Form Three Biology Note - hkedcity.netres.hkedcity.net/general/0002/67/70/97f3biotxtbk.pdf · Form...

By Kok Patrick 1997

Form Three Biology Note

Download from http://www.hkbiology.net

SEC

ON

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106

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Rev

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: 食物

Tot

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82

對卷

Fo

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13, 1

5, 1

811

91

Typ

es o

f fo

ods

Civ

ic E

d. :

口腔衛生及飲食習慣

1E

TV

: 牙齒

21, 2

5, 2

611

102

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man

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mu

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111

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1E

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: 消化系統

10, 1

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312

121

ET

V : 消化和吸收

1Sp

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Tap

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m

Food

test

s18

, 20,

212

- 1

132

Lab

: Fo

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su

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test

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Lab

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9, 1

01

142

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- 94

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ours

15, 1

7, 2

01

152

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23, 2

7, 2

81

161

對卷

Pho

tosy

nthe

sis

1

Air

Com

pos

itio

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ivic

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Typ

ical

pla

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tru

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Abs

orp

tion

sp

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um

of

gree

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31, 1

8, 1

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- 2

171

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sis

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pho

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: 植物的養料

T

otal

5.5

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P. 9

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hou

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esp

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5, 7

, 10

319

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lar

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吸煙對身體之影響

Use

of

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gani

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pir

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10, 1

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28, 3

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4 -5

241

對卷

Man

& M

icro

orga

nism

s

6, 8

, 95

252

Typ

es o

f m

icro

orga

nism

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ivic

Ed

. : 食物保存及健康

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ful m

icro

orga

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arm

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orga

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s

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serv

atio

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d

14, 1

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95

261

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1E

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: 食物的保存

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: P. 1

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The

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22, 2

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271

Ter

ms

def

init

ions

Civ

ic E

d. :

愛護樹木

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cha

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web

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ic E

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廢物循環

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資源平衡

30, 3

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13

629

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nal E

xam

inat

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0, 2

36

301

對卷

26, 3

, 46

- 7

312

Lab

: R

ecyc

led

Pap

er

Form Three Biology Notes (i) By Kok Patrick 1997

CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Studying Biology

1. Laboratory rules 2. Learning about common apparatus

�Activities ETV : Lab Safety

Chapter 2 Living Things

1. Basic characteristics of living things 2. Simple classification 3. Dichotomous key 4. Animal Kingdom

�Activities Slides Show : Classification

Chapter 3 The Cell

1. Using light microscope 2. Basic cell structures 3. Microscope structures 4. Using light microscope

�Activities Experiment : Mount an onion epidermal cells Experiment : Draw an onion epidermal cells Experiment : Draw an Amoeba.

Chapter 4 Food and man

1. Types of foods 2. Food tests 3. Human dentition 4. Actions of different types of teeth 5. Structure of teeth

Form Three Biology Notes (ii) By Kok Patrick 1997

6. Tooth decay and care of teeth 7. Human Alimentary canal 8. Human feeding process

�Activities

Experiment : Benedict's test, Iodine test, Biuret test Experiment : Spot test, DCPIP test ETV : 食物, 牙齒, 消化系統, 消化和吸收課外資料 : 乳製品的主要營養成份課外資料 : 牙齒健康課外資料 : 鈣質與健康的關係課外資料 : 骨骼多孔症簡易的預防及處理指南課外資料 : 血液膽固醇及食物的關係課外資料 : 博士倫防敏感除蛋白葯片課外資料 : 人類的腸道寄生蟲

Chapter 5 Photosynthesis

1. Air composition 2. Typical plant cell structures 3. Absorption spectrum of green plant 4. Photosynthesis 5. Carbon dioxide and oxygen cycle 6. Minerals and fertilizers 7. Products after photosynthesis

�Activities

Experiment : Paper Chromatography ETV : 植物的養料課外資料 : 鐵蘭花

Chapter 6 Respiration

1. Cellular respiration 2. Use of energy by organisms 3. Types of Respiration 4. Alcoholic fermentation 5. Lactic acid fermentation 6. Structure of respiratory tract

Form Three Biology Notes (iii) By Kok Patrick 1997

7. Smoking and health hazards

�Activities Experiment : Demonstration, The effect of Smoking

Chapter 7 Man and microorganisms

1. Types of microorganisms 2. Useful microorganisms 3. Harmful microorganisms 4. Preservation of food

�Activities

ETV : 食物的保存課外資料 : 食物附加劑知多少？

Chapter 8 The Ecosystem

1. Terms definitions 2. Food chain and food web 3. Energy flow in food web 4. Energy loss in food web 5. Balanced aquarium experiment 6. The exchange of materials between the organisms in the aquarium 7. Concentration effect of food chain 8. McDonald and nutrients recycling

�Activities

Experiment : Recycled Paper 課外資料 : 鯊魚課外資料 : 澳洲兔子繁殖驚人動物遭殃課外資料 : 外來蔗蟾為何禍延北澳洲？課外資料 : 寵物界新星龍貓仔課外資料 : 飲食與環保課外資料 : 廢物回收工業

Chapter One : Studying Biology, Page : 1 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter One : Studying Biology

Laboratory Rules l Do not enter the laboratory unless a

teacher is present.

l Do not touch anything that is not a

part of your experiment.

l Work quietly on your own experiment.

Do not run around or play in the

laboratory.

l Follow the instructions given by the

teacher or those in this book carefully.

If you are not sure, check with the

teacher.

l Eating and drinking are forbidden in

the laboratory.

l Be clean and tidy. Clean up all apparatus and the bench after you have finished.

l Do not throw solid wastes down the sink.

l Report all accidents, breakage, cuts, burns, or splashes to your teacher immediately.

l Care should be taken in dissecting specimens. The dissecting instruments should be

sterilized before and after use.

l Wear rubber gloves when working with living animals.

l Wash your hands after the experiments, especially when the experiments involve the

use of chemicals and living organisms.

Doing Experiments l Read the relevant information in the textbook.

l Work carefully and systematically through the procedure.

l Make a record of the results of the experiment. Draw diagrams if necessary.

l Discuss and answer the questions with your classmate after the results of the

experiments.

Chapter One : Studying Biology, Page : 2 By Kok Patrick 1997

Learning about common apparatus

Glass rod

Beaker

Cork/ Stopper

Test tube Syringe

Funnel

Filter paper

Conical flask

Mortar

Pestle

Bunsen burner

Tripod

Wire gauze

Watch glass

Water Bath setup Evaporation setup

Filtration setup

Chapter Two : Living things, Page : 3 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter Two : Living things

Basic characteristics of living things

l Growth l Respiration

l Movement l Nutrition

l Excretion l Reproduction

l Irritability

Simple Classification l To study the organisms systematically.

l Binomial system : Each species is given a scientific name

L i v i n g t h i n g s

P l a n t s A n i m a l s

non-flowering

plants

Floweringplants

Birds MammalsFishes ReptilesAmphibians

Invertebrates(no backbone)

Vertebrates(with backbone)

L iv in g t h in g sPlants Animals


l Living organisms are grouped in the following order :

Kingdom 界 ó Animal 動物界

Phylum 門 ó Chordata 脊椎動物

門 Class 綱 ó Mammalia 哺乳綱

Order 目 ó Primate 靈長目

Family 科 ó Hominidae 人科

Genus 屬 ó Homo 人屬

Species 種 ó Homo sapiens 智慧人種

Animal Kingdom

l Two main groups : Invertebrate and vertebrates

l Vertebrates : Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals.

Classes Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Habitats Water Water and land Land Land Land

Skin covering Wet scales Naked skin Dry scales Feathers Hairs

Appendages Fins 4 legs 4 legs 2 legs

2 wings

4 legs

Breathing organs Gills Gills, lungs, skin,

mouth

Lungs Lungs Lungs

Body temperature Cold blooded Cold blooded Cold blooded Warm blooded Warm blooded

Specials - - - with beak mammary gland

Examples Carp 鯉魚 Frog 蛙 Snake 蛇 Pigeon 鴿 Rabbit 兔


Dichotomous key (二分引索)

V e r t e b r a t e s

with feathers no feathers

with scale no scale

with fins no fins no hair with hair

M a mma lsR e p t i l e s A m p h i b i a n sF i s h e s

B i r d s

Dichotomous key 1. With feathers Birds No feathers goto 2 2. With scale goto 3 No scale goto 4 3. With fins Fishes No fins Reptiles 4. With hair Mammals No hair Amphibians

Chapter Three : The Cell, Page : 6 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter Three : The Cell

l The basic unit of living things is “cell”. l Types of cells : Animal and plant cells.

Animal cell

Plant cell


Basic cell structures

Cell Animal Plant Remarks cell membrane ü ü cytoplasm ü ü nucleus ü ü - control center vacuole small Large cell wall X ü - cellulose chloroplast X ü - Photosynthesis

Microscope structures

Magnification = eyepiece X objective

Onion cell


Using Light Microscope : Preparing a slide

Using Light Microscope : Adjusting the illumination

Using Light Microscope : Adjusting the focus

Staining

Iodine

solution

Microscope Slide

Cover slip

Onion

Magnification = eyepiece X objective

Chapter Four : Food and Man, Page : 9 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter Four : Food and Man

Types of Foods

Food metabolic functions Sources Remarks

Carbohydrates - main source of energy - bread, potatoes

Lipids - food reserve - eggs, milk - insulator

Proteins - for growth and repair of

body cells

- butter, eggs

- milk, fish, meat

Vitamins - Protect body health

Minerals - Protect body health

Water - essential for body - about 60% body weight

Roughage

( dietary fibre )

- stimulating peristalsis

- cellulose

- fruits

- vegetables

- human can‘t digest it

- constipation

Vitamins Vitamin Water

soluble

Deficiency disease Sources Remarks

A X night-blindness - Egg yolk

- cod liver oil

C ü scurvy - vegetables

- Fresh fruits

- Destroyed by prolong cooking

D X Rickets - Egg yolk - Synthesized by skin under sunlight


Minerals

Mineral Deficiency disease Sources

Calcium

Rickets - Vegetables - Milk

Iron Anaemia - Vegetables, eggs, Liver

Food Tests

Food tests Results

1. Benedict's test for reducing sugars A brick red precipitate is seen.

2. Emulsion test for lipids A milky emulsion is formed with alcohol

and cold water.

3. Grease spot test for lipids A translucent mark is formed in the filter

paper.

4. Iodine test for starch A blue black color is seen.

5. Biuret test for protein The solution changes from blue to violet.

6. DCPIP test for vitamin C The DCPIP solution changes from blue

to colourless.

Human dentition - Dentition is the number and arrangement of different type of teeth.

- Dental formula is the number of each type of teeth in one side of the upper and lower

jaws.

Milk set I22

c11

pm22

( or 212212

)

( Total number = 2 x 10 = 20 )

Permanent set I22

c11

pm22

m33

( or 21232123

)

( Total number = 2 x 16 = 32 )


Actions of different types of teeth

Teeth Shape Functions Incisor chisel-like and sharp biting and cutting Canine pointed, curved and long tearing flesh Premolar 1 or 2 cusps for grinding and crushing food Molar 1 or 2 cusps for grinding and crushing food

Structure of teeth


Tooth decay Care of teeth l Brush the teeth after each meal.

l Balanced diet to obtain sufficient minerals/ vitamin.

l Use dental floss to clean up spaces between teeth.

