' (H92 2;9'#H:!"##$%&'"*+

*(: 92c#4&(*S2 :2+:2n&42 (12:2Q 12 *: S*#'2+(F 9&::*#+&(2F & ,#42*G+24 (# (12 %*(HF '&%=*+G *+*"+$%&'&F &+5 (1242,#42 5&+G24#$:)

K+5 +#3 32 %#;2 (# (12 ,#$4(1F &+5 ,*+&' :92&=24 &( h42:(2:o (4*&') g2 *: &+&'#G#$: (#

L*#;252:Q 31&( L*#;252: 3&: *+ (12 g#;24*% 3#4'5F (1*: '&:( #4&(#4 *: *+ (12 9#'*(*%&' 3#4'5

#, K4G#:) K+ 2J2;9'*,*%&(*#+ #, (12 9#:*(*S2 !"##$%&'"&+%& &: & 6:#%*&' (H926F 12 1&: (12

,#''#3*+G (4&*(:)

012 ,*4:( *: (1&( 12 *: 6#+2 2+5#325 3*(1 '*(('2 I2&$(HF I$( & %#$4&G2#$: ;&+6) r+'*=2 &

3#;&+F 12 *: +#( ,&*4 (# '##= &(F I$( & 6;&+'H ;&+6F *)2)F & %#$4&G2#$: ;&+) "#4 (12 )&R I$( 31&( (12H :&H *: *;9#4(&+(F

42&:#+&I'2F &+5 %#+:(*($(2: G##5 &5S*%2)

Y+ &55*(*#+F (12 '&:( #4&(#4 *: & ;&+ #, ;#4&' *+(2G4*(HQ 6& ;&+ #, I'&;2'2:: 94*+%*9'2 &+5

*+(2G4*(H6)

K ,*+&' 9#*+( &I#$( (12 "8+)8#6)& *: (1*:Q 31242&: (12 942S*#$: :92&=24 3&+(25 >'2%(4&

&+5 h42:(2: (# I2 9$( (# 52&(1 IH :(#+*+GF +#( #+'H 5#2: (1*: '&+5#3+24 %&'' ,#4 h42:(2:o

&%U$*((&'F 12 I2'*2S2: h42:(2: :1#$'5 I2 61#+#425 3*(1 %4#3+:6 ,#4 31&( 12 1&: 5#+2) 0#$+524:(&+5 (12 :*G+*,*%&+%2 #, (12 "8+)8#6)&o :(&(2;2+(F 32 +225 (# 42&'*M2 (1&( 31&( *: &(

"#$%&$'()*+,# eP . //


26/66

*::$2 *+ h42:(2:o (4*&' ,#4 (12 K(12+*&+ &$5*2+%2A'*S*+G *+ (12 ;*5:( #, (12 W2'#9#++2:*&+ 3&4A

*: (12 U$2:(*#+ #, 3&4 #4 92&%2Q 3*'' (12 52%*:*#+ %#+%24+*+G h42:(2: I2 &+ &GG42::*S2 #+2 (1&(

3*'' *+:(*($(2 (12 %#+(*+$&(*#+ #, 1#:(*'*(*2:F &: *+ 3&4F #4 3*'' (12 52%*:*#+ *+:(*($(2 92&%2a 012

"8+)8#6)&W 94#9#:&' #, &+ &%U$*((&' :H;I#'*M2: (12 3*'' ,#4 92&%2) D$( 12 &':# :(&(2: (1&(

h42:(2: :1#$'5 I2 %4#3+25 ,#4 =*''*+G E'H(2;+2:(4& 6:*+%2 +# ;&+ 3#$'5 '2&S2 1*: 1#;2F &+5

&4; 1*;:2',F &+5 ;&4%1 (# 3&4F *, 3*S2: '2,( (1242 *+ (4$:( %#$'5 I2 :25$%25 IH :(&HA&(A1#;2:F&+5 I4&S2 ;2+ %$%=#'5256) b2 ;$:( 42;2;I24 (1&( KG&;2;+#+ 3&: ;$452425 IH K2G*:(1$:

c$:( &,(24 12 42($4+25 1#;2 ,4#; (12 04#c&+ b&4R ,#4 31*'2 12 3&: ,*G1(*+G (12 2+2;H &3&H

,4#; 1#;2F E'H(2;+2:(4& 3&: '*S*+G *+ &5$'(24H 3*(1 K2G*:(1$:)

K+5 +#3 32 %&+ :22 (12 942%*:2 1*:(#4*%&' &+5 9#'*(*%&' %#+(2J( ,#4 (1*: :%2+2) 012 H2&4 #,

(12 9'&Ho: 94#5$%(*#+ *: ?B@ DEF & (*;2 312+ (12 %#;92(*(*#+ I2(322+ K(12+: &+5 d9&4(& *+

(12 W2'#9#++2:*&+ 3&4 3&: :(*'' S24H :1&49) 012 (3# %*(*2: 1&S2 I22+ ,*G1(*+G +#3 ,#4 (32+(HA

(1422 '#+G H2&4:F 3*(1 :1#4( *+(24;*((2+( 924*#5: #, (4$%2) K(12+: *+ ?B@ DEF ,#''#3*+G :2S24&'

I*((24 &+5 4$*+#$: 52,2&(: *+ ?-OF 1&5 42%#S2425 :#;2 #, *(: +&S&' 9#324) D$( #+ '&+5 (12

:*($&(*#+ 3&: +#( G##5F &+5 K(12+: 3&: S$'+24&I'2 (# d9&4(&+ *+S&:*#+) i#+2(12'2::F d9&4(&

;&52 :2S24&' #,,24: #, W2&%2 (# K(12+: :# (1&( (12 *::$2 #, %#+(*+$*+G (12 3&4 #4 ;&=*+G

92&%2 3&: S212;2+('H 5*:%$::25)Y+ K(12+: (12 52;#%4&(*% 9&4(H 3&: *+ ,&S#4 #, 3&4 ,#4 2%#+#;*% 42&:#+: 31*%1 &42 U$*(2

%'2&4R ,#4 (12 9&4(H 3&: G2+24&''H :$99#4(25 IH ;24%1&+(:F :1#9A=22924:F I$:*+2::;2+F &+5

(1#:2 31# 3242 *+(242:(25 *+ (12 *;924*&'*:(*% 2J9&+:*#+ #, K(12+:) 012 %#+:24S&(*S2

&4*:(#%4&(*% 9&4(H 3&: *+ ,&S#4 #, 92&%2 :*+%2 (12H G&*+25 (12*4 :$99#4( ,4#; (12 '&+5#3+24:

&+5 #(124: 31# 3&+(25 & 92&%2,$' %#A2J*:(2+%2 3*(1 d9&4(&F &: 32'' &: &+ K(12+*&+

%#+:(*($(*#+ 31*%1 3&: %'#:24F *+ :#;2 42:92%(:F (# (12 d9&4(&+ %#+:(*($(*#+)

012 '2&524 #, (12 52;#%4&(*% 9&4(H 3&: E'2#91#+n31# 3&: +#( +&(*S2 (# K(12+:F I$( &

,#42*G+24 31# 42G*:(2425 &: & %*(*M2+) K :=*'',$' &+5 *+,'$2+(*&' :92&=24F 12 3&: *+,&;#$:'H

9#4(4&H25 *+ 1*: '*,2 IH 1*: #3+ %#+(2;9#4&4*2: Z,#4 2J&;9'2F *( 3&: :&*5 12 3&: +#(

%#$4&G2#$: 2+#$G1 (# I2%#;2 & :#'5*24F (1&( 12 &99&42+('H 9'&H25 (12 9&::*S2 4#'2 *+ 1*:

:2J$&' 42'&(*#+: 3*(1 #(124 ;2+F &+5 :# #+\ ) d# H#$ :22 (1&( &'' #, (12 %1&4&%(24*:(*%: #, (12

(1*45 #4&(#4F (12 +2G&(*S2!"##$%&'"&+%&F %&+ I2 &((4*I$(25 (# E'2#91#+ )

012 '2&524 #, (12 %#+:24S&(*S2 9&4(H 3&: 0124&;2+2:n31# 3&+(25 (# 42($4+ (# & d*J(1A

E2+($4H K(12+*&+ %#+:(*($(*#+ (1&( 3#$'5 *+:(*($(2 & ;#524&(2 #'*G&4%1H) "#''#3*+G 1*:

94#9#:&'F (12 ;&*+ %*S*' &+5 9#'*(*%&' 4*G1(: 3#$'5 1&S2 I22+ 42:24S25 ,#4 (12 '&+5#3+24:) 012

(4&*(: #, (12 &$(#$4G#:F (12 9#:*(*S2!"##$%&'"&+%&F (1$: %#442:9#+5 (# 0124&;2+2:)

d# #+2 #, (12 *::$2: %'2&4'H 942:2+( *+ h42:(2:o (4*&' *: (12 U$2:(*#+ (1&( 3&: (12+ I2*+G

52I&(25 IH (12 52;#%4&(*% &+5 %#+:24S&(*S2 9&4(*2: &I#$( 312(124 K(12+: :1#$'5 %#+(*+$2 (12

3&4 3*(1 d9&4(&F #4 #9( ,#4 92&%2)

7.

