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978-0-9869240-1-9

================================================================================

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xkwfa0ol

6

Forgotten Political Prisoners of Burma’s Gulag Archipelagos

About 35 years ago, a hero of Burma, a hero of Asia, Salai Tin Maung Oo, was murdered in Insein Jail,

the most notorious prison in the whole world. Salai Tin Maung Oo was a university student of the Chin

nationality, a great lover of humanity, freedom, justice and peace. As a student leader, he was at

logger’s head with the military rulers. He led many student demonstrations. At long last, he was arrested

and sentenced to death. Then he was sent to the gallows. He is the very first student leader to be

hanged during the time of Ne Win’s military dictatorship.

He was dead. Unsung. Activists used to say Salai Tin Maung Oo had done a great service to the cause of

liberty and democracy. He is a hero. But he is a forgotten hero of Burma. This was not true when I was

put behind bars. When I was put behind bars, already two decades had gone since Salai Tin Maung Oo

was hanged. Nevertheless, the legend of Salai Tin Maung Oo was the talk of the prison. He was still a

legendary hero among us political prisoners. His name, his strifes, his struggles, his sacrifices are lavishly

talked about among us.

Nowadays, thanks to the thorough and investigative research and lovingly care-intensive prose by the

author, U Aung Htoo, Salai Tin Maung Oo is no more a forgotten hero. His life and struggles are unveiled

to the people of Burma, Asia, and the world over. He now becomes an icon of all the political prisoners

in Burma.

While one of the most submerged and unknown figures in Burmese history is unveiled for the first time,

there still are more than two thousand political prisoners languishing in various dirty, unhealthy and

narrow cells in the gulags, which are widely scattered over Burma. All those political prisoners are

serving terms ranging over 100 years to over 30, 40, 50, 60 years, and so forth. Some of those political

prisoners’ names crop up sometimes in the overseas media. The media reports just mention their

names, not their living conditions. Hence, they virtually are forgotten prisoners anyhow.

7

Over two thousand political prisoners are here in Burma now. There are many kinds of demands for

their release; political resolutions, appeals, requests, prayers, etc. to no avail. Recently the so-called

civilian government, headed by Thein Sein, formerly a general and prime minister of the military junta,

decreed an amnesty order reducing one year for every prisoner. It is a big political joke. A great shame

for the country. A huge insult on top of injury. The whole world has cursed the half-military government

in diplomacy-coated language. The shameless government remains unperturbed, looking foolish to the

whole wide world.

There are over two thousand forgotten political prisoners waiting in the gulags of Burma. Where are

authors, writers, poets like Aung Htoo? Authors wanted; writers wanted; poets wanted for each and

every forgotten political prisoner of Burma. You are highly welcomed. Come ye all.

For the moment, Aung Htoo is more than good enough. He has done his best.

~U Win Tin

National League for Democracy

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14

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jzpf aeayao;onf?

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15

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rlum; ysufokOf;oGm;cJh}u+yD jzpfonf?

16

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17

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18

vSsuf ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eSifhvnf;aumif;/ vuf&SdtcsdefwGift&yfom;toGifaqmifxm;aom ppftpdk;&ESihfvnf;aumif;

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onf tpOftjrJ&Sifoefaernf rkcsjzpfonf?

19

1

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onf;rcHEkdifawmhonfhtqHk;wGif tazu ol. vufESpfzufudk acgif;aemufaphwGif xm;apum acgif;udk atmufodk@

20

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21

olwyg;wdk@. ‘pmemr_’ESifh ‘oem;=uifemr_’wdk@udk ar#mfvifhawmifhw/ &SmazGaeum ‘xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif;’/

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[mo^m%f &$ifol

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22

pyfvsOf;I &Sif;vif;csufrsm; xkwfcJh&onf? jzpfysufaeaom tajctae t&yf&yfudk &dyfpm;rdonfh wifarmifOD;rSm

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23

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24

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25

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

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atmif jyefacsmhonf? ol h&nfrSef;csuf uawmh atmifjrifcJhjyD?

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32

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arhedkifbG,fr&Sdyg?

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axmufcHonf? tjcm;oli,fcsif;awGu bmrSrajym jidrf awG;ae}uonf? xdktcsdefrSm udkwifarmifOD; toH ay:vm

onf? b,fu[kwf&rSmvJuG/ 'g a&u odkif;0ifwmr[kwfbl;? vl hcEQmudk,fudk a&xJrSm [efcsufnDatmif xm;wm?

tJovdkxm;edkif&if vl[m a&xJrSmay:w,f? ol htajymudk oli,fcsif;awGtm;vHk;u vufrcH}u? wckck vSKyfaerSom

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ajz;ajz;eSifhrSefpGm &SLvSsuf&Sdonf? urf;ajcwGif rwfwyf&yfum apgifh}unfh ae}uaom oli,fcsif;awGu vufckyf

vuf0g;wD;um }obmay;vdkuf}uonf? udkwifarmifOD; qdkonfrSm onfvdkvlrsdL;jzpfonf? avmu. aomhcsufudk

vSsyfwjyuf twGif;rSmyif em;vnfedkifpGrf;&Sdol jzpfonf?

rsufpdyGifh/ em;yGifh jzpfapaom vkyftm;ay; tawG@t}uHK

wuUodkvfausmif; yxrESpfwGif vkyftm;ay; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; aus;vufa'orsm;odk@

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pmrwwfr_ yaysmufa&;twGuf tpdk;&u csrSwfaom pDrHcsufjzpfonf? tzwf/ ta&;ESifh *%ef;ocsmF tydkif;rsm;udk

33

t"duxm; oif=um;ay;onf? vl}uD;vli,f/ usm;r ra&G; vma&mufoif=um;cGifh&Sdonf? udkwifarmifOD;tygt0if

4if;. oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh twef;az:tcsdK@wdk@u TpDrHcsufwGif vkyftm;ay;rsm;tjzpf vkyfudkifcJh=uonf? vkyftm;ay;

wuUodkvf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk tkyfpkrsm;cGJum jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ae&m tESHtjym;odk@ apv$wfcJhonf?

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wnf&Sdaom rJZmawmifajcodk@ &xm;jzifhoGm;rnfqkdv#if rkdifaygif; (350)cef@ uGma0;onf?

ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk &Gm. tdrftoD;oD;wGif ae&mcsxm;+yD; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u vkyftm;ay;rsm;udk

vdkvdkvm;vm; vufcH }udKqdk=uonf? wifarmifOD;ESifh 4if;. twef;az:wdk@ aexdkifaom tdrf&Sd rdom;pkxHwGif

q,fausmfouft&G,f orD;ESpfa,muf&Sdonf? vkyftm;ay;rsm;onf 4if;wdk@. vkyftm;ctwGuf tdrf&Sifuay;aom

ae&mxdkifcif;ESifh tpm;taomufrsm;udkom &&Sdonf? ae@ydkif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u tdrf&Sifrdom;pkukd v,fxJwGif

ulnDvkyfudkifay;+yD; nydkif;wGifrl pmwwfvdkaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf &yfuGuf&Hk;wpfckwGif vma&mufpk&Hk;=uum

udkwifarmifOD;ESifh twef;az:wdk@u 4if;wkd@udk (3)em&Dcef@ pmoifjyay;onf?

vkyftm;ay; (2)vtwGif;wGif wifarmifOD;twGuf rsufpdyGifh em;yGifh jzpfapaom tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk

&&SdcJhonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;uvnf; wifarmifOD;ESifh 4if;. twef;az:wdk@udk av;pm;cspfcifvmcJh=uonf? pm;0wf

aea&; usyfwnf;aomfjim;vnf; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf aysmfaysmfaewwfolrsm;jzpf=uonfudk udkwifarmifOD;u

od&SdcJh&onf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;udk pdwf+idKjiifapaomtcsufwpfcsufrSm &GmwGif usef;rma&;jyKpkapmifha&Smufr_

vHk;0 r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf?

onfvkdESifh wpfnwGif &Gm&Sd touf(60)t&G,f rkqdk;rwpfa,muf tonf;toefzsm;emvmcJhonf?

aovkajrmyg;jzpfum aq;ukor_cH,l&ef csufcsif;vdktyfvmcJhonf? TwGif &Gmom;rsm;u olrudk rnfuJhodk@

tultnD ay;Ekdifoenf;[k udkwifarmifOD;u ar;jref;onf? &Gmom;rsm;u T&GmrS (7)rdkifcef@a0;aom ae&mwGif

tjcm;&Gm}uD;wpf&Gm&Sda=umif;/ xdk&GmwGif q&m0efvufrSwf&xm;ol r[kwfaomfvnf; xkd;aq;rsm;ay;jcif;/ '%f&mrsm;

csKyfay;jcif; ponfh omrefemrusef;jzpfr_rsm;twGuf ukpm;ay;EkdifolwpfOD;&Sda=umif; ajymavonf?

pyg;}uD;arGrsm;ESifh tqdyfjyif;aom tjcm;arGrsm;&Sdojzifh &Gmom;rsm;onf tarSmifxJwGif aq;q&mudk

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oGm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? csdKifhcGufrsm; jynfhESufaeonfh c&D;vrf;rSm =urf;wrf;aomfvnf; aemufqHk;wGif 4if;wkd@onf

xdk&Gmodk@ qdkufqdkuf+rdKuf+rdKuf a&muf&SdoGm;onf? odk@aomfvnf; aq;&mu ntarSmifxJwGif olwdk@ESifh vkdufcJhvdkjcif;

r&Sda=umif;/ TtwGuf aq;zdk;0g;c &rnfrSmvnf; r[kwfa=umif; wdk@udk ajymavonf? reufusrS vmrnf[k

aq;q&mu qdkonf?

aq;q&m. pum;a=umifh tvGefpdwfysufoGm;aom ukdwifarmifOD;u ‚'DtrsKd;orD;om cifAsm;tar

jzpfcJhr,f qdk&if b,fvkdvkyfrvJ‛[k ol@udk ar;avonf? xdk@jyif vlemtrsKd;orD; taejzifh aq;0g;ukor_

csufcsif;vdktyfaea=umif;udk em;0ifatmifajymqdkaomtcg aemufqHk;wGif aq;q&mu 4if;wdk@ESifh vkdufcJh&ef

34

oabmwloGm;onf? 4if;wdk@&Gmudk jyefa&mufvmaomtcg aq;q&mu vlemudk aq;wpfvHk;xdk;ay;+yD;

pm;aq;tcsKd@ay;um ta=umaq; ay;xm; cJhonf? odk@aomf ESpf&uf=umaomtcgwGif vlemtrsKd;orD;

aoqHk;oGm;jcif;a=umifh udkwifarmifOD; tawmfyif pdwfxdckdufcHpm;cJh&onf? usef;rma&; jyKpkapmifha&Smufr_rsm;

ay;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdjcif;a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiH. qif;&Jom;vlxkwdk@ toufwdkae&jcif;udk udkwifarmifOD;u

udk,fawG@}uHKcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? aoqHk;oltrsKd;orD;wGif aqGrsKd;r&SdcJhacs? udkwifarmifOD;ESifh &Gmom;tcsdK@u tokbcs&ef

pDpOf=u+yD; tavmif;wGif;wl;&eftwGuf ocFsKdif;ukef;odk@ oGm;a&muf cJh=uonf?

ocFsKdif;ukef;ESifhywfoufvmv#if udkwifarmifOD;. twef;az:rSm t,lonf;+yD; tenf;i,fa=umufwwfol

jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tavmif;udk ajrjr‡Kyf&mwGif yg0ifulnDjcif; r&SdbJ ta0;wae&mu &yfum ajrjr‡Kyfjcif; jrefjref

+yD;apzdk@twGuf wwGwfwGwfvkyfaecJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; ajrwGif;wl;ae&if;u (4)ayteufavmuf a&mufonfh

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bk&m;pmrsm;udk &Gwfavawmhonf? vGefcJhonfh (3)ESpfu tqkwfema&m*ga=umifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhol rdef;uav;wpfOD;.

tavmif;udk Tae&mY jr‡KyfESHxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? c&pf,mefbmom0if jzpfonfESifhtnD a=umuf&GH@jcif; (odk@r[kwf)

t,lonf;jcif; wpHkw&m r&Sdaom wifarmifOD;u txl;taxG pOf;pm;raebJ tavmif;aumifukd vuf&Sdae&mYyif

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&Gmol&Gom;rsm;tay: tvGef*&k%moufcJh&aom udkwifarmifOD;onf 4if;awG@}uHKcJh&aom tqdkygtjzpftysufrsm;udk

ol.rdom;pk0if rsm;tm; r=umc% ajymajyavh&SdcJhonf? vltrsm;wkd@. usef;rma&;qdkif&m ta&;ay: tajctaewGif

vdktyfaom jyKpkukor_udk ay;Ekdifjcif; r&SdonfESifh ywfoufI awG;rdwkdif; udkwifarmifOD; pdwfqif;&JcJh&onf?

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tm;vHk;twGuf 0rf;enf;p&m ae@wpfae@ jzpfcJhonf? 0rf;enf;rsuf&nf uscJh&olrsm;vnf; r&Sm;yg? &Gmol&Gmom;

rsm;onf aiG;a=u;tm;jzifh csKd@iJh=uaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@wGif&Sdaom aumufn‡if;qefrsm;/ i&kwfoD;ajcmufrsm;ESifh

yJrsm;udk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl twif;xnfhay;=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;. qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ tajctae

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tawG@t}uHKrsm; &&SdcJh=uonf? 4if;wkd@u tm;oGefcGefpkduf pmoifjyay;cJhonfrsm;. tusKd;&vm'fudk awG@}uHKcHpm;

&onfrSm =unfEl;p&m taumif;qHk;yifjzpfonf? 4if;wdk@a=umifh &Gmol&Gmom;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf pm a&;wwf/

zwfwwf/ tajccH *%ef;ocsmFrsm;udk wwfvmcJh+yDjzpfonf?

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tajctaersm;udk awG@}uHKcJh&+yD; 4if;wdk@ todkif;t0kdif;wGif aexdkif&jcif;. vl@oabmobm0udk od&SdcJh&onf?

ordkif;rwdkifrD acwfumv vlaer_b0rsm;ESifh tawmfyif qifwlaom &Gmom;rsm;. &kd;&Sif;onfh ae@pOfb0rsm;udk

vnf;aumif;/ 4if;wdk@. ae@pOftawG@t}uHKrsm;ay: tajccHum qif;&JEGrf;yg;ae&jcif; tajctaersm;ESifhpyfv#Of;

35

qufvuf pl;prf;&SmazGaer_rsm;udk vnf;aumif; ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;u *&k%moufcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@.

ae@pOfb0rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I aemufydkif;wGif wuUodkvf0if;twGif; twef;+yD;csdefrsm;Y ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;

ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; &SdvmcJhonf?

xdk@jyif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;. &dk;om;r_/ az:a&Gr_/ yGifhvif;r_/ =uifemr_/ aysmfaysmf aewwfr_ESifh opPm&Sdr_ tp&Sdonfh

vl@wefzdk;rsm;a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;u 4ifwdk@tay: av;pm; txif}uD;cJh=uonf? pdwfykdif;qdkif&m

tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufawG@b0wGifaomfvnf; tysufoabm aqmifaom tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwkd@

awG@jrifEkdifaomfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh vlom;wdk@xHwGif tjyKoabm aqmifaom pdwfaepdwfxm;&Sda=umif;udk

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tysufoabmaqmifaom tjyKtrlp&kdufrsm; avsmhyg;oGm; apatmif rnfuJhodk@ jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf Ekdifrnfenf;?

vli,frsm;omomyif &SdcJhao;aom udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;onf Tonfwdk@twGuf tajzaumif;wpfckudk

&SmazGaz:xkwfjcif; r&SdEkdifcJhaomfvnf; vlom;wdk@. tysufoabmaqmif tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk ukpm;Ekdif&eftwGuf

enf;vrf;&Sd&rnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf?

xdktcsdefu pwifum udkwifarmifOD;onf ‘vlom;jzpfr_’ESifh pyfvsOf;I avhvmoif=um; cH,lusifhoHk;

vdkpdwfrsm; ydkrdk xufoef vmcJhonf? vl@avmu}uD;udk ydkI taumif;jrif wwfvmcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk

tusKd;jyK&ef ydkrdk pdwftm;xufoefvmcJhayonf?

36

4

arwWmudk &SmazGol qdkonfxuf arwWmudk ay;a0vdkol

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ae@pOfb0udk pmemcJhonf?

