Formation of western europe part 1
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Formation of Western Europe800-1500
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Section 1: Church Reform and the
CrusadesMain Idea: The Catholic
Church underwent reform and launched Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims and others
Why it matters now? The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy of distrust
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Setting the Stage:
Between 500-1500 AD, Vikings attacked and looted Church monasteries
Centers of learning (Monasteries)
Church suffered
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Monastic Revival & Church Reform
By 1000s, the monasteries led a
spiritual revivalReformers wanted to return to the basics
This age was called,
the “Age of Faith”
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Problems in the Church
Major 3 problems:1. Many villages priests married and had families (against church rules)
2. Positions in the Church were
being sold by bishops (SIMONY)
3. Practice of lay investiture (Feudal lords appointing church leaders) put kings in control of church bishops
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Reform Begins at Cluny
When? 910Where? Benedictine monastery at
Cluny, France
What happened? Cluny’s reputation spread and soon their were 300 houses under Cluny’s leadership
This movement influenced the papacy
Pope Leo IX, enforced Church laws against simony and the marriage of priests
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Reform & Church Organization
By 1100s and 1200s, the Church was restructured to
resemble a kingdom, with the pope at the head
Papal Curia= pope’s group of advisers, acted as a court, developed CANON LAW (law of the Church)
Curia decided on laws about marriage, divorce, and inheritance
Church collected taxes in the form of taxes
Hospitals were ran by the Church
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Preaching FriarsWandering FRIARS traveled from place to place preaching and spreading the Church’s ideas
Friars were like monks (same vows), but they did not live apart from the world in monasteries
DOMINICANS= one of the earliest orders of friars, founded by a Spanish priest (Dominic)
FRANCISCANS= order of friars, founded by St. Francis of Assisi (who gave up wealth for preaching)
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Dominican Friars Pilgrimage
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Religious Orders for Women
Women participated in the spiritual revival too
Franciscan order for women, known as the POOR CLARES
Unlike men, women were not allowed to travel from place to place as preachers
Many lived in poverty and worked to help the poor and sick
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Poor Clares in Malawi
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Young Women Flock to Ministry
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Cathedrals-Cities of God
Cathedrals showed
evidence of the Church’s growing wealth
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A New Style of Church Architecture
800-1100, churches were built in the ROMANESQUE (round arches and a heavy roof)
Early 1100s, GOTHIC (came from the Germanic tribe named the Goths)
Looked like it was reaching toward heaven
Stained-glass windows
Sculptures, woodcarvings
The cathedral represented the CITY OF GOD
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Romanesque vs. Gothic
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The Crusades
The Age of Faith inspired wars of conquest
Pope Urban II- asked by a Count to help against invading Muslim Turks, who threatened to conquer his capital, Constantinople
Pope Urban called for a
“holy war” (a Crusade)
Over the next 200 years, a number of Crusades were launched
GOAL OF CRUSADES: to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land form the Muslim Turks
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Crusades
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Causes of the Crusading Spirit
Crusades had both ECONOMIC & RELIGIOUS motives
50,000- 60,000 knights became CRUSADERS
How did this benefit Europeans?
What did Crusaders get? Assured of a place in heaven
How did it benefit Kings and Church?
Got rid of some quarrelsome knights who fought against each other
How did Merchants profit? Making cash loans to finance the Crusade
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The 1st and 2nd Crusades
First Crusade (1097):Mix of Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians, Spaniards, but mostly French
Ill prepared- knew nothing of the geography, climate or country of the Holy Land
No strategy to capture Jerusalem
Argued on who would be their leader
Result: Able to capture the city in 1099, carved out territory of a small section of Jerusalem to be ruled by nobles
Later on, in 1144, Turks were able to re=conquer Jerusalem
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The 1st and 2nd Crusades
Second Crusade
Goal- organized to recapture the city
Result: failure
Jerusalem had fallen to the Muslim leader Saladin (1187)
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The 3rd & 4th CrusadesThird Crusade:
Goal: recapture Jerusalem
Led by 3 monarchs (French, German, and English)
Richard the Lion-Hearted= English King
1 monarch died, 1 left, but Richard stayed
• Result1 : After many battles between Saladin and Richard,
agreed to a TRUCE
Result 2: Jerusalem would remain in Muslim hands, but Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places
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Richard vs. Saladin
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The 3rd & 4th Crusades
4th CrusadePope Innocent III appealed for another Crusade to recapture Jerusalem
Knights became entangled in Italian politics, and looted Constantinople (which ended the 4th Crusade)
Result: there was a BREACH (split) between the Church in the east (Constantinople) and the Church in the West (Rome)
Why? Crusader’s looting habits
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The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
In the 1200s, the Crusades became increasingly common and
unsuccessful
Religious spirit of the First Crusade faded, replaced by a search for
personal gain
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The Later CrusadesExample 1: North Africa- led by French King, Louis IX who was popular throughout Europe
Result: Did not conquer much land
Example 2: Children’s Crusade- thousands of children went to the Holy Land, only armed with the belief that God would give them the land
Result: many died on the march of cold or starvation, one group turned back, the rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery
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Horrible Histories: Crusades
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A Spanish Crusade
Location: Spain
Who was in control (until 1100s):
the Moors (Muslims)
Reconquista= long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain
Result: By the late 1400s, Muslims held only tiny portion of land (Granada) and then they lost that to a Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella (Spanish monarchs)
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A Spanish Crusade
Spain had a large Jewish population
Many Jews achieved high positions in finance, government and medicine
Many Jews and Muslims converted
Inquisition= Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of
heresy (views which differed from the Church)
If you were a suspect, you could be tried and tortured for months
If you confessed, then you were burned at the stake
1492- monarchs expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain
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“Nobody Expects the Spanish Inquisition”
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Spanish Inquisition
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Medieval Torture Techniques
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Medieval Torture
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The Effects of the Crusades
Negative Effects:1. Failure of the later
Crusades, lessened the power of the Pope
2. Weakened feudal nobility
3. Thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes
4. Legacy of bitterness towards Muslims which continued
Positive Effects:1. Stimulated trade between
Europe and Southwest Asia
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Section 2: Trade, Towns & Financial RevolutionMain Idea: European cities challenged the feudal system as agriculture, trade, finance, and universities developed
Why it matters now? The various changes in the Middle Ages laid the foundation for modern Europe
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Setting the Stage:
During the Church reform and Crusades, other changes were occurring during the Medieval Ages
Between 1000- 1300:
Agriculture, trade and finance made remarkable progress
Towns and cities grew
Population grew because of territorial expansion
Creativity exploded
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A Growing Food Supply
Expanding civilization required an increased
food supply
Farming was helped by a warmer climate, so farmers could cultivate in land that was once too cold to farm
New methods were developed to take advantage of the new land
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Using HorsepowerPrevious way: oxen to pull their plows
Oxen were easy to keep, but they moved slowly, did not need a lot of food
Horses needed better food, but a team of horses could plow twice as much as an oxen
New HARNESS (Old harness nearly strangled the animal when it pulled)
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The 3-Field System
Old System: 2 field system
New System: 3 field system (farmers could grow crops on 2/3 of their land each year, not just half of it)
Result: increase in population, could raise larger families
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Trade & Finance ExpandPopulation growth led to more artisans and craftsmen manufacturing goods by
hand for local and long-distance trade
Trade routes spread out (partially because of the Crusades)
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Fairs & TradeMost trade took place in towns
Peasants from nearby manors traveled to town on fair days, bringing items to trade
Most common trade item:
cloth
Other items sold: bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather, dyes, knives and ropes
No longer was everything produced on a self-sufficient manor
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The Guilds
Guild= association of people who worked at the same occupation (similar to a union today)
Guilds :controlled all wages and prices on their craft
Enforced a standard of quality
Artisans: wheelwrights, glassmakers, winemakers, tailors, and druggists
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A Financial Revolution
Fairs and guilds needed a lot of money
To make a profit, usually merchants had to purchase things from distant lands to then make their product
Many needed to take out loans, but the Church forbid Christians from lending
money (usury)
Money lending became big among moneylenders
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Urban Splendor Reborn
Population was growing in Western Europe (from 30 to 42 million)
Paris: largest populated city, 60,000 people
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Trade & Towns Grow Together
As trading grew, so did towns
These people were no longer content with their old feudal system
Many fled the manors for the townsMedieval towns were
organized chaotically
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Medieval Towns
Streets were narrow
Filled with horses, pigs, oxen
No sewers, people dumped their waste (both animal and human) into the street in front of the house
Most people never bathed
Houses were made of wood and thatched roofs- fire hazard
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Towns & the Social Order
So many serfs fled the manors, that a law was passed that a serf could now be free by living within a town for a year and a day
At first, towns came under the authority of feudal lords who levied taxes, fees and rents
Burghars= town dwellers, resented the feudal lords
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The Revival of Learning
Growing trade and towns brought a new interest in learning
New European institution- the UNIVERSITY
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Scholars & Writers“University” originally designated a group of scholars meeting wherever they could
Goal of most students- job in the government or the Church
Serious scholars and writers were writing in Latin
Vernacular- everyday language of their homeland
Masterpieces of the time: The Divine Comedy, The Canterbury Tales, The City of Ladies
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The Muslim Connection
Crusades brought Europeans into contact with Muslims and Byzantines
who had preserved their libraries and writings of Greek philosophers
Europeans acquired a new wealth of knowledge with
the works of ancient scholars
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Aquinas & Medieval Philosophy
Question that arose: “Could a Christian scholar use Aristotle’s logical approach to truth and still keep faith with the Bible?”
Thomas Aquinas= scholar, argued that the most basic religious truth could be proved by logic
Scholastics= schoolmen
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Homework Reading:
Ch 14:3-4