The Problematization of parrhesia in Euripides

Y+ >$4*9*52:o 9).F 34*((2+ (2+ H2&4: 2&4'*24 (1&+ :#%&+%&F &4#$+5 ?-@ DEF !"##$%&'"3&:

942:2+(25 &: 1&S*+G #+'H & 9#:*(*S2 :2+:2 #4 S&'$2) K+5F &: 32 :&3F *( 3&: I#(1 (12 ,4225#; (#

:92&= #+2o: ;*+5F &+5 & 94*S*'2G2 %#+,24425 #+ (12 ,*4:( %*(*M2+: #, K(12+:n& 94*S*'2G2 31*%1

Y#+ 3*:125 (# 2+c#H) 012 !"##$%&'"&+%& :9#=2 (12 (4$(1 942%*:2'H I2%&$:2 12 3&: & G##5

%*(*M2+F 3&: 32''AI#4+F 1&5 & 42:92%(,$' 42'&(*#+ (# (12 %*(HF (# (12 '&3F &+5 (# (4$(1) K+5 ,#4

Y#+F (12 94#I'2; 3&: (1&( *+ #4524 ,#4 1*; (# &::$;2 (12 9&4412:*&:(*% 4#'2 31*%1 %&;2

+&($4&''H (# 1*;F (12 (4$(1 &I#$( 1*: I*4(1 1&5 (# I2 5*:%'#:25) D$( I2%&$:2 K9#''# 5*5 +#( 3*:1

(# 42S2&' (1*: (4$(1F E42$:& 1&5 (# 5*:%'#:2 1*: I*4(1 IH $:*+G !"##$%&'"&G&*+:( (12 G#5 *+ &

9$I'*% &%%$:&(*#+) K+5 (1$: Y#+o:!"##$%&'"3&: 2:(&I'*:125F 3&: G4#$+525 *+ K(12+*&+ :#*'F

*+ (12 G&;2 I2(322+ (12 G#5: &+5 ;#4(&':) d# (1242 3&: +# p94#I'2;&(*M&(*#+o #, (12!"##$%&'"&+%&&: :$%1 3*(1*+ (1*: ,*4:( %#+%29(*#+)

"#$%&$'()*+,# e/ . //


27/66

Y+ :#%&+%&F 1#32S24F (1242 *: & :9'*( 3*(1*+ !"##$%&'" *(:2', I2(322+ *(: 9#:*(*S2 &+5

+2G&(*S2 :2+:2:R &+5 (12 94#I'2; #, !"##$%&'" #%%$4: :#'2'H 3*(1*+ (12 ,*2'5 #, 1$;&+

9&4412:*&:(*% 4#'2:) 01*: %4*:*: #, (1218.


28/66

*52+(*,*25 IH (12 &992&4&+%2 #, & +23 3#45) D$( 31&( Y &; &((2;9(*+G (# 5# &: & 1*:(#4*&+ #,

(1#$G1( *: :#;2(1*+G 5*,,242+() Y &; (4H*+G (# &+&'HM2 (12 3&H *+:(*($(*#+:F 94&%(*%2:F 1&I*(:F

&+5 I21&S*#4 I2%#;2 & 94#I'2; ,#4 92#9'2 31# I21&S2 *+ :92%*,*% :#4(: #, 3&H:F 31# 1&S2

%24(&*+ (H92: #, 1&I*(:F 31# 2+G&G2 *+ %24(&*+ =*+5: #, 94&%(*%2:F &+5 31# 9$( (# 3#4= :92%*,*%

=*+5: #, *+:(*($(*#+:) 012 1*:(#4H #, *52&: *+S#'S2: (12 &+&'H:*: #, & +#(*#+ ,4#; *(: I*4(1F

(14#$G1 *(: 52S2'#9;2+(F &+5 *+ (12 :2((*+G #, #(124 *52&: 31*%1 %#+:(*($(2 *(: %#+(2J() 0121*:(#4H #, (1#$G1( *: (12 &+&'H:*: #, (12 3&H &+ $+94#I'2;&(*% ,*2'5 #, 2J924*2+%2F #4 & :2( #,

94&%(*%2: 31*%1 3242 &%%29(25 3*(1#$( U$2:(*#+F 31*%1 3242 ,&;*'*&4 &+5 #$( #, 5*:%$::*#+F

I2%#;2: & 94#I'2;F 4&*:2: 5*:%$::*#+ &+5 52I&(2F *+%*(2: +23 42&%(*#+:F &+5 *+5$%2: & %4*:*: *+

(12 942S*#$:'H :*'2+( I21&S*#4F 1&I*(:F 94&%(*%2:F &+5 *+:(*($(*#+:) 012 1*:(#4H #, (1#$G1(F

$+524:(##5 *+ (1*: 3&HF *: (12 1*:(#4H #, (12 3&H 92#9'2 I2G*+ (# (&=2 %&42 #, :#;2(1*+GF #, (12

3&H (12H I2%&;2 &+J*#$: &I#$( (1*: #4 (1&( ,#4 2J&;9'2F &I#$( ;&5+2::F &I#$( %4*;2F &I#$(

:2JF &I#$( (12;:2'S2:F #4 &I#$( (4$(1)

"#$%&$'()*+,# e@ . //


29/66

PARRHESIA AND THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

0#5&H Y 3#$'5 '*=2 (# %#;9'2(2 31&( Y I2G&+ '&:( (*;2 &I#$( !"##$%&'"&+5 (12 %4*:*: #,

52;#%4&(*% *+:(*($(*#+: *+ (12 "#$4(1 E2+($4H DER &+5 (12+ Y 3#$'5 '*=2 (# ;#S2 #+ (# (12

&+&'H:*: #, &+#(124 ,#4; #, !"##$%&'"F S*M)F !"##$%&'" *+ (12 ,*2'5 #, 924:#+&' 42'&(*#+: Z(##+2:2', &+5 (# #(124:\ F #4!"##$%&'"&+5 (12 %&42 #, (12 :2',)

012 2J9'*%*( %4*(*%*:; #, :92&=24: 31# $(*'*M25 !"##$%&'" *+ *(: +2G&(*S2 :2+:2 I2%&;2 &

%#;;#+9'&%2 *+ % +$"+ =+$% !%)!4%? .)+ "44)I "44 +)&!%"3 ). ". %c8"4 1))+'.6@ .)# +) $"E% " &%"+ '. +$%


30/66

".7 +$% >%&+[ N8+ ). +$'& !)'.+@ +))@ +$%B $"E% 7%+%#*'.%7 ). +$% !%#1%B "4&) "44)I'.6 +$% E846"# !%)!4% +) &!%"3[ a)# '1 ).4B +$% "#'&+)8+ .)+

+) +$% !#)4%+"#'".&[ N8+ .)I +$"+ ".B E846"# !%#&). I$) I".+& +) 7) &) *"B &+%!

1)#I"#7 ".7 &!%"3@ $% I'44 D8&+ %;!#%&& +$"+ I$'% '. +$% % '. !)I%#J I$%+$%# +$% %'.6 1#%%[ a)# '1 B)8 &%%3 ". '7%"4

%'.6 >%++%# 1#'%.7& )1 +$% !%)!4% +$)&% I$) "#% 7#8.3 +)

+$)&% I$) "#% &)>%#@ +$)&% I$) "#% I'+4%&& +) +$)&% I$) "#% I'&%@ ".7 +$)&% I$) 7)4%

)8+ +$% !8>4'< *).%B +) +$)&% I$) !%#1)#* !8>4'< &%#E'


31/66

1&: & %4*(*%&' &+5 925&G#G*%&' 4#'2 (# 9'&H 31*%1 42U$*42: (1&( 12 &((2;9( (# (4&+:,#4; (12 3*''

#, (12 %*(*M2+: :# (1&( (12H 3*'' :24S2 (12 I2:( *+(242:(: #, (12 %*(H) 01*: #99#:*(*#+ I2(322+ (12

92#9'2o: 3*'' &+5 (12 %*(Ho: I2:( *+(242:(: *: ,$+5&;2+(&' (# Y:#%4&(2:o %4*(*%*:; #, (12

52;#%4&(*% *+:(*($(*#+: #, K(12+:) K+5 12 %#+%'$52: (1&( I2%&$:2 *( *: +#( 2S2+ 9#::*I'2 (# I2

12&45 *+ K(12+: *, #+2 5#2: +#( 9&44#( (12 7%*)&o 3*''F (1242 *: 52;#%4&%Hn 31*%1 *: & G##5

(1*+GnI$( (12 #+'H 9&4412:*&:(*% #4 #$(:9#=2+ :92&=24: '2,( 31# 1&S2 &+ &$5*2+%2 &42642%='2:: #4&(#4:6 &+5 6%#;*% 9#2(:6Q

