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T heannual reportof the P residenttothe Congress on the Nation ’

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L E T T E R OF TRANSM ITTAL

T O T H E C O N G R E SS O F T H E UN I T E D ST A T E S

P urs u an t t o P L . 89 -45 4 , I am h er ew i t h t r an sm i t t i ng th e 1 9 7 5annu al r ep o r t on th e F ed e ra l O c e an P r og r am . The rep or t r ep r e s en t sa s ummary o f n at i on a l e ffo r t s t o c omp rehend , c on s erv e and u se th es e a , and l i s t s s i gn i fi c an t ac t iv i t i e s o f the F ed era l G ov ernmen tre l a t e d t o the mar i n e s c i en c e s in 1 9 74 and e ar ly 1 9 7 5 .

D ur i ng th i s p er i od , t h e Uni t ed S t a t e s :in t en s i fi ed p rogr ams to app r a i s e en ergy r e s ou r ce s o f th e

o c e ans and as s e s s th e env i r onmen t a l imp ac t o f t h e i r d ev e l opmen t ;ex p anded ge o l og i c a l and ge ophy s i c a l r e s e ar ch p rog r ams

wh ich br oaden our kn ow l e dg e o f th e ea r t h ’

s ev o l u t i on ary p r o c es sand p rov i de in forma t i on o f p rac t i c a l imp or t an c e ;

c on t inue d d ev e l opmen t o f th e c ap ab i l i ty t o m in e d eeps e ab ed m ine r a l s w i t h ou t damag e t o t h e env i r onmen t ;

enhanc ed opp o rtun i t i e s fo r o c e an -r e l a t e d r ec r e a t i on a l aotivities ;

s t reng th en ed ou r ab i l i ty t o for ec a s t mar i ne env i ronmen t a lc ond i t i on s ; an d

began fo rmal nego t i a t i on s w i t h o th er n a t i on s in t h e UN L awo f the S e a C on fe r en c e dur ing a tw o -mon th s e s s i on in C ar ac a s ,Vene zu e l a .

The r epo r t wh i ch I am t ransm i t t in g empha s i z e s th e s eac h ie vemen t s and p rov id e s add i t i o n a l i n fo rma t i on on th e F ede ra lO c e an P r ogr am budge t fo r fi s c a l y e ar s 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 7 6 , as we l l as on t heN a t io n a l S e a G ran t P rog ram and th e s t a tu s o f th e fed er a l l ys uppor t e d mar ine r e s e arch fl e e t .S ubs eq uen t t o th e p e r i od c ov er e d by t h i s r ep or t , th e r e h av e b e en

s eve ra l dev e l opmen t s o f impor tan c e t o F ed er a l O c e an P o l i c yinc lud ing :

the c omp l e t i on o f th r e e add i t i o n a l s ub s t an t iv e n ego t i a t i ngs e s s ion s o f t h e UN Law of th e S e a Con fe r en c e ;

the enac tmen t o f th e F i s h e ry C on s erv a t i on and Managem en t A c t i n Apri l 1 9 7 6 wh i ch , e ffe c t i v e M ar ch 1 , 1 9 7 7 , wi l l ex t endo ur fi s h er i e s j u r i s d i c t i on t o 200 mi l e s .

th e l e as ing o f Ou t e r Con t in e n t a l Sh e l f a r e a s fo r o i l and gasex p l o i t a t i o n ; and

a b udge t ary in c r ea s e fo r the F eder a l O c e an P r ogr am fr ommi l l i o n in FY 1 9 7 6 t o m i l l i o n in FY 1 9 7 7 .

A s i nd i c a t e d i n t h e r ep o r t , th e F ed er a l O c e an P rogr am wasde s igne d to advanc e and fac i l i t a t e t h i s n a t i on

’

s exp and ing u s e s o fthe s ea and i t s r e s o urc e s . As a maj o r oc e an s u s e r the Un i t e d S t a t e sw i l l c on t inue to p ur s u e fo rward -l o ok i ng p r ogr ams , aware o f thene ed t o s a fe guard t h e q u al i ty o f th e mar in e env i r on men t an dc ons c i o us o f t he n e ed t o c o op er a t e w i t h o t h er n a t i on s on p r ogr amsand p o l ic i e s t ha t wi l l advanc e ou r i n t e r e s t s and th o s e o f the wor l d

c ommun i ty .

THE WH ITE HOUSE,

Ian u ar y 1 9 7 7

PREFAC E

A R ep or tto the P r e s id en t F r om the

S c i en ce an d T ech n ology P olicy O ff ic e ,N ation al S c i en c e F ou n dation ,

A p r il 1 9 7 5

TH IS REP ORT TO T H E P RES IDENT ON T H E FEDERAL OCEANPROGRAM i s p rep ar ed in ac c o rd an c e w i t h Pub l i c L aw 89 -4 5 4 , t h eMar in e Re s o u rc e s and Eng in e e r ing D ev e l opmen t A c t o f 1 9 66 , whichs t a t e s t ha t th e P re s i d en t sh a l l t r an sm i t t o t h e Cong r e s s an annua lrep o rt in c lud in g : ( a)A comp reh en s i ve d e s c r ip t i on o f t h e a c t iv i t i e san d t h e ac c omp l i shment s o f a l l t h e ag en c i e s an d d ep ar tmen t s o f t h eUn i t e d S t a t e s in th e fi e l d o f mar i ne s c i en c e s du r ing t h e p re c e ed ingfi s c a l y ea r ; ( b)an eva l u at i on o f s u ch ac t i v i t i e s in t e rms o f t h eob j e c t iv e s s e t fo rt h p urs u an t t o P ub l i c L aw 8 9 -4 54 ; ( c)s uchr e commenda t i on s fo r l eg i s l a t i on a s t h e P re s id en t may c on s id e rn e c e s s a ry o r de s ir ab l e fo r t h e a t t a inmen t o f t h e ob j e c t i v e s of P u b licLaw 8 9 -4 5 4 ; an d ( d)an e s t imat e o f fun d ing req u i remen t s o f e achag en cy an d dep ar tmen t o f t h e F ede ra l G o ve rnmen t fo r mar in es c i en c e a c t i v i t i e s du r ing t h e s u c c ee d ing fi s c a l y e ar .Th i s re p o rt o n t h e F ed era l O c e an P rog ram i s s ubmi t t e d t o t h e

Cong re s s in re sp on s e t o th a t r e q u i r emen t .

C O NTENTS

INTRODUC T ION : OC EAN MANAG EMENT ANDTHE LAW OF THE SEAThe Th ir d Un i t ed Na t i on s Con fe r en c e on th e

L aw o f th e S e a

L iv ing Re s ou rc e s M an ag emen tP r ogram Emph as i s

Ab ou t Th i s Rep or t

OF F SH ORE ENERGY-REL ATED AC TIV IT IESAcc e l e r a t ed L ea s i ng o f th e Ou t e r C on t in en t a lShe l f

OCS Env ir onmen t a l S tud i e sOCS O i l and G as As s e s smen tRegu l a t o ry Ac t iv i t i e s

S upp or t ing E ffo r t s

D e epw a t e r P or t sO ffsh o r e P owerp l an t sA l te rn a t e En ergy S our c e s

MAR INE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYS ICSThe G en era t i on o f th e S e a F l o or and

P roc e s s e s Op era t ing a t R idg e Cr e s t sS t ru c tu r e and Age o f th e O c e an L i th o sph er eD e s t ru c t i on o f O c ean Cru s tS t ruc tur e and H i s t o ry o f P as s iv e Con t in en t a l M arg in s

P a l e oc l ima t o l ogy and th e P a l e o -O c e anograp h i cH i s t o ry o f th e O c ean s

Re s our c e s o f th e S e a F l o o r

P r oc es s e s and P rop er t i e s o f M od ern S ed imen ta t i on

IV . MAR INE REC REATIONP l ann ing

M anag emen t Supp or t

B o a t ing

Re cr ea t i on a l F i sh i ng

vii

MAR INE ENV I RONMENT OBSERVATION AND P RED ICT ION ,

AND SUP PORTIN G RESEARC H AND DEVEL OPMENT63 Mapp ing and Char t in gA c t iv i t i e s i n th e Coa s ta l Env i r onmen t

hd aj or lies ear ch. P r oj ec ns .

D a t a M anag emen tI n s t rumen t a t i o n

I)a&iB u oysRemot e S en s i ng

v iii

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AP P END I C ES

F ed er a l O c ean Prog ram , F i s c a l Yea rs 1 9 74 , 1 9 7 5 , and 1 9 7 6 8 3

Nat i on al S e a G ran t P rogr am 8 9

S ta tu s o f th e F ed era l ly Sup p or t e d F l e e t 9 7

A S e l e c t i o n o f L aws Enac t ed by th e 9 3r d Congr es s in

1 9 7 4 Affe c t ing O c e an Ac t i v i t i e s

C hap ter I

INTR O D UC TI O N : O C EAN M ANAG EM ENTA N D T H E L A W OF T H E SEA

Nat i on al p o l i c i e s an d progr ams , i f t h ey ar e t o b e meani ng fu l , mu s tb e re sp on s iv e t o n ew nat i on a l n e ed s and ch ang i ng p r i o r i t i e s .

Rec en t ly t he Uni te d S t a t e s an d many o th er n a t i on s o f th e wor l d hav ebe en con fron t e d b y th e en ergy cr i s i s an d by th e p ro sp e c t o f moun t i ngfo od and mine ra l sh o r t ag e s . The s e ev en t s h av e g i v en new imp e t u s t othe d ev el opmen t o f o c e an r e s o ur ce s . Ye t , a t th e s ame t ime , th er e i s ac on t i nu i ng c on c e rn ab ou t t he imp ac t o f d ev e l opmen t o n th e qu a l i tyo f t he env i r onmen t .I n th i s c o un t ry , th e ne e d fo r ac c e l e r a t e d o c e an deve l opmen t and

the n ec es s i ty o f p r e s e r v i ng th e env i r onmen t ar e r ec ogn i ze d i nCong re s s and a t t h e h ig he s t p o l i cy l ev e l s o f th e ex ec u t i v e bran ch .

Th i s r ec ogni t i on i s r e fl e c t ed in th e r ap i d ex pan s i on of F eder al O c e anPr ogr am ac t i v i t i e s d i r e c t e d t o b o t h ob j e c t i ve s . F ed era l agen cye ffo rt s d i r ec t e d t o e nv i ronmen ta l p re s e r va t i on h ave now be engre at l y augmen t ed by i n t e ns i v e n ew env i r onmen t a l a s s e s sme n tp rogr ams t o l ay th e b a s i s fo r mar i n e fo s s i l -fu e l an d mi ne ra ldev e l opmen t .The begi nn ing o f c ommer c i a l -s c a l e op e ra t i on s fo r t h e mi ni ng o f

de ep —oc e an min era l s , however , dep end s par t l y o n th e r e s o l u t i on o fl aw of th e se a i s s u e s . Such i s s ue s ar e a l s o of g r eats ign i fi c an ce t o th edev e l opmen t and p rop er man agemen t o f th e l i v i ng r e s o ur c e s o f th eo c e an .

