FORMATION OF PLANETESIMALS BY GRAVITATIONAL INSTABILITIES IN TURBULENT STRUCTURES: EVIDENCE FROM...
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FORMATION OF PLANETESIMALS BY GRAVITATIONAL INSTABILITIES IN TURBULENT STRUCTURES:
EVIDENCE FROM ASTEROID BELT CONSTRAINTS
A. Morbidelli (OCA, Nice)
D. Nesvorny, W.F. Bottke, H.F. Levison (SWRI, Boulder)
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THE CLASSICAL VIEW ON PLANET FORMATION
1) Dust settles on the disk’s mid-plane and coagulates in pebbles
2) A miracle occurs: pebbles manage to form km-size planetesimals, somehow avoiding the so-called “meter-size barrier”
3) By pair-wise collisions, km-size planetesimals grow into larger bodies
4) This triggers a runaway/oligarchic growth process that leads to the formation of planetary embryos and cores of giant planets
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However, recent work showed that planetesimals might have formed big
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However, recent work showed that planetesimals might have formed big
1. The Heidelberg model
Johansen et al., 2007
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However, recent work showed that planetesimals might have formed big
1. The NASA-Ames model
D~100km
Cuzzi et al., 2001
Cuzzi et al., 2008
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WORK PLAN
•We have developed and tested a “classical” coagulation/fragmentation code
•This code accounts for viscous stirring, dynamical friction, gas drag, collisional damping and (optionally) turbulent stirring
•We simulate the process of classical collisional growth starting from a population planetesimals whose initial SFD is a free input of the simulation, and check the resulting SFD against those of small body reservoirs
•Here we focus on the asteroid belt, for which we have many information and constraints on the primordial size distribution resulting from the accretion process (see next slides)
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ASTEROID BELT CONSTRAINTS
Bottke et al. (2005)
Primordial slope
Primordial `bump’
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ASTEROID BELT CONSTRAINTS
Bottke et al. (2005)
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ASTEROID BELT CONSTRAINTS
x1,000
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ASTEROID BELT CONSTRAINTS
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Result of classical collisional growth from small (~km-size) planetesimals
(1.5 Earth masses total)
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Starting from 100km planetesimals
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Case-A set-up
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Case-A set-up
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Case-A set-up
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Case-A set-up
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Starting from 100km planetesimals
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Case-B set-up
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Case-B set-up
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Case-B set-up
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Case-B set-up
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Starting from 100km planetesimals
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Effect of turbulent stirring
•Laughlin et al. (2004) from MHD simulations derived a recipe to model the stochastic surface density fluctuations of the disk
•Ogihara, Ida and Morbidelli (2006) used this recipe in N-body simulations and derived a formula for the turbulent stirring of eccentricities.
de/dt is mass independent
de/dt ÷ γ f
γ: strength of turbulence
f: density in MMSN
f~1, γ~10-3
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Starting from 100km planetesimals
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Starting from 100-500km planetesimals
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Starting from 100-500km planetesimals
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Starting from 100-1,000km planetesimals
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Starting from 100-1,000km planetesimals
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Starting from 100-1,000km planetesimals
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CONCLUSIONS
•Asteroids have to have been “born big”
•The initial planetesimals in the asteroid belt had to span the 100-1,000km size range
•This favors the Heidelberg model over the NASA-Ames model because the latter can only produce D~100km objects
•The current SFD slope in the 100-1,000km range is essentially the primordial slope: new challange for the Heidelberg model
•Classical collisional coagulation played only a minor role in asteroid belt accretion, maybe just that of forming Lunar-Martian mass embryos from a population of ~4,000 Ceres-size bodies.
•If the planetesimals formed in a sea of small boulders, runaway growth may be terrifically efficient: new hope to form the giant planets cores?
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IMPLICATION
•The original asteroid belt was deficient in small bodies (10km or less) by orders of magnitude with respect to the extrapolation of the SFD of the “big guys”
•Thus, despite it was massive, its collisional activity was small
•Consistent with one basin on Vesta, lack of shock ages of meteorites prior to the LHB, absence of pre-LHB families
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SPECULATION IWhy aren’t all asteroids melted?
Need for a delayed start of the gravitational instability process
Scott, 2007
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SPECULATION II
What about the same happened in the Kuiper belt?
• The observed knee in the SFD at D~100km would be a primordial feature and not the consequence of collisional grinding, unlike what is usually accepted (from Kenyon & Bromley’s work)
•Then most of the initial mass would have been in large bodies; 30 Earth masses implies ~1,000 Pluto-size bodies, consistent with the Nice model, formation of the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud etc.
•A new mechanism to form binary TNOs?
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Kuiper Belt Binaries
here we focus on ~100-km-class binaries with equal size components and wide separations
~30% binary fraction among i<5 deg classical KBOs (Noll et al. 2008; >0.06’’ separations, <2 mag contrast)
Large angular momentum and stability of binaries in the current KB environment suggest early formation by capture
Different capture models make different assumptions:
E.g., Goldreich et al. (2002) favored bimodal size distribution with /~1000. Dynamical friction from assures minimal encounter speeds of 100-km bodies and facilitates capture
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Initial conditions and setup from Goldreich et al. (strong dynamical friction from small bodies promotes runaway growth)
Initially bimodalsize distribution/=1000, v=2 cm/s
Coagulation Code Applied to KB
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Coagulation Code Applied to KB
Like Kenyon & Luu (1999), we also obtain a very shallow size distribution slope for D>100 km. Inconsistent with observations.
Reference slope with -5 index
Size distribution after 1 Myr
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Different possibility:
Binaries formed during gravitational collapse in eddies of turbulent disk. Excess of angular momentum prevents formation of a single object. Fragmentation and formation of a binary with high angular momentum
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N-body simulations of gravitational collapse with PKDGRAV (Richardson et al.)
Quarter of Million 2.5-km bodies with 1 g/cm3 density distributed in 200,000-km wide region
initial rotation mimics turbulence-induced motion
highly idealized: no gas
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~105 km~104 km
triple system with ~120-km-radius gravitationally-bound bodies
subsequent ejection of the outer body or collision of the inner pair leads to binary
size of objects scaled for visibility
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Formation of KB Binaries
Similar to formation of binary stars in massive fragmenting disks (e.g., Alexander et al. 2008)
Can explain why components of KB binaries haveidentical colors (Benecchi et al., #38.11) because they would form from the same local mixture of materials
More work is needed to test this idea and make testable predictions (angular momentum budget, gas/solids interaction, realistic initial conditions, etc.)
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