9 3.)I +$"+ '+ '& $"("#7)8& +) )!!)&% B)8# E'%I& ".7 +$"+@ "4+$)86$ +$'& '& " 1#%%

6)E%#.*%.+@ +$%#% %;'&+& .) j1#%%7)* )1 &!%%B +$% %#+B ".7 1#%% &!%%


32/66

#4G&+*M&(*#+ #, (12 ,&%$'(*2: #, & 1$;&+ I2*+G &+5 (12 %#+:(*($(*#+&' ;&=2A$9 #, (12 9#'*:F H#$

%&+ :22 S24H 32'' (1&( *, 2S24H#+2 *+ (12 %*(H I21&S2: c$:( &: 12 #4 :12 3*:12:F 3*(1 2&%1

924:#+ ,#''#3*+G 1*: #3+ #9*+*#+F 1*: #3+ 3*'' #4 52:*42F (12+ (1242 &42 *+ (12 %*(H &: ;&+H

%#+:(*($(*#+:F &: ;&+H :;&'' &$(#+#;#$: %*(*2:F &: (1242 &42 %*(*M2+: 5#*+G 31&(2S24 (12H

9'2&:2) K+5 H#$ %&+ :22 (1&( W'&(# &':# %#+:*524: !"##$%&'"+#( #+'H &: (12 ,4225#; (# :&H

31&(2S24 #+2 3*:12:F I$( &: '*+=25 3*(1 (12 ,4225#; (# 5# 31&(2S24 #+2 3&+(:) Y( *: & =*+5 #,&+&4%1H *+S#'S*+G (12 ,4225#; (# %1##:2 #+2o: #3+ :(H'2 #, '*,2 3*(1#$( '*;*()

b2''F (1242 &42 +$;24#$: #(124 (1*+G: (# :&H &I#$( (12 9#'*(*%&' 94#I'2;&(*M&(*#+ #,

!"##$%&'" *+


33/66

d#!"##$%&'"#%%$4: 1242 *+ (12 ;#+&4%1*% :*($&(*#+)

012 3#45 *: &':# $:25 IH K4*:(#('2 *+ (12Z'


34/66

The Practices of Parrhesia

Y+ (1*: :2::*#+ &+5 +2J( 322=AA*+ (12 '&:( :2;*+&4 ;22(*+GAAY 3#$'5 '*=2 (# &+&'HM2

91*'#:#91*%&'!"##$%&'",4#; (12 :(&+59#*+( #, *(: 94&%(*%2:) DH (12 6 94&%(*%2 6 #, !"##$%&'"Y

;2&+ (3# (1*+G: Q,*4:(F (12 $:2 #,!"##$%&'"*+ :92%*,*% (H92: #, 1$;&+ 42'&(*#+:1*9: Z31*%1 Y

:1&'' &5542:: (1*: 2S2+*+G\ R &+5 :2%#+5'HF (12 94#%25$42: &+5 (2%1+*U$2: 2;9'#H25 *+ :$%142'&(*#+:1*9: Z31*%1 3*'' I2 (12 (#9*% #, #$4 '&:( :2::*#+\)

D2%&$:2 #, (12 '&%= #, (*;2F &+5 (# &::*:( #+ (12 %'&4*(H #, (12 942:2+(&(*#+F Y 3#$'5 '*=2

(# 5*:(*+G$*:1 (1422 =*+5: #, 1$;&+ 42'&(*#+:1*9: 31*%1 &42 *;9'*25 *+ (12 $:2 #, (1*: +23

91*'#:#91*%&' !"##$%&'") D$(F #, %#$4:2F (1*: *: #+'H & G2+24&' :%12;&F ,#4 (1242 &42 :2S24&'

*+(24;25*&(2 ,#4;:)

"*4:(F !"##$%&'"#%%$4: &: &+ &%(*S*(H *+ (12 ,4&;23#4= #, :;&'' G4#$9: #, 92#9'2F #4 *+

(12 %#+(2J( #, %#;;$+*(H '*,2) d2%#+5'HF !"##$%&'" %&+ I2 :22 *+ 1$;&+ 42'&(*#+:1*9:

#%%$44*+G *+ (12 ,4&;23#4= #, 9$I'*% '*,2) K+5 ,*+&''HF !"##$%&'" #%%$4: *+ (12 %#+(2J( #,

*+5*S*5$&' 924:#+&' 42'&(*#+:1*9:) f#42 :92%*,*%&''HF 32 %&+ :&H (1&(!"##$%&'"&: & ,2&($42 #,

%#;;$+*(H '*,2 3&: 1*G1'H 42G&4525 IH (12 >9*%$42&+: R !"##$%&'" &: & 9$I'*% &%(*S*(H #4

9$I'*% 52;#+:(4&(*#+ 3&: & :*G+*,*%&+( &:92%( #, EH+*%*:;F &: 32'' &: (1&( (H92 #, 91*'#:#91H(1&( 3&: & ;*J($42 #, EH+*%*:; &+5 d(#*%*:; R &+5 !"##$%&'" &: &+ &:92%( #, 924:#+&'

42'&(*#+:1*9: *: ,#$+5 ;#42 ,42U$2+('H 2*(124 *+ d(#*%*:; #4 *+ & G2+24&'*M25 #4 %#;;#+

d(#*%*:; %1&4&%(24*:(*% #, :$%1 34*(24: &: W'$(&4%1)

-) d#%4&(*%,"##$%&'"

e) ,"##$%&'"&+5 E#;;$+*(H X*,2

O)

,"##$%&'"&+5 W$I'*% X*,2

?) ,"##$%&'"&+5 W24:#+&' V2'&(*#+:1*9:

-) Socratic Parrhesia

Y 3#$'5 +#3 '*=2 (# &+&'HM2 & +23 ,#4; #, !"##$%&'" 31*%1 3&: 2;24G*+G &+5

52S2'#9*+G 2S2+ I2,#42 d#%4&(2:F W'&(#F &+5 K4*:(#('2) 01242 &42F #, %#$4:2F *;9#4(&+(

:*;*'&4*(*2: &+5 &+&'#G#$: 42'&(*#+:1*9: I2(322+ (12 9#'*(*%&' !"##$%&'" 32 1&S2 I22+

2J&;*+*+G &+5 (1*: +23 ,#4; #, !"##$%&'") D$( *+ :9*(2 #, (12:2 :*;*'&4*(*2:F & +$;I24 #,

:92%*,*% ,2&($42:F 5*42%('H 42'&(25 (# (12 ,*G$42 #, d#%4&(2:F %1&4&%(24*M2 &+5 5*,,242+(*&(2 (1*:

+23 d#%4&(*%,"##$%&'")

Y+ :2'2%(*+G & (2:(*;#+H &I#$( d#%4&(2: &: & 9&4412:*&:(*% ,*G$42F Y 1&S2 %1#:2+ W'&(#_:

0"


35/66

"4#; & :(4*%('H (12#42(*%&' 9#*+( #, S*23 (12 5*&'#G$2 *: & ,&*'$42 I2%&$:2 +# #+2 *+ (12

5*&'#G$2 *: &I'2 (# G*S2 & 4&(*#+&'F (4$2F &+5 :&(*:,&%(#4H 52,*+*(*#+ #, 6%#$4&G26AA31*%1 *: (12

(#9*% #, (12 9*2%2) D$( *+ :9*(2 #, (12 ,&%( (1&( 2S2+ d#%4&(2: 1*;:2', *: +#( &I'2 (# G*S2 :$%1 &

52,*+*(*#+F &( (12 2+5 #, (12 5*&'#G$2 i*%*&:F X&%12:F XH:*;&%1$:F &+5 f2'2:*&: &'' &G422 (1&(

d#%4&(2: 3#$'5 I2 (12 I2:( (2&%124 ,#4 (12*4 :#+:) K+5 :# XH:*;&%1$: &+5 f2'2:*&: &:= 1*; (#

&5#9( (1*: 4#'2) d#%4&(2: &%%29(:F :&H*+G (1&( 2S24H#+2 :1#$'5 (4H (# (&=2 %&42 #, 1*;:2', &+5#, 1*: :#+: 7eB-I?8) K+5 1242 H#$ ,*+5 & +#(*#+ 31*%1F &: :#;2 #, H#$ =+#3F Y '*=2 & '#(Q (12

%#+%29( #, 6%!'*%4%'" $%"8+)86F (12 6%&42 #, (12 :2',6) b2 1&S2F (12+F Y (1*+=F & ;#S2;2+(

S*:*I'2 (14#$G1#$( (1*: 5*&'#G$2 ,4#; (12 9&4412:*&:(*% ,*G$42 #, d#%4&(2: (# (12 94#I'2; #, (12

%&42 #, (12 :2',)

D2,#42 32 42&5 (12 :92%*,*% 9&::&G2: *+ (12 (2J( (1&( Y 3#$'5 '*=2 (# U$#(2F 1#32S24F 32

+225 (# 42%&'' (12 :*($&(*#+ &( (12 I2G*++*+G #, (12 5*&'#G$2) D$( :*+%2 (12 X&%12: *: S24H

%#;9'2J &+5 *+(243#S2+F Y :1&'' 5# :# #+'H I4*2,'H &+5 :%12;&(*%&''H)