T he T h ird Un i ted Nation s C on fer en ce on the L aw of th e Sea

I n 1 9 7 0 t h e UN . Gen era l As s emb ly s ch edul ed a compr eh ens i vec on fe r en ce on th e Law o f t he S e a t o beg in i n 1 9 7 3 . Fo l l owing a sho r to rg an i zi ng s e s s i on i n D e c emb er 1 9 7 3 , t h e fi r s t s ub s t an t i v e s e s s i on o fthe L aw o f th e Se a con fe r enc e wa s he l d i n Carac a s , Vene zue l a , from

j une 20 t o Augu s t 29 , 1 9 7 4 . Wi th th e d eve l opmen t o f o ffs h o r e o i l , t h eimmim en texp l o i t a t i on o f mangane s e n odu l e s , t h e u s e o f -t o nt ank e rs , and fi s h i ng fl e e t s c ap ab l e o f ex p l o i t i ng l i v i ng mar i nere s our ce s t o ex t i n c t i on , inc re a s i ng demand s are be i ng p l a c ed up ono c e an r es our c e s . The re fo r e , t h e ne ce s s i t y ar i s e s for a mu l t i n a t i o na lt re a ty t o r e c o nc i l e th e t ra di t i on a l u s e o f th e o c e an s wi th th e s e n ewdemand s . Unfor t un a t e l y , a c ompr eh en s i ve t re a ty wa s no t a ch i ev ed .

Nev e r the l e s s , th e s e s s i o n a t Car ac a s ac c omp l i sh ed a gr e a t de a l : i tfo rmu l a t e d a sy s t ema t i c fr amework n ec e s s ary t o r e ach an ac

c om odation . The c o nfe re nc e pap er s c l ar i fy wha t th e s t r uc tur e andgen er al con t en t o f th e Law o f th e Se a Tre a t y i s l i ke ly t o b e wh en i t i sfi n al l y agre ed upon .

The wo rk o f t h e s e s s i on wa s d i v i de d among thr ee c ommi t t e e s .Commi t t e e I d ea l t w i t h t he s e ab ed beyond th e l imi t s o f n a t i o na lj ur i s d i c t i on ; Commi t t e e I I de a l t wi th th e t rad i t i o na l l aw o f th e s e ai s s u e s ; and Commi t t e e I I I d e a l t w i th t h e p rob l ems o f mar i nep o l l u t i on and mari ne s c i e nt i fi c r e s e ar ch .

SE A BE D

Almos t t h e en t i r e ra ng e ofis su es und er C ommi t t e e I ’ s man da t e h adbe e n r e fl e c t e d i n al t e rn at i ve t r e a ty ar t i c l e s p r ep ar ed by th e o l dS eabe d Commi t t e e . The exc ep t i on wa s t h e p r ep ara t i on o f t r e a tyar t i c l e s on ru l e s and r egu l a t i on s fo r de ep s e ab ed mi ni ng ; a cr i t i c a le l emen t o f the US . de ep -s e ab ed p o s i t i on .

Dur i n g the Cara c as s e s s ion , t h e n ewly emerg ing nat i o n s agr e ed ona s in g l e t ex t fo r b a s i c c on di t i on s o f exp l o i t a t i on , wh i ch wou l d permi tt he I n t e rn at i on al Se ab e d Au th or i ty t o en t e r i n t o a var i e t y o f l eg a larr angemen t s , p rov i ded i t mai n t a i n ed d i r e c t an d e ffe c t i ve c on t ro l a ta l l t ime s . D ra ft r u l e s and regu l a t i on s we r e ad de d by th e Un i t e dS ta t e s , j ap an , an d e i gh t Europ e an c oun t r i e s .

T R A D I T I O N A L I SSUE S

T he t r ad i t i on al l aw o f t h e s e a i s s ue s are wi th in th e p urvi ew o fCommi t t e e I I . The Commi t t e e summari ze d th e work o f 1 3 work i ngp ap er s i n t o a s i ng l e wo rki ng p ap e r c on t a in i ng 243 pro vi s i o n sd iv id ed in t o 1 3 p ar t s . I t i s t h e op i n i on o f th e ch ai rman th a t t h i sdocumen t wi l l s e rve a s a b as i s fo r fu tu re work t owar d fin a lagre emen t . The 1 3 p ar t s ar e c ov e red in th e fo l l owi ng p ar agraph s .

T err itor ial Sea— A vari e t y o f ar t i c l e s wer e i n t r odu c e d th a t for th e

mos t p ar t,p ara l l e l th e p ro v i s i on s o f th e 1 9 5 8 Terr i t o r i a l Se a

Conven t i on . Ther e was a lmo s t n o re fe r en ce t o any o th er s e awardl imi t ex c ep t t h e 1 2-mi l e t err i t o r i a l s e a . Th e i s s u e s th a t s t an d in th eway o f an agre emen t are un imp eded t r an s i t o f s t r a i t s and th e 200mi l e ec on omi c z on e . Th ere ar e 1 1 6 s t r ai t s th a t ar e mor e th an 6 andle s s t han 24 mi l e s w ide . P as s ag e th rough th e s e ar e a s wou l d bei nfl uen c ed by th e c hange t o a 1 2-mil e te rr i t o r i a l s e a .

C on tigu ous Zon e— Under th e 1 9 5 8 Conv en t i on on th e Te rr i t o r i a lS e a and the Con t i g uou s Zon e , th e max imum s e award l imi t o f ac on t i gu ous zoneis 1 2 mil e s . Some s t a t e s wou l d l i k e i t e x t en ded ;o ther s fe e l i t i s unnec e s s ary i f t he r e i s a 1 2-mi l e t e rr i t or i a l s e a .

Str aits Us ed for Nav igation al P u r p oses— I n g en era l , th er e was at ren d t oward un imp eded p as s ag e thr ough s t r ai t s . Th e Un i t e d S t a t e smade i t c l e ar th at i t want ed un imp ede d p a s s age fo r a l l v e s s e l sthr ough and ov er s t r a i t s us ed for i n t e rn at i o n a l n av i g a t i o n .

H igh Seas— The n ew pr op o s a l s i n c l ud ed r e fe r en c e s t o t h es upp r e s s i on o f i l l i c i t t r aff i c from the high se a s , ho t p ur su i t , an d fl ags t a t e du t i e s , as we l l as c on s er v a t i on o f l i v i ng r e s our c e s b ey ond th ee c on omi c zon e . Mos t s t a t e s wi sh t o main t a i n th e fr e e dom o f th e highs e as , bu t d i ffi cu l t i e s ar i s e fr om th e l egal s t a t u s o f th e e c o n omi c zon e .

L an d locked C ou n t r ies an d Shel f-L ocked C ou n tr ies— Mo s t co ast a ls t a t e s re adi l y ack nowl e dge t h e n ee d fo r p o s i t i v e a c t i on on th ep rob l em o f ac c e s s t o t he s e a for l an d l o c k ed c oun t r i e s . Th e di ffi cu l t yi s one o f emph as i s , de t a i l , an d imp l emen t a t i on , mat t e r s th a t manyl and l oc k ed c oun t r i e s ar e r e lu c t an t t o l e av e t o l a t e r b i l a t e ra larr an gemen ts .

L andl o ck ed c oun t r i e s hav e o th er p rob l ems i n r e l a t i on t o d ee ps e ab ed min i ng an d l i v i ng r e s our c e s i n th e e c on omi c zon e s o fne i ghb o ring co as t a l s t a t e s . Ano th er p r ob l em con cern s a s t a t e wi th asmal l c o as t l i n e fa c ing t h e c o a s t s o f o th er s ; i t c o ul d s u ffe r ad i s adv an t age fr om the e s t ab l i s hmen t o f an e conomi c zon e byne i ghb ori ng s t a t e s .

A r ch ip elagos— Th e prob l ems t o b e s o l v ed b e for e an agr eemen t c anb e r e ach ed are ( 1)a c l e ar de fi n i t i on o f e ach ar e a an d th e r i gh t s o f th earch ip el ag i c n a t i on s i n t h e wat e r s b e twe en th e i s l and s and (2)th eri gh t s o f n av i ga t i on an d ov er fl i gh t th r ough ar ch i pe l ag i c wa t e r s

,

l arge ar ea s o f wh i c h are now high s e as .

E c on om i c Zon e an d C on tin en tal Shelf— The maj o r p rob l emsen coun te r ed in the nego t i a t i on s on th e e c o n omi c zon e ce n t e r on th efo l l owin g p o in t s

( 1)D o t he r i gh t s o f c o a s t al s t a te s ex t e nd b ey ond 200 mi l e s wh er ethe c on t in en t al marg i n ex t end s b ey ond th a t l i mi t?Th e Uni t e d S t a t e sp rop os ed an ac c ommoda t i on t h a t inc l ud e s r ev en ue s h ar i ng andc o as t a l s t at e j u r i s d i c t i o n ov e r th e con t in en t a l marg in (e xc l u s i ve o f

t he wa te r c o l umn)s e award o f th e e c on om i c zon e .(2)What are th e du t i e s o f th e c o a s t a l s t a t e s wi th r e s pe c t t o

c ons e rv at i on and fu l l u s e o f th e fi sh s to ck s wi th i n th e e c on omi cz one? Thre e maj o r app ro ac he s s eem t o h av e eme rg ed . One i sc omp l e t e ex c l u s i vi t y w i t h no c o as t a l s t a t e du t i e s . Ano th er i s t h eUn i t e d S t at e s

’

app ro ach , whi ch c oup l e s ex c l us ive co a s t a l s t a t ere gu l at i on wi th c on s e r va t i on and fu l l u s e d u t i e s and s p ec i a lt re a tmen t fo r an adromou s an d h i gh ly m i gr a t o ry s p e c i e s . A th i r d

,

wh i ch emphas i ze s th e ro l e of r egion al o rgan i za t i on s , i s advo c a t e d bye i gh t Eur ope an c oun t r i e s .

(3)What p r i n c i p l e s app l y t o th e de l im i t a t i on o f th e e c on omi c zon eor

(c on t i n en t a l s he l f b e twee n adj a c en t o r o pp o s i t e s t a t e s? A

c omp reh en s iv e l aw o f t h e s e a c onv en t i on i s n o t s u i t ab l e for d e a l i ngw i th d e t a i l s t ha t a re e s s en t i al l y b i l a t e r a l p r ob l ems .

(4)What i s t h e l eg a l s t a t u s o f t h e e c on omi c zon e? Some c l a s s i ch i gh-s e as fre ed oms wi l l b e l imi t e d and o th er s r e t a i ne d . Some nat i o n sw ant only de fin e d r igh t s t o be e xe r c i s e d , o th er s wan t a l l r e s i dua lr igh t s t o r e s i de i n th e c o a s t a l s t a t e .

R eg im e of I s lan d s— Th i s p ar t o f th e work ing p ap er t r i e s t o c ome t ogrip s wi t h a fundament a l p rob l em in al l o f t h e l aw o f t h e s e a ,pr ov oked by the ex t e ns i o n o f th e b re ad th of j u risdiction al zon e s :Th el en g th o f a c o as t l i n e an d i t s e xp o su r e t o th e op e n s e a b ear n one c e s s ary r e l a t i on sh ip t o ab s t ra c t eq u i t ab l e cr i t e r i a fo r ap p or

tionin g oc e an are a s an d re s o u rc e s . Sh ou l d a c o a s t a l s t a t e b e en t i t l edt o ex erc i s e th e s ame j ur i s d i c t i o n i n th e l arg e mar i n e a r e a s u r r ou nd in g a smal l i s l an d a s i t wou l d i f t h e are a wer e adj a c en t t o ac on t i n en t?