Human Alimentary Canal


Human Feeding Process

Ingestion

Digestion

Absorption

Egestion

Assimilation

Ingestion

Oesophagus

Digestion and Absorption ( Small Intestine )

Chapter Four : Food and man, Page 14 by Kok Patrick 1997

課外資料:乳製品的主要營養成份

簡介

要擁有健康，均衡飲食十分重要，因為它讓身

體能夠攝取所需的各種營養。偏食會對健康帶來壞

影響：健康專家告訴我們不論是什麼年齡的人士，

最佳的、飲食之道、便是均衡地進食多種食物，份

量亦要適中。乳製品含有多種重要的營養成份，例

如蛋白質、各種維生素、礦物質（特別是鈣質），

因此在均衡飲食中極為重要。

主要營蓑成份

蛋白質：

這是人體必需的營養，尤其是在成長階段的兒童，蛋白質更不可或缺。它能

幫助肌肉壯健，使損壞的身體組織復原。牛奶蛋白質，跟肉類、魚及蛋類所含的

蛋白質皆稱為、完整的蛋白質。

碳水化合物：

乳糖是牛奶中的糖份，它提供能源，幫助人體吸收鈣質及磷質。乳糖經消化

後會變成一種叫半乳糖的簡單糖份，它對人體的腦部及神經組織很重要。乳糖同

時能夠促進有益細菌生長，用以抵抗有害的有機體，及促進腸臟健康。

脂肪：

脂肪是一種濃縮的能源，含有例如維生素Ａ及Ｄ等可溶性脂肪維生素。

礦物質：

乳製品乃礦物質的重要來源，含豐富的鈣質、鎂、磷、鋅、碘及硒。

鈣質：鈣質對保持骨骼及牙齒健康極為重要，血液中必須有一定份量的鈣，維

持肌肉及神經健康。若日常飲食中缺少鈣質，會導致骨骼多孔症，這是

嚴重的骨骼薄弱疾病，會引致骨骼折斷。醫學界人士認為，少女及年輕

女性均須要進食鈣質豐富的食物，以確保骨骼堅固生長。乳製品含有極

豐富的鈣質，每天進食三次乳製品，便可吸收足夠的鈣質，每次的份量


以一杯牛奶為準。

磷：磷跟鈣一樣，乃骨骼組織不可缺少的一種礦物質，它對血液、神經及下

酵素系統，皆甚重要。

牛奶中所含的磷及鈣，因為有乳糖及維生素Ｄ的幫助，很容易為人體所

吸收。牛奶及、車打、（Ｃｈｅｄｄａｒ）芝士皆含有豐富磷質。

鋅：人體需要少量的鋅，才能有效地使用其他營養成份。鋅有助傷口復原。

紅肉及海產均含有豐富的鋅，此外，牛奶、芝士、雞蛋、穀物（包括飯、

麵）及綠葉蔬菜皆含有鋅。對戒吃肉食的人士來說，牛奶乃吸收鋅的重

要來源。

各種維生素

我們衹要均衡地進食五大類食物，便可以吸收足夠的維生素。

維生素Ａ：這種維生素能確保鼻、喉、肺及消化道的粘膜發揮正常功能，亦

有助長夜間視力。各類綠葉、黃色及橙色菜蔬、牛奶、雞蛋、動

物肝臟及腎臟、牛油及人造牛油等食物皆含有維生素Ａ。

維生素Ｂ集：維生素Ｂ集有助發揮碳水化合物、蛋白質及脂肪中所含的能

源，促進神經系統功能正常，及協助製造紅血球。乳製品、綠葉

蔬菜、穀物（包括飯、麵）、肉類、魚及蛋類皆有維生素Ｂ集，

但維生素Ｂ１２則衹有在牛奶、芝士、肝、腎、紅肉、蛋類及海

產等食物中才找到。核黃素乃維生素Ｂ中最重要的營養，牛奶含

有核黃素，同時亦含有豐富的菸酸，它是讓細胞呼吸，碳水化合

物及蛋白質進行新陳代謝的重要原素。

維生素Ｄ：這種營養素可在牛奶、牛油、人造牛油、三文魚、沙甸魚、蛋類

食物中找到，對強健骨骼十分重要，幫助人體吸收鈣及磷質。陽

光可幫助人體自行製造維生素Ｄ。


課外資料:牙齒健康

飲食之道乃牙齒健康的關鍵

我們的牙齒健康，跟飲食習慣有直接的關係，

因為我們進食的東西對牙齒形成的前後期皆有影

響。我們應該從小養成良好的飲食習慣，及每天護

理牙齒，減低患上牙疾的機會。

齲齒是一種會導致蛀牙的牙疾，病因是食物中

的糖份黏在牙齒上，化成酸質，侵蝕牙齒的琺瑯

質，造成蛀牙。齲齒是兒童最常患的一種牙疾。

鈣質對任何年齡人士皆很重要，對兒童尤甚，

因為兒童每天須要吸收足夠的鈣，使骨骼及牙齒健

康成長。乳製品包括了牛奶、乳酪及芝士皆含有豐富鈣質。我們每天進食三次乳

製品，便可吸收足夠的鈣，每次的份量以一杯牛奶為準。

乳製品能促進牙齒健康

牛奶、乳酪及芝士屬於五大類食物中的其中一類，對任何年齡的人士皆很重

要，這些乳製品含有豐富的鈣質及其他營養成份，同時亦含有防止蛀牙的特別原

素。據國際醫學研究顯示，對容易患上蛀牙的人十來說，某些食物例如薯仔、飯、

麵包、鮮果及乳製品等，並不會引致牙疾，但葡萄乾、香蕉及甜餅乾等則較容易

導致牙病。

研究亦顯示，我們進食一塊車打芝士，在五分鐘內，唾液中所含的鈣質會增

加十倍，有助防止蛀牙。根據澳洲研究牙齒健康的專家發現，牛奶、乳酪及芝士

等乳製品含有一種鈣磷狀的物質，有防止蛀牙之效。

甜食對牙齒有害

糖果、甜的飲品、餅乾等甜食，因為附加糖份，因此容易引起蛀牙，這些食

物中所附加的糖份，長時問黏附在我們的牙齒上，最後化為酸質，侵蝕牙齒的琺

瑯質，引致蛀牙。

我們應減少在正餐以外進食甜食，及盡量以其他食品代替甜食，較佳的選擇

為芝士、不甜的乳酪、牛奶及果仁等。


如何促進牙齒健康？

保持正確的飲食之道，包括不要在正餐以外進食甜的東西及飲品，乃防止牙

患的最有效方法。

l 每天均衡進食五大類食物，確保吸收足夠的營養。五大類食物為麵包及穀物類

（包括飯、麵）﹔水果及蔬菜類﹔肉、魚、雞蛋、果仁及乾豆類﹔牛奶及乳製

品類﹔牛油、油及人造牛油類。

l 經實驗証明，乳製品能保護我們的牙齒健康。

l 每天至少刷牙兩次，尤其記著要在睡覺前刷牙。

l 要謹慎地進食含糖的食物，進食次數之多少比進食份量更為重要。

l 衹在正餐時才進食甜品，吃完後立刻刷牙。

l 以不損害牙齒健康的食物例如乳製品代替甜食。

l 定期往牙醫處檢查。


課外資料: 鈣質與健康的關係

鈣質是人體所含最多的一種礦物質，骨骼及牙齒

佔用了體內百分之九十九的鈣，餘下的百份之一在我

們的血液及體液裡。鈣質跟磷、維生素D及其他原素

配合，可以鞏固牙齒及骨骼健康，它也是保持肌肉及

神經功能正常、血凝正常、荷爾蒙分泌正常、活化酵

素的關鍵。

為何我們每天均需要鈣貿？

我們的骨骼系統是一具有生命的組熾，猶如一個鈣質貯存庫，須要每天補充。

鈣質從骨骼不斷排出，復被吸收，這過程稱為重新塑造。

一生中不斷需要吸收鈣質

l 女性在懷孕及哺乳時期皆需要大量鈣質，供應她本人及嬰兒所需。進食多樣化

的食物，擁有健康的飲食習慣及多做運動，可以幫助吸收鈣質。

l 在兒童時期，骨骼每隔二年便替換一次，因此須要吸收大量鈣質，確保骨骼健

康成長。我們應該在小時候便養成健康的生活及飲食習慣。

l 青少年在發育時期，長到十八歲的少女，雖然她停止增高，但仍需要鈣質幫助

盆骨成長。

l 由童年時代開始骨骼不斷增長，直到三十歲中期，骨質會長至巔峰狀態。因此，

女性在三十歲前應該盡量爭取吸收鈣質，然而，在三十歲之後，骨質雖已達到

高峰狀態，但我們仍然須要不斷吸收鈣質，以保持骨骼健康。

l 當年齡漸長，約由四十歲開始，男性及女性的骨骼都會漸漸流失鈣質，女性的

流失量比男性多一倍。當鈣質開始流失，便會引致骨骼多孔症，這是骨骼因為

缺乏鈣質，變得脆弱及容易折斷。骨骼長得越堅硬，患上骨骼多孔症的機會亦

越少。

從那兒可吸收鈣質？

牛奶、芝士、乳酪等乳製品，皆含有豐富的食物鈣質，雖然穀物及蔬菜也含

有鈣質，但乳製品的鈣較易為人體吸收，因為乳製品含有其他營養，可以幫助人

體更有效地吸收鈣質。每天進食三次乳製品，便可吸收足夠的鈣，每次的份量以

一杯牛奶為準。


課外資料: 骨骼多孔症簡易的預防及處理指南

什麼是骨骼多孔症？

骨骼多孔症是骨骼因缺乏鈣質，變得脆弱而容易折斷，這種病常見於四十歲

以上的人士，尤其是女性更易患上。

我們的骨骼由一層堅硬的外殼，覆蓋著一層蜜蜂窩似的低密度組織組成，如

患上骨骼多孔症，外層骨骼變得薄弱，而「蜜蜂窩」組織會出現較大的孔，使骨

骼脆弱，容易折斷。如骨骼折斷，特別是臀骨破裂，可能會引起嚴重的併發症。

為什度我們每天都需要鈣質？

我們的骨骼系統乃一具有生命的組織，猶如一個鈣質貯存庫，須要每天補充。

鈣質從骨骼不斷排出，復被吸收，這過程稱為重新塑造。鈣質排出及吸收這兩個

步驟必須保持平衡，確保骨骼健康生長。成年人到了三十歲中期，當骨骼長至最

巔峰狀態，這過程才告停止。骨骼長得越壯，患上骨骼多孔症的機會亦越低。

誰較易患上骨骼多孔症？

l 我們的年紀越大，越容易患上骨骼多孔症。這是一種跟老化有關的疾病，男或

女性皆有機會患上。

l 家族中曾有人患此病者。

l 纖瘦及骨骼小（骨質量較低）的白種及亞洲女性。

l 那些長時期過度節食，戒吃牛奶、芝士、乳酪等鈣質豐富食物的女性。吸煙人

士。那些大量飲酒、吃太咸食物及飲用大量茶、咖啡及可樂類咖啡因含量高飲

品的人士。

l 那些很少或缺乏運動的人士。

骨骼多孔症是影響老年人健康的一個嚴重疾病，老年人臀骨折斷的情況很普

遍，隨著人口老化這情況將會繼績增加。

如何預防骨骼多孔症？

我們應該盡量增強骨骼健康，預防患上骨骼多孔症。最有效的方法是由童年

開始即養成以下各種良好的習慣：

l 均衡地進食多樣化的食物，吸收足夠鈣質。

l 定期進行各種運動，例如跑步及散步。

l 不可過量食用酒、咖啡及鹽，避免吸煙。


課外資料:血液膽固醇及食物的關係

膽固醇是什麼？

膽固醇是人體內一種像蠟般的脂肪質，使人體功

能運作正常。

膽固醇在人體內扮演什麼角色？

它的多種重要功能包括：

l 組成人體內每個細胞的部份結構：

l 組成神經纖維的部份保護組織：

l 幫助產生膽鹽：

l 幫助分泌某類荷爾蒙。

人體從那兒吸收膽固醇？

我們每天所需的膽固醇，有四份三由身體自行製造，另四份一則從乳製品中

吸收。新陳代謝系統確保身體所製造的膽固醇，能夠跟從食物中吸收的膽固醇配

合，換言之，若我們從食物中吸收大量膽固醇，身體便會自動減少製造。有些人

因遺傳關係，對這方面失去控制，因此引致血液中的濃縮膽固醇過高。從飲食中

吸收膽固醇，應跟遺傳及生活習慣等引致膽固醇過高的因素一塊考慮。

血液膽固醇過高有什麼影響？

當血液的膽固醇過高，患上心冠疾病的危機亦較高，因為膽固醇積聚在血管，

使血管狹窄，防礙血液流往心臟或腦部。醫生可藉著量度一個人的血液膽固醇水

平，判斷這個人患心冠病的機會有多高。

什麼原因使某些人的血液膽固醇較高？

大致上，血液膽固醇過高，可基於下列原因：

l 遺傳；

l 飲食習慣；

l 生活習慣，例如運動、吸煙、飲酒及壓力。


是否可以預防膽固醇過高？

一般來說，衹要我們養成良好的飲食習慣，便可以減低膽固醇過高的危險：

1. 避免進食太多脂肪，尤其是飽和性脂肪的食物。

2. 進食多樣化營養豐富的食物。

3. 控制體重。

4. 多些進食麵包和穀物（包括飯、麵）、水果及蔬菜。

5. 減少飲酒。

6. 避免吃過量的糖。

我們應該檢討現時的飲食習慣是否可以再作改善，盡量在體能活動、身體所

需及飲食三方面取得協調。不妨每天散步，藉此增加運動量，及避免吸煙。

牛奶、芝士、乳酪等乳製品乃鈣質的重要來源。每天進食三次乳製品，足以

供應你每天所需的鈣質，保持身體健康。每次的份量以一杯牛奶為準。要注意的

是，低脂及減脂乳製品所含的鈣質，跟普通乳製品的含鈣量相同，但其脂肪及膽

固醇量則較低。


課外資料: BAUSCH & LOMB Sensitive Eyes™ Protein Removal Tablets

博士倫防敏感除蛋白葯片

主要成份：每片含 Proteolytic enzyme (subtilisin A) 25 mg.