03# 2'524'H ;2+F XH:*;&%1$: &+5 f2'2:*&:F &42 %#+%24+25 &I#$( (12 =*+5 #, 25$%&(*#+

(12H :1#$'5 G*S2 (# (12*4 :#+:) D#(1 #, (12; I2'#+G (# 2;*+2+( K(12+*&+ ,&;*'*2:R XH:*;&%1$:

*: (12 :#+ #, K4*:(2*52: 6(12 N$:(6 &+5 f2'2:*&: *: (12 :#+ #, 01$%H5*52: (12 >'524) D$(

&'(1#$G1 (12*4 #3+ ,&(124: 3242 *''$:(4*#$: *+ (12*4 #3+ 5&HF XH:*;&%1$: &+5 f2'2:*&: 1&S2&%%#;9'*:125 +#(1*+G S24H :92%*&' #4 G'#4*#$: *+ (12*4 #3+ '*S2:Q +# *;9#4(&+( ;*'*(&4H

%&;9&*G+:F +# :*G+*,*%&+( 9#'*(*%&' 4#'2:) 012H $:2 !"##$%&'"(# &5;*( (1*: 9$I'*%'H) K+5 (12H

1&S2 &':# &:=25 (12;:2'S2: (12 U$2:(*#+F 61#3 *: *( (1&( ,4#; :$%1 & G##5 6%.)&@,4#; :$%1

G##5 :(#%=F ,4#; :$%1 & +#I'2 ,&;*'HF (12H 3242 I#(1 $+&I'2 (# 5*:(*+G$*:1 (12;:2'S2:a6

E'2&4'HF &: (12*4 #3+ 2J924*2+%2 :1#3:F 1&S*+G & 1*G1 I*4(1 &+5 I2'#+G*+G (# & +#I'2 K(12+*&+

1#$:2 &42 +#( :$,,*%*2+( (# 2+5#3 :#;2#+2 3*(1 (12 &9(*($52 &+5 (12 &I*'*(H (# &::$;2 &

94#;*+2+( 9#:*(*#+ #4 4#'2 *+ (12 %*(H) 012H 42&'*M2 (1&( :#;2(1*+G ;#42 *: +22525F S*M)F

25$%&(*#+)

D$( 31&( =*+5 #, 25$%&(*#+a b12+ 32 %#+:*524 (1&( (12 54&;&(*% 5&(2 #, (12 X&%12: *:

&4#$+5 (12 2+5 #, (12 "*,(1 E2+($4HF &( & (*;2 312+ & G42&( ;&+H *+5*S*5$&':AA;#:( #, (12;

942:2+(*+G (12;:2'S2: &: :#91*:(:AA%'&*;25 (1&( (12H %#$'5 94#S*52 H#$+G 92#9'2 3*(1 & G##5

25$%&(*#+F 32 %&+ 42%#G+*M2 1242 & 94#I'2;&(*% 31*%1 *: %#;;#+ (# & +$;I24 #, W'&(#+*%

5*&'#G$2:) 012 25$%&(*#+&' (2%1+*U$2: (1&( 3242 I2*+G 94#9#$+525 &4#$+5 (1*: (*;2 #,(2+

52&'( 3*(1 :2S24&' &:92%(: #, 25$%&(*#+F 2)G)F 412(#4*% Z'2&4+*+G 1#3 (# &5542:: & c$4H #4 &

9#'*(*%&' &::2;I'H\F S&4*#$: :#91*:(*% (2%1+*U$2:F &+5 #%%&:*#+&''H ;*'*(&4H 25$%&(*#+ &+5

(4&*+*+G) Y+ K(12+: &( (1*: (*;2 (1242 3&: &':# & ;&c#4 94#I'2; I2*+G 52I&(25 42G&45*+G (12

I2:( 3&H (# 25$%&(2 &+5 (4&*+ (12 *+,&+(4H :#'5*24:AA31# 3242 '&4G2'H *+,24*#4 (# (12 d9&4(&+

1#9'*(2:) K+5 &'' #, (12 9#'*(*%&'F :#%*&'F &+5 *+:(*($(*#+&' %#+%24+: &I#$( 25$%&(*#+F 31*%1 ,#4F

(12 G2+24&' %#+(2J( #, (1*: 5*&'#G$2F &42 42'&(25 (# (12 94#I'2; #, !"##$%&'") Y+ (12 9#'*(*%&'

,*2'5 32 :&3 (1&( (1242 3&: & +225 ,#4 & !"##$%&'"&+%& 31# %#$'5 :92&= (12 (4$(1 &I#$(

9#'*(*%&' *+:(*($(*#+: &+5 52%*:*#+:F &+5 (12 94#I'2; (1242 3&: =+#3*+G 1#3 (# 42%#G+*M2:$%1 & (4$(1A(2''24) Y+ *(: I&:*% ,#4;F (1*: :&;2 94#I'2; +#3 42&992&4: *+ (12 ,*2'5 #,

25$%&(*#+) "#4 *, H#$ H#$4:2', &42 +#( 32''A25$%&(25F 1#3 (12+ %&+ H#$ 52%*52 31&(

%#+:(*($(2: & G##5 25$%&(*#+a K+5 *, 92#9'2 &42 (# I2 25$%&(25F (12H ;$:( 42%2*S2 (12 (4$(1

,4#; & %#;92(2+( (2&%124) D$( 1#3 %&+ 32 5*:(*+G$*:1 (12 G##5F (4$(1A(2''*+G (2&%124: ,4#;

(12 I&5 #4 *+2::2+(*&' #+2:a

Y( *: *+ #4524 (# 12'9 (12; %#;2 (# :$%1 & 52%*:*#+ (1&( XH:*;&%1$: &+5 f2'2:*$: &:=

i*%*&: &+5 X&%12: (# 3*(+2:: & 924,#4;&+%2 G*S2+ IH d(2:*'&$:AA& ;&+ 31# %'&*;: (# I2 &

(2&%124 #, $)!4)*"


36/66

XH:*;&%1$: +#4 f2'2:*$: *: &I'2 (# 52%*52 312(124 (1*: :#4( #, :=*'' *+ ,*G1(*+G 3#$'5

%#+:(*($(2 9&4( #, & G##5 25$%&(*#+) d# (12H ($4+ (# 32''A=+#3+ ,*G$42: #, (12*4 (*;2F i*%*&:

&+5 X&%12:F &+5 &:= (12*4 &5S*%2 7-C@&A-@-58)

i*%*&: *: &+ 2J924*2+%25 ;*'*(&4H G2+24&' 31# 3#+ :2S24&' S*%(#4*2: #+ (12 I&(('2,*2'5F

&+5 3&: &+ *;9#4(&+( 9#'*(*%&' '2&524) X&%12: *: &':# & 42:92%(25 G2+24&'F &'(1#$G1 12 5#2: +#(

9'&H &: :*G+*,*%&+( & 4#'2 *+ K(12+*&+ 9#'*(*%:) D#(1 #, (12; G*S2 (12*4 #9*+*#+: &I#$(d(2:*'&$:_ 52;#+:(4&(*#+ &+5 *( ($4+: #$( (1&( (12H &42 *+ %#;9'2(2 5*:&G422;2+( 42G&45*+G (12

S&'$2 #, (1*: ;*'*(&4H :=*'') i*%*&: (1*+=: (1&( (1*: ;*'*(&4H (2%1+*%*&+ 1&: 5#+2 32''F &+5 (1&(

1*: :=*'' ;&H I2 &I'2 (# 94#S*52 (12 H#$+G 3*(1 & G##5 ;*'*(&4H 25$%&(*#+ 7-@-2A-@e58)

X&%12: 5*:&G422: &+5 &4G$2: (1&( (12 d9&4(&+:AA31# &42 (12 I2:( :#'5*24: *+ % 7#"I.