M A R I N E P O L LUT I O N A N D S C I E N T I F I C R E SE A R C H

The t h i r d c ommi t t e e d i vi de d i n t o two i n fo rmal work ing gro up s ,one on p o l l u t i on an d one on re s e ar ch .

M ar in e Pollu tion — The group work ing on mar i ne po l l u t i o n en t e r edan are a o f c on c e rn th a t had n o t be en con s i d ere d a t p rev i ou s l aw o ft he sea c onfe r enc es . Th e Commi t t e e b eg an work t o r e s o l ve th edi ffe r en c e s on mon i t o r ing an d r i gh t s t o s e t s t andar ds and en fo r cet hem . The t r end s e ems t o h ave mov ed away from th e s e t t i ng o fs t andards by co as t a l s t a t e s , e s p ec i a l l y wi th r eg ard t o con s t r uc t i onand d es i gn , and t owar d t he i n t e rn a t i on al s e t t i ng o f s t an dard s . Thegroup i s a t t emp t i ng t o exp re s s i n l eg al t e rms th e unde r l y i ng ne ed t oh armon i ze ec on omi c an d env i r onmen t al i n t e r e s t s .

S c i en t i fi c R esear ch an d T r an s fer of T ech n ology— Be cau s e t h eg roup would n o t c ome t o an agr e emen t on a de fi n i t i on th a t wou l di nc l u de r e s e ar ch fo r commerc i a l pu rp os e s , i t p u t th a t ma t t e r a s i deand b e gan work on th e g en er a l pr i n c i p l e s for c on duc t i ng r e s e ar chand the ob l i g a t i on s for in t e rn a t i on a l an d r eg i on al c o op era t i o n . Th e

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haddock , h al ib u t , h e rri ng , o c e an p er ch , Pac i fi c mack er e l , s ab l e fi sh ,

ye l l owfi n s o l e , an d y e l l owt a i l fl o und er), r e s u l t i ng i n s e r i o u se c on omi c c on s eq ue nc e s . M A R M A P i s a n a t i onwi de re s our cea s s e s smen t sy s t em tha t annu al l y p r ov i de s sy s t ema t i c a s s e s smen t so f t he p ri n c ip a l fi s h and sh e l l fi s h s t o ck s o f i n t e r e s t t o th e Un i t e dS t a t e s and warn ing s and fo r ec a s t s o f ch ange s i n th e s e s t o ck s . Thi si n fo rmat i on i s u s e d t o a t t emp t t o r e s t o r e ov er fi sh ed s t o c k s t o formerabund anc e l ev e l s and t o a s s ur e op t imal yeild s from o th er s t o ck s .

I n fi s c al y e a r 1 9 7 5 , M A R M A P ground fi sh an dichthyop lan ktons urv eys , wer e c on duc t e d wi th s i x n at i on s , t h e P ol an d

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Franc e , Can ada , F ed e ra l R ep ub l i c o f Ge rmany , an d th e GermanD emocr at i c Rep ub l i c . Th es e su rvey s wer e made i n th e n or thwe s tA t l an t i c fr om Green l and t o Cap e Hat t e r as a s p ar t o f a j o i nta s s e s s men t e ffo r t o f t he I n t e rn a t i on a l Commi s s i on for t h eNo rthwe s t At l an t i c F i s h er i e s . The S t a t e o f S ou th Car o l i n a p articip ated i n s u rv ey i ng t h e a re a fr om Cap e Ha t t e r a s t o th e F l o r i daKey s . Ground fi sh s urve y s we r e al s o c on du c t e d i n th e M i s s i s s i pp iD e l t a r eg i on , and th e re wer e s urv ey s o f smal l ar e a s i n th e nor th e a s tP ac i fi c o ff Al ask a an d i n t h e E a s t B er i ng Se a . S t a tu s -of—s t o cks urv ey s wer e c on t i nu e d on imp o r t an t s t o c k s i n c l ud i ng s q u i d ,

s a lmon , he rr in g , menh ade n , s hr imp , k ing an d t anner c r ab s , o c e anper ch , n o rt h Pac i fi c g roundfi sh , s ab l e fi s h , Cal i fo rn i a curr en t co a s t a ls p ec i e s and t un a ( i n c o o per a t i on wi th th e S t a t e o f C al i fo rn i a),A t l an t i c g r ound fi s h , Gul f shr imp , and c r o ak er . M A R M A P s urv eyd a t a w er e u s ed by US . nego t i a t o r s t o supp or t l im i t in g for e ignfi s h in g fo r c r ab , sh r imp , an d ground fi s h in th e n or th e a s t P ac i fi c . Th efir s t s u rv ey o f th e de ep -sea re d cr ab was made t o de t e rm in e i t sd i s t r ib u t i on and abundanc e on th e c on t in en t a l s l op e from M ary l andt o G e orge s B ank . M A R M A P s urv ey s a l s o r e su l t e d in th e i s s u an c e o ftw o!Red F l ag

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r ep o r t s de s cr ib ing ex t en s iv e c on t am in a t i on o fw e s t e rn A t l an t i c s ur fa c e wa t e r s w i th t ar c lump s an d p l as t i cp ar t i c l e s .

P r og r am E m p has i s

The fi s c al y e ar 1 9 7 6 F ed e ra l O c e an Program budge t r eq ue s t i s $ 9 0mi l l i on h i gh er th an th e f i s c a l y e ar 1 9 7 5 e s t ima t e d b udge t an d o ver

$ 200 mi l l i on h igh er th an t h e fi s c a l y e ar 1 9 74 e s t imat e . The t r en d o ft he p rogr am budge t ov er t h i s 2-y ear p er i od r e fl e c t s a c c e l er a t e dac t iv i t y i n are a s of

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rn aj or nat i on a l c on c ern . I n b o th y e ar s , th e r a t e o fg rowth in exp endi t u re s fo r p rogr ams r e l a t i ng t o en ergy and r e s o ur cede v e l opmen t and t o env i ronmen t a l p r o t e c t i o n wa s gre a t e r th an th eg row th r at e o f th e p ro gram as a wh o l e . Th e b udge t ary imp ac t o fh i gh-p ri o ri t y en ergy-r e l a t e d s tu d i e s was e sp ec i a l l y drama t i c . Th es t ar t i n g c o s t s o f t h e s e n ew e ffo r t s , i n s t i tu t e d i n fi s c a l y e ar 1 9 7 5 ,

ac c ount in l arge me a s ur e fo r th e p r op o r t i on a t e l y h i gh in cr ea s e in

th at y ear ’ s p r ogram budge t .The emphas i s o n en ergy—re l a te d pr ogr ams wi l l c o n t i nu e in fi s c a l

ye ar 1 9 7 6 . Dep ar tmen t o f t h e In t e r i o r (DO I)funds a l l o c a t e d t onon l i v in g r e s ourc e programs wi l l b e augmen te d by $32 mi l l i on , mos to f whi ch wi l l b e e xp end ed o n Ou te r-Con t i n en t a l —Sh el f (OCS)env i r onmen t a l as s e s smen t p rogr ams t o de t e rmine th e imp ac t o ffo s s i l -fu e l d ev e l opmen t . Ano th er p romi ne n t p r o gr am de s i gn ed t ore s o l v e p r ob l ems be twe en env i r onmen t al p r o t e c t i o n and th e u s e o fmarin e r e s our ce s i s th e Co as t al Zon e Man agemen t p r ogr am o fNOAA . The fund s made ava i l ab l e t hr ough th i s p rogram for co a s t a lmanagemen t gr an t s t o US . c o as t a l S t a t e s an d t e rr i t o r i e s wi l l b einc r e as ed s i gn i fi c an t l y . A maj o r u s e o f th e gran t s i s exp ec t e d t o b et he s upp o rt o f p ro j e c t s t o min imi ze adv e rs e imp ac t s o f OCS o i l an dg as dev e l opmen t on th e co as t a l zon e .

I n r e l a t e d effo rt s , t h e Env i r onmen t a l P ro t e c t i on Age ncy (EPA)i sexp andin g i t s s t udi e s o f th e env i r onmen t a l e ffe c t s o f e n ergydev e l opmen t . The Energy Res e arch and D e v e l opmen t Admin i s t r at i on (ERDA)i s ac c e l er a t ing i t s e ffo r t s t o de t e rmi ne th e be s t s i t e s fo rc o a s t a l p owe rp l an t s , t o under s t an d th e env i r o nmen t al e ffe c t s o fnuc l e ar-p ower u s e , an d t o d ev e l op n ew me th od s o f gen er a t i ngen ergy fr om the o c e an

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s dynami c p r oc e s s e s .

Funds al l o c at e d t o th e de ve l opmen t of min er al r e s our c e s h av e b e enc omp ar a t i v e l y smal l , bu t are be i n g s ub s t an t i a l l y augmen t e d i n fi s c a lye a r 1 9 76 . N O A A

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s new D eep O c e an Mi ning Env i r onmen t a l S t u dy(DOMES), c ondu c t ed a t pro sp ec t i v e mangan es e nodul e min i ng s i t e s ,wil l b e q u adrup l ed by an in cr emen t o f $ 3 mi l l i on . Exp end i t ur e s fo rl iv in g-r e s ourc e c on s er vat i on an d man agemen t p rogr ams wi l l a l s or i s e s i gni fi c an t l y . Th e maj o r in cre a s e s i n th i s c a t e go ry wi l l b e for th eas s e s smen t o f c ommer c i a l f i s hery s t o ck s , r e s e arch d i r e c t e d t o th ep ro t e c t i on of mar in e mammal s an d end anger ed sp e c i e s , and for th een fo r c emen t o f fi s he ry t re a t i e s by th e US . Co as t Guar d , (USCG).O t h e r a re as o f th e mari ne p ro gram h ave n o t be en s ub j e c t t o th e

s ame c ompe l l i n g p r e s s ure s for exp and ed a c t i vi ty . Exp en di t u r e s i nthe s e are as , h owev e r , are b e in g mai n t a i n ed a t l ev e l s ne ce s s ar y t oas sur e th e Nat i on

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s s e c ur i t y an d t o p r ov i d e e s s en t i a l s up por t fo rfu t ure dev e l opmen t and env i r onmen t a l p re s e rva t i o n . For ex amp l e ,budge t s for n at i on a l s e cur i ty p rogr ams , oc e an ob se r va t i on andpre di c t i o n , mapp ing and char t in g , an d o c e an r e s e ar ch wi l l a l l b emode s t ly i n c r e as ed . The SE A SA T p ro j e c t o f th e Na t i o na lAer onau t i c s and Sp ac e Admin i s t r a t i on (NASA)fo r th e de s i gn andc on s t ruc t i on o f an o c e an-ob s erv a t i on s a t e l l i t e i s e n t e r i ng i t sfab r i c a t i on p h as e and w i l l re c e i ve a s ub s t an t i a l i n cr emen t . Consid erin g t h e fi s c al y e ar 1 9 7 6 p rogr am as a who l e an d th e n a t i o na le c on omi c fr amework wi t h in wh i ch i t wa s de ve l op ed , th e p rogram

226-8 1 7 0 7 7 2

l e v e l r eq u e s t e d i s a r e a l i s t i c a t t emp t t o advan ce t oward imme di a t e a sw el l a s l ong-t e rm go al s .