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37

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temoufomapaom tpfudk}uD;. &ifcGif

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(6)ESpfom; t&G,fwGif rkef@pm;qif;csdefrsm;Y udkwifarmifOD;u ol@qDvma&mufum tpm;au|;jcif;/ rkef@zdk;ay;jcif;

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tpf}uD;jzpfol. =uifem,k,r_udk oef@Zif. woufwmwGif arhr&EkdifcJhacs?

38

&,farmaysmf&$if csrf;ajr@=uaom nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;

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&,farmavonf?

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awmif;cHay;cJhonf?

39

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^m%faumif;Ekdifonf[k oluajymonf?

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txl;&SdvSonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf rD;zdkacsmifxJwGif pdwf&Snfoljzpfonf[k tarESifh nDrrsm;u qdk=uonf? TwGif

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40

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rdom;pk0ifrsm;tay: xm;&Sdaom wifarmifOD;. arwWmrSm tuef@towfr&Sdacs? xdk@jyif TarwWmonf

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wpHkw&m tcGifhta&; ,lcJhjcif; r&Sdacs? tcGifhta&; r,lonfhtjyif wifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@udkyif rdrdwwfEkdifor#

tultnDay;cJhonf? 4if;wkd@ tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf wpHkw&m taxmuftyhHay;cJhonf? oli,fcsif;rsm; pHkqHkrd=u+yD

qdkv#if rdrdta=umif;ajymrnfhtpm; tjcm;olta=umif;udkom olu pajymavh&Sdonf? rdrdoli,fcsif; wpfOD;

41

wpfa,mufpD. tajctae/ 4if;wdk@ rdom;pktajctaersm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; 4if;wdk@awG@}uHKae&aom

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tultnDawmif;cHjcif; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf?

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jzpfcJhonf? tjyKjzpfwnfr_ tjrif&Sdol/ aumif;rGefpGm jyKrlaexdkifwwfol/ wyg;oltay: aumif;rGefpGm

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ukdwifarmifOD;. twGif;pdwfxJwGif udef;atmif;aeaom ‘tE_dif;rJh arwWm’a=umifhyif jzpfonf?

‘arwWm’ESifh ywfoufaom tvkyfwpfckudk woufvHk; vkyfoGm;rnf [lIyif olu ajymqdkcJhbl;onf?

wpfae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. rdbrsm;xHodk@ csOf;uyfum wuUodkvfausmif; qufwufvdkpdwf r&Sdawmha=umif;/

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olu qdkonf? odk@rSomv#if vltrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf tultnDay;Ekdifrnf[k olu xifrSwfcJhaoma=umifh

jzpfonf? bkef;}uD;wpfyg;taejzifh qdkygu vltrsm;wdk@twGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&aomf vnf;aumif;/ cE<mudk,fydkif;

qdkif&m t&aomfvnf;aumif; vufawG@b0wGif ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsm; ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k olu ,Hk=unfcJhonf?

c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;rsm;u ausmif;ESifh rdbrJh a*[mrsm;udk vnfywfaeyHk/ aq;&Hkrsm;wGif ulnDaqmif&Gufay;aeyHkwkd@udk

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xdkuJhodk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhjcif; r[kwfacs? c&pf,mef bkef;}uD;rsm;onf rdbrJh uav;a*[m/ aq;&HkESifh ausmif;

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qJGaqmifaecJhjcif; jzpfonf? trsm;wumuJhodk@ tdrfaxmif&ufom;usum rdom;pk ysKd;axmif&aom b0rsKd;udk olu

rESpfoufcJhacs? b0udk wpfudk,fa& jzwfoef;jcif;jzifhomv#if rdrd. &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf

ydkrdktm&Hkxm;Ekdifrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? TonfESifhpyfvsOf;I wpfae@wGif tazu wifarmifOD;ESifh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;

onf?

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42

aqGrsKd;awG bufrSmyg wuUodkvfbJG@&bl;wJhol wpfa,mufrS r&SdcJhzl;bl;uG? tck rif;u yxrqHk; 'gudk vkyfEkdifawmhrSm

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tazu ‚wuUodkvf bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if rif;}udKufwm vkyfawmhaygh?‛[k azsmif;zsjyefonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI

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ausmif;wGifvnf; (2)ESpf (3)ESpf OD;pGm oGm;ae&onf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; olu ausmif;qufwuf vrf;udkom qufvuf

a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;yif?

udkwifarmifOD;onf arwWmudk ‘&SmazGol’r[kwf? arwWmudk ‘ay;tyfol’wpfOD; jzpfcJhonf? ol vkyfaqmif

cJhaom jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf wpHkwOD;xHrS arwWmudk tvdk&Sdaom pdwfqENtay:Y tajcrcHacs? rnfol

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uwqifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvHk;tay: xm;&Sdaom arwWmtjzpfodk@ ysKd;axmifEkdifcJhonf? omref ae@pOfb0wGif

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Ak'<bmomwGif a*g"rR jrwfpGmbk&m;u ‘tusKd;ESifh ta=umif; qufE$,fr_’oabmw&m;udk a[m=um;

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,kwfrmr_ESifh +cdrf;ajcmufr_wkd@udk &ifqdkif&eftwGuf tHhrcef;aom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk &&Sdydkifqkdifvmum vl@tzGJ@tpnf;

udk ajymif;vJ&ef aqmif&GufEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf?

43

5

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pdwfjzifh aqmif&Gufwwfol jzpfonf?

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raysmufr&Sap&eftwGuf tusôtdyfuyfxJwGif xnfhxm;avh&Sdonf?

tEdkifusifh Adkvfusr_udk qwfqwf rcHol

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tm;vHk;udk &ef&SmaewmbJ? bmjzpfvdk@vJuG‛[k jyefajymonf?

44

TwGif &kwfw&ufqdkovkd xdkausmif;om;u wifarmifOD;udk vufoD;jzifh xdk;avonf? v#yfwysuf

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&SdcJhonf?

vrf;o&J *dk%f;om;rsm;udk &ifqdkif}uHKawG@jcif;

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45

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rsm;onf?

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tEkdif,lI r&Ekdifa=umif; tv#iftjref&dyfpm;rdoGm;+yD; 4if;wdk@ qufrwkdufcdkuf=uawmhacs? TwGif ‚rif;wdk@ ighudk

aemufwpfcg vmrprf;eJ@? iguvJ 'D&yfuGufxJrSm }uD;vmwJhaumifbJuG‛[k olu ajymonf?

aemufwpfywfcef@=umoGm;onfhtcgwGif udkwifarmifOD; xyfrHwdkufcdkufcH&jyefonf? oli,fcsif;tdrfrS

jyefvmonfhtcsdefwGif jzpfonf? olu *smuiftusôudk ykcHk;ay:wif+yD; vrf;twkdif;av#mufvmonf? xdktcsdefu

46

ordkif;+rdK@e,fwGif cifarmifwif (odk@r[kwf) "g;cifarmifwif [kac:qdkaom vrf;o&JwpfOD; &SdcJhbl;onf? vlwpfOD;udk

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"g;cifarmifwifonf opfyifaemufwGif ykef;uG,faecJhonf?

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jzpfonf?

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a&mufonfhtcgwGif udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;awG@}uHK&onfrsm;udk nDr vS+rdKiftm; ajymjycJhonf? ‚nDrav;/ tpfudku

'Davmu}uD;rSm b,fol@udkrS a=umufwmr[kwfbl;? olrsm;awGu tpfudk@ukd pdefac:vm&if tpfudk olwdk@udk

&ifqdkif&Jw,f?‛[k ajymcJhonf?

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47

udk,fhtvkyfudk vkyf+yD;vdk@ tdrfjyefaewm? igu rif;wdk@eJ@ &efjzpfzdk@ bmta=umif;rS r&Sdbl;? rif;wdk@&J@ tajctaeawG

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&dyfpm;rdaoma=umifhyif jzpfonf?

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ocõsKif;ukef;Y csdef;yJG

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tckuae aemuf(10)&uft=um vjynfhnrSm awG@=ur,f? usKduUvm; ocsõKif;ukef;rSm n(9)em&Dus&if awG@r,f? rif;

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udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; ‚igrif;udk tJ'DrSm vmawG@r,f‛[k pmjyefvkdufavonf?

udkwifarmifOD;xHwGif *syefuif'dk"g;wpfacsmif; &SdcJhbl;onf? um&maw;ESifh *sL'dk oifwef;rsm;tjyif

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jyefvm+yD; naewkdif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf uif'dk"g; upm;enf;udk avhusifhvmcJholjzpfonf? ,ck ol@udk

"g;cifarmifwifu pdefac:vmav+yD? odk@&mwGif Tcsdef;yJGESifhywfoufI rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk rajymjycJhacs? rdrdbmom

avhusifh&mwGif olonf uif'dk"g;udk roHk;bJ uif'dk"g;t&Snfcef@&Sd+yD; uif'kd"g;wpfacsmif;xuf av;ig;q ydkrdkav;vHaom

oHacsmif;wpfacsmif;udk oHk;+yD; upm;avh&Sdonf?

48

csdef;yJG&uf eD;uyfvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u *syefuif'dk"g;udk toHk;jyKI avhusifhonf? TuJhodk@

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jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?

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jyefvmwJhtcgus&if bmawGjzpfysufcJhw,fqdkwm tpfudk rif;udk ajymjyr,f‛[k qdkcJhonf? xdknwGif udkwifarmifOD;

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vkyfp&m rvdkvm;? 'gayr,fh wu,fvdk@ wjcm;vrf;o&JawG 0ifygvmw,f qdk&ifawmh rif;wdk@ ighbufu ulay;

ayghuGm?‛[k udkwifarmifOD;u olwkd@udk ajymonf?

Todk@jzifh ukdwifarmifOD;ESifh ol. oli,fcsif;(2)a,muf ocsõKif;ukef;t0if0odk@ owd&Sd&Sdjzifh csOf;uyfvm

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vif;Ekd@rsm; xyHsoGm;onfhtoHudk =um;&onf? 'DvdkESifh ocsõKif;ukef;xJudk olwdk@ csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm=uonf?

ocsõKif;ukef;xJta&mufwGif oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufESifhtwl wifarmifOD;u vufydkuf+yD; &yfapmifhaeonf? ol. cg;ywf

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=unfhcdkif;onfjzpfa=umif;udk &dyfrdvkdufonf?

vSa&$uvnf; tpfudk}uD; jyeftvmudk &ifwxdwfxdwfjzifh apmifhar#mfaecJhonf? opPm&Sdaom nDi,fonf

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ar;jref;avawmhonf?

‚bmjzpfoGm;vJ? tpfudk}uD; oleJ@ cscJhvm;?‛

‚'Daumif csdef;yJGudk rvmygbl;uGm‛[k udkwifarmifOD;u +yHK;+yD; vSa&$udk ajymonf?

aemufwpfae@ "g;cifarmifwifu udkwifarmifOD;xH pmwpfapmif xyfydk@vmjyefonf? pmxJwGif ‚wifarmifOD;?

ig rif;eJ@ pum;ajymcsifw,f? blwm&Hkem;u vrf;ab;t&ufqdkifudk vmcJh?‛[k a&;xm;onf? vSa&$u tpfudk}uD;

twGuf pdk;&drfum ‚tpfudk}uD; roGm;oifhbl;xifw,f? 'DvkdaumifrsKd;awGu tifrwef aumufuspfwmaem?‛[k

49

owday;onf? odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u ‚=unfh&wm olu tpfudk}uD;udk wu,f pum;ajymcsifvdk@eJ@

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aygif;vdk@&w,f?‛[k ajymonf?

rD;ESifh a& awG@jcif;

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‚a[haumifawG um; [Gef;wD;oH r}um;bl;vm;/ rif;wdk hem;yif;ae}uovm;?‛ [k atmfajym vdkufonf?

50

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51

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52

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53

6

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54

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tvkyfvkyf=ujcif; jzpfonf? ausmif;xGuf&aoma=umifh 4if;wdk@twGuf vdktyfaom todynm/ twwfynmrsm;udk

55

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u-

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56

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vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

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57

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jzpfonf?

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58

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cJhayonf?

59

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pdwfxm;wdk@u wpfpHkwpfOD;tay: v$rf;rdk;aeygu xdkolonf vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:Ekdifjcif; &Sdrnf r[kwfacs?

rdrd. bmomw&m;onfomv#if tppftrSefjzpfonf[k pJG+rJ,Hk=unf&HkomrubJ tjcm;bmomw&m;

rsm;tay: txifao;tjrifao;/ vGJrSm;pGm tuJjzwf/ &efvdkpGm jyKwwfjcif;onf ‘bmoma&; tpGef;a&mufr_’.

ueOD;ykdif; tjyKtrl vuQ%m jzpfonf? tjcm;vlrsKd; (odk@r[kwf) vlrsKd;rsm;udk paw;um rdrd vlrsKd; aumif;pm;a&;

twGuf jyKrl aqmif&Gufjcif; onfaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;wGif raumif;aom trlp&kdufrsm; &Sda}umif;

jzifh rcdkifvHkonfh ,kwWdaA'rsm;udk xkwfum xdkvlrsKd;tay:Y trkef;w&m; jzpfwnfvmapa&;twGuf jyKrlaqmif&Guf

jcif;onfaomfvnf;aumif; ‘vlrsKd;a&; rkef;wD;r_’ udk trSwfwrJh cH,lusifhoHk; vdkufouJhodk@ jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf? tjcm;

vlyk*~dKvfrsm; awG@}uHKcHpm; &onfh twd'kuQ (okd@r[kwf) a0'emudk OyuQmjyKum rdrd. udk,fusKd;udkom &nfarSsmfvSsuf

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axmufcHtm;jcif;onf ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’jzpfonf? acgif;aqmif. twdwfujyKvkyfcJhaom aumif;usKd;udk axmuf

&_aomfvnf; 4if;. edkifiHa&;tm%m (odk hr[kwf) edkifiHa&; zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_a}umif vlxk xdcdkufcHpm;vmcJh&aom/

xdk htjyif tem*gwfwGif qufvufI xdcdkufcHpm;edkifaom taetxm;rsm;udk xnhfoGif;rpOf;pm;bJ tqdkyg

acgif;aqmifudk rsufpdrSdwfaxmufcHvSsif ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’ jzpfonf?

60

&efbufjyKvkdaom t,ltqw&yf&yfudk jzpfap/ 4if;ESifh qufpyfaeaom rl0g'udkjzpfap wdkufzsuf&ef}udK;yrf;

&mwGif tm%mydkif (odk hr[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD(odk@r[kwf) edkifiHa&;zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_wpfckckonf teD;uyf r[mrdwf

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vnf; ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’ jzpfonf?

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‘twWpdwf’}uD;pkd;aernf jzpfonf? tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrifudk obm0uspGm cH,lusifhoHk;edkifjcif;r&SdvSsif xdkol.

pdwftpOfwGif ‘rdrdb0 tajctaeodk@r[kwf rdrd usifvnf&m vl@t0ef;t0kdif;tay: auseyfr_r&Sdonfhpdwf’ vGefuJae

rnfjzpfonf? rdrd.aiGa=u;tcuftcJ jy\emudk wpHkw&m vdktyfaom twkdif;twmtxd ajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf;r&SdvSsif

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tajymif;tvJwdk@ESifhtnD tvdkuftxdkufjzpfatmif rdrd. pdwfxm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifjcif; r&Sdaomol.

pdwftpOfonf vHkavmufpGm}uHhckdifrnf r[kwf/ b0wGif awG@}uHKvm&aom jy\emudpP&yfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm

oHk;oyfEkdifrnf r[kwf/ jy\emajz&Sif;&ef rSefuefoifhawmfaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfEkdifrnf r[kwfacs?

vlonf rdrd. tm&Hkig;yg;jzifhjzpfap/ qifjcifwHkw&m;jzifh jzpfap awG;awmaeonfhwkdif pdwftm&kHtwGif;Y

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txufwGif om"utaejzifh az:jycJhonfh pdwftaetxm;rsm;uJ hodk h pdwftpOfrsm;atmufwGif&Sdaeygu awG;jcif&m

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rodvdkufbJ v$rf;rdk; jcif;/ zHk;tkyfjcif;/ }uD;pdk;jcif; cHae&onf? xdktcg xd kolwGif ‘vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:edkifpGrf;’r&Sdawmh?