#)8.7 ".7 #)8.7 >B $'* '. +$% %%. 4%7 '.+) +$"+@ U)B U))8+ +$% >)B& '1 U))8+ )8#&%4E%&[

0%+ *% +$%#%1)#% #%!%"+ +$"+ +$%#% '& .) )>D%


37/66

d2%#+5'HF *+ (1*: 42'&(*#+:1*9 (# d#%4&(2:F (12 '*:(2+24 *: '25 IH d#%4&(2:_ 5*:%#$4:2) 012

9&::*S*(H #, (12 d#%4&(*% 12&424F 1#32S24F *: +#( (12 :&;2 =*+5 #, 9&::*S*(H &: (1&( #, & '*:(2+24

*+ (12 K::2;I'H) 012 9&::*S*(H #, & '*:(2+24 *+ (12 9#'*(*%&' 9&4412:*&:(*% G&;2 %#+:*:(: *+

I2*+G 924:$&525 IH 31&( 12 '*:(2+: (#) g242F (12 '*:(2+24 *: '25 IH (12 d#%4&(*% 4)6)& *+(#

6G*S*+G &+ &%%#$+(6AA7'7)."' 4)6).AA#, 1*;:2',F 6#, (12 ;&++24 *+ 31*%1 12 +#3 :92+5: 1*:

5&H:F &+5 #, (12 =*+5 #, '*,2 12 1&: '*S25 1*(124(#6 7-@C2A-@@&8) D2%&$:2 32 &42 *+%'*+25 (#42&5 :$%1 (2J(: (14#$G1 (12 G'&::2: #, #$4 E14*:(*&+ %$'($42F 1#32S24F 32 ;*G1( *+(24942( (1*:

52:%4*9(*#+ #, (12 d#%4&(*% G&;2 &: & 94&%(*%2 31242 (12 #+2 31# *: I2*+G '25 IH d#%4&(2:_

5*:%#$4:2 ;$:( G*S2 &+ &$(#I*#G4&91*%&' &%%#$+( #, 1*: '*,2F #4 & %#+,2::*#+ #, 1*: ,&$'(:) D$(

:$%1 &+ *+(24942(&(*#+ 3#$'5 ;*:: (12 42&' ;2&+*+G #, (12 (2J() "#4 312+ 32 %#;9&42 (1*:

9&::&G2 3*(1 :*;*'&4 52:%4*9(*#+: #, d#%4&(2:_ ;2(1#5 #, 2J&;*+&(*#+AA&: *+ (12 K9#'#GHF

K'%*I*&52: f&c#4F #4 (12 "&".)&6 #4 6(#$%1:(#+26 31*%1 (2:(:

(12 52G422 #, &%%#45 I2(322+ & 924:#+_: '*,2 &+5 *(: 94*+%*9'2 #, *+(2''*G*I*'*(H #4 '#G#:Q

6vd#%4&(2: 3*'' +2S24 '2( 71*: '*:(2+248 G# $+(*' 12 1&: (1#4#$G1'H &+5 94#924'H 9$( &'' 1*:

3&H: (# (12 (2:( 7-@@&8) 012 "&".)&6 42,24: (# & 6(#$%1:(#+26F *)2)F & I'&%= :(#+2

31*%1 *: $:25 (# (2:( (12 G2+$*+2+2:: #, G#'5 IH 2J&;*+*+G (12 :(42&= '2,( #+ (12 :(#+2 312+

6(#$%1256 IH (12 G#'5 *+ U$2:(*#+) d*;*'&4'HF d#%4&(2:_ 6I&:&+*%6 4#'2 2+&I'2: 1*; (#

52(24;*+2 (12 (4$2 +&($42 #, (12 42'&(*#+ I2(322+ (12 4)6)&&+5 >'), (1#:2 31# %#;2 *+(#

%#+(&%( 3*(1 1*;)

012+F *+ (12 :2%#+5 9&4( #, (1*: U$#(&(*#+F i*%*&: 2J9'&*+: (1&( &: & 42:$'( #, d#%4&(2:_

2J&;*+&(*#+ #+2 I2%#;2: 3*''*+G (# %&42 ,#4 (12 ;&++24 *+ 31*%1 12 '*S2: (12 42:( #, 1*: '*,2F

3&+(*+G +#3 (# '*S2 *+ (12 I2:( 9#::*I'2 3&HR &+5 (1*: 3*''*+G+2:: (&=2: (12 ,#4; #, & M2&' (#

'2&4+ &+5 (# 25$%&(2 #+2:2', +# ;&((24 31&( #+2_: &G2)

X&%12:_ :922%1F 31*%1 *;;25*&(2'H ,#''#3:F 52:%4*I2: d#%4&(2:_ 9&4412:*&:(*% G&;2 ,4#;

(12 924:92%(*S2 #, #+2 31# 1&: *+U$*425 *+(# d#%4&(2:_ 4#'2 &: & (#$%1:(#+2) "#4 (12 94#I'2;&4*:2: #, =+#3*+G 1#3 32 %&+ I2 :$42 (1&( d#%4&(2: 1*;:2', *: & G##5 >"&".)&,#4 (2:(*+G (12

42'&(*#+ I2(322+ 4)6)&&+5 >')&*+ 1*: '*:(2+24_: '*,2)

0ATLPUV 9 $"E% >8+ " &'.64% *'.7@ Z'4% #"+$%# +$". " &'.64% ).%[ a)# B)8 *'6$+ +$'.3 *% " 4)E%#@ ".7 B%+ "4&) "

$"+%#@ )1 7'&


38/66

I$'8+ " *". I$) &$)I& +$% )!!)&'+% ')&) D*#: *: (12 ,#%$: #, d#%4&(*%

!"##$%&'") h+ d#%4&(2:_ #4 (12 91*'#:#9124_: :*52F (12 I*#:A'#G#: 42'&(*#+ *: & L#4*&+ 1&4;#+H

31*%1 G4#$+5: d#%4&(2:_ 9&4412:*&:(*% 4#'2F &+5 31*%1F &( (12 :&;2 (*;2F %#+:(*($(2: (12 S*:*I'2

%4*(24*#+ ,#4 1*: ,$+%(*#+ &: (12 >"&".)& #4 (#$%1:(#+2) h+ (12 *+(24'#%$(#4_: :*52F (12 >')&_

4)6)&42'&(*#+ *: 5*:%'#:25 312+ (12 *+(24'#%$(#4 G*S2: &+ &%%#$+( #, 1*: '*,2F &+5 *(: 1&4;#+H(2:(25 IH %#+(&%( 3*(1 d#%4&(2: ) d*+%2 12 9#::2::2: *+ 1*: 42'&(*#+ (# (4$(1 &'' (12 U$&'*(*2: (1&(

"#$%&$'()*+,# O@ . //


39/66

+225 (# I2 5*:%'#:25 *+ (12 *+(24'#%$(#4F d#%4&(2: %&+ (2:( (12 42'&(*#+ (# (4$(1 #, (12

*+(24'#%$(#4_: 2J*:(2+%2) 012 &*; #, (1*: d#%4&(*% 9&4412:*&:(*% &%(*S*(HF (12+F *: (# '2&5 (12

*+(24'#%$(#4 (# (12 %1#*%2 #, (1&( =*+5 #, '*,2 F>')&H (1&( 3*'' I2 *+ L#4*&+A1&4;#+*% &%%#45

3*(1 '#G#:F S*4($2F %#$4&G2F &+5 (4$(1)

Y+ >$4*9*52:_ Y#+ 32 :&3 (12 94#I'2;&(*M&(*#+ #, !"##$%&'" *+ (12 ,#4; #, & G&;2

I2(322+ '#G#:F (4$(1F &+5 G2+#: ZI*4(1\ *+ (12 42'&(*#+: I2(322+ (12 G#5: &+5 ;#4(&':R &+5Y#+_: 9&4412:*&:(*% 4#'2 3&: G4#$+525 *+ & ;H(1*%&' G2+2&'#GH 52:%2+525 ,4#; K(12+:) Y+ (12

42&'; #, 9#'*(*%&' *+:(*($(*#+: (12 94#I'2;&(*M&(*#+ #, !"##$%&'" *+S#'S25 & G&;2 I2(322+

4)6)&F (4$(1F &+5 .)*)& Z'&3\R &+5 (12 !"##$%&'"&+%& 3&: +22525 (# 5*:%'#:2 (1#:2 (4$(1:

31*%1 3#$'5 2+:$42 (12 :&'S&(*#+ #, 32',&42 #, (12 %*(H) ,"##$%&'" 1242 3&: (12 924:#+&'

U$&'*(H #, &+ &5S*:#4 (# (12 =*+G) K+5 +#3 3*(1 d#%4&(2: (12 94#I'2;&(*M&(*#+ #, !"##$%&'"

(&=2: (12 ,#4; #, & G&;2 I2(322+ 4)6)&F (4$(1F &+5 >')& Z'*,2\ *+ (12 42&'; #, & 924:#+&'

(2&%1*+G 42'&(*#+ I2(322+ (3# 1$;&+ I2*+G:) K+5 (12 (4$(1 (1&( (12 9&4412:*&:(*% 5*:%#$4:2

5*:%'#:2: *: (12 (4$(1 #, :#;2#+2_: '*,2F *)2)F (12 =*+5 #, 42'&(*#+ :#;2#+2 1&: (# (4$(1Q 1#3 12

%#+:(*($(2: 1*;:2', &: :#;2#+2 31# 1&: (# =+#3 (12 (4$(1 (14#$G1 *"+$%&'&F &+5 1#3 (1*:

42'&(*#+ (# (4$(1 *: #+(#'#G*%&''H &+5 2(1*%&''H ;&+*,2:( *+ 1*: #3+ '*,2) ,"##$%&'"F *+ ($4+F

I2%#;2: &+ #+(#'#G*%&' %1&4&%(24*:(*% #, (12 >"&".)&F 31#:2 1&4;#+*% 42'&(*#+ (# (4$(1 %&+,$+%(*#+ &: & (#$%1:(#+2) 012 #Ic2%(*S2 #, (12 %4#::A2J&;*+&(*#+: d#%4&(2: %#+5$%(: *+ 1*:

4#'2 #, (12 (#$%1:(#+2F (12+F *: (# (2:( (12 :92%*,*% 42'&(*#+ (# (4$(1 #, (12 #(124_: 2J*:(2+%2)

Y+ >$4*9*52:_ Y#+F !"##$%&'" 3&: #99#:25 (# K9#''#_: :*'2+%2R *+ (12 9#'*(*%&' :91242

!"##$%&'"3&: #99#:25 (# (12 52;#:_ 3*''F #4 (# (1#:2 31# ,'&((24 (12 52:*42: #, (12 ;&c#4*(H #4

(12 ;#+&4%1) Y+ (1*: (1*45F d#%4&(*%A91*'#:#91*%&' G&;2F !"##$%&'" *: #99#:25 (# :2',A

*G+#4&+%2 &+5 (12 ,&':2 (2&%1*+G: #, (12 :#91*:(:)

d#%4&(2:_ 4#'2 &: & >"&".)& &992&4: S24H %'2&4'H *+ (12 X&%12:R I$( *+ #(124 W'&(#+*%

(2J(:AA(12A!)4)6BF ,#4 2J&;9'2AA(1*: 4#'2 *: 942:2+(25 &: & ;*::*#+ &::*G+25 (# d#%4&(2: IH (12

#4&%$'&4 52*(H &( L2'91*F S*M)F K9#''#AA(12 :&;2 G#5 31# =29( :*'2+( *+ Y#+) K+5 c$:( &:

K9#''#_: #4&%'2 3&: #92+ (# &'' 31# 3*:125 (# %#+:$'( *( F :# d#%4&(2: #,,2425 1*;:2', $9 (#

&+H#+2 &: & U$2:(*#+24) 012 L2'91*% #4&%'2 3&: &':# :# 2+*G;&(*% &+5 #I:%$42 (1&( #+2 %#$'5

+#( $+524:(&+5 *( 3*(1#$( =+#3*+G 31&( :#4( #, U$2:(*#+ #+2 3&: &:=*+GF &+5 31&( =*+5 #,

;2&+*+G (12 #4&%$'&4 94#+#$+%2;2+( %#$'5 (&=2 *+ #+2_: '*,2) d*;*'&4'HF d#%4&(2:_ 5*:%#$4:2

42U$*42: (1&( #+2 #S24%#;2 :2',A*G+#4&+%2 &I#$( #+2_: #3+ :*($&(*#+) D$( #, %#$4:2F (1242 &42

;&c#4 5*,,242+%2:) "#4 2J&;9'2F (12 #4&%'2 ,#42(#'5 31&( 3#$'5 1&992+ (# H#$F 31242&:

d#%4&(*%!"##$%&'";2&+: (# 5*:%'#:2 31# H#$ &42AA+#( H#$4 42'&(*#+ (# ,$($42 2S2+(:F I$( H#$4

942:2+( 42'&(*#+ (# (4$(1)

Y 5# +#( ;2&+ (# *;9'H (1&( (1242 *: &+H :(4*%( %14#+#'#G*%&' 94#G42::*#+ &;#+G (12

S&4*#$: ,#4;: #,!"##$%&'"32 1&S2 +#(25) >$4*9*52: 5*25 *+ ?BC DE &+5 d#%4&(2: 3&: 9$( (#

52&(1 *+ Omm DE) Y+ &+%*2+( %$'($42 (12 %#+(*+$&(*#+ #, *52&: &+5 (12;2: *: &':# ;#42

94#+#$+%25) K+5 32 &42 &':# U$*(2 '*;*(25 *+ (12 +$;I24 #, 5#%$;2+(: &S&*'&I'2 ,4#; (1*:924*#5) d# (1242 *: +# 942%*:2 %14#+#'#GH) 012 ,#4;: #,!"##$%&'"32 :22 *+ >$4*9*52: 5*5 +#(

G2+24&(2 & S24H '#+G (4&5*(*#+) K+5 &: (12 g2''2+*:(*% ;#+&4%1*2: G423 &+5 52S2'#925F

9#'*(*%&'!"##$%&'"*+%42&:*+G'H &::$;25 (12 ,#4; #, & 924:#+&' 42'&(*#+ I2(322+ (12 ;#+&4%1

&+5 1*: &5S*:#4:F (1242IH %#;*+G %'#:24 (# d#%4&(*% ,#4;) Y+%42&:25 2;91&:*: 3&: 9'&%25 #+

(12 4#H&' &4( #, :(&(2:;&+:1*9 &+5 (12 ;#4&' 25$%&(*#+ #, (12 =*+G) K+5 (12 d#%4&(*% (H92 #,

!"##$%&'"1&5 & '#+G (4&5*(*#+ (14#$G1 (12 EH+*%: &+5 #(124 d#%4&(*% d%1##':) d# (12 5*S*:*#+:

&42 &';#:( %#+(2;9#4&4H 312+ (12+ &992&4F I$( (12 1*:(#4*%&' 52:(*+H #, (12 (1422 &42 +#( (12

:&;2)

Y+ W'&(#F &+5 *+ 31&( 32 =+#3 #, d#%4&(2: (14#$G1 W'&(#F & ;&c#4 94#I'2; %#+%24+: (12

&((2;9( (# 52(24;*+2 1#3 (# I4*+G 12 9#'*(*%&' !"##$%&'"*+S#'S*+G 4)6)&F (4$(1F &+5 .)*)&:#

(1&( *( %#*+%*52: 3*(1 (12 2(1*%&' !"##$%&'" *+S#'S*+G '#G#:F (4$(1F &+5 I*#:) g#3 %&+91*'#:#91*%&' (4$(1 &+5 ;#4&' S*4($2 42'&(2 (# (12 %*(H (14#$G1 (12 .)*)&a q#$ :22 (1*: *::$2 *+

"#$%&$'()*+,# Om . //


40/66

(12A!)4)6BF (12 T#'+)F (12^%!8>4'')&)

d2%#+5'HF (12 (&4G2( #, (1*: +23 !"##$%&'" *: +#( (# 924:$&52 (12 K::2;I'HF I$( (#

%#+S*+%2 :#;2#+2 (1&( 12 ;$:( (&=2 %&42 #, 1*;:2', &+5 #, #(124:R &+5 (1*: ;2&+: (1&( 12 ;$:(


41/66

#4 #9*+*#+F I$( #, %1&+G*+G #+2_: :(H'2 #, '*,2F #+2_: 42'&(*#+ (# #(124:F &+5 #+2_: 42'&(*#+ (#

#+2:2',)

01*45'HF (12:2 +23 9&4412:*&:(*% 94&%(*%2: *;9'H & %#;9'2J :2( #, %#++2%(*#+: I2(322+

(12 :2', &+5 (4$(1) "#4 +#( #+'H &42 (12:2 94&%(*%2: :$99#:25 (# 2+5#3 (12 *+5*S*5$&' 3*(1 :2',A

=+#3'25G2F (1*: :2',A=+#3'25G2 *+ ($4+ *: :$99#:25 (# G4&+( &%%2:: (# (4$(1 ,#4 ,$4(124

=+#3'25G2) 012 %*4%'2 *;9'*25 *+ =+#3*+G (12 (4$(1 &I#$( #+2:2', *+ #4524 (# =+#3 (12 (4$(1 *:%1&4&%(24*:(*% #, 9&4412:*&:(*% 94&%(*%2 :*+%2 (12 "#$4(1 E2+($4HF &+5 1&: I22+ #+2 #, (12

94#I'2;&(*% 2+*G;&: #, b2:(24+ 01#$G1(AA2)G)F &: *+ L2:%&4(2: #4 l&+()

K+5 & ,*+&' 9#*+( Y 3#$'5 '*=2 (# $+524:%#42 &I#$( (1*: 91*'#:#91*%&' !"##$%&'"*: (1&( *(

1&: 42%#$4:2 (# +$;24#$: (2%1+*U$2: U$*(2 5*,,242+( ,4#; (12 (2%1+*U$2: #, 924:$&:*S2

5*:%#$4:2 942S*#$:'H $(*'*M25R &+5 *( *: +# '#+G24 :92%*,*%&''H '*+=25 (# (12 &G#4&F #4 (# (12

=*+G_: %#$4(F I$( %&+ +#3 I2 $(*'*M25 *+ +$;24#$: 5*S24:2 9'&%2:)

2. Parrhesia and community life

K'(1#$G1 (12 >9*%$42&+:F 3*(1 (12 *;9#4(&+%2 (12H G&S2 (# ,4*2+5:1*9F 2;91&:*M25

%#;;$+*(H '*,2 ;#42 (1&+ #(124 91*'#:#9124: &( (1*: (*;2F +#+2(12'2:: #+2 %&+ &':# ,*+5 :#;2:(#*% G4#$9:F &: 32'' &: d(#*% #4 d(#*%#AEH+*% 91*'#:#9124: 31# &%(25 &: ;#4&' &+5 9#'*(*%&'