A bou tT h i s R ep or t

Thi s r ep o r t fe a t ure s F eder a l O c e an Progr am thru s t s t o p re s e r vethe oc e an env i r onmen t wh i l e d ev e l op i ng i t s n on l i vi ng r e s our ce s .

I n c lu d ed i n t h i s th eme i s a c hap t e r on g e o l og i c a l and ge ophy s i c a lre se a rch pr ograms , whi ch , i n add i t i o n t o exp and ing o ur kn owl e dg eo f t h e e arth

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s e vo l u t i on ary pr oc e s s e s , are p r ov i di ng p r ac t i c a li n fo rmat i on u s e fu l i n l o c a t i n g s e a-fl o or o i l and mine ra l d ep o s i t s , i ns e l e c t i ng s i t s fo r s t ru c t ure s re s t i n g on th e s e ab ed , an d i n r e s e arch onc l imat e ch ange s . The r epo r t a l s o inc l u d e s , fo r th e fi r s t t ime , Fed era lagen cy p r ogr ams t o e nh anc e opp o r tun i t i e s fo r o c e an -r e l a t e dre c re at i on al ac t i v i t i e s . Progr ams o f mar i ne env i ro nmen t a l o b s e r v at i on , pr ed i c t i on , mapp ing and re s e arch n eed ed i n s u pp o r t o fs h ipp in g , c o a s t al zo ne manageme n t , and a lmo s t a l l o th er o ce anre l a t e d ac t i v i t i e s ar e d e s c r ibed in th e fin al ch ap t e r . App end i c e s A , B ,

C , and D c on s i s t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f oc e an p r ogr am budge t t ab l e s , as ummary o f Se a Gran t p rogram ac t i v i t i e s , th e s t a t u s o f th e r e s ea r chfl e e t , and a s e l e c t i on o f l aws en a c t e d i n 1 9 7 4 a ffe c t i ng mar i ne

ac t iv i t i e s .

C hap ter 1 1

OFF SH O R E ENER G Y-R EL ATED AC TIV ITI ES

The O i l Embarg o o f l a t e 1 9 7 3 and ear l y 1 9 74 an d th e en s ui nginc r e as e s in th e c o s t s o f imp o rt e d o i l g av e a dr amat i c b o o s t t o pub l i cin t e r es t in o ffsh o re e nergy -r e l a t ed ac t i v i t i e s . Among th e s e ao

tivities , t he gr e at e s t a t t en t i on h a s b e en fo cu s e d on OCS o i l an d ga sre s our ce s . The dev e l opmen t o f th e s e r e s our ce s o ffe r s th e b e s tp ro sp ec t s fo r re duc i ng U .S . d ep end en c e on fore i gn p e t r o l eumimpor ts i n t he fo r e s e e ab l e fu t ure . Wi th th e h i gh p r i o r i t y fo rac ce l e ra t in g d eve l opment , ev ery a t t emp t i s b e i ng made t o m in im i zet hr e a t s t o th e mari ne e nv i r onmen t r e s u l t i ng from deve l opme ntope r at i on s . Al though no t s o we l l p ub l i c i z ed , s e v er a l o th er e ffo r t s ar ea l s o und e rway to augment our en ergy supp l i e s .

Superp o r t l eg i s l a t i on h as b een en ac te d tha t a ims a t l ower i ngpe t ro l eum imp or t c o s t s and p rev en t i ng damage t o th e oc e anenv i r onmen t from p ort o per a t i on s . An i n t en s i fi ed e ffor t i s b e i ngmade t o h arne s s th e dynami c and th ermal p ro c e s s e s o f th e o c e an s t op ro v id e en ergy . Ye t an o t her p ar t o f th e ac ce l e r a t i ng Fed era l programdev o t ed t o OCS en ergy-r e l a t e d ac t i v i t i e s c on s i s t s o f en vi ro nment a las s e s smen t s t o e s t ab l i s h t he in format i on b as e ne ed ed i n s e l ec t i ngs i t e s fo r o ffs ho re p owe r fac i l i t i e s .

A c celerated L eas in g of the O u ter C on tin en tal Shelf

The n eed t o exp l o re and de ve l op OCS p e t r o l eum re s ou r ce s i ns upp or t o f the Nat i on

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s growi ng ec on omy b e c ame incr e a s i ng l ye v i d en t dur in g t he l a t e 1 9 60

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s . I n a 1 9 7 1 en ergy me s s ag e t o Congr es s ,t he Pre s i d en t n o t e d a ne ed t o ac c e l e r at e OCS o i l and ga s l e a s i ng . Hesub seq u en t ly d i r ec t e d t o t h e Se cr e t ary o f th e I n t e r i o r t o in i t i a t e s t e p st o t rip l e annu al OCS l e a s e o ffe r i ng s by 1 9 7 9 , from abou t 1 mi l l i o nac r es a t t he t ime t o 3 mi l l i on e ach y e ar . Wi th th e adven t o f t h eemb argo , t he Pr e s i de nt c a l l e d fo r s t i l l fu r th er a c c e l e r a t i on o f th el e as e o ffe r ings as p art o f a p rogr am t o a t t a i n g r e a t e r e nergy s e l f

s u ffi c i ency . The g o a l o f t he p re s en t p r ogr am i s t o p r o v i de amaximum su s t a i n ab l e l ev e l o f l e as ing c on s i s t e n t wi th i nd us t ryc ap ab i l i t y for exp l o r at i o n an d e ffi c i en t de ve l opmen t .The Se c re t a ry o f th e I n t e r i o r h as r e sp on s ib i l i t y fo r th e con s e rva

t i on and d ev e l opme nt o f min er a l r e s our ce s on Fed era l l and s o f th eUni t ed S t a t e s in c l ud i ng th o s e o f th e Na t i on

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s OCS . Under h i sdi r ec t i o n DO I 8 Bur eau o f L an d Man agemen t (BLM)ha s g en era lre s p ons ib i l i t y fo r admin i s t r a t i o n o f th e OCS l e a s e sy s t em , in c l ud i nga l l as p e c t s o f p l ann ing and p re p ar a t i on fo r l e a s e s a l e s , c on duc t i ngthem , i s s u in g and t e rmin at i ng l e a s e s , an d c o l l e c t ing as s o c i a t e dre v enue s . The D ep artme nt ’ s US . Ge o l o g i c a l Sur ve y (USGS)p rovi d es t e chn i c a l s upp or t t o BL M fo r th o s e ph as e s o f th e l e a ses y s t em inv o l v i ng the a s s e s smen t and c l as s i fi c a t i o n o f min era lv a l u e s . The USGS a l s o has re sp on s i b i l i t i e s fo r r egu l a t i n g pre s a l emin er al exp l o ra t i on ; fo r s up e rv i s in g p ostsale l e a s e t ra c t ex p l o r a t i o n ,

dev e l opmen t , and p rodu c t i on , and fo r c o l l e c t i n g r en t s an d r oy a l t i e s .The OCS ac t i v i t i e s o f BL M and USGS p ar a l l e l th e i r r e s p on s i b i l i t i e sfo r min er al l e a s ing and d ev e l opmen t o f on sh ore Fe dera l l an d s . OCSac t iv i t i e s i nv o l ve many as pe c t s o f th e F ed e ra l O c e an Pro gram ,

i n c l u de many c o op e ra t i v e e ffor t s , and ar e c omp l eme n t ed bys upp or t in g s e rv i c e s and regu l a t o ry p ro gr ams o f o th e r Fe d era lagen c i es .

The go al s o f the BL M and USGS programs ar e

( 1)To p r ovi d e fo r o r de r l y and t ime ly dev e l opmen t o f OCS minera land en ergy r e s ou rc e p o t e n t i a l s

(2)To p r o t e c t and main t a in a c l e an OCS env i r onmen t(3)To as s ure s a fe ty and max imum effi c i en cy o f i ndu s t ry op era

t i on s

(4)To ob t ai n a fa i r re t u rn fr omin d u str y op er a t i o n s for th e F ed era lG ove rnmen t

Comp onen t s o f th e l e a s e sy s t em , managemen t program , andc oncurr en t i ndu s t ry ac t i v i t i e s ar e summar i ze d i n t ab l e 1 . Bur e au

re sp ons i b i l i t i e s are i nd i c a t e d p aren th e t i c a l l y .

F i gure 1 i s th e t en t a t i ve l e as e s ch edu l e i s s ue d i n l a t e 1 9 74 i nre s p ons e t o the Pr e s i de n t

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s c a l l fo r max imum acc e l e r a t i on o f l e a s eo ffe r ings . Thi s s ch e du l e , ba s e d ch i e fly on ge ne ra l USGS r e s o ur cea s s e s s men t s

,t e ch no l o g i c a l c on s i der a t i on s , and E L M e c onomi c

an aly se s,i s s ub j ec t t o c o n t inu ing rev i ew and ch ange . On e purp o s e o f

re l e as in g s che du l e s,s u ch a s t h i s on e , i s t o s o l i c i t v i ews fo r

i nc o rp o ra t i on in r ev i s i on s . On e w id e ly p ub l i c i ze d ex amp l e o f ach ange in t h i s s c he du l e was t h e p o s tp on emen t o f a l l ac t i v i t i e sre l a t i ng t o a p r op os ed s al e a l on g th e M i d-At l an t i c c o a s t p en di ng th eSup r eme Cour t ’ s de c i s i o n on th e c l a im o f At l an t i c S t a t e s t o OCSre sou r ce j ur i s d i c t i on .

1 0

T A BL E 1 .— ST E P S O F L E A S E P R O G R A M

F ed e r a l a c t i v i t i e s I n d u s t r y Ac t i v i t i e s

D e v e l o p a nd m a i n t a i n t e n t a t i v el e a s e -s a l e s c h ed u l e s (E L M . DO I)I s s u e ge o ph y s i c a l e x p l o ra t i o n pe rm i t s (USGS)Ge o p h y s i c a l

e x p l o r a t i o nI n i t i a t e b a s e l i n e e n v i r o nm e n t a l s t u d i e s (BLM)I s s u e ca l l s fo r n om i n a t i o n s (E L M , DO I)Nom i n a t e t r a c t sM a k e t ra c t s e l ec t i o n s (BLM , USGS)P r ep a r e e n v i r o nm e n t a l a n a l y s e s (BLM)I s s u e n o t i c e o f s a l e (E L M , DO I)M ake p re s a l e e v a l u a t i o n (USGS , BL M)Su bm i t b i d sC o nd u c t s a l e (BLM)Re v i ew s a l e (E L M , USGS)I s s u e l e a s e s , c o l l e c t a s s o c i a t e dr e v en u e s (BL M , DO I)P r ep a re a n d i s s u e o p e r a t i n g o rd e r s (USGS)P re p a r e a nd s u bm i td e v e l o pm e n t p l a n sRe v i ew a nd g r a n t o r d e n y de v e l o pm e n t p l a n s (USGS)E x p l o ra t i o n , d e v e l o pm e n t ,

p r o d u c t i o nM ake i n s p e c t i o n s , m o n i t o r o p e ra t i o n s (USGS)Co l l e c t p r o d u c t i o n r e v e n u e s (USGS)O C S E n v i r on m en tal Stu d ies

A pr ere q u i s i t e t o ex p an de d o ffsh o re p e t ro l eum dev e l o pmen t i s th eac q u i s i t i on o f k nowl edge on th e env i r onmen t a l e ffe c t s o f de ve l o pmen t . BLM h as ac ce l e r a t e d i t s env i r onmen t a l s tu d i e s p r ogr am t oa s s e s s the e ffe c t o f t h e OCS l e a s in g p ro gram on th e env i r onmen t . Th eob j ec t i v e s o f th i s pr ogr am are :