‘vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:edkifpGrf;’ r&Sdv#if vufawG@b0wGif ‘vGwfvyfaom awG;ac:r_’ jzpfwnfvmEkdif&ef ta=umif;

vHk;0 r&Sdacs? ‘vGwfvyfaom awG;ac:r_’ r&Sdv#if ‘trSefw&m;’udk &SmazGEkdifrnf r[kwfouJhokd@ ‘w&m;r#wr_’

rSmvnf; arS;rSdefaysmufuG,foGm;ayrnf? TuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;Y vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tjyKjzpfwnfr_rsm;

oufa&mufawmhrnf r[kwfbJ tysuf &vm'frsm;om }uD;pdk;aernf jzpfonf?

bmoma&; tpGefa&mufr_ r&Sdjcif;

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jzpfvm&ef txd pdwful;&SdcJhol jzpfonf? ‚bk&m;ocifu urBm}uD;udk TITr# arwWmxm;&Sdjcif;a=umifhomv#if

twkr&Sd om;awmfudk ay;tyfcJh&jcif;omwnf;? om;awmfudk ,Hk=unfouf0ifolwkdif;onf aoa=uysufpD;rnf

61

r[kwfbJ xm0& &SifoefEdkifayrnf?‛ (&Sifa,m[ef; 3;16) ponfwdk@ uJhokd@aom c&pf,efbmomw&m;.

t,ltqrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD; i,fpOfuwnf;uyif ol@zcifxHrS oif,lod&SdcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u

c&pf,mefbmomESihf ywfoufaom todynmrsm;udk ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; today;ajymqdkcJhonfrSm

t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmyif jzpfonf? ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;udk c&pf,mef bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;odk@ vdkufcJh&ef zdwfac:um

bk&m;ocif. oem;=uifemr_atmufwGif aexdkif&onfrSm +idrf;csrf;r_ &Sda=umif;/ vlom;wdk@u bk&m;ociftay:

,Hk=unfudkif;&_dif;r_ &Sdjcif;rSm aumif;jrwfaom t&mjzpfa=umif;wkd@udk &Sif;jyonf? odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;onf

tcgtcGifhoifhwkdif;wGif tjcm;bmomw&m; wkd@. qdkqHk;rr_rsm;udk avhvm&ef t+rJ tqifoifh jzpfaecJhonf?

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c&pf,mefbmom. ‘xm0& &Sifoefr_’ qdkaom t,ltqESifh Ak'<bmom. ‘r+rJjcif; w&m;’qdkaom t,ltqwkd@udk

E_dif;qcsifhcsdefcJhonf?

udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufrSm pmzwf0goem}uD;ol jzpfonf? oabmw&m;ESifh tawG;tjrif

pmayrsm;udk txl; cHkrifonf? odk@aomf ol. aysmhuGufrSm rdrdu pmayrsm;udk tawmftwef zwf&_avhvm

xm;onfhtay:wGif tajccHum udk,fhudkudk,f awmfonf/ wwfonf[k pdwf}uD;0ifaejcif;yif jzpfonf? &if;ESD;aom

oli,fcsif;rsm;ukdomru odyfr&if;ESD;olrsm;udkyg olu rdrd zwf&_avhvmxm;onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI

4if;wdk@ rnfIrnfr# A[kokwºuG,f0a=umif;udk ar;jref;ajymqdkjcif;jzifh wyg;ol pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfatmif

jyKvkyfwwfoljzpfonf? odk@aomf trsm;tm;jzifh ol. jiif;cHkajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm t}udK;ta=umif;cdkifvHkr_ r&Sdacs?

wpfae@ olu raxhwaxh+yHK;um udkwifarmifOD;udk Todk@ar;onf?

‚a[haumif wifarmifOD;? a,&_c&pfawmfu Ak'<a*g"rR&J@ wynfhom0u jzpfcJhbl;w,fqdkwm rif;odvm;uG?‛

‚rif;u 'gudk b,fvdkvkyfodvJ?‛

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aexdkif cJhw,fav?‛

tjcm; oli,fcsif;rsm;u 4if;wdk@ESpfa,muf. tajcwifajymqkdr_tay: pdwf0ifwpm;&Sdvm=uonf?

c&pf,mefbmomukd ouf0if,Hk=unfol udkwifarmifOD;tm; xdyg;vkdufjcif;jzpfonfudk 4if;wkd@tm;vHk;u &dyfpm;rd

=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;u pmzwfaumif;olawmh r[kwfojzifh oli,fcsif;jzpfol ajymvmaompum;rSm

ordkif;0iftcsuftvuf tppftrSef [kwfr[kwfudk rdrdudk,fYuvnf; raocsm? odk hjzpfaoma=umifh ol@oli,fcsif;.

pum;udk cGef;wHk@jyef&ef tcufawG@aeonf? odk@aomfvnf; oli,fcsif;. pum;udk usKd;a=umif;cdkifvHkpGm

jyefvnfacsyEkdifjcif;r&Sdv#if xdkoli,fcsif;. pum;EkdifjyKwwfaom tusifhqdk;udk azsmufzsufI &Ekdifrnf

r[kwfa=umif;udk &dyfpm;rdonfhESifhtnD udkwifarmifOD;u Todk@ jyefajymavonf?

‚yef;yifwpfyif ajr}uD;xJrSm &SifoefEkdifzdk@twGuf r&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJht&mu bmvJ? rif;odvm;?‛

‚'gu vlwdkif;odygw,fuGm? vG,fvG,fav;bJ? a&vdkwmaygh?‛

62

‚'gayr,fh tJ'Dyef;yifu a&udk pkyf,l+yD;wJhtcgus&if a&udk jyefrxkwfvkyfbl;? yefyGifhudkbJ xkwfvkyfw,f?

tJ'gudk rif; owdxm;=unfhayghuGm?‛

TwGif ol.oli,fcsif;u bmrS rajymawmhacs?

udkwifarmifOD;onf bmoma&; tpGef;a&mufolwpfa,muf r[kwfcJhacs? bmoma&;uJGjym;r_ESifh ywfoufI

onf;cH cGifhv$wfpdwf xm;&SdEdkif&efukdyif usifh}uHcJholjzpfonf? ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;wGif c&pfbmom0ifrsm;om

r[kwfbJ Ak'<bmomESifh rGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm;vnf; yg0ifayonf? udkwifarmifOD;xHwGif Ak'<bmom bkef;}uD;

todtu|rf; rsm;pGm&SdcJhbl;onf? olESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifaom rGwfqvif rdwfaqGwpfOD;rSm 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;ol

armifarmifvGif (ac:) tmZmrf jzpfonf? wkdif;jynf vHk+cHKa&;twGuf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh 4if;wdk@

axmifcscHcJh&csdefwGif axmifxJY odu|rf;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd rGwfqvifrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u rw&m;

qufqHcJhonf? zdESdyfcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tpPvmrf bmomw&m;udk tpPvmrfbmom. qdkqHk;rr_rsm;ESifhtnD

vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh&a&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aeaom armifarmifvGif. vkyf&yfrsm;udk pdwfESvHk; t&if;cHjzifh

udkwifarmifOD;u tm;ay;axmufcHcJhonf? &J&ifhowWdESifh jynfhpHkaom udkwifarmifOD;udk armifarmifvGifuvnf;

nD&if;tpfudkozG,f av;pm;cspfcifcJhonf? 4if;wdk@. cdkif+rJaom &if;ESD;r_udk t&if;cHum aemufydkif;wGif

armifarmifvGifonf tEW&m,frsm;pGmt=um;uyif udkwifarmifOD;udk ulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf?

udkwifarmifOD;onf tjcm; bmomw&m;wdk@udk rxDrJhjrifjyKjcif;/ em;vnfr_ vJGrSmjcif;ESifh apmfum;

armfum;jyKjcif;rsKd; vHk;0rvkyfcJhacs? bmomw&m; tm;vHk;udk av;pm;or_&SdcJhol jzpfonf? ‘bmoma&;

tpGef;a&mufr_’rSm 4if;. pdwfESvHk;xJwGif rnfaomtcgur# r&SdcJhacs? bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufaom jy\emrsm;udk

awG@}uHKvm&onfh tcgwdkif;wGif ol. pdwfxm;rSm yuwd oef@pifae+yD; olonf ‘vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_’udk

usifhoHk;EkdifcJholjzpfonf?

vlrsKd;a&; cJGjcm;qufqHr_udk qef@usifjcif;

udkwifarmifOD;onf csif;vlrsKd;u qif;oufvmoljzpfonf? vlOD;a&t&=unfhv#if csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlenf;pk jzpfonf? olonf csif;vlrsKd;udk cspfjrwfEkd;ol/ csif;vlrsKd;jzpf&onfudk *k%f,lol jzpfonf?

&efukefwuUodkvf csif;pmay eSifh ,Ofaus;r_toif;wGifyif taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;tjzpf wm0efxrfaqmifcJhbl;ol

jzpfonf? wpfae@wGif olonf jrefrmESifh csif;vlrsKd;t=um; cJGjcm;qufqHr_ jzpf&yfwpfckudk }uHKawG@cJhavonf?

udkwifarmifOD;u wuUodkvf yxrESpf/ ol@nD vSa&$u (7)wef;wGif ynmoif=um;aecJh=ucsdefuonf?

wpfae@wGif vSa&$. ordkif;q&mru jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta=umif; oifjy&if;u csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ukd

ESdrfcsaom toHk;tE_H;rsm;udk pwifajymqdkvmonf? twef;xJY vSa&$onf wpfOD;xJaom csif;vlrsKd;jzpfonfudk

q&mru od&Sdxm;aoma=umifhyif? ‚csif;vlrsKd;awGu acG;om; awmfawmf pm;=uw,f‛[k q&mru twef;xJwGif

&kwfw&uf ajymavonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ocifhtay: opPm&Sdaom acG;rsm;udk vltrsm;wdk@u cspfcif=uaomfvnf;

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tqifhtwef;t&=unfhrnfqdkv#if acG;qdkaom owW0gudk tedrfhusqHk;aom owW0gtjzpf

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63

vm;/ ajrjyef@csif;vm;?‛[k ar;onf? vSa&$u ‚usaemfu to#dKcsif;qdkawmh ajrjyef@csif;vlrsKd; yg? usaemfwdk@

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jyefajymonf? q&mru oa&mf+yHK;+yHK;um ‚rif;u csif;vlrsKd;awGta=umif; bmrS odyfrodygbl;? rif;u 'Dvdk

+rdK@}uD;jy}uD;rSm }uD;jyif;vmwJhol r[kwfvm;? rif;u +rdK@om;av;wpfa,mufbJ?‛[k qkdonf? TwGif vSa&$u

‚usaemf csif;vlrsKd;ta=umif; odw,fAs? q&mrajymwmawGu vHk;0 rrSefbl;?‛[k ta=umuftuef jyefajymonf?

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pdwfxJwGif aw;xm;vdkufonf?

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cJGjcm;qufqHwmukd vufrcHbl; qdkwm jyvdkufwmbJ? +yD;awmh q&mr ajymwmawGvJ vHk;0 rrSefbl;av? q&mru

twef;xJrSm tJ'DvdkrsKd; rajymoifhbl;?‛[k rSwfcsufay;onf?

tcif;jzpfyGm;+yD; wpf&uf ESpf&uftwGif;wGif ordkif;tcsdefY bmjy\emrS xyfjzpfrvmcJh? odk@aomf

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‚csif;uav;u bmjzpfvdk@ zwfpmtkyf ygrvm&wmvJ?‛[k ar;onf?

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rwfwwf&yf+yD; ajymprf;?‛

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b,fawmhrS jyefrvmeJ@?‛[k trdef@ay;vkdufonf?

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vSa&$ESifhtwl ausmif;odk@oGm;=uonf?

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64

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65

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66

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67

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jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ppfwyf tm%modrf;&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufrSm qdk&S,fvpf wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf[k

ta}umif;jycJhonf? a&S;,cif uwnf;uyif jrefrmEkdifiHudk pwifwnfaxmifcJholrsm;u qdk&S,fvpf edkifiHtjzpf

wnfaqmufvdkcJh=uaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&tqufqufu vpfvsL&_cJh=ua}umif; toHaumif;[pfcJhonf?

tqdkyg &nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnf az:&eftwGuf 1962ckESpf Zlvdkifv (4)&ufae@wGif ppftpdk;&onf ‘jrefrmh

qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv)’udk wnfaxmif+yD; ‘jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf’[k qkdum ‘vlESifh vl@

ywf0ef;usifwkd@. tjyeftvSef qufE$,fr_ oabmw&m;’qdkonfh rl0g'wpfckudk xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;jzifh

qdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmif rnf[k jynfolwdk@tm; ouf0if,Hk=unfvmapcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSm 'Drdkua&pD

tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfr_atmufY txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd 'Drdkua&pDpepf Eke,faeao;aom 1948ckESpfrS 1962ckESpf

umvrsm;twGif;Y EkdifiHa&;ygwD tuGJt+yJrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; t=um;z&dkz&J ,SOf+ydKifaecJhr_rsm;tay: jynfolvlxk

tawmfrsm;rsm;u wpHkw&m pdwfysufaecJh=ucsdefjzpfonf? tqdkyg tajctaersm;a=umifhvnf; 1962ckESpfwGif ppfwyf

u tm%modrf;edkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyf tm%modrf;csdefwGif wifarmifOD;. touf (11)ESpfom &Sdao;onf?

ppftpdk;&u xdkodk@aom EkdifiHa&; y&d,m,fudk zefwD;vkduf&mwGif TuJhodk@ ppfwyf tm%modrf;jcif;onf

qdk&S,fvpf t,l0g'ESifh qufpyfaeonf[k tcsdK@u xifa=u;ay;=uum ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’onf 4if;wdk@.

odpdwfxJwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ rodpdwfxJwGifaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfwnfvmcJhayonf? qdk&S,fvpf t,l0g'udk

68

vdkufpm;ol EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifESifh tkyfpk rsm;pGmwdk@u ppftpdk;&udk axmufcHcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif ppfwyfESifh eD;uyfr_&Sdol

trsm;tjym;onf ppftpdk;&. a&mif;&if;rsm;taejzifh wenf;r[kwf wenf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? rdrd

udk,fusKd;&Smol AsL&dku&uf t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ynmwwfrsm;u ppftpdk;&udk tvkyftau|;jyKcJh=uonf? ppftm%m

odrf;jcif; udkta=umif;jyKIom ppftpdk;&u wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqv#if rSm;oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;/

rqvu &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:xkwfvmcJhaom jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfonf urBm. acwfa&pD;a=umif;ESifhtnD

wkd;wufysH@yGm;r_rsm; &&Sdaeonf[k xifjrif&a=umif; wdk@udk jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlodrsm;aom EkdifiHa&;orm; 0d"l& ocif

cspfarmifu a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH ol&Jaumif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tpfudk OD;atmifoef;uyif

‚jrefrmEkdifiHrSm qdk&S,fvpf jynfaxmifpk wpf&yfudk wnfaxmifwJhae&mrSm jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfu tvkyfjzpf

vdrfhr,fvdk@ usaemf ,Hk=unfw,fAs?‛ [lI ajym=um;cJhonf?

edkifiHa&;bufvdkufr_udk y,f&Sm;jcif;

ppftm%modrf; csdefwGif udkwifarmifOD;rSm touf (11)om &SdcJhao;onf? udkwifarmifOD; vli,fb0

1966ckESpfrS 1976ckESpf umvrsm;wGif ppftm%m&Sifrsm;/ 4if;wdk@. taygif;taz:rsm;ESifh rqvygwD todkif;t0kdif;u

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rsm;wGifrl qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dwdk hu t"du v$rf;rdk;aecJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'. tudkif;t&Guf rsm;=um;wGif

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t,ltqudk rD;armif;xdk;um 0g'jzef@r_rsm; t}uD;tus,f pOfqufrjywf vkyfcJhonf? jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfonf

qdk&S,fvpf oabmw&m;ESifh Ak'<bmom vrf;pOfwkd@udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf[k EkdifiHa&; awG;ac:&Sifrsm;u

oHk;oyfcJh=uonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGifrl 4if;onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'DESifh Ak'<bmomwdk@. tESpfom&rsm; r&Sdacs?

tD*spfESifh vpfbsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl tajctaersm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? 1961ckESpf tD*spfEkdifiHwGif ‘tm&yf

qdk&S,fvpf0g'’[lI [pfaºuG;um jynfolvlxkudk ESpfodrfh&eftwGuf ‘emqm’onf tpPvmrf bmomESifh

qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dwdk@udk aygif;pyfum 'kwd,t}udrf awmfvSefa&;udk tpjyKcJhonf? vpfbsm;EkdifiHwGif AdkvfrSL;}uD; *'gzDu