使用方法（適用於軟性隱形眼鏡）：

將博士倫防敏感除蛋白葯片溶解於博士倫防敏感多功能護理葯水，每星期使用一次，或遵照專

業驗配師示使用。

使用方法（適用於透氣硬性隱形眼鏡）：

將博士倫防敏感除蛋至白葯片溶解於博士倫防敏感生理鹽水，每星期使用一次，並遵照專業驗

配師示使用。

1. 用博士倫防敏感多功能護理葯水或博士倫防敏感生理鹽水沖洗儲存盒再注入新鮮的博士

倫防敏感多功能護理葯水或博士倫防敏感生理鹽水至儲存盒的指示線。在每邊儲存盒內放

入一片除蛋白葯片，葯片會開始冒泡並溶解。

2. 按照以博士倫防敏感多功能護理葯水或博士倫防敏感生理鹽水沖洗鏡片，然後把鏡片放入

儲存盒內。

3. 把鏡片浸在溶液內至少十五分鐘。

（注意）：如鏡片上有過多蛋白質積聚，便需浸上較長時間或需更頻密清潔鏡片。但不要

浸超過 12小時。

4. 取出鏡片，並以博士倫防敏感多功能護理葯水或博士倫防敏感生理鹽水輕擦及徹底沖洗鏡

片上剩餘的溶液。

5. 將儲存盒內剩餘的溶液倒出，以博士倫防敏感多功多功能護理葯水沖洗儲存盒。

6. 將鏡片放進儲存盒內，按照你的專業驗配師的指示消毒鏡片。鏡片要經過沖洗、消毒後才

可配戴。

注意：

1. 請勿重覆使用用過的除蛋白溶液，溶液用後需立刻倒掉。

2. 葯片不可內服。

3. 請遵照你的專業驗配師指示證理鏡片，否則可能導致嚴重之眼睛感染。

4. 如有任何不適，應停止使用並諮詢你的專業驗配師。

5. 博士倫防敏感除蛋白葯片應儲存於室溫之下（攝氏 15一 30度）。

Distributed by :

BAUSCH & LOMB

BAUSCH & LOMB and SENSITIVE EYES are trademarks of BAUSCH & LOMB incorporated.

By courtesy of BAUSCH & LOMB Incorporated

Chapter Four : Food and Man, Page 23 By Kok Patrick 1997

課外資料:人類的腸道寄生蟲

危害人類健康的腸道寄生蟲有很多種，比較

常見的有蛔蟲、蟯蟲、鉤蟲、絛蟲及肝吸蟲

（支睪吸蟲)

蛔蟲

蛔蟲身體長而圓，長度可達二十厘米，兩頭

尖，淺棕色或粉紅色，在腸內寄生。蟲卵隨

病人糞便排出，吃進受蟲卵沾染的食物，就

會染上蛔蟲病。骯髒的手和蒼蠅也是傳播蛔

蟲的媒介。

蟯蟲

蟯蟲又名線蟲，只有一厘米長，白色，像一根很短

的白線，牠們寄生在大腸，夜間爬出肛門，並在肛

門附近產卵，病人往往因為痕癢而搔肛門，令手指

粘上蟲卵，如果進食前沒有洗手，蟲卵會傳到食物

上，吃進這些食物便會染上蟯蟲病，有吮手指習慣

的兒童亦會直接吞下蟲卵。


鉤蟲

鉤蟲只有一厘米長，體圓及捲曲，寄生在腸內，吸

取血液，做成貧血。蟲卵隨病人糞便排出，在泥土

中變為蚴蟲。如果在田間赤足工作或行走，蚴蟲便

會粘上足部的皮膚，穿透皮層進入人體內。

絛蟲

絛蟲身體扁長，長度可達六公尺以上，由許多節

片連合而成，顏色是白色或半透明，牠寄生在人

的小腸內，蟲卵隨糞便排出，若被豬或牛吞下，

會在牠們的體內發育，附在肉中變為像綠豆般大

小的囊蟲。附有囊蟲的肉類，如果未煮到熟透便

被進食，就會傳播絛蟲病。

肝吸蟲(支睪吸蟲)

肝吸蟲身體扁平，長度約在一至二厘米之間，寄生

在人的肝臟中，蟲卵隨糞便排出，幼蟲在螺體中生

長，然後附在淡水魚的魚肉，進食這些未經煮熟的

魚肉，便會染上肝吸蟲病。

腸道寄生蟲病的病徵

寄生蟲病的病徵會按所患有的寄生蟲而有所不同，少量寄生蟲可能會毫無病徵，

但亦可能會有以下的情形：

- 腹痛及腫脹、嘔吐、腹瀉。

- 胃口不佳，體重下降。

- 輕微發熱及經常疲倦。

- 咳嗽及呼吸困難。

- 肛門痕癢。

- 皮膚敏感，風疹。

體內有大量寄生蟲，會做成其他併發症，例如腸閉塞、貧血、膽管炎等。


預防寄生蟲

大部份的寄生蟲都是從口入的，所以

要預防寄生蟲，應該注意食物衛主、

個人衛生及環境衛生。

- 只在廁所大小便，使糞便得到

正確的處理，不會沾染泥土及

食物。

- 飯前便後要洗手。

- 指甲要剪短，不要吮手指或用

手指搔抓臂部。

- 食物要徹底洗淨及煮熟，在燒

烤店或火鍋時，肉類尤其要熟

透。

- 在田間工作時，要經常穿上鞋

子。

治療寄生蟲病

如果懷疑染上寄生蟲病，就應該請教醫生，只要依照指示服食藥物，大部份的寄

生蟲病都可以完全治癒，但要注意採取預防措施，注重衛生，以免再次患上寄生

蟲病。

By courtesy of Central Health Education Unit, Department of Health

絛蟲

Chapter Five : Photosynthesis, Page : 26 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter Five : Photosynthesis

Air composition

Typical plant cell structures


Different plant cells

Absorption spectrum of green plant


Photosynthesis

(1) Light Reaction ( Photolysis of water ) - Oxygen is byproduct

(2) Dark Reaction ( Carbon Fixation )

Carbon Dioxide - Oxygen Cycle

Sunlight

Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose +

Oxygen

Chlorophyll

Carbon Dioxide

Glucose

( Food )

Water ( H 2O )

Oxygen

Hydrogen( Chemical Energy )

Solar Energy

Light Reaction

( Photolysis of water )

Dark Reaction

( Carbon Fixation )


Minerals - Magnesium

l formation of chlorophyll

l yellowing of leaves

Fertilizers

l Chemical fertilizer

l Organic fertilizer - e.g. manure, faeces

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Resp

iration

Photo

synth

esis


Products After photosynthesis of green plants

Carbon Dioxide + Water

Glucose ( Carbohydrate )

Lipid( fats and oils )

Cellulose( cell wall )

Chlorophyll Starch( Food Storage )

Protein

Minerals

Solar EnergyPhotosynthesis

Chapter Five : Photosynthesis, Page 30 by Kok Patrick 1997

課外資料:鐵蘭花 TILLANDSIA 適台都市生長的植物

鐵蘭花是一組生長在拉丁美洲的奇特植物。它們

多數生長在陽光充足的地力，它們那鮮艷奪目的花朵

最能引人注目，它們能單獨或成撮地悽生在仙人掌

上、帶刺的灌木叢中、樹上、懸崖上、露出地面的巖

層上，甚至直接長在沙地上。

鐵蘭花不宜長期放在濕泥中，也不能太乾燥，最

適台放置在陰涼及陽光晒到的窗口。它的壽命可耐上

七、八年。每當開花後，幼苗便從葉子側邊伸展出來，

逐漸發芽生長。祇因它的特性，它不需要種在泥土。

你可以隨意把它黏、貼、吊、掛或繫在任何地方、任何物體上，由你任意創出獨

特的造型。因它會綻放美麗的花卉，紅、紫、黃、白色的花都展現不同的嬌艷，

足以將四周環境點綴得充滿生氣，而且鐵蘭花不必擔心蚊蟲繁殖，不必施肥加泥，

為忙碌的城市人省不少料理植物的時間，又能達到綠化環境的效果，確是你的家

居或辦公室理想的小擺設。

培植方法：

培植鐵蘭花是一件很簡單的工作，日光和水份是它的主要食糧，顏色較灰及

葉片較厚的品種，可以整天曝露在陽光下：至於那些較綠、葉子較軟的品種，只

需要少許的陽光即可。如果把植物留在室內而又沒有直接照射到陽光的機會，就

有必要每週定期拿去曬太陽。至於水份方面，每天傍晚只需作噴霧式的澆水即可。

為了使植物長得更飽滿，不妨把它浸在加有肥料的水中過夜。通常若以噴霧式澆

花法是沒有澆水過量的情形發生的，只是要特別留意，別讓水份殘留在植物各部

份的縫隙中，令植物以致糜爛。

By courtesy of Tets (HK) Ltd.

Chapter Six : Respiration, Page 31 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter Six : Respiration

Cellular Respiration

- Inside a cell, food is oxidized to release energy

- The main food substance for respiration is glucose

- Carbon dioxide and water are by-products

Use of energy by organisms

In the human body - For muscle contraction

- Growth and repair

- Keeping warm

In other animals - Produce electrical energy in rays

- Producing light in glow-worms

- Producing sound in some birds

- Producing smell in some mammals

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy ( 2880 KJ)

Fuel

Engine

Kinetic Energy


Types of Respiration

Alcoholic Fermentation - Brewing and wine making ( using of yeast ) - Bread making

Respiration

Alcoholicfermentation

AerobicRespiration

AnaerobicRespiration

Lactic acidfermentation

Glucose Carbon dioxide + Ethanol + Energy ( 210 KJ )


Lactic acid fermentation

- Extra energy is required for muscular activity

- Breath faster and deeper

- Muscle fatigue and muscle cramps

- After exercise, pant

- Break down the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water, i.e. oxygen debt

Structure of Respiratory tract

Glucose Lactic acid + Energy ( 150 KJ )


Smoking and Health Hazards l Smoking is hazardous to health. l Number of toxic substances stimulate the lining

of the trachea and bronchi to secrete more mucus.

l They can stop the movement of the cilia in the lining of the trachea

l The cilia can no longer keep dirt particles, germs or mucus away

l Dirt particles settle in the alveoli, reducing the surface area available for gaseous exchange.

l Cigarette smoke contains over 1000 different chemicals, about sixteen of which are carcinogens, e.g. tar

l Smoking is major cause of lung cancer, coronary heart disease, bronchitis and emphysema

Component Effects on health

Nicotine l Stimulates the brain

l Decreases urine output

l Dependence

l Retards growth of foetus

l Cause heart disease

Tar l Carcinogenic

Carbon monoxide l Decrease physical fitness and retarded growth of foetus

l Prevent haemoglobin for carrying oxygen

Chapter Seven : Man and microorganisms , Page 35 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter Seven : Man and microorganisms

Types of microorganisms

Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and

protozoa.

l Bacteria eg. E. coli

l Viruses eg. Common cold

l Fungi eg. Yeast, Bread mould

l Protozoa eg. Amoeba

Useful microorganisms

- Yeast undergoes fermentation. The carbon

dioxide produced is used in bread making. The alcohol produced is used in wine

making.

