Fossilization
description
Transcript of Fossilization
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Fossilization in L2 Learning
Royal University of Phnom PenhInstitute of Foreign Languages
Department of English
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Applied Linguistics
Lecturer: Phork Bunthoeun Class: E4.10
2011-2012
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Group Members:
1. Phong Vichith2. Ken Sibony3. Try Vichet
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Content:
I. Introduction
II. Accepted Concept of Fossilization
III. Classification of Fossilization
IV. Type of Fossilization
V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
VI. Fossilization Reduction
VII. Conclusion
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I. Introduction
What is Fossilization?
Fossil Fossilize Fossilization
› a permanent cessation of IL learning before the learner has attained TL norms at all levels of linguistic structure and in all discourse domains in spite of the learner’s positive ability, opportunity, and motivation to learn and acculturate into target society.
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I. Introduction (cont.)
What is Fossilization?
› backsliding, › stabilized errors,› learning plateau, › typical error, › persistent non-target-like performance,› de-acceleration of the learning process, › ingrained errors,
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I. Introduction (cont.)
What is Fossilization?
› systematic use of erroneous forms, › cessation of learning,› structural persistence, › ultimate attainment, › long-lasting free variation, › persistent difficulty, › and inability to fully master TL features describing the
similar meaning, which lead to confusion for quite a long time.
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II. Accepted Concept of Fossilization
1. it may appear at different language levels
2. it may occur at different learning stages among age groups;
3. it may be either structure fossilization or competence fossilization;
4. it is usually manifested as the deviant forms from the TL norms;
5. there are soft and hard degrees of fossilization.
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III. Classification of Fossilization
1.• Individual fossilization and group fossilization
2.• Temporary fossilization and permanent fossilization
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III. Classification of Fossilization
Individual fossilization and group
fossilization
Error reappearance
- The inappropriate interlanguage structures that are thought to have been corrected but continue to appear regularly.
Language competence fossilization
- The plateau in the development of L2 learners’ phonological, grammatical, lexical and pragmatic competence.
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III. Classification of Fossilization
Pervasive fossilized language competence in a community
Group fossilization
A new dialect
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III. Classification of Fossilization
• also called stabilization, indicates that fossilized interlanguage consists of learning plateaus
• where development of given TL features is simply ‘arrested’ or ‘inhibited’ for shorter or longer periods of time.
Temporary fossilization
• takes place s a result of social, psychological and interactive variablesPermanent
fossilization
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IV. Types of Fossilization
Typ
es o
f F
ossi
liza
tion
Phonological fossilization
Morphological fossilization
Syntactic fossilization
Semantic fossilization
Pragmatic fossilization
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IV. Types of Fossilization
Phonological Fossilization:
› the repetition of phonological errors which result from the incorrect acquisition of pronunciation of L2, usually affected by L1.
› Example: [ө] does not exist in Chinese.
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IV. Types of Fossilization
Morphological Fossilization:
› The most common problems lay in two aspects: inflectional morpheme and article.
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IV. Types of Fossilization
Syntactic Fossilization:
› Different languages have their own syntactic rules. Example: Chinese does not have obvious tense
differentiation, whereas English has present tense and past tense in general.
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IV. Types of Fossilization
Semantic Fossilization:
› refers to the use of language forms that exist in TL but do not represent the meanings L2 learners intend to express in the context.
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IV. Types of Fossilization
Pragmatic Fossilization:
› A pragmatic deviance = pragmatic failure.› Thomas (1983) views pragmatic failure takes place in the cross-
cultural communication and refers to the “inability to understand what is meant by what is said”.
› Inappropriate language use results in misunderstanding, embarrassment, and even insult.
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
6 common factors
Language transfer
Training transfer
Learning strategy
Communic-ation
strategy
Overgeneralization
Others
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
1. Language Transfer:
The errors in the use of L2 result mainly from L1, and the difference between L1 and the L2 is the reason for the occurrence of errors.
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
The Transfer of L1
Positive
The similarities shared by the L1 and L2 help SLA
Negative
The differences between L1 and L2 that interfere
SLA
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
2. Training Transfer:
› The lack of formal instruction in English fossilization of incorrect language forms
› “Fossilization often occurs among ‘street’ learners› Their errors becomes systematized and are almost
impossible to eradicate”› “Street” learners are never corrected, nor do they correct
themselves.
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
3. Learning Strategy:
› not only to the overall strategies but also to the explicit methods the learner adopts in the process of SLL
› Incorrect Learning strategies fossilization of some features (phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, psycholinguistic, or socio-cultural).”
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
4. Communication Strategy:
› A systematic skill a speaker resorts to while having difficulties in expression to keep the communication going on.
› Successful use of communication strategies will prevent acquisition”
› The learner inclines to simplify the target language› Pays too much attention to the fluency but neglects the
accuracy
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
5. Overgeneralization
› language overgeneralization always indicates the ignorance of rule restrictions, including semantic restrictions of lexis or other linguistic items
› For instance, using the -ed suffix to indicate past tense for verbs like "go“ and "think."
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V. Causal Factors of Fossilization
6. Others:
› The causal factors fall into the following categories: environmental, cognitive, neurobiological, and socio-affective.
› These causal factors can be put into two groups: internal factors and external factors
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VI. Fossilization Reduction:
1. Adoption of proper learning strategies
2. Reduction of negative transfer of
L1
3. Exposure to TL and TL culture
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VI. Fossilization Reduction:
1. Adoption of proper learning strategies
› “good” learning strategies› Appear use strategies more frequently and in qualitatively
different ways › Involve attention to both form and meaning.› Different kinds of learning strategies may contribute to
different aspects of L2 proficiency
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VI. Fossilization Reduction:
2 Reduction of negative transfer of L1:
› Not to use TL too early until the learners’ oral competence is facilitated with sufficient input and without relying on their native language (Krashen,1983))
› abundant input of TL can lessen the negative transfer of the native language
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VI. Fossilization Reduction:
3. Exposure to TL and TL culture
Allow them to stay for some time in the native environment abroad
Multimedia instruments Textbooks with original passages by foreign authors
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VII. Conclusion:
Fossilization is an inevitable state in and has significance influence on second language acquisition.
It needs our attention and research to solve fossilization problems in all aspects of language.