‚Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya awmfvSefa&;}uD;. OD;aqmifvrf;jy‛tjzpf rdrdudk,fudk

t!$ef;wyfcJhonf? ppftpdk;&u usifhoHk;aeaom ‘jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf’ppfrSefjcif; &Sdr&Sd qef;ppf&eftwGuf

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wpfckjzpfaom ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’qdkaom t,ltq. usKd;a=umif;nD!Gwfr_tay: pdefac:tHwk cJhjyD;aemuf

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tawmf=umatmif vufeufudkif wdkufyJG0ifvmcJhaom ygwDwpfckjzpfonf? ocifpkd;onf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;

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69

jzpfayonf? ocifpkd; tnHhcHcJhcsdefwGif oHk;oyfr_wpfckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 4if;rSm- ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’ESifhtnD

qdk&v#if t&if;&Sifpepf. txGw ftxdyfokd@ a&muf&Sdaeaom EkdifiHonf ‘qdk&S,fvpfpepf’odk@ ul;ajymif; usifhoHk;&rnf

[lonfyif jzpfonf? tar&duef EkdifiHonf ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’ . txGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&SdaecJhcsdefwGif qdk&S,fvpf

wkdif;jynfwpfcktjzpf ajymif;vJapa&;twGuf wpHkw&m t&dyf vuQ%mrsm; r&SdcJhacs? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf

tar&duefEkdifiHonf 4if;. ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’udk jyKjyifajymif;v JEkdifcJh+yD; tvkyform;tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm

&SifoefvnfywfcGifh ay;um tvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;cJhojzifh ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’

t,ltqrSm rSefuefr_r&Sdawmh[lI jzpfonf? ppfrSefaom qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh uGefjrLepfpepfwdk@. t,ltqrsm;udk

avhvmvSsuf&Sdolvli,frsm;onf ocifpdk;. oHk;oyfr_udk }um;od&aomtcg awGa0oGm;cJh=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiH .

vltzGJ@tpnf; tajccHwGif omrefvli,frsm;taejzifh rnfonfhbufu &yfwnf&rnf qkdonfudk

cGJjcm;qHk;jzwfEkdifa&;rSm tawmfyif cufcJ&_yfaxG;aom udpP&yfjzpfonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;ESifh

oli,fcsif;rsm;twGufrl xdkodk@ r[kwfcJhacs?

qdk&S,fvpfpepftawG;tac:wdk hteuf ‘tcGifhta&;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wef;nDr#r_’qdkaom t,ltqudk

udkwifarmifOD;u oabmwlESpf+cKdufcJhonf? xkd@twlyif vpfb&,fpepfw Gifvnf; ‘udk,fydkif vGwfvyfr_ESifh

tuef@towfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&’qdkaom oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufcHcJhonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;onf

EkdifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;ukd udk;um;um jrefrmEkdifiH vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif jzpfysuf aeaom tajctaersm;udk

oHk;oyfavh&SdcJholwpfOD; r[kwfacs? tjcm;olrsm;. xdkodk@aom oHk;oyfcsufrsm; tay:Yvnf; a0zefajymqdkjcif; r&SdcJh?

Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_udk xdef;odrf; xm;EkdifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;olu

tqkdyguJhodk@aom E_dif;,SOfoHk;oyfr_wpfckudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfcJhbl;avonf? wnaecif;wGif

&efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;&Sd *syfqyf taqmufttHka&S@Y oli,fcsif;wpftkyf pkqHkcJh=upOfujzpfonf? tcsdefrSm nae

(6)&Dcef@&Sd+yDjzpf+yD; wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJwGif vlajcjywfp jyKae+yD? TwGif udkwifarmifOD; ajymqdkonfrsm;rSm

rSwfom;zG,f&maumif;ayonf? olajymaom t&mrsm;rSm- *smreDEkdifiHwGif [pfwvm OD;aqmifum qdk&S,fvpf

trnfcH ygwDwpfckudk wnfaxmifcJha=umif;/ ’emZD’qdkonfrSm trsKd;om; qdk&S,fvpf [k t"dyg,f&a=umif;/

qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dudk rsufESmyef; jyxm;aomfvnf; tqdkyg ygwDu vufawG@usifhoHk;aeonfrSm zufqpf0g'Dom

jzpfa=umif;ESifh jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDudkvnf; tqdkyguJhodk@yif owfrSwfI &Ekdifa=umif;wkd@ jzpf=uonf?

udkwifarmifOD;u tqdkyguJhodk@ oHk;oyfajymqdkcJhjcif;onf rqv ygwDudk pwifwnfaxmif+yD;aemuf (10)ESpf

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0ifygcJh=uonf? rqvygwD ta&mifjyxm;aom ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vli,frsm;udk xdef;csKyf

Ekdif&eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. acgif;xJwGif rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'rsm;udk pnf;pepfwusjzifh &dkufoGif;cJhonf? xdkacwf

umvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0Srf;&Sd ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. taygif;taz: rdom;pkrsm;/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/ jynfol@0

efxrf;rsm;/ rqv todkif;t0dkif;/ tvkyform;ESifh v,form; tpnf;t&Hk;rsm; uJhodk@aom rqv. vufyg;ap

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wdk@xHrS qif;oufvmonfh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vli,fvl&G,frsm;onf ppftpdk;&u pOf;0g;vdkuf

ay;onfh oHpOftwkdif; urSef;rod uaecJh=uayonf?

70

odk@aomf uHaumif;axmufronf[k qdk&rnfvm; rod? udkwifarmifOD; tygt0if vli,ftcsdK@wkd@onf

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eufeJvSaom EkdifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;t=um;wGif 4if;wdk@ vrf;aysmufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? ’'Drdkua&pD’/ ’qdk&S,fvpf’/

’ppftpdk;&’ odk@r[kwf rnfonfh pepfudk vufudkifusifhoHk;aeumrl tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifh qdk;usKd;rsm;udk

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c|wf+cHKus&a=umif; wkd@udk vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:EkdifpGrf;&Sdol udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGm odjrifem;vnfcJhonf? ol.

oHk;oyfcsufrsm;rSm &dk;&Sif;aomfvnf; ajr}uD;vufcwfrvJG rSefuefaecJhonf? ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'o tm&yfEkdifiH

(10)EkdifiHwGif vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfr_udk qef@usifonfh vlxk tHkºuGr_rsm;udk=unfhrnfqdkv#if

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tcsdK@ESifh twlwuG udkwifarmifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufzsuf&eftwGuf ausmif;om;

vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;udk aqmf=opnf;&Hk;EkdifcJhonf?

orRw rlbm&wfu usifhoHk;cJhaom tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifwdkufzsufcJh=uonfh tD*spfEkdifiH&Sd vli,frsm;udk

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&maom vkyf&yfrsm;yif jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if 1962ckESpf Zlvdkifv ausmif;om;qENjyyJGrsm;rS

pwifum &J&ifhowWdESifh jynfpHkaom vli,frsm;wkd@. paw;cJh&jcif;rsm;udk ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf?

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awG;ac:r_jzifh wkdif;jynftajctaeudk avhvmoHk;oyfcJhonf? qef@usifv_yf&Sm; wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf r[mAsL[mrsm;

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&SdcJh+yD; ’vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_’udk aumif;rGefpGm usifhoHk;EkdifcJhonf?

71

8

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udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif; ESifh twWpdwfwkd@udk u¾wpfckxJwGif twlwuG xm;&SdEkdifaomfvnf; 4if;wdk@onf

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wOD;csif;vlyk*d~Kvfrsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk;. ta&;yg t&ma&mufr_udk tºuGif;rJh ypfy,fxm;jcif; (odk@r[kwf)

jiif;qefjcif;yifjzpfonf? tqdkyg wOD;csif;vlyk*d~Kvfrsm;. pdwfESvHk;xJwGif twWpdwf udef;atmif;aeaom tajctae

rsm;Y xd kuJhodk@jzpfwwfonf? ‘twWpdwf’ }uD;xGm;vmvSsif ‘avmb’/ ‘b0ifjrifhaompdwf’/ ‘vSnhfzsm;vdkaompdwf’/

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jzpfwnfvmonfESifh w+ydKifeuf 4if;. odpdwfxJYaomfvnf;aumif;/ rodpdwfxJYaomfvnf;aumif; pdwf.

oef@pifr_rSm aysmufysuf oGm;avawmhonf?

72

tcsKyftwnf;r&Sdaom twWpdwf&Sdjcif;. &vm'frsm;

wyg;olrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vpfvsL&_um ‘twWpdwf’xm;&Sdaom woD;yk*~vrsm;a=umifh vltrsm;wdk@.

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woD;yk*~vrsm; twlwuG ,SOfwGJ aexdkif=uaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ‘vlom;tcsif;csif; ,Hk=unfr_’ uif;rJhaernf?

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ayrnf?

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tjrwftpGef; trsm;pkudk ukr%Dvkyfief;&Sifrsm;uom &&SdoGm;=u+yD; a'ocHvlxku &&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rSm

rajymyavmufay?

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tcsdK@EkdifiHrsm;wGifom rubJ Oa&mywkduf ta&S@ydkif;/ tmz&duwdkuf/ vufwiftar&duwkdufESifh vwfwavm

ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'o&Sd EkdifiHrsm;wGifyg awG@jrifEkdifayonf?

2011ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (21)&ufae@wGif vpfbsm;EkdifiHudk (42)ESpf=umatmif tm%m&Siftjzpf

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usifh}uHonf[kqdk&mwGif 4if;wdk@u jynfolrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;rnf[k

ta,mifaqmifavh&Sd=uonf? vufawG@wGifrl wkdif;jynf. pOf;pdrfOpPmrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@.

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ol.aetdrfwGif awG@&SdcJh&onf?

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73

tiwfab;qdkufcJh&onf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@wGif vlr_a&; o[Zmjzpfr_ESifh w&m;r#wr_

rsm; csKyf+idrf;cJh&onf?

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tm;vHk;aom woD;yk*~vrsm;onf udk,fusKd;twGuf &SmazGvkyfudkifEkdif=uaomfvnf; 4if;wkd@. twWpdwfudkrl

acszsufoifhayonf? odk@aomf txl;owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrSm udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif;ESifh twWpdwf wkd@udk wdwdusus

cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;aom e,ferdwf wpHkw&m r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf? udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif;udk oifhavsmfrSefuefpGm

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usifhoHk;Ekdifonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;ESifh ywfoufaom udpP&yfwpfckudk avhvmoifhayonf?

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&cdkifjynfe,f. yifv,fqdyfurf;+rdK@wpf+rdK@jzpfaom ppfawG+rdK@wGif udkwifarmifOD;.taz oGm;a&muftvkyfvkyf

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atmfya&wmorm;wpfa,muftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (6)vv#ifwpf}udrf olu &efukef+rdK@udkjyefum

ol.rdom;pkudk vma&mufawG@qHkavh&Sdonf? tazvkyfol tdrfwGif &Sdraeonfhtcgrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u

tdrfr_upPrsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf? zcifwpfOD;uJhodk@yif ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk jyKpkapmifha&Smufonf?

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t"duqdkEkdifayonf? T&vm'fa=umifh EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif pD;yGm;a&; c|wf+cHKuscJh&onf? aps;uGufxJ&Sd pm;oHk;ukef

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&SdaecJhonf?

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bmrSrusefawmh oavmufyif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh aemufvrsm;wGifvnf; taºuG;pepfjzifh aps;0,f&aoma=umifh

74

rqHk;Ekdifaom oHo&mvnfaecJhonf? TonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd jynfolvlxktrsm;pkwdk@ awG@}uHKcJh=u&onfh &Hk;rxGufEkdif

aom 0J=oCqdk;}uD;yif jzpfonf?

rdom;pk aiGa&;a=u;a&;tajctaeESifh ywfoufI udkwifarmifOD;u tawmf pdwfrcsrf;om jzpfcJhonf?

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aeEkdifatmif vkyf=ur,f?‛[k ajymonf?

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pepfwus a&;qJGay;cJhonf?

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75

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76

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77

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78

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79

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ajymif;vJwdk;wufr_ wpHkw&m &SdvmcJhonfqdkaomfjim;vnf; Twkdif;jynfwGif txufaz:jyyg tajctaersm;udk

}uHKawG@ae&onf? wzef jrefrmEkdifiHudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u wdkif;jynfudk qufvuf tkyfcsKyfae

ao;aoma=umifh tajctaerSm zdvpfydkifEkdifiHxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm qdk;&Gm;aeonf[k qdkEkdifayonf?

twWpdwf tjrpfwG,faeaom EkdifiHom;wdkif;onf rdrd. aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGuf/ aumif;pm;a&;

twGuf/ om,m tqifajyr_twGufudkom tcsdefjynfh pOf;pm;aeonf? vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;jzifh zGJ hpnf;xm;aom

vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wpfckwGif vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif; tusKd;jrwfjzpfxGef;rSomv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk;taejzifh

80

a&S@odk@wufvSrf;Ekdifrnf qdkonfhtcsufudk jiif;Ir&acs/ TonfrSm &_axmifhwpfck jzpfonf? T&_axmifhu =unfhv#if

vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;. udk,fusKd;&Smr_u dk xdef;odrf;umuG,f jr‡ifhwif&ef vdktyfayonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif

tjcm;&_axmifhwpfck udkvJ xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygrnf? 4if;rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;Y w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_/ +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh

zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_rsm; jzpfxGef;aerSomv#if vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jzpfxGef;apEkdifrnf qkdonfhtcsufyif

jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;rsm;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@ t=um;&Sd tjyeftvSef qufE$,fr_. ta&;ygyHkudk

av#mhwGufI r&acs? Todk@qdkv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. t&if;cHusaom jy\emrsm;udk tm&Hk;pl;pdkuf&ef/ 4if;wdk hudk

ajz&Sif;I vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk aumif;usdK;jyKedkifaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;&SmazG&ef / vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tqifhtwef;

jrifhwifvmap&ef&nf&G,fum vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;pDu tm&HkjyKvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonf? odk@rSomv#if 4if;wdk@onf

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGufomru wdkif;jynftwGufyg wm0efcHr_&Sdaom EkdifiHom;rsm; jzpfvm=uayrnf? tqdkyg

EkdifiHom;wdk@. pdwfESvHk;xJwGif ‘twWpdwf’tjrpfwG,f aev#ifrl 4if;wdk@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. aumif;&maumif;usKd;

udk vHk;0O\Hk OyuQmjyKxm;+yD; rdrdwdk@ aumif;pm;a&; twGufudkom vdktyfonfxufydkItm&Hkxm;ae=urnf

jzpfonf?

rdrd. ‘twWpdwf’udk zHk;uG,fvdkaom woD;yk*~vrsm;onf ‚igh&J@ }uD;yGm;csrf;r_udk t&ifqHk;&Smr,f?

+yD;awmhrSomv#if wjcm;vlawG&J@b0udk ulnDa xmufyhHay;r,f?‛[k r=umr=um qifajcay;avh&Sd=uonf?

tyifwpfyif aumif;rGefpGm }uD;xGm;&SifoefEkdifrSomv#if tjcm;tyifrsm;. &Sifoefr_udk taxmuftyhHjyKEkdifrnf

[kqdkum rdrdwdk@. twW}uD;aom vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefa=umif; oufaojy&ef }udK;yrf;=uonf? em;0ifuawmh

csKdayonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGifrl 4if;wdk@trsm;pkonf rdrdwdk@. twWyifrsm; tuef@towfrJh }uD;xGm;&Sifoef

vmEkdifap&eftwGufudkom tcsdefjynfh vkyfaqmifaeavh&Sdonf? rdrdwdk@. &nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfhrSDoGm;cJh+yD;onfhwkdif

4if;wdk@onf tjcm;tyifrsm;. &Sifoefr_twGuf wpHkw&m tav;rxm;=uacs? rdrdwdk@. twWyifrsm; tawm

rowfEkdifatmif &Sifoefa&;twGufukdom ae@a&mnyg tm&Hkxm;aeaoma=umihf tiftm;jynfh+zdK;aom tyif.

t&dyfatmufwGif tm;EGJ@aom tyifrsm;rSm aea&mifjcnfr&awmhbJ aoa=uysufokOf; =u&onf? 4if;.

tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh vlr_a&;o[Zwjzpfr_ESifh obm0a*[pepfwdk@ +ydKvJysufpD;=u&um 0J=oCqdk;}uD; wzefjyefvnf

jzpfxGef;vmayonf?

t&m&mwkdif;udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm =unfhjrifwwfjcif;

vlom;wpfa,mufyif jzpfaom udkwifarmifOD;onf tenf;qHk;taejzifh ol. cspfvSpGmaom

rdom;pk0ifrsm;ukd yhHydk;ay;Ekdif&eftwGuf ukd,fusKd;&SmvdkcJhaomfvnf; ‘udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif;’ESifh ‘twWpdwf’wdk@.

ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfr_udk ol. twGif;pdwfxJY od&SdaecJhjcif;a=umifh ‘udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif;’[laom puf0ef;xJYom

rdrdudk,fudk tapmydkif;uwnf;uyif xm;&SdEkdifcJhonf?

wpfae@ wuUodkvfyifre,fajr. tm;upm;&HkY oli,fcsif;rsm; pkqHkae=ucsdefwGif udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif;

wwd,ESpfausmif;om; armifarmifu Todk@ar;cGef;xkwfavonf?

‚oli,fcsif;wkd@? rif;wdk@ tem*wfrSm bmvkyfzdk@ pdwful;ovJ? bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if bmtvkyf vkyf=urSmvJ?‛

81

xdkpOfu udkwifarmifOD;onf wuUokdvfyxrESpfwGif pwifynmoif=um;aecJhonf? trsm;ESifhpmv#if olonf

wuUodkvfausmif; wufa&muf&ef (1)ESpf aemufuscJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; (9)wef;ausmif;om;b0wGif tav;rjcif;/

a&ul;+ydKifyGJ0ifjcif; ponfh tm;upm;vdkufpm;r_rsm;wGif tvGeftrif;tcsdefukefcJhojzifh (9)wef;udk (1)ESpf

xyfxdkifcJh&onf? xdk@jyif um&maw;/ *sL'dkpaom udk,fcHynm&yfrsm;udkvnf; olu tawmfvdkufpm;cJhonf?

xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol. oli,fcsif;tcsdK@rSm wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpf/ wwd,ESpf rsm;wGif ynmoif=um;ae=u+yD?

tm;upm;&HkxJwGif oli,fcsif; (15)a,mufcef h pka0;ae=ujcif; jzpfonf? ‘armifr,fopfvGif }udKqdkyJG’u &&Sdaom

rkef@yJom;a&pmrsm;udk pm;aomufum aysmf&$if&,farm ae=ucsdefwGif armifarmifu TuJhodk@ ar;cGef;xkwfvm

jcif;jzpfonf? Tt}uHtpnfudk udkwifarmifOD;u pcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk

rdbrsm;u rkef@zdk; ray;Ekdifaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@onf wuUodkvf0if;twGif;&Sd pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGif oGm;xkdifzdk@

rwwfEkdifcJh=uacs? udkwifarmifOD;udk 0kdif;&Hae=uaom oli,fcsif;rsm;onf pm;aomuf&if;u twlwuG tvmy

ovmy ajymqdk &,farmIom aevdkjcifcJh}uonf? ukd,fhar*sm [kwfonf r[kwfonfudk tyxm; wuUodkvf

twGif;&Sd ar*sm toD;oD;udk oGm;a&mufum armifr,fopfvGif }udKqdkyJGrsm;udk wufa&muf&eftwGuf t}uHjyKcJh

onfrSm udkwifarmifOD;yifjzpfonf? Tonfu t}uHaumif;wpfckyif? ar*smtoD;oD;&Sd }udKqdkyJGrsm;udk wufa&muf

jcif;jzifh {nfhonfawmfrsm;twGuf wnfcif;ay; xm;aom tpm;taomufrsm;udk ydkufqH wpfjym;rS ay;p&mrvdkbJ

oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vHk; aysmfaysmf&$if&$if pm;aomufEkdif=uonf? ,ckuJhodk@ aysmf&$ifpGm tm;&yg;& pkaygif;pm;aomuf

ae}uaom tcsdefwGif bJG@&+yD;v#if bmvkyfrnfvJ[lI acgif;pm; &rnfh tem*wfta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfolur#

ajymqdkvdkpdwfr&Sd?

odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u armifarmifh ar;cGef;udk ajzvkdufonf?

‚b,fvrf;a=umif;udk a&G;+yD;awmh bmtvkyfvkyf&rvJ qdkwm igawmh rodao;bl;uG? rif;uaum

b,fvdkvJ?‛

armifarmifonf udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif; &if;csmwpfa,muf r[kwfacs? olESifh &if;ESD;aom

oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf. oli,fcsif;jzpfonf? armifarmifu udkwifarmifOD;wkd@ tkyfpkudk r=umr=umrS wpfcg

vmaygif;jcif;jzpfonf? armifarmifu ‚igvJ rodao;bl;? 'gayr,fh ausmif;+yD;oGm;wJhtcgus&if rif;wdk@}udKufwJh

tvkyfaumif;wpfckudk &Ekdifzdk@twGuf jyifqifzdk@udk ig t}uHwpfck ay;csifw,fuG?‛ [k qdkonf?

armifarmif. tqdkrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&myif? TwGif oli,fcsif;rsm;u pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh

ar;=uavonf?

‚tJ'gu bmvJ?‛

‚igwkd@udk ajymjyuGm?‛

‚ajymav?‛

‚b,fvdkrsKd; jyifqif&rSmvJ?‛

armifarmif. rsufESmxm;onf ppfEkdifvmaom ppfonfawmfOD;wpfOD;ES,f 0ifhºuGm;oGm;+yD; Todk@qdkonf?

82

‚'Dtpdk;&&J@ qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufrSm aeae&wmqdkawmh rif;wkd@ bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if

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tpdk;&XmewckckrSm 0efxrf; jzpfatmif vkyfawmhrSbJ vpmaumif;aumif; &Ekdifr,f?‛

armifarmifajymonfh pum;udk rnfodk@jyefajz&rnf rodaoma=umifh tm;vHk;u wdwfwqdwf xkdifem;axmif

ae=uonf? TwGif armifarmifu qufajymonf?

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'DwuUodkvfrSm vmwufae=uwmudk rif;wkd@vJ todbJ r[kwfvm;? rif;wdk@u olwdk@eJ@ cifatmifaygif;xm;? rif;wdk@

bGJ@&+yD;vkd@ 450 usyfpm; tpdk;&t&m&Sd tvkyfwpfckckudk oGm;av#mufr,fqdk&if a&;ajz pmar;yJGwpfck ajz&w,f?

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ta&G;cH&rSm r[kwfbl;? at; 'gayr,fh tvkyfcef@wJh bkwftzGJ@udk ppfwyfxJu tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;wpfa,muf

a,mufu w,fvDzkef;wpfcsuf aumufquf+yD; rif;&J@emrnf ajymvkdufwmeJ@ t&nftcsif; &Sd&Sdr&Sd&Sd rif; tJ'Dtvkyfudk

wef;&o Gm;r,f? igajymwmudk rif;wdk@ em;vnfvm;?‛

armifarmif. t}uHtpnfudk =um;vkduf+yD;aomtcg tcsdK@u bmrSrajymbJ +idrfxkdifae=uonf? armifarmif

ajymwmudk vufcHonfh oabmyif? odk@aomf tjcm;olrsm;u wpfa,mufwpfaygufjzifh uef@uGuf=uavonf?

‚tpdk;&0efxrf; tvkyfudk ig pdwfr0ifpm;bl;?‛

‚iguawmh &Gmjyef+yD; v,fxGefpm;rSmuG?‛

‚igu ightazudk ulvkyfay;+yD;awmh &Smpm;vdk@&w,f? "gwfyHkq&mwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif tazhudk

oifckdif;r,f?‛

‚igu udk,fhbmomukd,f oD;oef@ pmtkyfqdkifwpfqkdif axmifrSm?‛

‚iguawmh pma&;q&mwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif vkyfr,f? 'Dtvkyfu rcsrf;ombl; qdkayr,fhvJ

pm;vdk@aomufvkd@ &avmuftxdawmh ydkufqH&SmEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhwmbJ?‛

TuJhodk@ ajymqdkae=ucsdefwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu toHus,fus,fjzifh xajymonf? wuUodkvf

'kwd,ESpf ordkif;ar*smu xGef;0if;yg?

‚igu rif;ajymwmudk vHk;0 vufrcHbl;uG?‛

TwGif tm;vHk;. toHwdwfoGm;+yD; xGef;0if;udk 0kdif;=unfh=uonf? xGef;0if;u ol. oabmxm;udk

xyfajymjyefonf?

‚rif;ajymwJh t}uHu udk,fusihfw&m;eJ@ rnDwma=umifh ig vHk;0 vufrcHEkdifbl;?‛

TwGif armifarmifu jyefyufonf?

83

‚bmjzpfvkd@ udk,fusifhw&m;eJ@ rnD&rSmvJ? 'gu olrsm;om;r,m;eJ@ azgufjyefaewmrSr[kwfbJ? rk'drf;r_

usL;vGefwmrS r[kwfbJ?‛

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ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh ppfAdkvfwpfa,muf&J@ om;udk oGm;aygif;rSm r[kwfbl;? 'gu ukd,fusifhw&m;eJ@ rnDbl;vdk@

igxifw,f?‛

udkwifarmifOD;ESifh tjcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vHk;onf xGef;0if;u ajymvdkufaom pum;ESifhywfoufI

tawG;e,fcsJ@ae=uonf?

armifarmifu ajymjyefonf?

‚'Dpepf}uD; wpfckvHk;u vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ jynfhaewmqdkawmh rif;rSm t&nftcsif;&Sdayr,fhvJ b,fawmhrS

ta&G;cH&rSm r[kwfbl;? ppfwyfu t&m&Sd}uD;wpfa,mufu axmufcHay;awmhrSbJ vpmaumif;aumif;&wJh

tpdk;&0efxrf;&mxl;udk rif; &Ekdifvdrfhr,f? 'DvkdrS r[kwf&if rif;u tJ'D ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ trsKd;awmfrS &r,f? 'gu

wu,fhvufawG@b0rSm jzpfysufaewmudk ajymwmuG?‛

TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u toHcyfrmrmjzifh =um;jzwfajymonf?

‚armifarmif? 'Dvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm &SdwJh pepf}uD;wpfckvHk;u vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ jynfhaew,fqdkwmudk rif;

odxm;wmaumif;w,f? 'gayr,fh rif;ajymwJh t}uHudk igvJ vufrcHEkdifbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh rif;ajymwJh

vkyf&yf[mw&m;r#wr_r&SdwJhvlr_a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;udkpepf taxmuftuljyKaevdk@bJ? ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@ om;orD;awGeJ@

rdwfzGJ@zdk@qdkwJh t}uHjyKcsuf[m rif;&J@ ‘twWpdwf’tajccH+yD;awmh ajymaewmjzpfw,f? 'DvdkbJ rif;&J@ oli,fcsif;udkvJ

olwkd@&J@ ‘twWpdwf’udk jr‡ifhwifay;zdk@twGuf tm;ay;&ma&mufw,f? *k%foduQm&SdwJh vli,fwdkif;[m 'Dvrf;udk

ra&G;cs,foifhbl;? igwdk@ tem*wf[m igwdk@vli,fawG&J@vufxJrSm &Sdw,f? igwdk@&J@ ‘twWpdwf’awGtay:rSm

tm&Hkxm;aer,fhtpm; igwdk@[m 'Dvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifpGrf;&Sd&r,f qdkwJh pdwf"gwfudk xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@

vdkw,f? w&m;r#wr_&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh ighwkd@wawG tm;vHk;[m igwdk@&J@EkdifiHudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ

zdk@twGuf tpGrf;ukef }udK;pm;=u&r,f?‛

aemufqHk;wGif armifarmif toHwdwfoGm;onf? *k%foa&&Sdaom vli,frsm; rnfuJhokd@ &yfwnfoifha=umif;

udkwifarmifOD;. a0zefcsufudk =um;+yD;aomtcgwGif oli,fcsif;trsm;pku &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfoabmayguf

oGm;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; armifarmifrSmrl xdkuJhodk@ r[kwfcJhacs? wuUodkvfbJG@&+yD;aemufwGif armifarmifonf

vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&; t&m&SdwpfOD;tjzpf tvkyfav#mufxm;cJhonf? ol@oli,fcsif;. taz ppft&m&Sd}uD;wpfOD;.

axmufcHay;r_a=umifh xdktvkyfudk &oGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif ppftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif tpdk;&

0ef}uD;Xmersm;twGif; vmbfpm;r_rsm; t}uD;tus,f jzpfyGm;aecJhonfESifhtnD vl0ifr_ }uD;=uyfa&;t&m&Sd

armifarmifonf 0ifaiGrsm;pGm &&SdcJhonf? armifarmifonf ol. twW}uD;aom &nfrSef;csufudk wrifwum&nf&G,fI

usifh}uHaqmif&GufcJhayonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif armifarmifuJhodk@aom vli,fvl&G,f trsm;tjym;&SdrnfrSm

taotcsmyifjzpfonf?

84

udkwifarmifOD;uJhodk@aom udk,fusKd;&Smjcif;rsKd;onf &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif;av;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ckdifrm&J&ifhpGm

jyKrlwwfaom pdwfxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfofn? vli,f tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk@u ol.vrf;pOftwkdif; vdkufrvkyfEkdifcJh=uacs?

TonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ynma&;pepf. tm;enf;csufa=umifhvnf; jzpfayonf?

ynma&;pepfudk jyefvSefoHk;oyfjcif;

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tvHktavmuf axmufyhHay;jcif; r&Sdacs? ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;xJwGif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tqrwef

rsm;jym;aeavh&Sdonf? ausmif;q&mwpfa,mufu udkifwG,fEkdifaom ta&twGufxuf tqrwef rsm;jym;ae

avh&Sdonf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf vpfvsL&_xm;jcif; cH=u&um 4if;wdk@.

ausmif;pmrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ulnD&Sif;jyay;r_rsm; tvHktavmuf r&SdcJhacs? rlvwef;ESifh txufwef;rsm;wGif

ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf ocsmF/ ody`HESifh t*Fvdyf bmom&yfrsm;wGif tcuftcJawG@cJh&onf? txl;ojzifh

wuUodkvf 0ifcGifh (10)wef; pmar;yJGudk atmifEkdif&eftwGuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tpGrf;ukef}udK;pm;cJh=u&onf?

xdkjy\emudk ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGuf rdbrsm;u 4if;wdk@. om;orD;rsm;udk yk*~vdu usL&Sifrsm; ,lapcJhonf?

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wdk@onf vlwef;pm; cGJjcm;r_ (okd@r[kwf) ypPnf;OpPm ydkifqkdifr_ r&SdbJv#uf aysmf&$ifr_twdjzifh aexkdifcJh=uaomfvnf;

89

rufarmr_ESifh avmbpdwfwkd@ v$rf;rdk;vmaomtcg T ajcmufjypfuif;tajctae ysufokOf;o Gm;&onf‛[k qdkcJhonf?

vlwef;pm;cJGjcm;r_ r&Sdaom/ r#a0jcif; pdwfxm;udk usifh}uHaom vl@tokdif;t0kdif; udk avhvmcGifh&cJhonfh udkwifarmifOD;

onf ‘',feD&,f abmfpwif’ uJ h odk hyif vlom;wkd@. aysmf&$ifr_rsm;udk wpfpHkw&mtwkdif;twmtxd cHpm;od&Sd EkdifcJh

onf? ‚vlr_b0wdk;wufvmjcif; (odk hr[kwf) acwfrSDwdk;wufvmjcif; onf qif;&Jr_/ cdk;0Sufr_/ vlowfr_/ r[kwf rrSef

ajymqdkr_ ponfh ,kwfnhHaom vkyf&yfrsm;udk jzpfaponf (odk@r[kwf) rsm;jym;vmaponf‛ [lIvnf; ',feD&,fu

rSwfcsufay;cJhjyefonf? ‚vlr_b0wdk;wufvmjcif; (odk hr[kwf) acwfrSDwdk;wufvmjcif;‛ eSifh pyfvsSOf;Irl

udkwifarmifOD;. &yfwnfcsufrSm ',feD&,f abmfpwif ESifh uJGjym;cJhonf? tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrif&Sdol

udkwifarmifOD;onf vlr_b0wdk;wufr_ odk hr[kwf acwfrSDwdk;wufr_udk ar#mfudk;um vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wqifhjcif;

ajymif;vJ oGm;apvdkcJhonf? TtwGuf rdrdb0wpfckvHk; ESpfjr‡KyfvkyfudkifoGm;cJhonf? TonfrSm &_axmifhwpfck

jzpfonf? tjcm;&_axmifhu=unfhv#if olonf ‘r#a0vkdaom pdwfxm;’udk vnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk@ t&dkif;b0u

xJu pwifjzpfwnf vmonfh ‘ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaomwefzdk;rsm;’udk vnf;aumi f; qufvuf xdef;odrf;xm;vkdcJhonf?