- Decomposers break down organic substances into ammonia.

l Yeast eg. Bread making, wine making

l Decomposer eg. Soil, dead organic matter

Harmful Microorganisms

Causing diseases - pathogens 病原體 , toxins 毒素

- incubation period before symptoms

- symptoms : headache, high temperature, diarrhea

- eg. tuberculosis, AIDS, athlete’s foot

White Blood Cell in Action


Preservation of food

- Decaying food, food poisoning

- unpleasant smell, Food poisoning

Method Principle Remarks

heating kills most microorganisms

canning and bottling

kills most microorganisms kills most

microorganisms by heating and the food is

sealed in cans or bottles

pasteurization kills most microorganisms without

changing the flavour of milk

milk to sour

70℃ for 15s

UHT ( 135℃ for 1 second )

refrigeration and freezing does not kill but just slows down or stop

the growth of microorganisms

drying removes water from food so that

microorganisms cannot grow Milk powder, dried fruits

smoking contains substances which stop the growth

of microorganisms

wood fire, smoke dries and coat

food surface

pickling kills microorganisms by acid vinegar to kill

osmotic preservation removes water from microorganisms concentration sugar and salt

Chapter Seven : Man and microorganisms, Page 37 by Kok Patrick 1997

課外資料:食物附加劑知多少？

你有沒有留意到，九成九的食品都是經過人工處理？換句話說，大部分食品

都會含有或多或少的「附加劑」（Additives）。所以你可能已經吸收了好多附加劑，

你有沒有擔心終有一日會「攪出事」呢？

不要以為附加劑就一定是化學品，事實上，幾乎所有物質都可以作為食物的

附加劑。若以重量來計，百分之九十八的附加劑都是天然成分！有些人會很抗拒

附加劑。其實，它也可以是安全的，人體需要的，甚至是好有益處的。請參看下

列之圖表，你就可以知多一點點。

雖然附加劑大都是天然物質，不過不可不知，也有大約十分之一的附加劑須

要特別注意的，而且更有一些是必須避免的，因為它們可能引致疾病或癌症，譬

如咖啡鹼（Caffeine）、糖精（Saccharin）、丙次食子酸鹽（Propyl Gallate）、金雞

納霜（Quinine）、雙亞硫酸鈉（Sodium Bisulfite）、二氧化硫（Sulfur Dioxide）及所

有人造色素。

好可惜，即使你能熟知那些附加劑須要避免，但許多食物的標籤都不會詳細

列明所含的附加劑。為求自保，簡單有效的辦法是：不要長期進食某類產品、嘗

試不時更換食品的種類。最後，祝大家健康愉快，識飲識食！

資料來源：SELF, July 1992, P.109及市面上各式食品標籤說明。

備註：食品例子可能只是對某種牌子之產品而言。

撰文：朱加正

攝影：羅錦波

Source : Next Magazine, September 25, 1992

Chapter Seven : Man and microorganisms, Page 38 by Kok Patrick 1997

食物附加劑食品例子安全程度

抗壞血酸

Ascorbic acid

檸檬茶、奶類食品、薯

片、罐頭肉腸

安全

焦糖

Caramel

各式麵類、罐頭湯、雞

粉、可樂

蘋果酸

Malic acid

果汁食品、檸檬粉

單/雙甘油脂

Monoglycerides or Diglycerides

雪榚、牛油

酒石酸

Tartaric acid

牛奶朱古力、消化餅

煙鹼酸或菸醢胺

Nicotinic acid or Niacinamide

通心粉、花生醬、健康

食品

羥甲基纖維素納

Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose

雪榚

鹿角菜

Carrageenan

沙律（醬）小心注意

水解澱粉化氫

Hydrogenated starch hydrolysate

某些無糖食品

黃色五號

Yellow no. 5

某類雪榚

BHA or BHT 香口膠、某類花生油危險

亞硝酸鉀或亞硝酸鹽

Potassium nitrite or sodium nitrite

某些午餐肉、罐頭肉

腸、肝臟

Chapter Eight : Ecosystem, Page 39 By Kok Patrick 1997

Chapter Eight : Ecosystem

Term definitions

Habitat ( 生境 ) - Environment

- Abiotic factors ( Physical factors )

- Biotic factors

- Example of habitats, grassland, freshwater pond, rocky

shore

Rocky Shore Habitat

Community ( 群落 ) - All the population of plants and animals in the same

habitat

Ecosystem ( 生態系 ) - Community interact each other, form a stable,

self-supporting system

Spaceship ‘ Earth planet ’

- Stable

- Self - supporting system

- Some people consider earth is a kind of

spaceship


Abiotic Factors - Temperature

- Light

- Rainfall and humidity

Biotic Factors - Predation ( 捕食 )

- Competition ( 競爭 )

- Commensalism ( 片利共生 )

- Mutualism ( 互利共生 )

- Parasitism ( 寄生 )

Polar Bear Frog Owl

Owl

Eagle

Rat

Crab

Barnacle

Tapeworm and man


Food Chains and Food Webs ( In certain habitat )

Food Chain and Food Web - Omnivores, Herbivore, Carnivore

- Energy come from sun ( Solar energy )

- Solar energy is converted into Chemical energy in

food, by means of photosynthesis

- Green plants are the producer

Decomposers - Saprophytic bacteria and fungi

- Release nitrogenous wastes

back to earth

- Examples of wastes : urine,

faeces

2nd TrophicLevel

ProducerPrimary

ConsumerSecondaryConsumer

TertiaryConsumer

1st TrophicLevel

3rd TrophicLevel

4th TrophicLevel

Food Chain


Energy Flow in an Ecosystem - In Green Plant

Transmitted 5%

Reflected 5%

Loss 50%

Sun 100%

Loss in chloroplasts reaction 31%

Respiration loss 4%

Synthesis newtissue 5%

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem - In Herbivores

Grass 100%

Loss in Respiration, heat, 33%

Urine, faeces 65%

Growth 4%


Energy Flow in an Ecosystem - Energy Pyramid


Balanced aquarium Experiment Aim : To setup a balanced, stable, self-supporting ecosystem ( jar ) Procedures : 1. Clean a glass jar, wash it with hot water and then cool down the jar 2. Wash the sand and fill the jar 3. Allow the tap water to standing for a few days 4. Grow Hydrilla 黑藻 ( freshwater plant ) in the jar 5. Grow some herbivores ( water snail ) 6. Seal the jar ( closed system ) 7. Do not expose the jar to direct sunlight 8. Leave the aquarium for a few weeks


The exchange of materials between the organisms in the aquarium

- Energy is continuously lost to the outside by respiration.

- In order to maintain the healthy condition of the organisms in the

aquarium, a continuous supply of energy is necessary.

- In the aquarium, light energy is supplied to the aquatic plants to carry

out photosynthesis.

- If it is kept in darkness the plants and water snails will gradually die.

Oxygen

Carbohydrate

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrogenous

wastes

Mineral salts

Decomposers

Decay

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Feeding

excretion

Respiration


Concentration effect of food chain

- DDT has been a widely used insecticide for killing insect pests since the

Second World War. - It is large molecule that cannot be excreted or destroyed in the body - Since DDT cannot be excreted or broken down in the cells, it is passed

up the food chain - DDT will be concentrated many times along the food chain - Finally, DDT concentration in the top consumers becomes so high that

it kills the animals. Mc Donald and nutrients recycling

Poor Country Rich Country

- erosion - waste increase - loss of nutrients - Fat, heart attack - endanger animals species - disturb the food chain -- disturb the food chain - waste disposal problems

C

ClC

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

DDT, insecticide, banned in 1972, U.S.

Poor country Rich Country

Chapter Eight : The Ecosystem, Page 47 by Kok Patrick 1997

課外資料: 鯊魚

鯊魚警告旗號懸掛時，不要下水。

Once the shark warning flag is hoisted, do not enter the

water.

即使並無鯊魚警告旗號，市民亦應留意以

下忠告：

l 不要在晨曦、黃昏或夜間游泳。

l 不要單獨游泳。

l 身體如有傷口或流血時，不要游泳。

l 假如魚群開始表現不尋常，或異常大量魚群開始

聚集，便應離開水面。

l 假如在附近發現大魚的蹤影，應盡快平靜地離開

水面。

Even when no shark warning flag is hoisted, please observe the following advice :

l Do not swim at dawn, at dusk or at night.

l Do not swim alone.

l Do not swim if you are bleeding or have any open wounds.

l If schooling fish start to behave erratically or start to congregate in unusually large

numbers, leave the water.

l If a large fish is sighted in the area, leave the water as quickly and calmly as possible.