( 1)To p r ov id e i n fo rma t i on th a t wi l l en ab l e th e dep ar tmen t t om ake s o und man agemen t d e c i s i on s r eg ard i ng th e d ev e l opment o f

o ffs h o re min er al an d en e rgy r e s o ur ce s

(2)To p r ov id e a b a s i s fo r p r e d i c t i n g th e imp ac t o f o i l and ga sdev e l opmen t on th e mar i n e en v i r onmen t(3)To pr ov i de da t a t h a t wi l l r e s u l t i n th e impr ovemen t o f l e as i ng

re gu l a t i ons,op er a t in g regu l a t i on s , an d op e r a t in g o rde r s

The p rog ram c on s i s t s o f s ep ar a t e env i r onmen t a l s t u d i e s i n e achare a b e in g c on s i de r ed fo r p o s s ib l e o i l and g a s l e a s i ng . I n Apr i l 1 9 7 5 ,

s u ch s t ud i e s we r e i n p rog re s s i n ex i s t i n g an d pro s p e c t i ve l e a s e ar ea so ff t h e F l o ri d a-Al ab ama-Mi s s i s s i pp i , s ou th ern Tex as , s ou th ern and

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BLM i s c on t inu ing i t s s t ud i e s i n o t h er ar e a s pr op o s ed for l e a s i ng ,t o d e t ermin e t he ne ed fo r ba s e l in e p hy s i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , ch emi ca l , andge o l og i c al i n format i on i n e ach . Th es e s tud i e s , s upp l emen te d byin fo rmat i on r e s u l t i ng from the b a s e l i n e s amp l ing ac t i v i t i e s , form th eb as i s fo r t he p r epar a t ion o f d ra ft env i r onmen t a l imp ac t a s s e s smen t ss upp ort i n g ea ch s al e .

O C S Oil an d G as A s ses sm en t

I n addi t i o n t o c o l l e c t i ng i nfo rma t i on on se a-fl o or s t ab i l i t y ando t he r c ond i t i on s th a t co n t ri bu t e t o t h e b a s e l i n e en v i r onme nt a ls t ud i e s , USGS ha s ac c e l e ra t e d e ffor t s t o ac q u i r e k nowl edg e t h a tm ay be u se d t o impro ve re s ou r c e e s t imate s in p ro p o s ed l e a s e ar e a sand fo r t he a s s e s smen t o f t r a c t v a l u e s . Sp ec i a l emphas i s i s b e i ngp l ac e d on ac q u i r i ng dat a fo r pub l i c d i s s emin a t i on on de ep s t r u c tur e san d s ed imen t l ay e r s th a t may ind i c a t e th e ex i s t e nc e o f o i l an d ga sre se rv o i r s . To as sur e t h at t he max imum in fo rma t i on i s av ai l ab l e form aking t rac t s e l ec t i on s and p r e s a l e ev a l u a t i on s , USGS al s o o b t a i n sl arge amoun t s o f da t a g at h er ed b y an d for th e o i l indu s t ry . Newre gu l a t i ons p r ep are d duri ng 1 9 7 4 aim a t ex pe di t i ng t h e a cq u i s i t i o no f s u ch i ndu s t ry d a t a . The c omb in a t i on o f pub l i c and pr i v a t e da t ap rov i d es USGS wi th be t t e r i n fo rma t i on on whi ch t o b a s e r e s our ceev a lu at i ons t han i s ava i l ab l e t o any s i ng l e c omp any o f th e o i li ndu s t ry .

Among th e mo s t us e fu l and wid e l y u s e d t o o l s i n th e s e arc h fo ro ffs h o re o i l and g as h as b e en d eep -p en e t r a t i on ( c ommon-d ep t hp o i n t)se i smi c r efl ec t i o n pro fi l i n g . Pri or t o 1 9 74 , th e o n ly r e c o rd s o ft h i s t yp e avai l ab l e t o USGS wer e t h o s e ob t a i ne d from indu s t ry ,

Al th ough u s e d in mak i ng t r ac t s e l e c t i on s an d eva l u a t i on s , t h i sp ro pr i e t ary i n fo rmat i on was ne c e s s ar i l y wi thh e l d from p ub l i cs c ru t i ny be c aus e o f t he l arge p r i v at e in v e s tmen t s inv o l ved . Toove r c ome l imi t a t i on s on th e u se o f th e i n dus t ry pro fi l e s an d t oac q u i r e add i t i on al kn ow l edg e o f re s o ur c e p o t en t i a l s , USGS co nt rac t e d fo r t h r e e p ro fi l e s b e twe en M as s ac hu s e t t s and New j e r s eyex t end in g from ne ar sh o re ac r o s s t h e At l an t i c Con t inen t a l Sh e l f t ode ep wate r . Anal y s e s o f t h e i n format i on thu s ob t a in ed wer e i s s u eddur in g 1 9 74 . USGS sub s eq ue n t l y c on t r a c t e d for four add i t i on a lp ro fi l e s ac r o s s t he At l an t i c Con t in en t a l Sh e l f an d Sl o pe , ob t a in edp ro fi l e s ac r o s s the B l ak e P l a t e au t o th e e as t o f F l o r i da and Ge org i a ,and in s t a l l ed a s e i smi c s y s t em ab o ard th e USGS r e s e ar ch ve s s e l S . P .

Le e for us e i n ob t a i n i ng pr o fi l e s o f t h e We s t c o a s t an d Al a sk aCon t i n en t al M arg in s . USGS , as we l l a s i ndu s t ry , i s u s i ng th e b r igh ts p o t t e chn iq u e and o t her fo rms o f c ompu t e r an a l y s e s t o ge tm aximum in fo rma t i on r e l a t i ng t o o i l and g as p o t en t i a l s fr om th em i l l i on s o f d at a b i t s p rod uc ed e ach hour by th e s e i smi c sy s t ems .

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USGS h as a l s o ac ce l e r a t e d th e c o l l e c t i on an d an al ys i s o f magn e t i c ,gr avi ty

,high-re s o l u t i on ( sh a l l ow-p en e t r a t i on), s e i smi c , and o th er

ge ophy s i c al da t a th a t p rov id e add i t i on al kn owl edge o f sub s ur fa c es t ruc t ure s and th er eby ai d i n l o c a t i ng an d as s e s s i ng o i l an d g a sp o t en t i a l s .To improve our g eomagne t i c kn owl edge o f th e At l an t i c marg i n , a

c on t rac t was n ego t i a t ed wi th a pr i va t e comp any t o mak e a de t ai l edaer omagne t i c s urv ey o f t he r eg i on from th e Canadi an b or de r t on or th ern F l o r i d a dur i ng ear ly 1 9 7 5 . Th e ana ly s i s and comp i l a t i o n o ft he surv ey r es u l t s b y USGS sc i en t i s t s i s exp e c t e d t o p r ov i de agen er al p i ct ur e o f magn e t i c ch ar ac t e r i s t i c s th a t i s mor e a c cur a t e andmore d e t ai l ed t h an any now av ai l ab l e . The p i c tu r e , c omb i ne d wi tho ther re s ul t s o f g e ophy s i c al exp l o r a t i on , wi l l p ro v i de fur th eri n fo rmat i on on th e dep t h o f cry s t a l l i n e r o ck s forming th e b a s eme ntben e a th s ed ime nt s o f th e con t i n en t a l s h e l f .Ge ophy s i c a l exp l o r a t i on p ro v i de s s t ru c t ur a l t arg e t s , bu t i t i s on ly

a p or t i on o f t he i n fo rmat i on b as e n ee d ed t o fi nd an d a s s e s sp e t ro l eum p o t en t i a l s . O f comp ar ab l e i mp or t an ce ar e da t a o n th en at ur e o f th e r o ck s th a t c omp o s e th e s t ru c t ur e s . Re l i ab l es t r a t i g raph i c d at a are ob t a i n ab l e on ly by dr i l l i ng . I n forma t i on o fth i s type i s abundan t i n t he c en t ra l Gu l f o f Mex i c o and t o a l es s e rde gre e o ff t h e c o a s t o f s ou th e rn Ca l i fo rn i a , wher e dr i l l i ng anddev e l opmen t are underway . D r i l l e r s ar e r eq u i r e d t o mak e th e dat aava i l ab l e t o the USGS . Th e l ac k o f c omp arab l e i n fo rma t i on fo r!fron t i e r

”

are as , ar ea s wh ere n o d eep ho l e s h av e b ee n dr i l l ed , su ch a sthe At l an t i c Con t i n en t a l She l f an d the Gu l f o f Al a sk a , c on s t i t u t e s amaj o r h andi c ap i n a s s e s s i ng o i l an d g as p o t e n t i a l s o f th e s e are as .

To b e o f v al u e i n a s s e s s i ng o i l p o t e n t i a l , b as i n a l s t r a t i gr aph i c da t ane e d n o t c ome from th e s t ru c t ur e s wi th in t h e b a s i n i n wh i chexp l o i t ab l e d ep o s i t s t en d t o a c cumu l a t e . I n 1 9 74 a p e t r o l eumindu s t ry group , wi th USGS par t i c i p at i on , pr op o s e d an d sp on s o r edt he dr i l l i ng o f a!p ub l i c s t ra t igr ap h i c t e s t h o l e” i n th e fron t i e r ar e a o fft he c o as t o f s ou t h e rn Texas a t a s i t e c on s i de r ed u nl i k e l y fo r ap e t ro l eum d i s c o very on th e b as i s o f ge op hy s i c a l da t a . Th e da t a wer eus e d b y USGS fo r e va l ua t i ng t r ac t s t o b e l e a s e d an d by c omp an i e s inp rep ari ng b id s . I ndu s t r y h as s i n c e p rop o s ed th e dr i l l i ng o f s imi l ars t r a t i gr aph i c te s t h o l e s fo r o th e r p r o sp ec t i v e fron t i e r ar e a s o ff t h eAt l an t i c and Al as k a co a s t s .

R egu lator y Activ ities

The Con s e rv at i on D i v i s i o n o f USGS admin i s t e r s r egu l a t i on s th a tg overn dri l l i n g and p ro duc i ng op er a t i on s t o a s s ur e human andenv i r onmen ta l s afe ty . I n c o l l ab o r a t i on wi th o th er s , USGS pr ep ar e sand i s s u e s OCS ord e rs , whi ch de a l wi t h the sp ec i fi c p r ob l ems fo r

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e ach are a and out l i n e c on di t i on s and s t and ard s th a t mu s t b e me t i nope r at i on s . The regu l a t i on s r eq u i r e th a t USGS ar e a su pe r vi s or sapp rove al l exp l o r at i on , deve l opmen t , an d p roduc t i o n d e s i gns andope r a t in g p l an s . The s up er v i s o r s h av e wi de au th o r i ty fo rne go t i a t i n g ch ange s in de s i gn s an d p l an s , fo r r e j e c t i ng t h em ,

and fo rc on t ro l l i n g r a t e s o f p r odu c t i on as th e y r e l a t e t o s a fe ty

,r e s o ur c e

c on s e rv at i on , and env i ronmen t a l p r o t e c t i o n .