&5S*:#4: (# S&4*#$: %*4%'2: &+5 &4*:(#%4&(*% %'$I:) "#4 2J&;9'2F f$:#+*$: V$,$: 3&: :9*4*($&'

&5S*:#4 (# i24#_: %#$:*+F V$I2''*$: W'&$($:F &+5 1*: %*4%'2 R &+5 (12 d(#*%#AEH+*% 91*'#:#9124

L2;2(4*$: 3&: &5S*:#4 (# & '*I24&' &+(*A&4*:(#%4&(*% G4#$9 &4#$+5 014&:2& W&2($:) 014&:2&

W&2($:F & 4#;&+ :2+&(#4F %#;;*((25 :$*%*52 &,(24 I2*+G %#+52;+25 (# 52&(1 IH (12 :2+&(2

5$4*+G i24#_: 42*G+) K+5 L2;2(4*$: 3&: (12 #k6'&&%8#F Y 3#$'5 :&HF #, 1*: :$*%*52) d# I2:*52:

(12 %#;;$+*(H '*,2 #, (12 >9*%$42&+: (1242 &42 #(124 *+(24;25*&(2 ,#4;:)

01242 *: &':# (12 S24H *+(242:(*+G %&:2 #, >9*%(2($:a) >9*%(2($: 3&: & d(#*% ,#4 31#; (12

94&%(*%2 #, :92&=*+G #92+'H &+5 ,4&+='H 3&: &':# S24H *;9#4(&+() g2 5*42%(25 & :%1##' &I#$(

31*%1 32 =+#3 & ,23 (1*+G: ,4#; (12 ,#$4 :$4S*S*+G S#'$;2: #, >9*%(2($:_ L*:%#$4:2: &:

42%#4525 IH K44*&+) b2 =+#3F ,#4 2J&;9'2F (1&( >9*%(2($:_ :%1##' 3&: '#%&(25 &( i*%#9#'*: *+

& 924;&+2+( :(4$%($42 31*%1 2+&I'25 :($52+(: (# :1&42 *+ & 42&' %#;;$+*(H '*,2) W$I'*%

'2%($42: &+5 (2&%1*+G :2::*#+: 3242 G*S2+ 31242 (12 9$I'*% 3&: *+S*(25F &+5 31242 *+5*S*5$&':

%#$'5 &:= U$2:(*#+:AA&'(1#$G1 :#;2(*;2: :$%1 *+5*S*5$&': 3242 ;#%=25 &+5 (3*((25 IH (12

;&:(24:) b2 &':# =+#3 (1&( >9*%(2($: %#+5$%(25 I#(1 9$I'*% %#+S24:&(*#+: &+5 *+(24S*23:)

g*: :%1##' 3&: & =*+5 #, k


42/66

H#$ =+#3F (12 %#;9&4*:#+ I2(322+ ;25*%*+2 &+5 +&S*G&(*#+ *: & S24H (4&5*(*#+&' #+2 *+ $4#92F (12 2J942::*#+

l+%9*%$42&+ %#;;$+*(*2: R I$( %#;;2+(&(#4: #+ W1*'#52;$: 5*:&G422 &I#$( (12 2J&%(

,#4;F %#;9'2J*(HF &+5 1*24&4%1*%&' #4G&+*M&(*#+ #, :$%1 %#;;$+*(*2:) L2b*(( (1*+=: (1&( (12

2J*:(*+G 1*24&4%1H 3&: S24H 32''A2:(&I'*:125 &+5 %#;9'2J R 31242&: 9*%$42&+ :%1##': &+5 G4#$9:)

01242 3&: _%'&::4##;_ (2&%1*+G 31242 & (2&%124 &5542::25 & G4#$9 #, :($52+(: R &+5 (1242

3&: &':# *+:(4$%(*#+ *+ (12 ,#4; #, 924:#+&' *+(24S*23: 31242 & (2&%124 3#$'5 G*S2 &5S*%2 &+5942%29(: (# *+5*S*5$&' %#;;$+*(H ;2;I24:) b1242&: (12 '#324A4&+=25 (2&%124: #+'H (&$G1(

"#$%&$'()*+,# ?e . //


43/66

%'&::2:F (12 1*G124A'2S2' (2&%124: I#(1 (&$G1( %'&::2: &+5 G&S2 924:#+&' *+(24S*23:) 01$: &

5*:(*+%(*#+ 3&: 54&3+ I2(322+ G2+24&' (2&%1*+G &+5 924:#+&' *+:(4$%(*#+ #4 G$*5&+%2) 01*:

5*:(*+%(*#+ *: +#( & 5*,,242+%2 *+ %#+(2+(F &: I2(322+ (12#42(*%&' &+5 94&%(*%&' :$Ic2%( ;&((24:AA

2:92%*&''H :*+%2 :($5*2: *+ 91H:*%:F %#:;#'#GHF &+5 +&($4&' '&3 1&5 2(1*%&' :*G+*,*%&+%2 ,#4 (12

>9*%$42&+:) i#4 *: *( & 5*,,242+%2 *+ *+:(4$%(*#+ %#+(4&:(*+G 2(1*%&' (12#4H 3*(1 *(: 94&%(*%&'

&99'*%&(*#+) V&(124 (12 5*,,242+%2 ;&4=: & 5*:(*+%(*#+ *+ (12 925&G#G*%&' 42'&(*#+:1*9 I2(322+(2&%124 &+5 5*:%*9'2 #4 :($52+() Y+ (12 d#%4&(*% :*($&(*#+F (1242 3&: #+2 94#%25$42 31*%1

2+&I'25 (12 *+(24'#%$(#4 (# 5*:%#S24 (122 (4$(1 &I#$( 1*;:2',F (12 42'&(*#+ #, 1*: I*#: (# '#G#: R

&+5 (1*: :&;2 94#%25$42F &( (12 :&;2 (*;2F &':# 2+&I'25 1*; (# G&*+ &%%2:: (# &55*(*#+&' (4$(1:

Z&I#$( (12 3#4'5F *52&:F (12 +&($42 #, (12 :#$'F &+5 :# #+\) b*(1 (12 >9*%$42&+ :%1##':F

1#32S24F (1242 *: (12 925&G#G*%&' 42'&(*#+ #, G$*5&+%2 31242 (12 ;&:(24 12'9: (12 5*:%*9'2 (#

5*:%#S24 (12 (4$(1 &I#$( 1*;:2',F I$( (1242 *: +#3F *+ &55*(*#+F & ,#4; #, _&$(1#4*(&4*&+_

(2&%1*+G *+ & %#''2%(*S2 42'&(*#+ 31242 :#;2#+2 :92&=: (12 (4$(1 (# & G4#$9 #, #(124:) 012:2

(3# (H92: #, (2&%1*+G I2%&;2 & 924;&+2+( ,2&($42 #, 32:(24+ %$'($42) K+5 *+ (12 >9*%$42&+

:%1##': 32 =+#3 (1&( *( 3&: (12 4#'2 #, (12 _:9*4*($&' G$*52_ ,#4 #(124: (1&( 3&: ;#42 1*G1'H

S&'$25 (1&( (1&( #, G4#$9 '2%($424)

Y 5# +#( 3*:1 (# %#+%'$52 (12 5*:%$::*#+ #, W1*'#52;$:_ (2J( 3*(1#$( ;2+(*#+*+G &94&%(*%2 31*%1 (12H 2+G&G25 *+AA31&( 32 ;*G1( %&'' _;$($&' %#+,2::*#+_ *+ & G4#$9) d#;2 #,

(12 ,4&G;2+(: *+5*%&(2 (1&( (1242 3242 G4#$9 %#+,2::*#+: #4 ;22(*+G: 31242 2&%1 #, (12

%#;;$+*(H ;2;I24: *+ ($4+ 3#$'5 5*:%'#:2 (12*4 (1#$G1(:F ,&$'(:F ;*:I21&S*#4F &+5 :# #+) b2

=+#3 S24H '*(('2 &I#$( :$%1 ;22(*+G:F I$( 42,244*+G (# (1*: 94&%(*%2 W1*'#52;$: $:2: &+

*+(242:(*+G 2J942::*#+) g2 :92&=: #, (1*: 94&%(*%2 &: _(12 :&'S&(*#+ IH #+2 &+#(124 l+) 7'l

"44%4). &)(%&+$"'_) 012 3#45 _&)(%&+$"'_AA(# :&S2 #+2:2',AA*+ (12 >9*%$42&+ (4&5*(*#+ ;2&+: (#

G&*+ &%%2:: (# & G##5F I2&$(*,$'F &+5 1&99H '*,2) Y( 5#2: +#( 42,24 (# &+H =*+5 #, &,(24'*,2 #4

5*S*+2 c$5G;2+() Y+ #+2_: #3+ :&'S&(*#+F #(124 ;2;I24: #, (12 >9*%$42&+ %#;;$+*(H 7012

9*%$42&+ G4#$9:)