課外資料:澳洲兔子繁殖驚人動物遭殃

長長的耳朵、短短的尾巴、矮健的

後腿誰不認識這種可愛的小動物？不

過，女士們鍾愛兔子，更因為牠們身上

有著或灰或褐的可愛軟毛；毛皮販商愛

上兔子，也因為這種繁殖能力奇高的動

物可以賣錢。一頭雌兔年產數胎，每胎

二至八隻實屬等閒事、難怪牠們的同類

早已遍布亞、非、歐、美各大洲了。時

至近代，遠至大洋洲澳洲的居民，也引

進兔種以為生財之道，詎料終引來了災

禍。

根據澳洲農業經濟局估計，該國的兔子總數現已逾二億頭，且在不斷繁殖，

其數目已超越國內的綿羊。當地一些農民和農業專家指出，兔子已嚴重破壞自然

環境和本地物種。自一八五九年至今，澳淵兔子群棲生活的面積已達四百萬平方

公里，驅逐及捕食原住的哺乳類動物不計其數。

澳洲聯邦科學與工業研究組織的艾倫．紐瑟姆博士說：「我現在終於相信，

兔子是使得生物絕種的媒介了。如果那一季兔子繁殖得多，（當地）狐狸貓狗等

食肉獸也就隨之而增加。一旦兔子銳減，食肉獸便會飢不擇食了。」兔子遠跟澳

洲許多中型的有袋類動物和齧齒動物之死有關。以當地的袋狸為例，這種長耳、

似鼠、愛在夜間出沒的陸棲動物正瀕臨絕種。兔子在種群過量或遇上天旱時，常

以袋狸等哺乳類動物為主要食物來源。紐瑟姆說：「這是（兔子）代用的直線食

物鏈。」

歐洲兔早年隨歐洲人登陸澳洲，如今群居荒漠內陸，數目難以統計。牠們跟

野豬群、袋鼠、山羊，野馬，野牛、野驢、野鹿和駱駝一起破壞莊稼，甚至會殘

害其他的野生生物，嚴重的還會傳播疾病。兔子每年吃掉足夠飼養四百萬頭牛隻

的牧草，令屠場損失十四億美元。南澳洲農業部的專家最近估計，澳洲斯特雷玆

萊基沙漠中的一個大牧場，就曾孕育出二千四百萬頭兔子之多。

本世紀五十年代，澳洲兔子數量一度因黏液瘤病流行而大減。當時在短短兩

週之內，這些易受感染的歐洲兔死亡率驟升至百分之九十九點八。病原體通過蚊

移居澳洲的歐洲兔：嚴重破壞自然環境和本地物種


子和跳蚤等吸血昆蟲傳染開去，兔子的頭部因此形成皮膚踵瘤，最後死亡，不過，

兔子近年已逐漸在體內產生天然抗體，死亡率下降至百分之六十。

為迎合海外市場對兔毛與日俱增的需求，澳洲一所兔子處理中心去年在該國

南部維多利亞州墨爾本東南的莫寧頓市正式成立，每星期可處理四萬頭野兔的

毛。在墨爾本以北的基爾摩爾，一家養兔場也從英國等地購入兔，準備在兔毛貿

易上大展拳腳。由於人們擔心這種新興行業可能引起另一場兔災，批評兔業的發

言人湯姆‧奧斯汀也指「兔子會給關

在棚房內，不讓逃跑」。諷刺的是，

以上兩家兔公司卻令奧斯汀地位尷

尬。有的居民叫他不如為這行新工業

講幾句真話。

不少澳洲人依然相信，只要興建

國家公園或天然保護區，即可維持本

國原始的野生生物和生態系統。實際上，這類野生保護區由於人手缺乏，資金和

管理資源不足，往住形同虛設，野兔及其他害獸要入侵區內簡直易如反掌。紐瑟

姆就此批評道：「管理這些國家公園和保護區工作艱巨，可現時似乎受到忽視了。

我們應該先決定為甚座要加以管理，然後對症下藥，而不是簡單地任由大自然來

接。」

澳洲的農業科學家正設法搶救因兔子過引起的生態環境禍端，包括利用遺傳

工程恢復黏液瘤病毒去對付野兔，以及向十分喜愛沙漠生活的西班牙超級跳蚤請

救兵。若果能夠借用黏液瘤病毒，野兔就會遇上大剋星了。到時，收復澳洲乾旱

地區、免除兔患，或者指日可待。

亞洲週刊一九八九年二月五日

澳洲袋狸：備受威脅


課外資料:外來蔗蟾為何禍延北澳洲？

五十多年前，澳洲政府敞開大門，讓

外國蔗蟾移民到昆士蘭州，目的很簡單：

要對抗肆虐當地蔗田的灰背甲蟲。澳洲人

今天卻要為這些爬蟲動物頭痛不已。首

先，當地人仕原本一心一意找牠們遠道前

來對付害蟲，卻發現根本是不中用的東

西。還有，蔗蟾繁殖力很強。今天，蔗蟾

大軍正擬越過澳洲西部，直迫北領地。環境保護人士擔心，澳洲最著名的國家公

園「卡加都」，可能在這些動物大軍壓境下，從此不保。

要選出全球最討人厭的動物，蔗蟾準可奪魁無疑。牠體重大約一公斤，身長

可達二十厘米，頭上有雙突出的大眼晴，肩上有一對顯眼的卵形液囊內裡的腮腺

有劇毒。別的動物若不幸拿牠作晚餐，即使不死掉，也會全身痳痺好一段時間。

背上棕色的皮膚粗厚兼有肉贅，肚子黃黃白白，鼻子像豬，前後肢又短又粗。總

之，其貌不揚，難看極了。

性格方面更不用說。要數目前地球上最卑劣的動物，雄蔗蟾實當之無愧。這

從牠求偶時不擇手段的方法可見一斑。一般雄蟾蜍求偶時會呱呱大叫，藉此吸引

發情的雌蟾蜍。但雄蔗蟾蹲在池塘旁邊恭候，一俟雌蔗蟾經過，便猛然撲過去，

實行來個霸王硬上弓。

雄蔗蟾性慾旺盛，對象不只雌性同類，連金魚也看上了。一天晚上，昆士蘭

州湯斯維爾市水族館學會主席保羅‧狄溫回家時，看到八十頭蔗蟾圍著金魚池。

翌日早上，七條金魚死掉；性慾強的蔗蟾把牠們蹂躝死了。狄溫說：「這事情從

來未發生過。我後來翻了幾本書，才知道蔗蟾對金魚起了色心。」

但在澳洲，儘管蔗蟾本性惡劣，卻有人把牠奉若神明。昆士籣欖球代表隊拿

蔗蟾做吉祥物，引以為傲。當地電影工作者麥克．路易斯拍了一部四十六分鐘長

的紀錄片，名字叫「蔗蟾，不自然的歷史」。在這部電影裡，既有趣致的小女孩

給蔗蟾穿上衣服，也有人視之為寵物，用乾貓飼養牠們；更有人用火煙薰蔗蟾來

吸食，當作「迷幻藥」般享受。路易斯說：「人們對蔗蟾有很多誤解和傳說。有

些人更恨之入骨，把牠們當作高爾夫球，或者故意開車蹍死牠們，看在一段路上

可蹍死多少頭。但這都不是蔗蟾的錯。錯就錯在那些愚昧的官員，沒做好研究便

貿貿然讓牠們進境。」


蔗蟾原籍中南美洲。一九三五年，澳洲政府從夏威夷進口了一大批，並委以

「重任」：消滅灰背甲蟲。那時，灰背甲蟲在澳洲北部橫行，蹂躝當地的蔗糖工

業。但沒多久，事情便告明朗化：蔗蟾無法擔當起原先派下的任務。理由是：先

天不足，甲蟲可以飛，蔗蟾不能。結果，這批蔗蟾不僅沒有消滅甲蟲，卻反過來

連益蟲也吃掉了。而且，蔗田的太陽猛烈，牠們陸續遷移到遠一點而較清涼的地

力去居住。

不過幾年，澳洲田野裡的蔗蟾數量大幅增加。大多數澳洲土生的蟾蜍，每年

只生產一次，每次產卵不過四千枚。但蔗蟾每年生產兩次，每頭雌蔗蟾每次可下

卵二至三萬枚，甚至比青蛙所產的卵多出五倍。但由於蔗蟾不吃蔗，又單單愛騷

擾其他小動物，初時人們對牠們不以為意，更沒留意牠們的數量急劇增長。這些

醜陋的傢伙，不過是人們拿來尋開心的對象：醉漢回家時遇上了，踢牠兩腳；孩

子在後園找到了，玩完便扔掉。

似乎連蔗蟾本身也因數量眾多而煩惱，於是牠們不斷遷徙。事實上，牠們每

年要走上二十七公里的路途。起初朝南，但天氣太冷，於是牠們改變方向－向西

走直達北領地。那兒正是牠們的安樂窩。若軌跡不變，蔗蟾遲早走到卡加都國家

公園肆虐。該公園是片沼澤地，懸崖處處，有原始土著的藝術品和野生動物，都

是無價之寶。卡加都國家公園早已給列為「世界寶庫」，不得騷擾。

澳洲人三年前終於發現，大事真的不妙了。全國環境保護人士遂成立聯合陣

線，遏阻蔗蟾大軍繼續向北推廣進。此外成立兩個研究中心，專責尋求解決蔗蟾

的方法。北領地保護委員會高級生物學家漢克．曾健士對亞洲週刊表示，蔗蟾對

卡加都構成「嚴重的環境威脅」。他又說，科學家都想「一舉殲滅」蔗蟾，但這

是沒可能的事。目下退而末其次，只希望好好控制牠們的數量，遏止擴張。

最近，湯斯維爾市的研究員發現了一種疾病，或稱為「蟾蜍胃蟲」，可以是

減低蔗蟾數量的良方。但可惜這也許有點為時太晚。按照蔗蟾現時的「行軍」速

度計算，牠們要到二十一世紀才抵達卡加都。但只要有一兩頭蔗蟾搭上一部路過

的車子，便能逐步建基立業，在異地無限制地傳宗接代下去。屆時，牠們便是這

樣子，可在澳洲土地上擴散開去。

亞洲週刊一九八八年七月十七日


課外資料:寵物界新星龍貓仔

很多人以為龍貓仔是一種新的品

種，甚至以為是兔鼠科的混種，其實大

錯特錯！龍貓仔是原產於南美智利山區

的一種齧齒類動物（Rodent），早在十六世紀開始被歐洲人發現後，便一直被

大量獵殺，作為極品的皮草，直至十九

世紀，美國人 M.F.Chapman成功地在加州繁殖，才使牠們逃過了一場被滅絕之

災劫！ l995年 1月，龍貓店創辨人成功地獲取漁農處發出的第一個 Chinchilla 牌照，引入第一批 Chinchilla，並為此可愛的小動物改名為“龍貓仔”，惹來傳媒爭相報導，瞬即更掀起一股熱潮，成為香港寵物