The r egu l a t i on s and o rd e rs ar e sub j ec t t o c on t i nu i ng r ev i ew andupd a t in g at b o t h na t i on a l an d l o c a l l ev e l s . USGS supp or t s s t udi e sc ondu c t e d by an adv i s o ry g ro up o f th e Nat i on a l Ac ad emy o fEngi ne e ri ng and by o t h e r c o ns ul t an t s t o a i d i n th e d ev e l o pmen t andrev i ew o f regul a t i on s . A work in g g roup un de r t h e di r ec t i on o f th eUSGS As s o c i a t e D i r e c t o r c on s i der s an d i n i t i a t e s p er t i ne n tre gu l a t o ry and o th er admin i s t r a t i v e a c t i on b a s e d o n r ec omm en da

t i o n s o f t he s t ud i e s a nd on th e adv i c e o f o th e r pub l i c gr o up s . Dur i ng1 9 74 th e USGS wo rk ing group d ev o t e d p ar t i cu l ar a t t e n t i o n t ore c ommend at i on s o f two s t ud i e s : on e fun de d by th e Na t i on a l S c i en ceF ound at i on (NSF)and p re par ed a t th e Un i ve r s i ty o f Ok l ah oma ,

pub l i s hed dur i ng Nov emb er and th e o th er sp o n s o r e d by th eCounc i l on Env i r onmen t a l Qu a l i t y an d p ub l i sh ed i nUSGS i s s u ed a ge ne r a l re v i s i on o f i t s OCS order s fo r th e Gu l f o f

Mex i co a re a , i n c o rp o ra t i ng r ec ommenda t i on s o f th e na t i on al s t ud i e sand t he r e s u l t s o f l o c a l ex pe r i en c e an d t e chn o l o g i c a l dev e l opmen t .One maj o r ch ang e adde d s up e rv i s o ry au th o r i t y t o c on t r o l r a t e s o fp ro duc t i on fr om we l l s t app i ng o i l fi e l d s th a t ex t e nd beyon d th el imi t s o f a s i n gl e l e a s e t r a c t t o ach i ev e max imum rec ov ery andc on s e rv at i on o f r e s e rv e s . Ano th e r wa s th e i n c l u s ion o f a numb er o fp re c au t i on s and pr ev en t i v e me a s u r e s d e s i gn ed t o avo i d mi sh ap s i nth e e ven t tha t hydro ge n su l fi de , a maj o r h azard i n th e Gu l f r eg i o n ,

s h ou l d b e en c oun t e r ed dur i ng dr i l l i n g . USGS h a s p l a c e d empha s i son bui l d in g a c omp e t e n t an d c ap ab l e s t a ff o f e ngi ne er s ands upp o r t in g s c i en t i s t s t o r ev i ew d es ign s an d p l an s a s a p rev en t i v eme as ur e aga in s t maj o r ac c i de n t s , su ch as t h e Sp i l l th a t t o ok p l ac e inth e S an t a B arbara Ch anne l o ff C a l i fo rn i a du r i ng 1 9 69 and s ev era ll e s s -pub l i c i ze d fi r es and sp i l l s i n th e gu l f.To a s s ur e ac cep t an ce o f app r ov e d d e s i gn s , p l an s , an d s a fe

p rac t i ce s , USGS ha s a l s o i n c re a s e d i t s i n s p e c t i on fo r c e , whi ch i n th egu l f re gi on now k e ep s s ev en c on t r ac t h e l i c op t e r s in n ear l yc on t inu ous ope rat i o n . Th e i n s p e c t ing te ams h av e bro ad au th or i ty t oshu t d own op er a t i on s o r ini t i a t e r emed i a l ac t i o n fo r non comp l i an ce

E n e rgy Un d e r the Oc ean s , Un i v e r s i t y o f Ok l ah om a P r e s s .O C S Oil an d G as — A n E n v i r o nm e n tal A s s e s sm e n t , Co u n c i l o n E n v i r o nm e n t a l

Qu a l i t y , US . Gov e rnm e n t P r i n t i ng O f f i c e .

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wi th regul at i on s o r o th e r di s c r e p an c i e s fo und dur i ng th e i rin sp ect i o n s . Requ i r e d quar t e r ly fa i l ur e -an al y s i s r ep or t s , ac c i den tinve s t i ga t i on proc e dure s

,an d mai n t en an c e o f a s a fe ty a l e r t sy s t em

c omp l emen t t h e in sp ec t i on fun c t i on t o as su r e th e max imum s afe ty o f

o ffs h o re op er at i on s .

The l e as e sy s t em and t he su cc e s s fu l e x p l or a t i on , d ev e l opmen t ,and pr o duc t i on of o ffs ho re o i l an d g as d ep en d on th e s upp or t o f manyo the r p ar t s o f th e F ed era l O c e an Progr am . Among th e s e ar e we a th erand oc e anogr aph i c p r ed i c t i on , p o l lu t i on c on t ro l , fi sh er i e s manag e

men t,oc e an t e chno l o gy , and t r an sp or t a t i o n .

S u p p or tin g E ffor ts

EPA admin i s t e r s an i n t er ag en cy re s e arch and deve l o pme ntp rogr am on the h e a l t h and ec o l o g i c al e ffe c t s o f i n c re a s e d dome s t i cen ergy produc t i on . The pr in c i p a l age nc i e s i n vo l ved i n th e mar i neand e s t u arin e p art o f t he p rogr am are EPA , NOAA , th e Na t i on a lBur e au o f Stan d s r d s (NBS), ERDA , t h e Na t i on a l I n s t i t u t e o fEnv i r onmen t a l He al th Sc i en c e s , and EWS . Th i s p rogr am i nc l ud e si den t i fy ing and q u an t i fy i ng p o l l u t an t s r e l a t e d t o en ergy pro duc t i o no r u s e , as we l l a s improv ing p o l l u t i on -me as ur eme n t c ap ab i l i t i e s . I nth i s a re a , t he r e a re two obj e c t i ve s : t o ac c e l e r a t e d ev e l opmen t of n ewand improv ed s amp l i ng an d an a l y s i s me th od s fo r en ergy-r e l a t e dp o l l u t an t s and t o i d en t i fy , me asur e , an d mon i t o r p o l l u t an t sas s oc i a t e d wi th r ap i d imp l emen t a t i on o f n a t i on a l en ergy g o a l s .

Ano the r pr ogr am are a i s c on c ern ed wi t h th e e c o l o g i c a l e ffe c t s o fp o l l u t an t s and h e at emi t t ed fr om en ergy op er a t i o n s and th et r ans p o r t p r oc e s s e s o f t h e s e p o l l u t an t s t h r ough a i r , wate r , and s o i lfrom the i r s ou rc e s t o t h e i r d e s t i n at i on ( fa t e)i n man and th eenv i r onmen t . The s e s t ud i e s a l s o i nv o l ve de te rmin i ng any phy s i c a land ch emi c al change in th e p o l l u t an t s o c c urr i ng dur i ng t ran sp o r t .

S tud i e s o f t h e e c o l og i c a l e ffe c t s o f en ergy s y s tems addr e s s t h eenv ir onmen ta l asp e c t s o f wat e r sh ed ( fr e s hwat e r), mar i ne , andte rr es t r i al e c o s y s t ems . Near -t e rm mari n e re s e ar ch wi l l e s t ab l i shb ack ground c ont ami nan t l ev e l s in b o th o c e an-dwe l l i ng o rg an i smsand the i r h ab i t a t s . Re s e ar ch wi l l fo cu s on a s t u dy o f on e maj o re as te rn US . co as t a l ar e a , where de epwat e r p or t s an d o i l r i g s may b el oc a t e d , t o d ev e l op b a s e l i ne d a t a fo r de t e rmin i ng th e e ffe c t s onmari n e l i fe o f d ee pwat e r p o rt s , pe t ro l eum ex t rac t i on and c on v er s i o nope r at i on s , and e l e c t r i c p owerp l an t s .

NOAA and USGS c on t i nu e t o s t reng t h en pr ogr ams dev o t e d t o th es t udy and pr edi c t i o n o f s t o rms , e ar thqu ak e s an d a s s o c i a t e d wave s ,curr en t s , and r e s on an t e ffe c t s , whi ch p o s e h a zard s t o o ffs ho r epe t ro l eum- i ndu s t ry op er a t i on s . I nc r e as i ng su cc e s s i n ap p ly i ng th ere s u l t s o f the s e p rogr ams wa s i l l u s t ra t e d i n l a t e 1 9 7 4 when th e

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t ime ly p red i c t i on o f a hurri c an e app r o ach ing th e Gu l f o f Mex i c opermi t t ed th e o i l i ndu s t ry t o s hu t d own op era t i on s an d mov e al lp e r s onn e l t o sh o re . A s a r e s ul t , th e hu rr i c an e c au s e d n o l o s s of life ori d en t i fi ab l e p o l l u t i on re l a t ed t o o ffs h or e p e t r o l eum op er a t i on s .

NOAA h as n ow gi v en h igh pr i o r i t y t o th e p l ac emen t o f d a t a buo ys(de s c r i b ed e l s ewh ere)i n are as o f p r e s e n t an d propo s e d o ffs hor el e as in g t o ai d i n mak ing wea th er an d oc e an ogr ap h i c fo re c a s t s .

I n j o i n t e f fo r t s wi th o t he r s , NASA i s c on du c t i ng a var i e t y o fs t ud i e s t o app ly r emo t e-s en s i ng t e chn i qu es an d pr i n c i p l e s t o t hean aly s i s o f wav e ge ome t r i e s , knowl edg e o f wh i ch i s n eces sar yin t h ep l anni ng and d e s i gn o f o ffsh o re dr i l l i ng an d p rodu c t i o n s t r u c t ure s .Ex amp l e s i n c l ud e NASA s upp o r t o f a p ro j e c t a t th e Vi rg i n i aI n s t i t u t e o f Mari n e Sc i en c e s , fund e d by the NOAA Se a Gr an t O ffi c e ,and comp l et e d dur i ng 1 9 7 4 , t o p r od uc e a c on t i n en t a l -s he l f wav ere frac t i on mode l fo r th e e a s t c o a s t b e twe en D e l awar e an d Nor thCaro l i n a ; t h e de ve l o pment o f a c omp ar ab l e mode l fo r th e p r op o s e dB al t imore Cany on Tro ugh exp l o r a t i on are a , s c h e du l ed fo r c omp l et i on duri n g mid -1 9 7 5 ; a c o op er a t i ve s t udy wi th th e Nava lO c e an ograph i c O f fi c e (N A VO C E A N O)on t h e u se o f l a s e rp ro fi l ome te r s and a er i a l ph o t o gr aphy in an a ly z i ng r e l a t i o n sbe twe en sea-fl o o r r e l i e f an d wav e ge ome t r i e s ; and th e t e s t i ng o fmi c r owave -imag i ng r adar sy s t ems th a t may b e us ed t o a ch i e v e da yni gh t , al l -we ath er wav e -measur emen t c ap ab i l i t y .