‘ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaomwefzdk;rsm;’ qdkonfrSm vl.tm&Hkig;yg;jzifhrl cHpm;od&SdjcifrS od&Sdedkifygrnf? pdwfjzifh tuJjzwfod&Sd

edkifaom t&mrsdL;udk qdkvdkonf?

vlr_b0wdk;wufr_ &Sdjcif;ESifh r&Sdjcif;

vlr_b0wkd;wufr_ wenf;tm;jzifh acwfrSDwdk;wufr_ qdkonfrSm a&Smifv$JI&Ekdifaom t&mwpfck r[kwfacs?

odk@aomfvnf; vlr_b0wkd;wufr_ &Sdvmapa&; twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk aumif;usKd;jzpfaprnfh oGifjyifvuQ%m

rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;aepOf wcsdefwnf;wGif qdk;usKd;jzpfap rnfh t&mrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ avsmhyg;oGm;atmifvkyf&rnf

(odk@r[kwf) rnfuJhodk@ acsr_ef;okwfoif&rnfqdkonfrSm ar;cGef;xkwfp&m jzpfvmayonf? ‘aomrwf a[mh(bf)’.

xifay:ausmf=um;aom ‘e*dkrlvobm0tajctae’ qdkonfh t,ltqY qdkxm;ouJhokd@yif ordkif;OD;acwf vl htzGJ h

tpnf;Y vlwOD;onf tjcm;vlwOD; odk hr[kwf tjcm;vltrsm;wdk heSifh pOfqufrjywf ppfcif;aeouJhodk h&yfwnf

&SifoefcJh&jyD; c%wdkif; c%wdkif;Y vlom;onf rvHkjcHKr_udk cHpm;cJh&onf?

xdka=umifh ,ae@acwfumvwGif vlom;onf e*dkrlv obm0tajctaeY qufvufwnf&Sdaea&; qdkonf

rSm rawG;0Hhp&m jzpfouJhodk@ vlr_b0wdk;wufr_ r&Sdaom urBmonfvnf; qufvuf wnf+rJraeoifhay? odk@aomf

tay:,Htm;jzifh =unfhv#if vlr_b0wkd;wufoa,mif acwfrSDvl htzGJ htpnf;jzpfaeoa,mif xif&aomfvnf;

‘avmbESifha'go’pdwfwdk@rSaygufzGm;vmaom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonfhtjyKtrlponfwdk@uJhodk@ vlom;wkd@. raumif;

aom oGifjyifvuQ%mrsm; avsmhenf; oGm;atmif rjyKvkyfEkdifv#ifrl vlom;wkd@onf e*kdrlv obm0tajctaeYom

&Sdaernfjzpfonf?

TonfrSm vpfbsm;EkdifiH bef*gZD+rdK@&Sd jynfoljynfom;wdk@ }uHKawG@cJh&aom taetxm;yif jzpfonf? rmrl0g

*g'gzDu ol. tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk qef@usifawmfvSefol rnfol@udkrqdk tjrpfjywfESdrfeif;rnf[k 2011ckESpf

rwfv (17)&ufae@wGif ajym=um;cJhonf? vuf&SdtajctaewGif *g'gzDudk qef@usifonfjzpfap/ 4if;udk axmufcH

onfjzpfap vpfbsm;EkdifiH&Sd jynfolwdk@onf vHk+cHKr_ uif;rJhae&onf? e*dkrlv obm0tajctaeY aexkdifae&

ouJhodk@yif awG@}uHKcHpm;ae&onf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;&m ae&m

90

a'o rsm;wGif aexkdifolrsm;onfvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf? rnfonfh EkdifiHa&; t,l0g' (okd@r[kwf) EkdifiHa&; pepf

atmufY &Sdaeygap tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfr_udk usifhoHk; aeor# umvywfvHk; ‘vlxkudk A[dkjyKaom’ vlr_b0wkd;wufr_

b,faomtcgr# jzpfxGef;vmrnf r[kwfouJhodk@ 'kuQa0'emrsm;rSmvnf; csKyf+idrf;oGm;rnf r[kwfa=umif;udk

udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnf oabmaygufcJhonf? TonfrSm xm0& trSefw&m;yif jzpfonf?

twGif;pdwfjidrf;csrf;r_ eSifh tjyifydkif;jidrf;csrf;r_

vl htzGJ htpnf;Y qdk;0g;r_rsm;udk y,f&Sm;Ekdifapa&;twGuf ‘trSefw&m;’udk &SmazG&mwGif ‘twGif;ydkif;udk

aZmif;ay;aom csOf;uyfenf;’ onf wefbdk;rjzwfedkifajc? qdkvdkonfrSm pdwf. oef@&Sif;pif=u,fr_ jzpfwnfEkdif&ef

usifh}uH&rnf? odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh pdwfudk ,Ofaus;atmifvkyf&rnf jzpfonf? Todk@rSomv#if rpPwm

*dktifum u jyqdkcJhouJhodk@yif 'kuQa0'emrS aysmf&$ifr_odk@vnf;aumif;/ tcsKyftaESmifb0rS vGwfajrmufonfh b0odk@

vnf;aumif;/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_rS pmempdwf xm;&Sdr_odk@vnf;aumif; ajymif;vJjzpfwnfvmEkdifayrnf? ‚vlom;

wdk@. pdwfESvHk;xJY trsufa'goESifh trkef;w&m;rsm; &Sdaev#if urBmay:Y +idrf;csrf;a&; rjzpfxGef;Ekdif? vlom;wkd@.

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olu qufvufoHk;oyfcJhjyefonf? urBmay:Y +idrf;csrf;a&; jzpfwnfvmatmif jyKvkyf&mwGif woD;yk*~vwkdif;onf

rdrd. pdwfESvHk;udkoef@pifEkdif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&SdvmEkdifonfhtajctae a&mufonftxd ‘twGif;ydkif;odk@ aZmif;

ay;aom csOf;uyfenf;’udk vufcHusifh}uH&rnf? wdk;csJ@&rnf? tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyK&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf; pkpnf;r_

&Sdonfjzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap/ *dk%f;*%pGJ &Sdonfjzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap bmom0ifrsm;onf urRÏmef;xkdifjcif;

(okd@r[kwf) bmoma&;t& tjcm;aom usif hpOfrsm;udkusifhjcif; wdk hjzifh ‘twGif;ydkif;odk@ aZmif;ay;aom csOf;uyf

enf;’udk usifhoHk;&HkrSseSifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;ukd &&ef }udK;yrf;rnfqdkvSsif vHkavmufr_ &Sdr&Sdqdkonfudk qef;ppf&ef vdktyf

ae ayao;onf?

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wpfa,muf. pdwfESvHk;twGif;Y jzpfwnfEkdifonf qkdaom tcsufyifjzpfonf? ,if;udk twGif;ydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_[k

qdk}uygpdk h? 'kwd,wpfrsKd; rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; (odk@r[kwf) EkdifiH (okd@r[kwf) wurBmvHk;wGif jzpfwnfaeaom

+idrf;csrf;onfh tajctaersm;udk qdkvdkonf? TtajctaewGif +idrf;csrf;r_onf vlom;wdk@ pdwfESvHk;. tjyifbufY

wnf&Sdae ayonf? yxr awG;qcsuf rSm twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_&Sd v#if tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_ jzpfwnfvmEkdifonf

[lIyifjzpfonf? TawG;qcsufudk tajccH olrsm;u vlom;wkd@onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk tav;xm;

&SmazG&rnf[k t}uHjyK avh&Sd=uonf? 'kwd, awG;qcsufrSm tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_ &SdrSomv#if twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk

&SmazGedkifonfh taetxm;&edkifrnf[lI jzpfonf? tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_udk zsufqD;jcif; cH&aom tajctaewGif

woD;yk*~vrsm;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&,lEkdif&ef tcGifhtvrf; jynfh0pGm &Sdrnf r[kwf[k ,lq=uonf?

T,lqcsufudk tajccHolrsm;u vlom;wdk@onf tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGum +idrf;csrf;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk

zefwD;jcif;jzifh vlwkdif;vlwkdif;onf twGif;pdwf+idrf;csrf;r_ &SmazGEkdif&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sd}urnf[k qdk=u

onf? TwGif tqdkyg jzpfpOf wpfckpD. xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh tjyifydkif;

+idrf;csrf;r_wkd@ t=um;&Sd qufE$,fr_udk vnf;aumif; avhvmoHk;oyfoifhayonf?

91

+idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udka&m tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_udkyg

eSpfckvHk;twGuf OD;wnfcsufxm;cJhonf? olonf ueOD;ydkif;uwnf;uyif twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_tay: tm&Hkxm;um

‘pdwf. oef@pifjcif;’udk &SmazGcJhonf? pdwf. oef hpifr_onf twGif;ydkif;jidrf;csrf;r_twGuf ta}umif; taxmuftyHh

jzpfonfudk olem;vnfcJhonf? ‘pdwfaxGjym;r_’ESifh ‘rodem;rvnfr_’ wdk hudk y,f&Sif;um rdrd. pdwfoef hpifr_udk

t&if;jyKI ‘b0 &nfrSef;csuf’udk wpdkufrw frwf pif}u,fpGm &SmazGedkifcJhonf? rdrd. rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk omru tjcm;

olrsm; tay:wGifyg ‘arwWm’xm;&SdcJhjcif;a=umifh ‘rESpf+rdK@jcif;’ [laom pdwfxm;udk wqifhcsif; z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhonf? ol.

pdwfESvHk;twGif;wGif ‘trkef;w&m;’ESifh ‘&efjidSK;odkr_’wdk@ uif;cJhon f? vrf;o&J *kd%f;0ifrsm;udk olu rkef;wD;ojzifh

wdkufcdkufcJhjcif; r[kwf? 4if;wdk@udk qHk;rvdk cJhjcif;a=umifhomjzpfonf? &kyf&nf ajyjypfaom vli,fwpfOD; jzpfaomf

jim;vnf; olonf b0wpfav#muf vHk;wGif rdef;uav;&nf;pm; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkr# xm;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs? jrifhjrwf

aomt&mtwGuf wpdkufrwfrwf }udK;yrf;vkyfudkif aecsdefwGif ‘taESmiftzGJ@’ udk vufrcHcJhacs? xdk@jyif

vlom;rsKd;EG,fwdk@tay:Y v$rf;+cHKxm;&Sd aom ‘arwWmw&m;’ESifh vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf tay:Y xm;&Sdaom

‘ork',taESmifhtzGJ@’wkd@udk cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifcJhonf? arwWm w&m;tay: tm&Hkxm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; aESmifzGJ@jcif;

uif;atmif aecJhonf? xkd@a=umifh ol. pdwfESvHk;rSm t+rJwap +idrf;csrf;ae cJhonf?

udkwifarmifOD;onf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;uyif r#a0vkdaom pdwfxm;udk usifh}uHvmcJhaoma=umifh rdrd.

‘avmb’ESifh ‘wyfrufr_’pdwfwdk@udk twdkif;twm tawmfrsm;rsm;txd av#mhcsEkdifcJhonf? rdrd. atmifjrifr_twGuf

auseyftm;&r_ &Sd&Hkomru tjcm;olrsm;. atmifjrifr_&vm'frsm;tay:Yvnf; 0rf;omyDwd jzpfcJhonfudk =unfhrnf

qdkv#if trsm; tm;jzifh ol. pdwfxm;onf ‘remvdkr_’ uif;&Sif;aeonf? ykdI ta&;ygonfrSmum; udkwifarmifOD;xHY

tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrif &Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf? b0wGif awG@}uHKvm&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk nnf;nLjcif; tv#Of;r&SdbJ

v#uf tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrifjzifh &ifqdkifausmfjzwfcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jy\emrsm;udk taumif;bufu =unfhjrif

oHk;oyfcJhonf? wdbufa'o. oef@&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf 'vdkifvm;rm; uJhokd@yif aumif;jrwfaom pdwf0dnmOf

(odk@r[kwf) [mo^m%fjzifh udkwifarmifOD;u tjcm;olrsm;udk qufqHcJhonf? 4if;wdk@onf ‘pdwf. oef@pifjcif;’udk

xif[yfjyoaeaom p&dkufvuQ%mrsm;yifjzpf+yD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. vufxJY toufpaw;cHcJh& onfhtcsdeftxd

udkwifarmifOD;u tqdkyg p&dkufvuQ%mrsm;udk xdef;odrf;usifh}uHoGm;cJhonf? pdwf. oef@pifjcif;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif

aoma=umifh olonf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk wpHkw&m twkdif;twmtxd &&SdEkdifcJhonf?

twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGjcif;. ta&;ygyHkudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ twGif;pdwfjidrf;csrf;r_onf vl@tzGJ h

tpnf;twGufrsm;pGm tusKd;jzpfxGef;aponfudkvnf;aumif; aumif;rGefpGm odxm;aomfvnf; w&m;r#wI vGwfvyf

+yD;+idrf;csrf;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; odk@ toGifajymif;apEkdifa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&Guf&mwGif twGif;pdwfjidrf;csrf;r_

r#ESifhf rvHkavmuf a=umif;udk udkwifarmifOD;u &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? xdk@jyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckonf ajcmufypfuif;

oJxJpif jzpfaeapumrl twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ r&Sdjyefv#ifvnf; vlom;wdk@onf t"dyg,f jynfh0aom/ touf0if

aom/ aysmf&$ifzG,f&maumif;aom b0rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Ekdif=urnf r[kwfa=umif;vnf; em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u puf0ef;rsOf; jzpfv#if vlom;wdk@. twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_u A[dkcsufr jzpfonf? twGif;pdwf

+idrf;csrf;r_udk wdk;csJ hedkif/ t&Snfojzifhwnfwef hapedkifaomtcg vlom;wdk@onf tqHk;pGefaom aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajrhr_udk

&&SdcHpm;Ekdif=uonf?

92

yk*~dKvfwOD;. pdwfESvHk;xJY aysmf&$ifr_ pdk;pOf;r# r&Sdv#if 4if;.b0onf opfyifwyifeSifh tvm;wlaeayrnf?

opfyifonf cHpm;r_uif;rJhpGmjzifh a&eSifh t[m&udk pkyf,laeouJhokd@yif jzpfaeayrnf? w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh

+idrf;csrf;r_wdk@ jzpfxGef;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif aexdkifolrsm;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGEdkif aom

tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sd=urnfjzpfonf? rdrdusifh}uHaom enf;vrf;rsm;tay: rlwnfI &&Sdaom tusKd;cHpm;r_rsm;

wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wlnD=urnf r[kwf aomfvnf; vlom;wdk@onf aysmf&$ifaom b0rsm;udk ydkifqdkifEkdif=urnf jzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifh vlr_aA'qdkif&m jzpfpOfESpfckjzpfaom twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh tjyifykdif; +idrf;csrf;r_wkd@onf

tvGefta&;ygaom tcsufrsm; jzpfonfhtjyif 4if;wdk@onf tcsif;csif; yhHydk;ay;ae=uayonf?

jidrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGjcif; eSifh ppfa&;enf;

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+idrf;csrf;r_ wpfrsKd;wnf;jzifh omv#if urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;udk az:aqmifEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? ordkif;udk jyef=unfhrnfqdkv#if

twGif;pdwf+idrf;csrf;r_ukd udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efjzifh atmifjrifpGm &SmazGawG@&SdcJh=uaom Ak'<a*g"rR/ a,&_ c&pfawmf/

rdk[mruf tp&Sdonfh jrifhjrwf aomyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@. wynfhaemufvkdufrsm; yGifhxGef;vmcJhayonf?

odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wdk@ ryGifhxGef;rDESifh yGifhxGef;cJh+yD; umvrsm;wGif urBmay:Y ppfESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpf&SdcJh+yD; ,ae@tcsdef

txdvnf; qufvufI &SdaeqJ jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnf&Sdaeor# umvywfvHk; ppfESifh yËdyuQrsm;udk

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ppfudk tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh a'oqdkif&mppfudk a&Smifv$JI &edkifrnf r[kwfacs? xdk@a=umifh tºuGif;rJh urBmh+idrf;csrf;r_udk

az:aqmifEkdifa&; qdkonfrSm vufawG@ wGif jzpfrvmEkdifacs? TonfrSm trSefw&m;yif? xdk@jyif ppfudk ppfjzifhom

tqHk;owfEkdifonf qdkonfhtcsufudk vl@ordkif;&Sd jzpf&yfaygif; rsm;pGmwdk@u oufaojyvmcJhonf? yxrurBmppfESifh

'kwd,urBmppf wdk@onf EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHESifh wpfEkdifiH ppfjzpfyGm; &mu pwifcJhjcif;+yD;jzpf+yD; xdkrSwqifh wurBmvHk;odk@

ysH@ESH@oGm;um EkdifiHrsm; tkyfpkzGJ@+yD; wkdufcdkufcJh=uonf? urBmppf rsm;udk tqHk;owfapcJhjcif;rSm twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_jzifh

r[kwf? ppfa&;enf;a=umifhom jzpfonf? urBmppfudk tpjyK ay;cJhaom EkdifiHrsm;&Sd tm%miwfrGwfaeol EkdifiHacgif;

aqmifrsm;u twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk usifh}uH&ef vHk;0 pdwfrul; cJhacs?