界的新星。餵飼牠們只需每日用龍貓仔糧，加一點乾草及乾淨的水便

可以了。牠們亦喜歡某類果乾、瓜子、及硬殼果等作為零食，更

會用雙小手把食物徐徐放入口內嘴嚼，十方趣緻！由於是素食

者，其排泄物細、硬而無味，敢說是所有寵物之中最乾淨衛生

的。龍貓仔是香港人的寵物龍貓仔住在深山，白天睡覺，晚間出動，圓圓的大眼，高

豎的耳朵，灰色毛，白色肚，圓胖的身軀，短短的小手，加上一

條松鼠尾，像極是從漫畫中活生生跳出來的毛公仔。牠們平均壽

命有 8至 10年，8個月大成年後，身長 8至 12吋，重 18至 35安士。龍貓仔的性格溫馴，活潑，富好奇心。牠們很靜、通常很少

會發聲響。牠們不需要每天去散步，一個十來吋的籠子便可滿足

其住屋需要。所以，任何居住環境都適合飼養，是香港人最理想

的寵物。龍貓仔最易打理


雖然牠們擁有世上最昂貴及最柔軟之皮毛，但打理牠們卻

再容易不過。何解？因為牠們的皮毛之密度，是所知的動物中最

高的、任何細少的蚤或寄生蟲都沒機會觸摸其皮膚，所以幾乎全

部由此類生物所傳播的疾病、亦與龍貓仔無緣。龍貓仔本身是全無氣味的，而唯一要做的便是一星期兩三

次，用少許龍貓仔的沖涼粉放入盛器內，讓牠自己在當中翻來滾

去，將多餘的油脂及濕氣清除，而欣賞牠們 “沖涼”，更是百看不厭呢！矜貴的龍貓仔除了擁有世上最昂貴的皮毛外，繁殖率低亦是牠矜貴之地

方。牠們的懷孕期為 111 日，而每胎平均只有 2 隻，有時 2 年也未必有一胎呢！野生的龍貓仔其實只有灰色，其它所有顏色例如米色、銀

白、銀斑、純黑、絨黑、絨啡、金斑、金色、純啡、灰藍、紅眼

純白、紫灰等等都是近數十年碰巧繁殖出來的。所以一些罕有的

顏色（例如純白、紫灰），加上優質的皮毛，其身價不會比名種

的貓狗低。香港的環境適合養龍貓仔牠們的生命力很強，因其原產地是一個日夜氣溫相差極遠

及乾燥的地方，只有仙人掌等熱帶植物才可生存下來，所以香港

對牠們來說簡直是天堂，只要把籠子放在不太熱的地方（28℃以下），潮濕的時候讓牠多沖幾次涼便可以了。龍貓仔已經成為一種非常普及的寵物，而獸醫對醫治龍貓

仔也越來越有經驗。萬一龍貓仔生病的話，我們在各區都有獸醫

司介紹給你。雖然現在南美洲所出產的野生 Chinchilla 都被列入保護之動物，但目前本店所售之一級龍貓仔全是由歐美人工繁

殖，擁有產地來源証及國際健康証書經漁農處批准入口的冠軍級

龍貓仔。


課外資料:飲食與環保

保護地球，是否只能從 BYOB (Bring Your Own

Bag）、節省用膠袋或用紙等項目開始？你們有否想

到，只要我們對日常食物的選擇也多加注意，不但能

使身體健康，亦可令地球變得更青綠？

前言

長久以來，人類為了生存而忽略了地球生態平衝

的重要性，使其未能達至可持續發展（Sustainable

Development）。隨著人口不繼增加，發展國家如美國、

英國、日本甚至香港，對各種食物的需求亦不斷增

加，其中尤以肉類的需求量為各種食物之冠。

為什麼肉食會損害地球

嗜肉的習慣，除了關乎個人健康，也牽涉整個生態系統。根據 Save Earth出版

的“Our Food，Our World” 內指出，人類對肉食需求，其實是會嚴重損耗地球如：

會導致熱帶雨林消失與沙漠化加速

全球飼養牲畜的土地約佔二分一之總耕地面積，而重要的溫室地區熱帶雨

林，因放牧而遭受人量砍伐，土壤嚴重流失，加劇地球溫室效應：同時由於林木

遭受砍伐，使土壤更容易受到侵蝕，長遠甚至會加速沙漠化，使土地不再宜於種

植或放牧而成為貧脊不毛之地，影響農作物和牲畜的產量。


是間接導致饑荒的原因

當我們在品嚐肉類的美味時，有否想到原來肉類生產是消耗大量穀物而得來

的？全球農作物總產量其中有三成穀物竟然用來訶養牲畜。

同一塊土地，假如種植穀物來餵豬牛雞，然後宰掉牠們給人吃，只能養活十

個人，但若將種植的穀物給人吃，則可養活一百個人，所以肉食是間接造成饑荒

的原因之一。

再者，要繼續提供足夠的肉類以滿足我們的需求，則必須增加浪費約兩倍全

球農作物於牠們身上，但我們忍心看著地球彼方落後地區仍有數以百萬計的人口

陷於饑荒之中嗎？

肉食會影響健康

別以為多吃肉便身體健康，事實上，人類因為過量食用肉類而引致各種疾病

數字不斷上升。而近八成的肉類均發現含有毒素，用作飼料的穀物於其種植時大

多施有化學藥物如肥料、殺蟲劑等，這些化學物亦發現殘留於各類肉類上。

西方人多以肉類為其主要食糧，亦因此而增加了他們患上各種由過量食肉而

導致的嚴重疾病如：心臟病、糖尿病和各類癌症等。在過去十年，專家進行了多

次醫學研究均發現，西方人從食物中吸取了過量的蛋白質、膽固醇、脂肪和肉內

殘留的殺蟲劑或化學品，但卻缺乏了足夠的纖維，因而使患病率急遽上升，破壞

環境之餘，亦同時影響健康，甚至奪去生命。


課外資料:健康環保小錦囊

事實上，吃肉浪費很多資源，而過量食肉又會影響健康，因此，為地球也為

自己的健康，我們何不邁向可持續發展的方向；避免過量吃肉，支持合乎生態環

境要求的農業，加強對環境的關注，從而達至一平衡而可持續發展的社會。

救救地球，由我開始

l 多吃疏果減少過量吃肉，對個人健康有利，更能減輕地球負擔

l 少吃紅肉（如牛肉羊肉）和豬肉，尤其是含脂肪多及膽固醇的部份，以減低脂

肪積聚、影響消化系統

l 家畜類食品如雞、鵝鴨等亦要減少過量食用

l 提醒你周遭的人正視環境問題

l 支持生態農業，盡可能買有機蔬果，減少食用含化肥及農藥的肉類或蔬果，以

免害人害己。

l 了解你的身體狀況，重新訂定適台的餐單

l 多參與環保團體的活動，從而了解更多可救救地球的方法和機會

l 每日為自己加進一個保護地球的行動

l 多向政府或私人機構發表意見，以表示對日漸變壞的環境表示關注

綠色力量編印

環境及自然保育基金資助


課外資料:廢物回收工業

很多人可能還記得童年時收集棄置的玻璃瓶及廢鐵，然後望穿秋水的等待收

買佬路過時，可交換食物或零錢。隨著社會生活富庶物質充裕，這種原始廢物回

收活動已不復見。今天習慣了即用即丟的兒童，根本沒有惜物的觀念，更遑論廢

物利用的環保概念。(圖為屋村內市民拋棄的垃圾與口俱增)

八十年代環保潮流洶湧，官民之間不斷提出抗污的措施。但面對本港廢物激

增，每星期自五百多萬人產生如一幢中環交易廣場體積的垃圾，將廢物拋入垃圾

箱式清潔運動已落後，減少製造垃圾及廢物循環才是治本之道。

現時除了有多間國際性廢物處理公司打本港垃圾的主意外，經營多年的小型

廢物回收公司亦散見於社會每個角落。

據一位專門收買廢鐵的東主向記者表示，自從「六四」事件以後，由於日本

及台灣等地的訂單減少，廢銅廢銻每擔減少百多二百元。他指出至八月價格回升

跡象，而現時每斤銻價格為五元，銅的收購價則為每斤五元至八元。

這間廢鐵店舖座落新界上水一馬路側，店內堆滿各類的舊金屬，有爛鐵煲、

廢置的建築鐵鋼及家庭用具。這位經營兩年廢物回收的摩登收買佬表示，該行業

已日漸式微，經營十分困難。因此他在租用一店鋪後是無能力僱請員工，工作均

是由其家人擔當。他指出，有價的廢物主要在垃圾站及地盤發現，尤其是在建築

地盆內有很多棄置爛破東西，他便駛車往地盤檢拾。

被訪的五十多歲東主面露愁容的說，生意每況愈下，今天連垃圾站及地盤內

的廢鐵也減少了，言下之意如果情況繼續下去，他可能會結束其生意。

本港去年廢物出口總值二十一

億廢物回收及循環利用，可行措


但在同一個區的一間廢物收購店舖，卻一直經營了十多年，養活了陸女仕一

家人。六十多歲的陸女仕接受訪問時表示，相比於十年前的垃圾數量，今天的廢

物可謂與日俱增，但由於行業的競爭，反而現時生意比前難做。她指出，該店收

購的廢物繁多，如紙張、鋁罐及廢金屬等。在廢紙方面，價格最高的要算是紙皮，

這些廢紙包裝妥當後便用車輛運往碼頭，然後再轉口外國。

陸女仕表示，一般紙張每斤只值一毫至兩毫，而每個汽水鋁罐則值一毫至毫

半，最近兩類廢料的價格均急劇下降。

記者從上述訪問中，可以看到廢物回收這個行業仍處於舊式「山寨」經營狀

況，在適者生存下，行內人仕對前景是悲觀的，而有關當局在這行業實行自生自

滅的政策，並無一點的協助。

但踏入八十年環保的年代，港府不得不提出廢物的限制，回收及循環利用的

概念。在六月五日公布《環境保護白皮書》中指出，港府打算更全面地研究各項

措施以限制廢物的產量，並鼓勵廢物的回收及循環利用。白皮書亦指出，香港目

前已有大規模的廢物回收工業，而在八八年本港有總值二十一億元的回收廢物出

口，在別處進行廢物循環利用。除了出口方面的收益外，這種工業還直接有助於

減少港府需要處理的廢物量。

港府有意制訂一套實際可行措施，藉以促進、方便及協助推行對廢物管理其

有全面效益的廢物回收及循環利用計劃。但是，港府卻表示不適宜直接參與廢物

回收及循環利用的工作，而應制訂措施以輔助有關工業。

本報記者：黎寶珠、劉英傑採訪

一九八九年九月三日新晚報

By Kok Patrick 1997

Form Three Biology Lab Menu


Experiment One : Using Microscope, Page 59 By Kok Patrick 1997

Biology Lab Menu : Using the Light Microscope

Procedure of using the Light Microscope

1. Insert the low power eyepiece

into the top of the body tube

2. Rotate the nosepiece until the low

power objective clicks into

position.

3. Adjust the mirror and iris

diaphragm to obtain a suitably

bright field of view.

4. Clip the slide on the stage.

5. Lower the objective by using the

coarse adjustment until it is just

above the slide.

6. Look down the microscope and

turn the coarse adjustment in the

other direction until the object is

in focus.

Investigation 1 Investigation 2

- Mount an onion epidermal cells - Draw an Amoeba.

- Draw an onion epidermal cells

Experiment Two : Food tests, Page 60 By Kok Patrick 1997

Biology Lab Menu : Food tests flow charts

Benedict's Test ( Reducing Sugar )

StartLabeltest

tubes

Add 2 cm 3 ofBenedict's solution

and shake thenwell

Add 2 cm 3 ofsample into each

test tube

Observethe colourchange

EndPut the test tubesin water bath andboil for 5 minutes

Iodine Test ( Starch )

StartLabeltest

tubes

Add 3 drops ofiodine solution into

each test tube

Add 3 drops ofsample into each

test tube

Observethe

colourchange

End

Biuret Test ( Protein )

StartLabeltest

tubes

Add few drops ofCopper (II)

Sulphate solutiondown the side of

each tube

Add 2 cm3 ofsample into each

test tube

Observethe

colourchange

End

DCPIP Test ( Vitamin C )

StartLabel

beakers

Continue addingthe samples and

stir gently until theDCPIP

decolourized

Add 5 cm3 of 0.1%of DCPIP into eachbeaker by syringe

Record thevolume ofsampleused

End

Spot Test ( Lipids )

Start

Add a drop of oil ontoa piece of filter paper

Observethe

changeEnd

Add a drop of wateronto a piece of filter

paper


Biology Lab Menu : Food Tests

To test for reducing sugars (Benedict's test)

The presence of many food substances can be detected by simple chemical methods.

Reducing sugars, including all monosaccharides and all disaccharides except sucrose, can

be tested by using Benedict's solution. They reduce the copper (II) ion in Benedict's

solution to copper (I) oxide so that its colour will change.

Procedure 1. Label four test tubes A, B. C and D.

2. Pour 2 cm3 of glucose solution into tube A, 2 cm3

of starch solution into tube B. 2 cm3 of cooking oil

into tube C and 2 cm3 of albumen solution into

tube D.

3. Add 2 cm3 of Benedict's solution to each tube.

Shake them well.

4. Put the test tubes in a water bath. Boil them for

five minutes.

5. Observe the change in colour of the contents.

Results - Complete the following table :

Tube Food substance Colour change after heating with Benedict's solution

A glucose solution

B starch solution

C cooking oil

D albumen solution

Questions 1. Which food substance when heated with Benedict's solution gave a decisive colour

change?

2. Apart from colour, what other change took place?

3. Describe briefly how you can prove that an apple contains reducing sugar.


To test for starch (Iodine test)

The presence of starch can be tested by iodine solution. Iodine solution is prepared

by dissolving iodine (I2) in potassium iodide (KI).

Procedure 1. Label four cavities of the spotting tile A, B.

C and D.

2. Add three drops of glucose solution to

cavity A, three drops of starch solution to

cavity B. three drops of cooking oil to

cavity C and three drops of albumen

solution to cavity D.

3. Add three drops of iodine solution to each cavity containing food substance.



Spot Food substance Colour change after adding iodine solution

A glucose solution

B starch solution

C cooking oil

D albumen solution

Questions : 1. What colour does the mixture change when there is a positive result?

2. Which of the food substance gave the most striking colour change?

3. How can you test a food substance if it contains iodine?


To test for protein (Biuret test)

The presence of protein can be tested by Biuret reagent. A positive result indicates

the presence of protein. Millon’s test may also be used to test for proteins. However, due

to the evolution of poisonous vapour when Millon's reagent is heated, the test is not

recommended nowadays .

Procedure 1. Label four test tubes A, B. C and D. Pour 2 cm3 of glucose solution into tube A, 2 cm3

of starch solution into tube B.

2. 2 cm3 of cooking oil into tube C and 2 cm3 of albumen solution into tube D.

3. Add 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to each test tube. TAKE CARE!

4. Add a few drops of copper(II) sulphate solution down the side of each tube.



Tube Food substance Colour change

A glucose solution

B starch solution

C cooking oil

D albumen solution

Questions

1. Which type of food substance does albumen belong to ?

2. What colour did the albumen solution change when there is a positive result ?

3. Why is Millon's test not recommended nowadays ?


To test for fat

Fats are greasy substances, and they leave permanent marks on a piece of paper.

They are relatively insoluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents such as ether

and chloroform. These properties of fats allow us to test for their presence.