Re gu l at o ry and en fo rc emen t p r ogr ams o f EPA al s o prov i de d i r e c ts upp or t fo r marin e s c i en c e an d engi ne er i ng ac t i v i t i e s . Th e pr imaryc omp on en t s o f en fo rc emen t ac t i v i ty i n v o l v e mon i t o r i ng anden fo r c in g c ompl i an c e wi th o i l -s p i l l -pr ev en t i on r e q u i r eme n t s ; t ox i c ,p re t r e a tmen t and mari n e s an i t a t i on r eq u i r emen t s , aq u acu l t ur e ands ewage s l u dge d i s p o s al p e rmi t s und e r th e Fe de ra l Wat e r Po l l u t i o nC on t r o l Admin i s t r a t i on (FWP C A), as we l l a s e n fo rc i ng t h e oc e andumping re gu l at i o n s o f t h e Mar i t ime Pro t e c t i o n , Re s e ar ch andS anc t u ari e s Ac t o f 1 9 7 2 . I n add i t i on , s i gn i fi c an t p rogr e s s was madei n fi s c al y e ar 1 9 7 5 i n imp l emen t i n g t h e Na t i on a l P o l l u t an t D i s ch arg eE l imin a t i on Sy s t em (N P D E S)Permi t P rogram t o r egu l a t e a l l maj o rin du s t r i a l , muni c ip a l , an d o th er s our c e p o i n t d i s c h arg e s o fp o l l u t an t s i n t o t he n av ig ab l e wat e r o f th e Uni t e d S t a t e s , i n c l u di ngthe c on t i gu ou s zon e .

I n add i t i on t o i t s r ev i ew ro l e i n th e p r ep ar a t i on o f en v i r onme nt a limp ac t as s e s s ment s , EPA s e t s d i s ch arg e and p o l l u t i o n s t and ar d s ,i s s u e s p e rmi t s fo r any p l ann ed was t e d i s ch arge from o ffs hor ei n s t a l l a t i on s , conduc t s sp e c i a l fi e l d inv e s t i g a t i on s fo r en fo r ceme ntac t i on s , and a i d s i n t h e p r ep ara t i o n o f p er t i n en t op era t ingre gu l a t i on s and o rde r s admin i s t e r e d by USGS . For e x amp l e , EPAhas e s t ab l i s h ed F eder a l s t and ard s o f p er fo rman ce fo r mar i n es an i t a t i on d ev i c e s . Coas t Guard ce r t i fi ed mari ne s an i t a t i on dev i c e s

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i n s t a l l ed on al l ve s s e l s s ha l l b e d e s i gn ed and op er a t e d t o e i th erre t ain

,di s p o s e o f , or d i s ch arge s ewage i n ac c o rdan ce wi th th e

s t andard . I f t he d ev i c e i s o f a d i s ch arg e ty p e , t h e s t andarde s t ab l i s he s l imi t s on q u ant i t a t i v e fe c a l c o l i fo rm bac t e r i a l co un t andon s u sp ended s o l i ds . I n supp ort o f i t s s t andards an d p ermi tre sp ons ib i l i t i e s , EPA con duc t s and supp o r t s a var i e ty o f s t ud i e s t ode te rmin e wat e r-q ual i t y s t andard s an d th e e ffe c t s o f i n t r o du c i ngwas te s and p o l l u t an t s i nt o t h e envi ronmen t . The Wat e r Qua l i tyS t and ards Program i s o p er a t e d in c onj un c t i on wi th th e S t a te s anddev el op s wat e r-q ual i t y cr i t e r i a app l i c ab l e t o n av ig ab l e wa te r s .P l an s fo r imp l eme nt at i on an d en fo r c eme nt o f th e c r i t e r i a ar edev el op ed , and wate r —qu al i t y s t andard s b as ed o n con s i der a t i on o ft he i r us e fo r fi s h an d W i l dl i fe , re c re a t i on a l , agr i cu l t ura l , andindu s t r i a l pu rp o s e a re e s t ab l i sh ed .

E P A’

s I n du s t r i a l En vi ronmen t al Re s e ar ch L ab or a t ory , Ed i s o n ,

i s d ev e l op ing an d te s t i n g t echn o l o gy t o p r ev en t o ffs ho r ep o l l u t i on and t o d e t e c t , c on t ro l , and tr e a t d i s c h arg e s o f o i l an d o th erwas t e s . I t s ac t i v i t i e s i nc l ud e dev e l opment , impro vemen t , andev alu at i o n o f o i l and h azardou s mat e r i a l s p i l l c on t ro l , c l e anup ,

re c ov ery , con t a inmen t dev ic e s , and sy s t ems . Th e l abo r a t o r y al s oi nve s t i ga t e s improv ed t echn i q ue s fo r i de n t i fy i ng , t r ac i ng , andc on t a in in g was t e p l ume s fo r immob i l i z i n g , c o l l e c t i ng , degr ad ing , o rde t ox i fy i ng o i l an d o th e r haz ar dou s sp i l l e d mat e r i a l s .

A ful l -s c al e p ro t o ty pe sy s t em u s i ng p o l yu re th an e fo am ch ip s wa sfab r i c at e d and demon s t r a t e d , and i t s h owe d enhan ce d op e ra t i ona lc ap ab i l i t i e s . Under c a lm-s e a c ond i t i on s t h i s sy s t em can re c o ve re s s en t i a l l y 1 00 p erc en t o f t h e o i l enc oun te r ed . Under a s imu l a t e d 1fo o t h arb o r ch op a t 3 kno t s , th e r e c overy app r ox ima te d 6 5 p er ce nt o ft he o i l enc oun te r ed . I n fi s c a l y e ar 1 9 76 th i s s y s t em wi l l b e ev al u a t e din o i l sp i l l s o f opp o rt un i t y .

Se ver al p r o j ec t s i n the ar e a o f h i gh -c ur r en t o i l -s p i l l c on t ai nme ntare b e ing d eve l ope d by EPA . On e c on cep t , a hydro fo i l ap pro a ch ,

ha sdemons t r a t e d the c ap ab i l i t y o f c on t a in ing and re c o ve r i ng o i l a t 6kno t s . No such c ap ab i l i t y ex i s t s e l s ewh ere .

A maj o r e ffo r t i s un derway by EPA to d ev e l op a p o l l u t i on -c o n t ro lp o l i cy and was t e -c har ac t e r i z a t i on scheme fo r o ffs h o re o i l and g a sp ro du c ing fac i l i t i e s . Th i s s t u dy wi l l i d en t i fy was t e -min imi za t i ont e chn i qu es and e val u a t e un i t p r o c e s s e s , i n c l ud i ng humaneng in ee r in g asp ec t s , t h a t sh ou l d b e p r ac t i c ed or avo i de d t o r educ ethe v ari ab i l i t y o f th e fi n a l was t e t o b e t re a t e d . A fi e l d ve r i fi c a t i ons tudy wi l l b e c onduc t e d onb o ard p l a t fo rms i n th e Gu l f o f M ex i c o .

Al though d evo te d pr i n c i p a l l y t o d ee p -o c e an op er a t i o n s , much o ft he t e chn ol ogy d ev e l op ed by th e US . Navy i s a l s o ap p l i c ab l e to t h ede v e l opmen t o f OCS o i l an d ga s and t o a s s o c i a t e d con s t ruc t i on and

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main t en anc e o f s e a-fl o o r i n s t r umen t a t i on an d equ i pmen t . Handbo ok s , avai l ab l e t o i ndu s t ry th r ough th e D e fe n s e D ocumen t a t i onCen te r , t re at s ubj ec t s s u ch as e l e c t r i c c ab l e t e chno l o gy fo r de epoc e an app l i ca t i on , r o t a r y sh a ft -s ea l s e l e c t i on fo r p r e s su r eeq u al i ze d , deep oc ean eq u ipmen t , fl u i d s an d l ub r i c an t s fo r d e epoc e an app l i c a t i on s , and und e rwa t e r imagi ng sy s t em de s i gn . D i r e c tc on s u l t a t i on wi th Navy eng in e e r s by in du s t ry i s en cour age d

,and

Navy t e s t fac i l i t i e s and r ange s ar e b e i ng made ava i l ab l e t o pub l i cg roup s on r e imburs ab l e , no t -t o-i n t e r fe r e t e rms . In du s try a l s o mak e sex t en s i v e u s e o f d i vi ng t e chn o l o gy de ve l o p e d l arg e l y und er Navys p ons o r sh i p .

O ffs h o re o i l an d g a s exp l or a t i on , d ev e l opmen t , and prod uc t i onh ave r e s u l t ed in c on s t an t l y i nc r e a s ing ve s s e l t r a ffi c an d o th er fo rmso f t ran s p o r t a t i on t o s e rv i c e o ffs h or e op er a t i on s an d t o mov e th ep ro du c t t o s hor e . Pre s s ur e s h av e b ee n p ar t i cu l ar ly i n t e n s e i n t h es h ipp in g l ane s and p o rt s o f th e Gu l f c o a s t , b u t h av e a l s o r i s ene l s ewhere . They wi l l i nc r e a s e mark ed ly wi th th e op en ing o f t h et ran s -Al as k a Pip e l i n e and wi th th e an t i c i p a t e d d i s c ov ery anddev e l opmen t o f o i l fi e l ds i n th e fr on t i er ar e as o f th e At l an t i c andP ac i fi c c o as t s . The growing c onge s t i on o f workb o a t s , b arge s ,fl o a t i ng p l at fo rms , an d c o a s t a l t ank e r s h a s adde d s i gn i fi c an t l y t o th ehaz ard o f ac c i d en t s , t h e re by c on s t i t u t i ng on e o f th e gre a t e s tp o t en t i a l o ffs h o re c au s e s o f o i l Sp i l l s and o t h er p o l l u t i on .

Al l p l an s s ubmi t t e d t o USGS th at i nv o l v e th e p l a c emen t o fs t ru c t ure s , dri l l i ng fr om fl o a t i ng p l a t forms , o r l ay i ng o f p i p e l i ne s inn av i g ab l e wa t e r s r e qu i r e re v i ew an d t he i s s u an ce o f p ermi t s by th eUS . Army Corp s of E n gin eer s (COE)t o as sur e th a t th ey do n o t r e s u l ti n ob s t ruc t i on s t o nav ig at i on . The USCG , i n tu rn , ha s r e s p on s ib i l i t yfor in sur ing th at th e s t r uc t ur e s are p rop er ly mark ed . Thro ugh ac oope r a t i v e agre emen t , USGS te ams i n s p e c t t h e n av ig a t i o n mark inge q u ipmen t , as we l l as eq ui pmen t p r e s cr ib e d by th e USCG p er t a i n i ngt o s afe t y o f l i fe and p rop e r ty on th e p l a t fo rms and i nc l ud ed inope r a t in g r egu l a t i on s and o rd er s .

The Hou s t on Sh ip Channe l , whi ch s e rv es a s on e o f the mai n ro u t e st o the o ffsh o re o i l fi e l d s o f th e gu l f and t o th e Ea s t c o a s t o i l t e rmin al sis t he s i t e o f th e USC G ’

s n ewe s t v e s s e l t ra ffi c s y s t em . Commi s s i on edo n Feb ru ary 4 , 1 9 7 5 , i t i nc o rp or a t e s a r ep o r t in g sy s t em fo r ve s s e lmovemen t t hr oughou t t h e ch anne l , fr omits en t r an ce a t G al ve s t on t ot he Hous t on turn i ng ba s i n ; a c ommun i c a t i on s n e twork ; an d a l owl i gh t -l e ve l c l o s e d -c i r cu i t t e l ev i s i on a t a v e s s e l t ra ffi c c en t e r i nHous t o n . An au t omat ed v e s s e l mov emen t r ep or t i ng s y s t em i ss chedu l ed t o be c ome op era t i on a l in l a t e 1 9 7 6 , and h igh -r e s o l u t i o nradar s urv e i l l anc e o f t h e l ower G al v e s t on Bay , Bo l i v ar Ro ad s , andthe G alv es t on B ay en t ran c e a re a wi l l b eg i n by e ar l y 1 9 7 7 .