3. Parrhesia and public life

i#3 Y 3#$'5 '*=2 (# ;#S2 #+ (# (12 94&%(*%2 #, !"##$%&'" *+ 9$I'*% '*,2 (14#$G1 (12

2J&;9'2 #, (12 EH+*% 91*'#:#9124:) Y+ (12 %&:2 #, (12 >9*%$42&+ %#;;$+*(*2:F 32 =+#3 S24H

'*(('2 &I#$( (12*4 :(H'2 #, '*,2 I$( 1&S2 :#;2 *52& #, (12*4 5#%(4*+2 &: *( *: 2J942::25 *+ S&4*#$:

(2J(:) b*(1 (12 EH+*%: (12 :*($&(*#+ *: 2J&%('H 42S24:25 R ,#4 32 =+#3 S24H '*(('2 &I#$( EH+*%

5#%(4*+2AA2S2+ *, (1242 2S24 3&: :$%1 &+ 2J9'*%*( 5#%(4*+2) D$( 32 5# 9#::2:: +$;24#$:

(2:(*;#+*2: 42G&45*+G (12 EH+*% 3&H #, '*,2) K+5 (1242 *: +#(1*+G :$494*:*+G &I#$( (1*: :(&(2 #,

&,,&*4: R ,#4 2S2+ (1#$G1 EH+*% 91*'#:#9124: 34#(2 I##=: c$:( '*=2 #(124 91*'#:#9124:F (12H3242 ,&4 ;#42 *+(242:(25 *+ %1##:*+G &+5 94&%(*%*+G & %24(&*+ 3&H #, '*,2)

K 1*:(#4*%&' 94#I'2; %#+%24+*+G (12 #4*G*+ #, EH+*%*:; *: (1*:) f#:( #, (12 EH+*%: ,4#;

(12 "*4:( E2+($4H D) E) &+5 (1242&,(24 42,24 (# 2*(124 L*#G2+2: #4 K+(*:(12+2: &: (12 ,#$+524

#, (12 EH+*% 91*'#:#91HF &+5 (1#$G1 (12:2 ,#$+524 #, EH+*%*:; (12H 42'&(2 (12;:2'S2: I&%= (#

(12 (2&%1*+G: #, d#%4&(2:) K%%#45*+G (# "&44&+5 d&H42F 1#32S24F (12 EH+*% d2%( &992&425 #+'H

*+ (12 d2%#+5 E2+($4H D) E)F #4 (3# %2+($4*2: &,(24 d#%4&(2:_ 52&(1) b2 ;*G1( I2 & I*(

:=29(*%&' &I#$( & (4&5*(*#+&' 2J9'&+&(*#+ G*S2+ ,#4 (12 4*:2 #, (12 EH+*% d2%(:AA&+ 2J9'&+&(*#+

31*%1 1&: I22+ G*S2+ :# #,(2+ (# &%%#$+( ,#4 :# ;&+H #(124 912+#;2+& R I$( *( *: (1&(

EH+*%*:; *: & +2G&(*S2 ,#4; #, &GG42::*S2 *+5*S*5$&'*:; 31*%1 &4#:2 3*(1 (12 %#''&9:2 #, (12

9#'*(*%&' :(4$%($42: #, (12 &+%*2+( 3#4'5) K ;#42 *+(242:(*+G &%%#$+( *: G*S2+ IH d&H42F 31#

2J9'&*+: (12 &992&4&+%2 #, (12 EH+*%: #+ (12 ;9*42) f#42 :92%*,*%&''HF 12 +#(2: (1&( 3*(1

"#$%&$'()*+,# ?O . //


44/66

K'2J&+524_: %#+U$2:(: S&4*#$: Y+5*&+ 91*'#:#91*2:AA2:92%*&''H (12 ;#+&:(*% &+5 &:%2(*%

(2&%1*+G #, Y+5*&+ d2%(: '*=2 (12 9*%$4$: 42,24 I#(1 (# & 5#%(4*+2 &+5 &':# (# (12 924:#+&' 2J&;9'2:2( IH >9*%$4$:A31#; 2S24H >9*%$42&+ (4*25 (# *;*(&(2) >9*%$4$: #4*G*+&(25 (12 5#%(4*+2 &+5

3&: &':# & 924:#+*,*%&(*#+ #, *() D$( +#3 *+ (12 EH+*% (4&5*(*#+F (12 ;&*+ 42,242+%2: ,#4 (12

91*'#:#91H &42 +#( (# (12 (2J(: #4 5#%(4*+2:F I$( (# 2J2;9'&4H '*S2:) W24:#+&' 2J&;9'2: 3242

&':# *;9#4(&+( *+ #(124 91*'#:#91*%&' :%1##':F I$( *+ (12 EH+*% ;#S2;2+(A31242 (1242 3242

+# 2:(&I'*:125 (2J(:F +# :2(('25F 42%#G+*M&I'2 5#%(4*+2A 42,242+%2 3&: &'3&H: ;&52 (# %24(&*+

42&' #4 ;H(1*%&' 924:#+&'*(*2: 31# 3242 (&=2+ (# I2 (12 :#$4%2: #, EH+*%*:; &: & ;#52 #, '*,2)

d$%1 924:#+&'*(*2: 3242 (12 :(&4(*+G 9#*+( ,#4 EH+*% 42,'2%(*#+ &+5 %#;;2+(&4H) 012 ;H(1*%&'

%1&4&%(24: 42,24425 (# *+%'$525 g24&%'2: 7g24%$'2:8F h5H::2$: 7r'H::2:8F &+5 L*#G2+2:)

L*#G2+2: 3&: &+ &%($&'F 1*:(#4*%&' ,*G$42F I$( 1*: '*,2 I2%&;2 :# '2G2+5&4H (1&( 12 52S2'#925

*+(# & =*+5 #, ;H(1 &: &+2%5#(2:F :%&+5&':F 2(%)F 3242 &5525 (# 1*: 1*:(#4*%&' '*,2) KI#$( 1*:

&%($&' '*,2 32 5# +#( =+#3 &'' (1&( ;$%1F I$( *( *: %'2&4 (1&( 12 I2%&;2 & =*+5 #, 91*'#:#91*%&'124#) W'&(#F K4*:(#('2F s2+# #, E*(*$+F 2(%)F 3242 91*'#:#91*%&' &$(1#4: &+5 &$(1#4*(*2:F ,#4

"#$%&$'()*+,# ?? . //


45/66

2J&;9'2R I$( (12H 3242 +#( %#+:*52425 124#2:) >9*%$4$: 3&: I#(1 & 91*'#:#91*%&' &$(1#4 &+5

(42&(25 IH 1*: ,#''#324: &: & =*+5 #, 124#) D$( L*#G2+2: 3&: 94*;&4*'H & 124#*% ,*G$42) (12

*52& (1&( & 91*'#:#9124_: '*,2 :1#$'5 I2 2J2;9'&4H &+5 124#*% *: *;9#4(&+( *+ $+524:(&+5*+G (12

42'&(*#+:1*9 #, EH+*%*:; (# E14*:(*&+*(HF &: 32'' &: ,#4 $+524:(&+5*+G EH+*% !"##$%&'" &: &

9$I'*% &%(*S*(H)

01*: I4*+G: $: (# EH+*% !"##$%&'") 012 ;&*+ (H92: #, 9&4412:*&:(*% 94&%(*%2 $(*'*M25 IH(12 EH+*%: 3242) Z-\ %4*(*%&' 942&%1*+GR Ze\ :%&+5&'#$: I21&S*#4R &+5 ZO\ 31&( Y :1&'' %&'' (12

6W4#S#%&(*S2 5*&'#G$2) 6

"*4:(F (12 %4*(*%&' 942&%1*+G #, (12 EH+*%:) W42&%1*+G *: & ,#4; #, %#+(*+$#$: 5*:%#$4:2)

K+5F &: H#$ =+#3F ;#:( #, (12 2&4'H 91*'#:#9124:AA2:92%*&''H (12 d(#*%:AA3#$'5 #%%&:*#+&''H

52'*S24 :922%12: 31242 (12H 942:2+(25 (12*4 5#%(4*+2:) r:$&''HF 1#32S24 (12H 3#$'5 '2%($42

*+ ,4#+( #, & 4&(124 :;&'' &$5*2+%2) 012 EH+*%:F *+ %#+(4&:(F 5*:'*=25 (1*: =*+5 #, 2'*(*:(

2J%'$:*#+ &+5 942,24425 (# &5542:: & '&4G2 %4#35) "#4 2J&;9'2F (12H '*=25 (# :92&= *+ &

(12&(24F #4 &( & 9'&%2 31242 92#9'2 1&5 G&(12425 ,#4 & ,2&:(F 42'*G*#$: 2S2+(F &(1'2(*% %#+(2:(F

Foucault, Discourse and Truth- The Problematization of Parrhesia Copy

Documents

Transcript of Foucault, Discourse and Truth- The Problematization of Parrhesia Copy