A. Spot test - Procedure

1. Add a drop of cooking oil onto a piece

of filter paper.

2. Add a drop of water alongside the oil

spot on the same piece of filter paper.

3. Hold the piece of filter paper up against

a lamp and examine it.

4. Put it onto a watch glass. Examine it

again after ten minutes.

Questions

1. What happens to the filter paper when a drop of oil is added?

2. Does the oil spot disappear after ten minutes?

3. A drop of oil was spilt onto the clothes of John. Suggest a method to remove the oil

stain from his clothes.


B. Emulsion test - Procedure 1. Add two drops of cooking oil to each of test tubes A and B.

2. Add 2 cm3 of absolute ethanol to test tube A. Shake it thoroughly. Then add 2 cm3 of

distilled water to tube A.

3. Add 2 cm3 of distilled water into tube B. Shake it thoroughly. Add 2 cm3 of distilled

water into tube B and then leave it undisturbed on the test tube rack.


Tube Contents Final appearance

A cooking oil, water and ethanol

B cooking oil and water

Questions

1. What is the name of the mixture formed in tube A ?

2. Does oil dissolve in absolute ethanol ?

3. Detergents are used to clean oily dishes. How do detergents remove the oily substance

from the dishes ?


Detection of vitamin C content of food

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a powerful reducing agent. It can reduce DCPIP

(2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt) and this changes the colour of DCPIP

solution from blue to colourless. The DCPIP solution must be freshly prepared because it

is readily oxidized by oxygen in air.

Procedure 1. Label four beakers A, B. C and D.

2. Use a clean syringe to put 5 cm3 of 0. 1% DCPIP into beaker A.

3. Rinse the syringe thoroughly and use it to add 0. 1% ascorbic acid to the DCPIP

dropwise, stirring gently with the syringe needle until the DCPIP is completely

decolourized. Record the volume of ascorbic acid used.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 by using lemon juice, orange juice and grapefruit juice

respectively instead of ascorbic acid to decolourize the DCPIP. Rinse the syringe with

distilled water each time you use it to draw up the juice.



Beaker Content Volume of content needed to

decolourize the DCPIP

Concentration of vitamin C

A ascorbic acid

B lemon juice

C orange juice

D grapefruit juice

The concentration of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) of each juice can be calculated by the

following formula :

volume of ascorbic acid needed Concentration of vitamin C = 0. 1% x volume of the juice needed

Questions :

1. Which juice contains the highest concentration of vitamin C ?

2. If you need more juice than the ascorbic acid to decolourize the DCPIP, does this

mean that the juice contains more vitamin C or less vitamin C than the ascorbic acid ?

3. How can you find out the effect of boiling fruit juice on the concentration of vitamin

C ?


Results : Food Tests

To test for reducing sugars (Benedict's test)

Tube Food substance Colour change after heating with Benedict's solution

A glucose solution

B starch solution

C cooking oil

D albumen solution

To test for starch (Iodine test)

Spot Food substance Colour change after adding iodine solution

A glucose solution

B starch solution

C cooking oil

D albumen solution

To test for protein (Biuret test)

Tube Food substance Colour change

A glucose solution

B starch solution

C cooking oil

D albumen solution

Detection of vitamin C content of food

Beaker Content Volume of content needed to

decolourize the DCPIP

Concentration of vitamin C

A ascorbic acid

B lemon juice

C orange juice

D grapefruit juice

Experiment Three : Paper Chromatography, Page 69 By Kok Patrick 1997

Biology Lab Menu : Paper Chromatography

Biology Lab Menu : Demonstration, The effect of Smoking

Chromatographic separation of chlorophyll pigments

little 90% acetone

1 cm solvent( 1/10 of 90% acetone + 9/10 petroleum ether )

Capillary tube

Cork

Spot

Chromatographicpaper

Base line ( 1.5 cm )

Chlorophyll a( blue green )

Chlorophyll b( green )

Spot

Xanthophyll( orange yellow )

Carotene( orange yellow )

Fresh green plant( vegetable )

Experiment Five : Recycled Paper , Page 70 By Kok Patrick 1997

Biology Lab Menu : Recycled Paper

Paper that has been used and treated for use

again in recycled paper. Paper from homes, offices

and schools can be collected, sent to special

recycling centers, and remade into usable paper.

This process can take place over and over. Every

year we cut down more trees to meet the world‘s

demand for paper. Recycling will help to prevent

trees from being cut down.

Make your own recycled paper, you will need :

l a blender

l a whole section of newspaper

l single newspaper pages

l cups ( 1.2 liters ) water

l a pan 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) deep

l a piece of window screen to fit inside the pan

l a measuring cup

l a flat piece of wood the size of a newspaper‘s front page

l wax paper

Follow these steps :

1. Tear the two and a half pages of newspaper into tiny strips.

2. Place the strip s in a blender with five cups of water.

3. Cover the blender and blend the newspaper and water.

4. Pour about one inch ( 2.5 cm ) of water into the pan. Pour

the blended paper pulp into the measuring cup.

5. Put the screen into the pan. Pour one cup ( 237 ml ) of pulp

over the screen.

6. Spread the pulp evenly in the water with your fingers.

Experiment Five : Recycled Paper , Page 71 By Kok Patrick 1997

7. Lift the screen and let the water drain off.

8. Open the newspaper section to the middle. Put the newspaper

on a waterproof surface. Place wax paper in the center of the

newspaper. Place the screen with the pulp on the wax paper in

the newspaper. Close the newspaper.

9. Carefully flip over the newspaper section so the screen is on

top of the pulp. THIS STEP IS VERY IMPORTANT.

10. Place the board on top of the newspaper and press to squeeze

out extra water. Open the newspaper and take out the screen.

Leave the newspaper open, and let the pulp dry for at least

twenty-four hours . Check the next day to see if the paper

pulp is dry. If your paper pulp is dry, peel it off the wax paper.

Now you can write on your paper !

By Kok Patrick 1997

Form Three Biology WorkSheet


Chapter One : Studying Biology, Page 72 By Kok Patrick 1997

Name : （） Class :

Date :

Worksheet : Laboratory Safety

Put “ˇ” or “×” into the following circle.



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD LIST

Across Down 1. 漏斗 2. 實驗室 4. 燒杯 3. 儀器 8. 蒸發 5. 記錄 11. 樣本 6. 實驗 7. 禁止 9. 意外 10. 廢棄物



Date :

WORD SEARCH

WORD LIST

ACCIDENT BEAKER CONICAL FLASK CORK DISCUSS DISSECTION EVAPORATION EXPERIMENT FORBIDDEN FULL GLOVES INSTRUCTION LABORATORY RECORD SAFETY SPECIMEN STOPPER WASTE

Chapter Two: Living things, Page 75 By Kok Patrick 1997


Date :

Worksheet : Living things

Bird 鳥

Dragonfly 蜻蜓

Earthworm 蚯蚓

Fish 魚

Frog 青蛙

Rat 老鼠

Snake 蛇

Pine 松樹

Hibicus 大紅花

1. Animal goto 3 Plant goto 2 2. With flowers no flowers 3. with backbone goto 5 no backbone goto 4 4. no legs can be seen Legs can be seen 5. With scales goto 6 no scales goto 7 6. dry scales Wet scales 7. With mammary gland No mammary gland goto 8 8. With feather No feather



Date :

The drawings below show Five animals, fill in the blanks :

Use the dichotomous key to identify the animals :

Name of the animal

1. With wings Animal 1

Without wings go to 2

2. With scale go to 3

Without scale go to 4

3. with fins Animal 2

without fins Animal 3

4. with hair Animal 4

Without hair Animal 5

V e r t e b r a t e s

w i t h f e a t h e r s n o f e a t h e r s

n o s c a l eB i r d s

w i t h h a i rn o f i n s

snake bird fish dog frog



Date :

Fill in the blanks :

Class

Name Pigeon Lizard

Skin covering

Appendages

Breathing organ

Body Temperature

Class

Name Frog Kangaroo

Skin covering

Appendages

Breathing organ

Body Temperature



Date :

Answer the following questions :

1. What are the habitat of the above Organisms ? （6 marks ）

2. State one thing which is useful for classifying organism ‘D’ and ‘B’.

（2 marks ）

3. Name the respiratory structures that can be found in the following organisms :

‘A’ （1 mark ）

‘E’ （3 mark ）

‘C’ （1 mark ）

A B C D E



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD LIST Across Down

1. 繁殖 2. 感應 5. 運動 3. 有脊骨動物 (複數) 7. 無脊骨動物 (複數) 4. 爬蟲類 (複數) 10. 兩棲類 (複數) 6. 呼吸作用 11. 鰭 (複數) 8. 營養 13. 脊椎骨 9. 排泄



Date :

WORD SEARCH

WORD LIST GROWTH MOVEMENT EXCRETION IRRITABILITY RESPIRATION NUTRITION REPRODUCTION AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS FISHES VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES BACKBONE FEATHERS SCALE FINS SPECIES BEAK GILLS LUNGS

Chapter Three : The Cell, Page 81 By Kok Patrick 1997


Date :

Worksheet : Cells and microscope

Name the parts labelled A to E in the diagram :

Name the parts labelled in the following diagram :

A

B

C

D

E

cell

A B

C D

E F

cell

A B

C



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD LIST Across Down

1. 葉綠體 1. 細胞膜 4. 細胞壁 2. 顯微鏡用玻璃片 5. 顯微鏡 3. 纖維素 9. 接物鏡 6. 細胞質 10. 液泡 7. 接目鏡 11. 細胞核 8. 鏡片



Date :

WORD SEARCH

WORD LIST

CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS VACUOLE CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST EYEPIECE COARSE ADJUSTMENT FINE ADJUSTMENT OBJECTIVE MIRROR CELLULOSE SLIDE ADJUST MICROSCOPE COVERSLIP



Date :

Worksheet : Food and Nutrition

Fill in the blanks

1. is needed by humans to maintain life, to supply energy and for growth

and repair.

2. There are seven types of food substances, namely , ,

, , , and .

3. Proteins are needed for and repair of body cells.

4. are used to release energy. Excess can be stored as

adipose tissue in the body.

5. Vitamins are needed in small amounts for maintaining good .

6. Deficiency of each vitamin will lead to a certain disease. The disease of vitamin

A deficiency is , that of vitamin C is and that of

vitamin D is .

7. are needed in small amounts to regulate the metabolism of the body. The

disease of calcium deficiency is and that of deficiency is

anaemia.

8. is a very important part of our daily diet which stimulate of

the gut.



Date :

9. Dietary fibres (roughage) in and . They stimulate

peristalsis of the alimentary canal. Absence of dietary fibres leads to .

10. is very important to life and is about 60% of body weight.

11. A balanced diet is a diet which contains the right amounts of all the

.

12. A diet is needed to provide enough energy, build up body tissues,

keep the body warm and maintain.

Fill in the tables

Vitamin Deficiency disease Sources

A

C

D

Mineral Deficiency disease Sources

Calcium

Iron



Date :

Long Question

The table below shows some of the food substances contained in 100 g portions of five plants.

Plants Carbohydrate

(g)

Protein

(g)

Fat

(g)

Carotene

(μg)

Vitamin C

(mg)

Rice 87 6.2 1.0 - -

Tomatoes 2.4 0.8 - 117 24

Potatoes 20.2 1.4 - - 15

Peas 7.7 5.8 0.2 50 15

Carrots 5.4 0.7 - 2000 6

(i) Which of the five plants will yield the most energy? Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

(ii) State and explain which plant in the table would best help you to prevent

(4 marks)

(1) scurvy.

(2) night blindness.

(iii) What advice would you give to a chef about cooking vegetables ? Why ?

(2 marks )

(iv) (1) Name the food substance provided by plants only but it is not listed in the table.

(1 mark)

(2) State the function of this food substance. (1 mark)



Date :

Match the words in column P with those in column Q.