‘ppf’ESifh pyfvSsOf;I ,ae@acwfumvwGif ‘w&m;r#wr_’ESifh ‘rw&m;r_’wkd@. t"dyg,f zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk

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qifE$Jaom ppfyJGudk ‘w&m;r#waom’ppfyJG [lIvnf;aumif;/ 4if;ESifh qef@usifbufudk ‘rw&m;aom’ ppfyJG[lI

vnf;aumif; qdkEkdifonf? 1979ckESpf uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif vlaygif; (2)oef;cef@udk owfjzwfcJhonfh crmeDtpdk;& tm;

ppfjyKjcif;udk ‘w&m;r#waom’ppfyJG[k qdkEkdifonf? xdku Jhokd@ ppfjyKjcif; r&SdcJhv#if uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHom;wkd@ qufvufI

owfjzwf cHcJh&Ekdifayonf? wlpD vlenf;pk axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@udk owfjzwfaecJhaom &0ef'gEkdifiH&Sd [lwl;

tpdk;&tay: 1994ckESpfwGif ppfjyKjcif;udkvnf; w&m;r#waom ppf[k qdkEkdifonf? xkd@jyif 2011ckESpf Zefe0g&D vwGif

tm%m&Sif rmrl0g *g'gzDudk qef@usifaom vpfbsm;jynfolvlxkwdk@. ppfyJGrSmvnf; w&m;r#wr_ &Sdayonf?

odk@wnf;r[kwfv#if *g'gzDonf rdrd. wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tay:Y vlom;jzpfr_udk qef@usifusL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;tm;

qufvufI usL;vGefaeEkdifcJhonf? xdk@twlyif jrefrmekdifiHY jynfolrsm;udk umuG,fEkdif&eftwGuf wkdif;&if;om;

awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@rsm;u vuf&Sdtpdk;&tm; ckcHwkdufcdkufaom ppfyJGrsm;vnf; w&m;r#wonf[k qdkEkdifayonf?

tkyfcsKyfcH vlxkrsm;u twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk usifhoHk;ygvSsuf ‘avmbESifh a'go’pdwfwdk@ udef;atmif;aeaom

93

tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u jynfolrsm;tay: &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpGm jyKrlqufqHv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm y&rf;ywm jzpfaeay

vdrhfrnf? TuJhodk@aom jzpf&yfrsm;udk urBmhordkif;wGif txift&Sm; awG@jrifEkdifonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdatmif jyKvkyf

aqmif&Guf &mwGif +idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf; usifhoHk;jcif;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyK&ygrnf? OD;pm;ay; az:aqmif&ygrnf?

odk@aomfvnf; txufyg jzpf&yfrsm;udk =unfhrnfqdkv#if ‘rw&m;aomppf’udk [ef@wm;Ekdifap&eftwGuf +idrf;csrf;aom

enf;vrf; wpfrsKd;wnf;jzifhomv#if rvHkavmufa=umif;rSm odomxif&Sm;ayonf? ‘ppf jzpfyGm;jcif;’onf raumif;

om t&mwpfck jzpfonfrSm tjiif;yGm;zG,f r&Sdacs? ppfyJG+yD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif ppfyJG. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh axmif

aomif;ruaom aemufqufwJGjy\emrsm; jzpf&Sdvmonf? odk@jzpfaoma=umifh wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;ukd umuG,f&mY

aomf vnf;aumif;/ tvGef,kwfrmaom jypfr_usL;vGefr_rsm;udk umuG,f[ef@wm;&mY aomfvnf;aumif;

‘ppfa&;enf;vrf;’udk aemufqHk;tajzwpfcktjzpfom xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhayonf? odk@aomf uHraumif; ta=umif;

roifhonfrSm tm%m iwfrGwfaeolrsm; (odk@r[kwf) tpGef;a&muform;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) vlqdk; vl&rf;um;rsm;u

jyKvkyfaom ppfyJGrsm;udk csKyf+idrf;oGm;ap&eftwGuf ppfa&;enf;vrf;udk rv$Jra&Smifom usifhoHk;&onfhtcgrsm;vnf;

&Sdonf? Todk@rSomv#if +idrf;csrf;aom EkdifiHa&; vkyfief;pOftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfap+yD; +idrf;csrf;r_ az:aqmif

&mwGif yHhydk;Ekdifonf?

‘ppf’udk ‘ppf’jzifhomv#if tqHk;owfapEkdifonf [kqdkv#if tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_atmufY vlom;wdk@.

touf tEW&m,fESifh vGwfvyfr_wdk@twGuf vGefrif;pGm pdk;&drfa=umifh=uae&aom tajctaersKd;wGif ‘w&m;r#waom

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‘w&m;r#waom ppf’twGuf rnfolur# tepfemcH ay;qyfvdkjcif;r&Sdv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_udk

rnfuJhokd@ umuG,fxdef;odrf;Ekdifrnfenf;? TuJhodk@aom tajctaewGif ‘EkdifiHawmf +idrf;csrf;om,ma&;’twGuf

[lI ta=umif;jyum wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaeaom tm%m&Sifrsm;. vufatmufwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vGwfvyfcGifh

xm0& uif;rJhae&ayrnf? txl;ojzifh tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh ywfoufI ajym&rnfqdkv#if urBmw0Srf;&Sd tcsKd@aom

EkdifiHrsm;wGif ‘wkdif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;’ &&Sd&ef jy\emrsm;udk EkdifiHa&;t& ajz&Sif;cJh+yD; jzpfaomfvnf; vlr_a&;qkdif&m

w&m;r#wr_&_axmifhu =unfhrnfqdkv#if ‘vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vGwfvyfr_&Sda&;’jy\emrSmrlum; qufvufI wnf&SdaeqJ

jzpfonf?

vl htzGJ htpnf;qdkif&m avhvmr_rsm; jyKvkyf&if; trSefw&m;udk vkdufpm;jcif;

aemufydkif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_rS tjyifykdif; +idrf;csrf;r_qDodk@ tm&Hkajymif;cJh+yD;

vl@tzGJ@tpnf; qdkif&m todynmrsm;udk avhvmvkdufpm;cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfr_ESifh EkdifiHa&;

uef@owfcsufrsm;a=umifh rdrd ywf0ef;usif&Sd omrefjynfolwdk@. ‘qif;&J'kuQrsm;’udk udk,fawG@}uHKcJh&jcif;a=umifhaomf

vnf;aumif;/ vl@*k%foduQm qHk;&_H;cJh&olrsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. =unfh&_apmifrjcif; rcH&olrsm;tay: oem;*&k%m

jzpfcJhjcif;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; udkwifarmifOD;u tjyifydkif;+idrf;csrf;r_udk avhvmvkdufpm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhjcif;

jzpfonf? tem*wftwGuf vrf;aysmufcJh &ol vli,frsm;u rdrdwdk@.b0 qufvuf &SifoefaeEkdifa&;twGuf

rv$Jra&Smifom tm%m&Siftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_ &Hk;Xmersm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&jcif;tay: oem;*&k%m oufcJhonf?

94

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twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&eftwGuf vrf;a=umif; ajzmifhjzL;rnf r[kwfa=umif;/ EkdifiHhpD;yGm;a&; jy\emrsm;udk

udkifwG,fajz&Sif;+yD;onfhwkdif EkdifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk csKyfcs,fxm;v#if jynfolwdk htwGuf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk

&SmazG&mYtcuftcJ}uHKawG haernfjzpfa=umif;wkd@udk oluem;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf? xkd@aemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;

onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;Y jzpfysufaeonfrsm;ESifh tusKd;ta=umif;rsm;udk eufeufeJeJ od&SdvdkvmcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@

tpnf; twGuf trSefw&m;udk &SmazGvdkvmcJhonf?

yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf vrf;o&J*kd%f;0ifrsm; tjzpf owfrSwfjcif; cH&ol vli,frsm;ESifh

&if;ESD;r_ &Sdvm &mrS 4if;wkd@ trsm;pkonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk 'kuQay;aeolrsm; qdkonfxuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.

om;aumifrsm;om jzpfaea=umif;udk avhvmod&SdcJh&onf? twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_twGuf &SmazGEkdifa&; qdkonfudk

tomxm; ae@pOfb0 &yfwnfa&;twGufudkom v_yf&Sm;&kef;uefae&aoma=umifh 4if;wdk@xHwGif pdk;&drfpdwfrsm;

t+rJwap zHk;v$rf;aecJhonf? xkd@aemuf vd_if/ r&rf;ukef;ESifh urm&Gwf +rdK@e,frsm;&Sd usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;wGif exdkifol

tedrfhqHk; vcpm; tvkyform; vlwef;pm;wkd@xH oGm;a&mufum pum;ajymqdkcJhonf? 4if;wdk@. ae@pOfb0rsm;udk

tcsdef,l avhvmonf ESifhtr# 4if;wdk@ }uHKawG@ae&aom twd'kuQ tajctaersm;rSm udkwifarmifOD; acgif;xJodk@

pl;epf0ifa&mufcJhonf? axmifwGif;Y (1)ESpf=um aecJh&onfh tcsdefumvrsm;wGifvnf; vl@b0tajctaersm;udk

ydkrdkavhvm tuJcwfcGifh& cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;&mwGif vltrsm;pk. oabmqENwckwnf;tay:wGifom

tajccH&HkrSsESifh wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrnfqdkv#if wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;&mY tm;enf;

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wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&;rsm;ESihf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhrsm; qHk;&_H;=u&rnfudk vnf;aumif; od&Sdem;vnfvmcJhonf?

axmifu vGwfvm+yD;onfhaemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf wuUodkvf qufwufum oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;

rsm;ESifhtwl vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfouf aom oabmw&m; t,ltqrsm;udk avhvmvkdufpm;cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pD

pepfatmufwGif wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wqifhcsif; wdk;jr‡ifhxm;&Sday;oGm;Ekdifaomfvnf;

tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfr_pepf wnf&Sdaeygu 'Drdkua&pD ESifh vlrsKd;pk tcGifhta&;rsm; &moufyef jiif;qefaejcif;cH&rnfudk

em;vnfcJhonf? vll@tzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif; ydkrdkeufeJpGm avhvmvdkufpm;vmonfESifhtr# vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk t"du

qdk;usKd;jzpfaeaponfht&mrSm tm%m&Sif pepfom jzpfa=umif;/ tm%m&Sifpepfudk pJGudkifum tkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfaeaom

tpdk;&onf omref jynfoljynfom;wkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&rnfhtpm; 4if;. tm%m oufqdk;

&Snfapa&;twGuf wdkif;jynf taqmufttHkrsm; eSifh tkyfcsKyfr_,EW,m;rsm; udk zefwD;jcif;/ }udK;udkifjc,fvS,fjcif;/

tjynfht0 toHk;csjcif;jzifh jynfolrsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faea=umif;wkd@udk &Sif;vif; jywfom;pGm odjrifcJhonf? Ttcsuf

onf jrefrmEkdifiH wpfEkdifiHwnf;twGufom r[kwfbJ tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk; aeaom tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;

rSefuefaeayonf?

1966 ckESpfrS 1976ckESpf udkwifarmifOD;. vli,fb0 tcsdefumvrsm;wGif tmz&duESifh ta&S@ Oa&mywdkuf&Sd

EkdifiH trsm;pkonf tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_pepfatmufwGif usa&mufaecJh=uonf? 1968ckESpfwGif qkdAd,uf

jynfaxmifpku csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m;EkdifiHudk usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJh+yD; EkdifiHtwGif;Y vGwfvyfcGifh ydkrdk&&Sda&;

v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ysufpD;ap cJhonf? vufwif tar&duwdkuf&Sd EkdifiHaygif; (20)cef@wGifvnf; ppftm%modrf;r_rsm;

wacwfxcJhonf? xdkEkdifiHwGif ppftm%modrf;tpdk;& rsm;u 4if;wdk@onf pkpnf;r_tm;aumif;jyD; xda&muf xuf

95

jrufaom vufa&G;pif vlpkjzpfojzifh wkdif;jynftwGif; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ESifh wnf+idrfr_wdk@udk az:aqmif ay;edkifrnf[k

a}uG;a}umfcJh=uaomfvnf; vufawG@wGifrl jzpfrvmcJhacs? tm&yfwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif bk&ifrsm;uomv#if EkdifiHa&;

tm%mudk qkyfudkifxm;=u+yD; tm%m&Sifpepfudk oufqdk;&SnfapcJhonf? tD*spf/ wleD;&Sm;/ ,DrifESifh qD;&D;,m;

tp&Sdonfh orRw EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk pwifusihfoHk;vmcJh=uonf? tm%m&Sif pepfrsm;

xJwGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk;jzpfaom ‚bk&ifrsm;. bk&ifpepf‛ udk usifhoHk;vmcJhol rmrl0g *g'gzDonf ,ae@tcsdeftxd

tm%mwnf+rJaeay ao;onf?

vpfbsm;EkdifiHudk bk&if tD'&pfu tkyfcsKyfaepOftwGif; 1969 ckESpfwGif *g'gzDESifhwuG &mxl;i,f ppfAdkvf

tcsKd@wdk@u ppfwyftm%modrf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'o&Sd vli,fwpfOD;jzpfol *g'gzDu tm%m&Sifpepfudk

pwif usifhoHk;vmcsdefwGif tm&Swdkuf&Sd vli,fwpfOD;jzpfol udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESifh ywfoufI

pwif avhvmvdkufpm;um tm%m&Sifpepfudk jzKwfcs&eftwGuf jyifqifr_rsm; jyKvkyfaecJhonf? Tae&mwGif

4if;wdk@ESpfOD; teuf rnfolu &JpGrf;owWdESifh ydkjynfhpHkonfudk rnfolr# rod&SdEkdifacs? odk@aomfvnf; owdjyK&rnfh

tcsufwpfcsufrSm &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSrf;&eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. vkyfyHkudkifyHkrsm; rwlnD=ujcif;

yifjzpfonf? *g'gzDu ppfwyf tiftm;udk rDScdktm;xm;aecsdefwGif udkwifarmifOD;u vlxkpGrf;tm;udk trDSjyKcJhonf?

+idrf;csrf;aom vrf;pOfudk usifh}uH cJhonf? xdktcsdefu vlxkpGrf;tm;qdkonfrSm a&yef;pm;aom a0g[m&wpfck

r[kwfcJhacs?

uGefjrLepfpepfudk a&Smif&Sm;&ef }udK;yrf;&mrS tm%m&Sifpepfudk axmufcHcJh=ujcif;

udkwifarmifOD;onf 1969ckESpfwGif wuUodkvf yxESpfY wufa&muf ynmoif=um;cJhonf? zdvpfydkifEkdifiH

orRw zm'Deef rm;udk@(pf)u EkdifiHhordkif;wGif r}uHKpzl; 'kwd,t}udrf orRwtjzpf jyefvnfta&G;cHcJh&onfrSmvnf;

1969 ckESpfuyif jzpfonf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHwGif emrnfqdk;jzifh ausmf=um;ol ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf ql[mwdkudk

v$wfawmf u orRwtjzpf a&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJhonfrSm 1968ckESpfu jzpfonf? tqdkyg orRwESpfOD;pvHk;onf

oufqkdif&m EkdifiH toD;oD;wGif uGefjrLepf ykefueftHkºuGr_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;cJhonf[lI emrnfausmf=um;cJh=uonf?

tm%mr&rDwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiH AdkvfcsKyf ql[mwkdonf uGefjrLepfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;okwfoif&eftwGuf ppfwyfudk

OD;aqmifcJh+yD; vlaygif; (5)odef;cef@udk owfjzwfcJhonf? zdvpfydkifEkdifiHwGif rm;udk@(pf)u rm&S,favm xkwfcJh+yD;onfh

aemufwGif uGefjrLepfjynfol hwyfrawmfopfudk eSdrfeif;&ef ppfwyfudk txl;tm%mtyfeSif;cJhonf? xdkumvtwGif;

Yyif awmifudk&D;,m; EkdifiHwGifvnf; 'kwd, orRwedkifiHudk jzdKcsjyD; OD;aqmiftm%modrf;cJhol AdkvfcsKyf ywfc|ef[D;onf

orRwtjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cHcJh&onf? 1966 ckESpfrS 1976 ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif w&kwfEkdifiH. acgif;aqmif }uD;

armfpDwkef;u ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;}uD;qifE$JcJh+yD; jynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhudk t}uD;tus,f uef@owfcsKyfcs,f

cJhonf? TonfrSm rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsufwpf&yfjzpfa}umif; w&kwfEkdifiH uGefjrLepfygwD udk,fYuyif

aemufydkif;Y oHk;oyf oGm;cJhonf? 1975ckESpf uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHY crmeDygwD tm%m&&SdvmcsdefwGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk;aom

tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_ pepf jzpfwnfvmcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; vli,fb0 tcsdefumvrsm;wGif tm&Swkduf&Sd EkdifiH

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96

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cJhonfrSm (7)ESpf=um &SdoGm;cJh+yDjzpfonf? ppfat;umvrsm;wGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiH AkdvfcsKyf ql[mwdk/ zdvpfydkifEkdifiH

zm'Deef rm;udk@(pf)ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH AdkvfcsKyfae0if;wkd@u ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'owGif uGefjrLepfpepf rjyef@yGm;apa&;

twGuf [ef@wm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k tar&duefEkdifiHESifh taemufwkdif; 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHrsm;u ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?

wzufuvnf; tm&SEkdifiHtoD;oD;wGif&Sdaom uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk qdkAD,uf ESifh

w&kwfEkdifiHwdk@u axmufcHay;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifwkdufzsuf ae=uaom jrefrmEkdifiH

twGif;&Sd omref ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxktwGuf EkdifiHwum. ulnDaxmufyhHr_udk &&Sda&;

qdkonfrSm vHk;0 rjzpfEkdif cJhacs? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u jrefrmEkdifiH. v_yf&Sm;r_onf wkdif;wyg; tultnDrsm;tay:

tm;udktm;xm;jyKaernfh tpm; jynfwGif;Yom tajcjyKoifha=umif;/ 4if;onf +idrf;csrf;aom v_yf&Sm;r_

jzpfoifhaomfvnf; wufºuGr_&Sd&ef/ toufyg&efESifh vlxktiftm;udk tcsuftjcmjyKaom v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpf&ef

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98

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99

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101

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102

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103

10

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104

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105

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106

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107

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108

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+rdK@e,frsm;&Sd tvkyform;ESifh ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;onf pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh v_yf&Sm;r_xJwGif yg0if

ywfoufcJh=uonf? v_dif+rdK@e,f&Sd qENjyyJGrsm;udk OD;aqmifol tvkyform;rsm;xJwGif udkausmfoufESifh udk0if;xdefwdk@udk

vlod rsm;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif qENjyolOD;a& rsm;oxuf rsm;vmcJhonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif

udkwifarmifOD;ESihf ol. oli,fcsif;rsm; r=umr=um awG@jzpfcJh=uonf? rdrdwdk h. oufqdkif&m oli,fcsif;

taygif;toif;rsm; udk pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;+yD;aom tcgwGif 4if;wdk@onf tvkyform;rsm;. epfemr_rsm;ta=umif;

ajymqdkonfh a[majymyJG rsm;udk wufa&mufem;qif avhvmrSwfom;+yD; rdrdwkd@ vufvSrf;rSDor#aom

ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif xkdtodynmrsm;udk jyefvnfr#a0ay;onf?

109

ZGefv(5)&ufae@Y qENjyyJGrsm; udkwifarmifOD; aexkdif&m &yfuGufqDodk@ ysH@ESH@a&muf&Sdvmaom eHeufcif;wGif

udkwifarmifOD;onf ol.rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifhtwl tdrfwGif &SdaecJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pk aetdrfrSm urm&Gwf

+rdK@e,f tif;pdefvrf;}uD; teD;&Sd okcvrf;wGif wnf&Sdonf? 4if;wdk@ tdrfem;wGif pD;u&uf puf&Hk&Sdonf? xdkpuf&Hk&Sd

tvkyform;rsm;. [pfaºuG;aeaom toHrsm;/ toHcsJ@pufu xGufay:vmaom a[majymoHrsm;udk twdkif;om;

=um;aecJh&onf? ,ckuJhodk@ jzpfysufaeaom tajctaersm;a=umifh tdrfwGif rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifhtwl &Sdaeaom

udkwifarmifOD; tvGefEkd;=um;+yD; pdwftm;xufoefvmonf? ol. ESvHk;cHkoHrsm; twkdif;xuftvGef jrefqefvmum

rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; ‚at;/ 'g t&rf;aumif;w,f? tckvdkrsKd; ta&;tcif;jzpfaewmudk awG@&wm usaemf

odwf0rf;omw,f? vlawGu cHvmcJh&wmvJ =um+yDav? 'Dtpdk;&u usaemfwdk@udk eJeJav;rS *&kpdkufwm r[kwfbl;?

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&r,f? usaemf olwdk@udk tjynfht0 axmufcHw,fAsm?‛[k wufºuGr_tjynfhjzifh ajymavonf?

qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yg0ifaom tvkyform;rsm;u tdrfrjyefbJ qufvufqENjy=urnf jzpfaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@

tpm;tpmESifh a& vdktyfvmonf? xdk@a=umifh tvkyform; wpfa,mufp/ ESpfa,mufp udk teD;tem;&Sd aetdrf

rsm;xHodk@ apv$wfum tpma&pmrsm; tultnD awmif;cHaponf? udkwifarmifOD;u Towif;udk =um;od&onfESihf

w+ydKifeuf rD;zdkacsmifxJ0ifoGm;um ‚usaemfwkd@ olwdk@twGuf bmvkyf&if aumif;rvJ?‛[k ajymonf? udkwifarmifOD;

rdom;pkwGif rdbrsm;tygt0if ol. nDtpfudkarmifESr (8)a,muf&Sdaoma=umifh tdrfY tpm;taomuf ydkv#Honfu

r&Sdoavmufyif? odk@aomf xdkae@wGif rD;zdkacsmifxJY qef/ =uufO tcsdK@ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Guf tenf;i,f &SdaecJhonf?

TwGif olu tdrfaemufaz;okd@ oGm;um }uD;rm; awmifhwif;aom iSufaysm&Guf tcsKd@udk jzwfvmcJhonf? 4if;wdk@udk

tenf;i,f rD;tylay;vdkufaom tcgwGif aysmhaysmif;oGm;+yD; tpm;taomufrsm;udk xkyfydk;&ef tifrwef aumif;

rGefvmonf? obm0u xGuf&Sdaom aps;E_ef;csKdomonfh iSufaysm&Gufrsm;onf tpm;taomufrsm;udk xkyfydk;odkrSD;

xm;Ekdif&eftwGuf tvGefoifhawmfonfESifhtnD 4if;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlodrsm;aom &dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;wpfck

jzpfvmcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u iSufaysm&Gufrsm;udk aq;a=um rD;zkwf+yD;onfhaemufwGif iSufaysm&Guf}uD; wpfckxJodk@

xrif;a=umfrsm;udk &uf&ufa&ma&m xnfhvkdufonf? xkd@aemuf olu pm&Gufwpf&Gufay:wGif ‚qdwfacgif;jy+yD;

acG;om; a&mif;w,f‛[laom jrefrm pum;yHkwpfckudk csa&;vdkufonf? tom;a&mif;olonf qdkifa&S@wGif qdwfacgif;

udk csdwfxm;jcif;jzifh qdwfom;a&mif; aeonfh ta&mifaqmif+yD; vufawG@wGifrl aps;0,folrsm;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;

um acG;om;rsm; xnfhay;vdkufjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? TuJhodk@aom enf;vrf;jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf olawmfaumif;

a,mifaqmifaeaom jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;udk pum;yHkwpfckjzifh E_dif;,SOfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? 4if;wkd@.

rormr_rsm; wpfae@wGif qHk;cef;wkdifrSm aocsmrnf jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; pm. atmufqHk;wGif xnfha&;vkdufonf?

,ckuJhodk@aom vlxkqENjyyJGrsm;udk awG@}uHK&onfrSm udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;twGuf yxrqHk;

t}udrfjzpfonf? ZGefv (4)&ufESifh (5)&ufae@ &efukef tif;pdef vrf;r}uD; wav#muf&Sd }udK=um;}udK=um; vlpka0;jcif;

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vli,frsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;+yD; ordkif; csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf&Hka&S@wGif vma&mufpka0;

=u&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? ordkif; abm'gaqmifwGif aexkdifolrsm;ESifh &efukef pufr_ wuUodkvf0if;

twGif;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;u t"du wm0ef,lcJhonf? udkcifarmifat;

url EkdifiHjcm; bmompum; ody`HESifh vd_if+rdK@e,f tkwf}uif;&yfuGufwGif aexdkifolrsm;udk ac:aqmifvm&ef jzpfonf?

110

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udkjrifhpdk;u pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf ponfjzifh wuUodkvftoD;oD;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&ef wm0ef,lcJh

=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. todkif;t0kdif;xJu r[kwfaom tjcm; wuUodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;vnf;

tvkyform; qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf? w&m;r#wr_twGuf wkdufyJG0ifv_yf&Sm;&mwGif ausmif;ol

ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh twlwuG pdwfxm;xufoefr_tjynfhjzifh yl;aygif; aqmif&GufcJh=uonf?

odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wdk@xHwGif ausmif;om; tpnf;t&Hk;uJhodk@aom udk,fydkif toif;tzGJ@rsm; r&Sdonfhtjyif woD;yk*~v

v_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifhjzpfap/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jzpfap yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufbl;aom tawG@t}uHKr&Sdjcif;a=umifh 4if;wkd@.

pnf;&Hk;a&;enf;emrsm;rSm pepfwus r&SdcJhacs? tvkyform; ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifaom ausmif;olausmif;om;

rsm;onf wpfOD;csif;taeESifh 4if;wdk@ eD;pyf&m todrdwfaqGrsm;udk qJGac:cJh=ujcif;om jzpfonf? ausmif;olausmif;om;

rsm;onf jywfom;ckdifrmr_ tjynfhjzifh tvkyform;ta&;tcif;Y yl;aygif; yg0ifcJh=uaomfvnf; ausmif;om;or*~

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today;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhacs? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh 1974ckESpf tvkyforsm; ta&;tcif;onf xda&muf

oifhoavmuf xda&mufr_ r&SdcJhacs?

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ausmif;om;rsm;/ vli,frsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm; t=um;&Sd qufoG,fa&;uGef,uf. ta&;ygyHk tvdkvdk od&Sdxm;

cJhonf? aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif olu ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhyg tcsdwftquf&Sdonftxd jzpfvmcJhonf?

tvkyform;ta&; tcif; uwnf;u pwifum udkwifarmifOD;onf ol@enf; ol@[eftwkdif; qufoG,fr_

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ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdwfzGJ@cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif omref a,bk,s

todynm&Sdolrsm;/ tm;upm; xl;c|efolrsm;/ pmawmfolrsm;/ &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m qHkcsufusolrsm;/ pum;ajym

aumif;olrsm;/ vlr_qufqHa&; aumif;rGefolrsm;/ EkdifiHa&; todynm ºuG,f0olrsm;ESifh avmif;upm;Y

uGsrf;usifolrsm; tp&Sdolwkd@ yg0ifonf? TuJhodk@ ‘tcsuftcsm’ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;. teD;tem;0ef;usifwGif

tjcm; omref ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; pka0;aeavh&Sda=umif;udk olu aumif;aumif;&dyfpm;rdcJhonf?

xdkausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;ESifh yHkrSeftqufoG,fvkyfjcif;/ 4if;wdk@xH oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf?

uHraumif;onfrSm xdkacwfumvwGif rdkbdkif;zkef;/ tifwmeuf/ tD;ar;(vf)/ face book tp&Sdonfh tqifhjrifh

qufoG,fa&; enf;ynm rsm; r&Sdonfhtjyif udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pkxHYvnf; tdrfzkef;yif r&SdcJhacs? &efukef+rdK@twGif;Y

oGm;vm&efc&D;p&dwftwGufudkyif udkwifarmifOD;xHY ydkufqHtydktv#H r&SdcJhacs? odk@aomf olonf rvSrf;rurf;

e,fajrrsm;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; xHodk@ ajcvsifc&D;eSifum t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm oGm;a&mufEkdifcJhonf?

&yfuGuftwGif; aexdkifaom tjcm;oli,frsm;xHokd@ oGm;a&mufonfhtcgwdkif;wGif ajcusifav#mufoGm;cJhonf?

udkwifarmifOD;onf oli,fcsif; tdrfodk@ a&mufa&mufcsif; a&awmif;aomuf+yD; wc% tem;,lavh&Sdonf?

oli,fcsif;jzpfolu ol@udk iSufaysmoD; (odk@r[kwf) rkef@wrsKd;rsKd;jzifh wnfcif;{nfhcH&HkrSseSifh ol@twGuf vHkavmufonf?

+yD;aemufwGif olu xHk;pHtwdkif; ryGifhwyGifh +yHK;um pum;pajymawmhonf? wuUokdvfausmif;0if;xJ&Sd taqmifwGif

aexdkifaom oli,fcsif;rsm;url ol@udk taqmifpm;zdkcef; odk hr[kwf 4if;wdk htcef;xJu &Sd&Sdor# tpm;taomuf

rsm;jzifh au|;arG;avh&Sdonf? udkwifarmifOD;u xkduJhodk@aom pnf;&Hk;a&; c&D;pOfrsm;udk txl;ESpf+cdKufonf? a0;vHaom

ae&m&Sd tjcm;wuUodkvfrsm;odk@ oGm;a&muf&mwGifrl bwfpum;udk rjzpfrae pD;&onf? okd@aomf ol@rdom;pkuvnf;

111

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wbufurl ol. ‘tcsuftcsm’ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh pOfqufrjywf tquftoG,f &Sdaezdk@ vdktyfojzifh 4if;wdk@xH

rjzpfrae oGm;a&muf&onf? okd@rSom ol. qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufudk xdef;xm;Ekdifrnf jzpfaoma=umihfyif?

xdk@a=umifh bwfpum; pD;EkdifrS jzpfvmonf? Tjy\emtm; udkwifarmifOD; rnfuJhodk@ ajz&Sif;onfudk tpydkif;wGif

ol. oli,fcsif;rsm; rod&SdcJh=u? Todk@jzifh aemufydkif;wGif olu bpfpum;c ray;bJ rnfuJhokd@ bwfpum;

pD;a=umif;udk oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; r#a0ajymjycJhonf?

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wm0ef&Sdol t&m&Sd. emrnfrsm;udkyg tvGwfusufrSwfxm;vdkufonf?

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ppf=unfhvkd&w,f‛[laom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;vdkufaomtcg vufrSwfa&mif;olu qufrar;awmhacs?

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xifaecJhonf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@ r[kwf? ol@vufxJ ygvmaom t&mrSm bwfpum;ctwGuf ydkufqH jzpfaeonf?

112

Ttcsif;t&ma=umifh vufrSwfa&mif;ol &kwfw&uf a=umifoGm;onf? odk@aomf bmrS ajymraebJ udkwifarmifOD;udk

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113

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114

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117

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123

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124

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125

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126

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127

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128

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129

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130

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131

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132

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133

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134

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135

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136

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137

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138

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139

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158

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159

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160

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166

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167

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168

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169

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170

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171

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172

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173

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174

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175

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176

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177

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191

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192

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193

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194

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195

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197

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213

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214

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