Column P Column Q

1. autotrophs A. feed on dead organic matter

2. heterotrophs B. feed on other living things and at the same time

cause harm to them

3. herbivores C. can make their own food by using simple inorganic

substances

4. carnivores D. feed on both plants and animals

5. omnivores E. cannot make their own food and have to depend on

other organisms

6. saprophytes F. feed on animals

7. parasites G. feed on plants

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Column P Column Q

1. Salivary gland A. is a gland which produces enzymes for digesting

carbohydrate fat and protein.

2. Oesophagus B. digests protein but not other food substances.

3. Stomach C. stores faeces.

4. Liver D. stores bile.

5. Gall bladder E. produces saliva.

6. Pancreas F. is the site for absorbing most of the digested food.

7. ileum G. absorbs mainly water and minerals.

8. Colon H. passes food from mouth cavity to stomach.

9. Rectum I. produces bile.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.



Date :

Label the diagram below which shows the longitudinal section of a tooth.

Complete the table Name of tooth Shape of the

tooth

Main function Number in a man

Incisor chisel-like, sharp

Canine pointed, curved

Molar with cusps



Date :

Fill in the diagram



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE #1

WORD LIST

Across Down 2. 便秘 1. 食用纖維 (基糠) 4. 蠕動作用 4. 蛋白質 7. 脂肪 6. 礦物質 8. 絕緣體 9. 壞血症 10. 基糠 (食用纖維) 11. 維生素



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE #2

WORD LIST

Across Down 4. 牙肉 1. 肝 6. 佝僂病 (軟骨病) 2. 牙線 7. 琺瑯質 3. 齒式 8. 牙髓 5. 臼齒 11. 小臼齒 9. 犬齒 12. 門牙 10. 鈣質 13. 貧血症



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE #3

WORD LIST

Across Down 8. 大腸 1. 膽囊 10. 胰臟 2. 小腸 3. 攝食 4. 同化作用 5. 吸收作用 6. 消化作用 7. 食道 9. 肛門



Date :

WORD SEARCH #1

WORD LIST

ABSORPTION ANEMIA ANUS ASSIMILATION BALANCED DIET CALCIUM CANINE CARBOHYDRATE CEMENT CONSTIPATION DENTAL FLOSS DENTINE DENTITION DIETARY FIBRE DIGESTION EGESTION ENAMEL GALL BLADDER GUM INCISOR INGESTION INSULATOR IRON LARGE INTESTINE LIPID LIVER MINERAL



Date :

WORD SEARCH #2

WORD LIST

MOLAR OESPHAGUS PANCREAS PERISTALSIS PREMOLAR PROTEIN PULP CAVITY RICKETS ROUGHAGE SCURVY SMALL INTESTINE STOMACH VITAMIN WATER

Chapter Five : Photosynthesis, Page 95 By Kok Patrick 1997


Date :

Worksheet : Photosynthesis


1. make their own food by photosynthesis.

2. Photosynthesis occurs inside chloroplasts which contain .

3. Photosynthesis is a compl icated process in which green plants use

and a s t h e raw mater i a l s and

energy as the energy source to synthesis carbohydrates.

4. Photosynthesis involves the r e a c t i o n a n d t h e

reaction.

5. During the light reaction, water is split and is produced as

byproduct.

6. During the dark reaction, is fixed to carbohydrates.

7. Oxygen and are the products of photosynthesis.

8. Glucose may be converted to for storage.

9. During photosynthesis, atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is

into the atmosphere. Thus the composition of atmospheric air

is kept .

10. is mineral which used to make chlorophyll.

11. Mineral salts are constantly removed from the soil by crops. We have to replace them

by spreading on soil or adding

fertilizers to soil.



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD LIST

Across Down 3. 葉綠體 1. 光合作用 5. 葉綠素 2. 儲存 7. 光解 4. 液泡 8. 肥料 9. 鎂



Date :

WORD SEARCH

WORD LIST

BY PRODUCT CARBON FIXATION CHLOROPHYLL VACUOLES CHLOROPLAST CYTOPLASM FERTILIZER GLUCOSE MAGNESIUM NUCLEUS PHOTOLYSIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS STORAGE



Date :

Worksheet : Respiration


1. Respiration occurs inside a . It is a process which breaks down

food substances to release .

2. During respiration , and

are produced.

3. There are two types of respiration, respiration and

respiration .

4. More energy is released in respiration than in

respiration.

5. Alcoholic fermentation can be used in

(a) making.

(b) making.

6. Aerobic Respiration

Glucose + Carbon dioxide + + Energy



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD LIST

Across Down 1. 乳酸 2. 致癌物 4. 橫膈膜 3. 血紅素 5. 欠債 6. 支氣管炎 8. 發酵 7. 焦油 10. 厭氧性的 8. 疲勞 11. 肋骨 (複數) 9. 有氧的 12. 氣管



Date :

WORD SEARCH

WORD LIST

AEROBIC ALCOHOLIC ANAEROBIC BREAD MAKING BREWING BRONCHITIS CARBON MONOXIDE CARCINOGENIC CIGARETTE CRAMPS DEBT DIAPHRAGM FATIGUE FERMENTATION HAEMOGLOBIN LACTIC ACID LARYNX NICOTINE RESPIRATION RIBS STERNUM TAR TRACHEA WINE MAKING



Date :

Worksheet : Man and microorganisms

Choose suitable words from the following list and fill in the blanks.

Pasteurization Refrigeration Heating Drying Smoking Freezing Pickling Osmotic preservation

1. Food is stored in vinegar which prevents the growth

of bacteria.

2. Meat or fish can be preserved after hanging over a

charcoal fire.

3. Food can be stored in salt or a concentrated sugar

solution.

4. The activity of bacteria slows down and food can be

stored for a few days.

5. Most microorganisms die at high temperatures.

6. Bacteria stop multiplying at low temperatures

( -18℃).

7. Moisture is completely removed from food. This can

stop the growth of bacteria.

8. Milk is heated to 72℃for 15 seconds, then quickly

cooled down to about 10 ℃.



Date :

True or False : Put a ‘ˇ’ in the box if the statement is true and an ‘X’ if it is false. 1. All microorganisms are harmful to human bodies. □ 2. All diseases are caused by bacteria. □ 3. Bacteria die at very low temperatures. □ 4. Food is stored in vinegar because vinegar can remove the water

content in the bacteria. □

Answer the questions :

1. Pasteurized milk will turn sour quickly if it is not kept in a refrigerator.

◇ Pasteurization does not all the in milk.

2. Food kept in a refrigerator will eventually go bad.

◇ Refrigeration does not the . It only

down the of bacteria.

3. Frozen food should be eaten as soon as possible after it is removed from the freezer.

◇ Freezing only stop the of bacteria. After the food is removed

form the freezer they become active again.

4. Biscuits will keep for long periods, but bread will not.

◇ Biscuits are but bread is .

Bacteria are active in dry condition.

5. UHT milk is also called ‘long life’ milk.

◇ Almost all the bacteria in UHT are killed by heat.



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD LIST

Across Down 3. 病原體 (複數) 1. 分解者 5. 原生動物類 2. 細菌 6. 保存 4. 醃製 10. 冰凍的 7. 病徵 (複數) 11. 燻製 8. 醋 12. 病毒 9. 毒素 10. 菌類 (複數)



Date :

WORD SEARCH

WORD LIST BACTERIA BOTTLING CANNING DECOMPOSER DRYING FREEZING FUNGI HEATING PASTEURIZATION PATHOGENS PICKLING PRESERVATION PROTOZOA REFRIGERATION SMOKING SYMPTOMS TOXINS VINEGAR VIRUS

Chapter Eight : The Ecosystem, Page 105 By Kok Patrick 1997


Date :

Worksheet : The Ecosystem

For balanced aquarium experiment, please answer the following questions : 1. Why is it necessary to use tap water which has been standing for a few days ?

2. Why is it unsuitable to introduce large carnivores into the glass jar ?

4. Describe the appearance of the water snail and freshwater plants after a few days if

the aquarium is balanced ?

5. What will happen to the aquarium if it is placed in darkness all the time ? Why ?

Chapter Eight : The Ecosystem, Page 106 By Kok Patrick 1997


Date :

Choose suitable words from the following list and fill in the blanks

Abiotic factors Ecology Commensalism Mutualism

Habitat Ecosystem Predation Competition

Parasitism Community

a. An association in which two species of organisms

live together and both gain benefits from each other

b. The place where an organism lives

c. A relationship in which one species kills and feeds

on another species

d. Different groups of plants and animals in the same

habitat

e. Organisms interact with each other and with their

environment to form a stable, self-supporting system

f. The non-living components of the environment

g. The study of the interactions between living

organisms and their environment

h. An association in which one species gains benefit

from the other while the latter is not affected

i. An association in which one species gains benefit

from an imposes harm to the other

Chapter Eight : The Ecosystem, Page : 107 By Kok Patrick 1996


Date :

2. The following diagram shows a food web in a habitat.

hawk 鷹

bird snake

rabbitcaterpillar 毛蟲small insect

green plant

The numbers or organisms at each feeding level are shown in the pyramid below.

a. List the organisms from the food web which are included in each of the feeding

levels A - D. ( 4 marks )

b. Which organism is an omnivore ? ( 1 marks )

A

B

C

D

Tertiary consumers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Producers



Date :

c. Explain why this habitat does not contain any consumers beyond the tertiary level.

( 2 marks )

d. How will an increase in number of rabbit affect immediately the balance of this

community ? ( 2 marks )

e. Where does the energy of this food web come from ? ( 1 marks )

f. What would happen to the ecosystem if the decomposers did not exist ?

( 2 marks )



Date :

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD LIST

Across Down 3. 生態系統 1. 競爭 8. 環境 2. 循環 9. 光 4. 社團 10. 非生命的 5. 溫度 11. 打擾 6. 生命的 12. 降雨 7. 捕食



Date :

WORD SEARCH

WORD LIST ABIOTIC AQUARIUM BALANCED

BIOTIC COMMENSALISM COMMUNITY

COMPETITION CONSUMER DISPOSAL

DISTURB ECOSYSTEM ENDANGER

ENVIRONMENT EROSION HUMIDITY

LIGHT MUTUALISM PARASITISM

PREDATION PRODUCER RAINFALL

RECYCLE STABLE TEMPERATURE

TROPHIC LEVEL

Chapter Two : Living Things, Page 1 By Kok Patrick 1996


Date :

Class Work : Classification

Bird 鳥 Dragonfly 蜻蜓 Earthworm 蚯蚓

Fish 魚 Frog 青蛙 Rat 老鼠

Snake 蛇 pine 松樹 Hibiscus 大紅花

Chapter Two : Living Things, Page 2 By Kok Patrick 1996


Date :

1. Animal goto 3 Plant goto 2 2. With flowers Hibiscus 大紅花 no flowers pine 松樹 3. with backbone goto 5 no backbone goto 4 4. no legs can be seen Earthworm 蚯蚓 Legs can be seen Dragonfly 蜻蜓 5. With scales goto 6 no scales goto 7 6. dry scales Snake 蛇 Wet scales Fish 魚 7. With mammary gland Rat 老鼠 No mammary gland goto 8 8. With feather Bird 鳥 No feather Frog 青蛙

References Chan W. K., S. F. Chu and S. W. Kong, Biology a modern approach

Book I and II, third edition, Aristo Educational Press Ltd., 1994.

Clegg C.J. and D.G. Mackean, Advanced Biology principles and

applications, John Murray (Publishers ) Ltd., London, 1994.

Man Shek Hay, Biology an inquiry approach Part I and II, third edition,

Federal Publications, HK., 1985.

Manahan Stanley E., Environmental Chemistry, fifth edition, Lewis

Publishers, Inc., USA., 1991.

Pelczar J. Michael, E. C. S. Chan and Noel R. Krieg, Microbiology,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore, 1986.

Taiz Lincoln, Eduardo Zeiger, Plant Physiology, The Benjamin/

Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., California, 1991.

To Y. K. , Basic Principles in Biology Book I and II, fifth edition, Hung

Fung Book Co., Ltd., HK., 1993.

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