Comp ar ab l e t ra ffi c sy s t ems th a t h av e b een in s t a l l ed o r th a t ar e

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(3)The gr o und ing o f t h e Lib rian t ank er Ae o l u s i n Ambro s eCh anne l , N Y i n Augu s t 1 9 74 . S tr ike t e am a s s i s t an ce was r eq u e s t e da t midn i gh t o n Augu s t 24 . S ev en t e am memb er s w i t h t he i re q u ipmen t d ep art e d El i zab e th C i t y , N C , 3 hour s l a t e r . Be fo r e n o on ,

t he men and th e i r e q u ipmen t were on b o ard th e gro unded v e s s e l .Trans fe r o f t he t ank e r

’

s c argo t o t ank b arge s c ommenc ed 4 hour sl a t e r , an d pump in g c on t in ued for a lmo s t 48 h our s . At th e c on c lu s i ono f t he ADAPTS pump ing op era t i on , b arr e l s o f c arg o h ad b e ent rans fe rr e d wi th none Sp i l l ed .

Re cogni t i o n o f USCG c l e anup c ap ab i l i ty was r e fl ec t e d in r eq ue s t sfrom fo re i gn g over nment s . Th e USCG ai d ed in h andl i ng mas s i ves p i l l s dur in g Se p temb er 1 9 7 4 c au se d by th e Augu s t 1 9 74 gr oun di ngo f t he sup e rt anke r , M e t u la, in th e S t r a i t s o f Mage l l an and th ej anu ary 1 9 7 5 groun di ng o f th e Sh owaMar u in th e S ingap or e S t r a i t s .

The USCG Nat i on al Re sp on s e Cen te r an d th e USGS Ac ci de n tAl e r t Sys t em ar e i nt e r c onn ec t e d . I n th e are a s o f o ffsh o r e o i ldev el opmen t , h oweve r , i n du s t ry main t a i n s c ap ab l e r e s p on s e andp rev en t i on fo rc e s ; s p i l l i n c i de n t s h av e g en er a l l y b een smal l t one g l i g ib l e ; and as a r e s u l t t h e USCG Na t i on al S t r i k e For ce h a s n o tye t b een c al l e d on fo r p art i c i p a t i on i n c l e anup op e ra t i on s .

The M ari t ime Admin i s t r a t i on (MARAD)o f th e D ep ar tmen t o fC ommerc e c ondu c t s nume rou s op er a t i on a l an d de s i gn s t u d i e s t oi nc r e as e t he s a fe t y o f o i l t r an sp o r t b y t ank er s and r ed uc e o i ld i s ch arge s fr om s hip s , p o r t in s t a l l a t i on s , and o ffs h or e p l a t fo rms .

Curr en t e ffo r t s i nc l ud e c on t r ac t s up p or t fo r t h e dev e l o pmen t o f ane ffi c i en t and c omp ac t oil/water s e p ar a t o r t h a t wi l l l i mi t d i s ch arg e st o ac cep t ab l e n at i on a l and i n t e rn a t i on al l ev e l s ; c omp l e t ion of designs t udi e s fo r an oil/water seap ar ator t e s t fac i l i ty a t Ga l v e s t on , Texand the acq u i s i t i on o f gre a t e r t e s t ing c ap ab i l i ty fo r th e ev a l u a t i on o fo i l -in -wat er mon i t o rs .

I n an t i c i p a t i on o f p o s s i b l e fu tu re o i l p ro d uc t i on from b en ea th th eArc t i c Oc e an , MARAD h a s und er t ak en s tu d i e s o f ec on omi c andte chn i c a l c on s t r a i n t s on th e de ve l opmen t o f s ubmar in e t anke r s ,nuc l e ar -p owere d Arc t i c s h ip s , and Arc t i c c rud e -o i l c arr i e rs . Agen er a l e v al u at i on o f e c on omi c and op era t i on a l fac t o r s a s s o c i a t e dw i th a t e chn i c a l l y fe a s i b l e c ommer c i a l Ar c t i c submar i n e fo r o i lt r ansp o r t was comp l e t e d i n 1 9 7 4 , an d effor t s are now b e i ng devo t e dt o i nv e s t i g a t i on o f o i l -wat e r mi s c i b i l i ty t o d e te rmin e th e e ffe c t o nde s i gn o f b al las t wa t e r sy s t ems fo r the un de r s e a s cr a ft . Stu di e s o fs ur fac e Arc t i c s h ip p ing ar e c l o s e ly c o o rd i n a t e d wi th an d comp l emen t a p r ogram for th e ex t en s i on o f th e Gre a t Lake s or e -c arr i e rs e as on . A mark e t an aly s i s o f ne ed s for th e wa t e r t ran sp o r t o f dr i l l i ngs upp l i e s and o i l p r odu c t s , c omp l e t e d by th e Arc t i c In s t i tu t e i n 1 9 7 3 ,

fo rms th e b as i s fo r a cu rre n t e va l u a t i on o f p rop o s e d Arc t i c s ur fa ce

t ank e r s as a s up p l emen t t o p i p e l i n e op er a t i on s . MARAD p l an s t oi n i t i at e hu l l d e s i gn s t ud i e s fo r crud e o i l c arr i er s i n c o op er a t i on wi thi ndus t ry , b ec au s e p r o ve n de s i gn s fo r Arc t i c op er a t i o n s do no t ex i s ta t pr e s en t . The movemen t o f p ack i ce , i n c l ud in g th a t i n th e s he arz one d es c rib ed i n t h e chap t e r on ge o l o gy an d ge ophy s i c s , wi l l b e animpor t an t fac to r i n th e s e s t ud i e s .

Gener al r es e arc h s t ud i e s o f th e d i sp er s a l an d e ffe c t s o f o i l s p i l l st h a t app ly to s hi p and t an ker t r a ffi c a s we l l a s t o th e en v i r o nment a lb as e l i n e and as s e s sme nt s t u di e s supp or t e d b y BLM ar e b e i ngc onduc te d by N O A A

’

s N M F S a s th ey r e l a t e t o c ommer c i a l fi sh er i e sand by D O I

’

s FW S a s th ey r e l a t e t o p r o t e c t i on o f c o a s t a l wi l d l i feh ab i t a t s . Compl emen t ary s t ud i e s , l ar ge l y by un i v er s i t i e s , ar es upp or t e d through NSF , N O A A

’

s Se a Gr an t Prog ram , and D O I’

s

O ffi ce o f Wate r Re s e ar ch and Te chn o l o gy .

N M F S r es e ar ch fo cu s e s on th e p o t en t i a l e ffe c t s o f o i l d i s ch arg e s ont he c ommer c i a l fi s he r i e s o f Pri n c e Wi l l i am Sound , Ala sk a , an d ons a lmon o f t h e Gul f o f Al a s k a and we s t c o a s t . Th e Pr in ce Wi l l i amS ound re s e arc h c onduc t ed a t th e Auk e B ay Lab o ra t o ry h a s twoemph as e s : gener a l s t u di e s o f ex i s t i ng oc e an ogr ap h i c c ond i t i o ns fo rus e in e v al u at i ng fu t u re e ffe c t s o f Al a s k a P ip e l i n e Te rmina lope r a t i on s on t h e Sound and b i o as s ay (phy s i o l o g i c a l e ffe c t s)s t udi e s , p rimari l y o f c ru de o i l on o rg an i sms o f th e ar e a . In th e l a t t er ,Prudh o e Bay crud e o i l h a s b e en t e s t e d fo r t ox i c i ty , p ar ticu larily t oc ru s t ac eans such as th e Tann er cr ab . Re su l t s d emon s t r a t e r e ac t i o n sa t r e l a t i v e l y l ow con cen t r a t i on s , as , fo r ex amp l e , au t o t omy ( l o s s o fl e gs), and mol t r e t ard at i on a ft e r 4 8 h our s ’

exp o s ur e t o mod e s t l ev e l so f o i l c on t amin at i on . Kach emak Bay c rude o i lis b e i ng u s e d i n s imi l a rs t udi e s in i t i a t e d dur i ng 1 9 7 5 .

I n a s almon s t udy , c on du c t e d by th e N M F S Se a t t l e Lab or a t or y , o i lre l a t e d r es e arc h sh owe d t h a t j u v en i l e s a lmon exp o s ed t o b o tharomat i c and al ip h a t i c hydro c arb on s wer e ab l e t o purg e th ems e l ve so f much o f th e ac cumul a t e d hydro c arb on s wh en t r an s fe rr ed t o c l e anwat e r . By th e u s e o f sp in-l ab e l i n g t e chn i q ue s t o s t u dy me ch an i sms o fo i l -c on t amin an t ac t i v i t y a t c e l l u l ar and s ub c e l l u l ar l ev e l s , hyd r ocarb ons wer e found t o p ene t r a t e c e l l u l ar memb rane s l e ad i ng t on arc o s e s wi th h i gh dos age s .

FWS r e s e arch fo c us e s o n aqiiatic b i rd s , whi ch ar e p ar t i cu l ar lyvu ln e rab l e t o adv e rs e e ffe c t s fr om o i l sp i l l s , an d on thr e a t e n ed anden d ange r ed sp e c i e s . Bi rd s ar e among th e p r e da t o r s th a t ar e a t t r a c t e dt o the e nr i che d b i o l og i c h ab i t a t s th a t fo rm b en ea th th e o ffs ho r edr i l l i ng and pr odu c t i on p l a t fo rms . I n c o op er a t i on wi th FWS and anumber o f c on s er vat i o n gr oup s , i n du s t ry has e s t ab l i sh ed h ighp ri o r i ty on wat e r fowl p ro t e c t i on and main t a i n s b i r d re s c uec ap ab i l i t i e s i n t h e ev en t o f l o c a l ac c i d en t s .

FWS h as exp and ed effo r t s t o d e t ermin e th e e ffe c t s o f o i l sp i l l s o n

23

226-8 1 7 0 7 7 3

c o a s t a l ec os y s tems , p art l y in supp or t o f env i r onmen t a l a s s e s smen t so f t he l e a s i ng sy s t em , bu t a l s o a s t h ey r e l a te t o sh ip p ing ac c i d en t sand t o d i s ch arge s fr om adj ac en t l an d are as . D O I

’

s O ffi c e o f Wa te rRe s e a rc h and Te ch no l ogy s upp o r t s r e s e arch b y a c ad emi cins titu tion s on t h e s p re ad ing o f o i l s l i c k s .

The p o t en t i a l imp ac t s o f OCS o i l and g a s dev e l opmen t on l an d us e ,pub l i c s e rv i ce s , and o th er ac t i v i t i e s w i t h i n th e c o a s t a l zon e ar ere c e iv in g i n c r e as i ng at t e nt i on , e sp e c i a l l y i n are a s ad j ac en t t o th e o i land gas exp l o ra t i on fro n t i e r a l ong th e n o r th e a s t an d c en tr a l At l an t i cc o a s t , wher e d emand s on th e u s e o f th e sh o r e l i n e ar e al r e ady i n te ns e .

A s p re s s ur e on th e u se o f th e c o a s t a l z on e c on t in u e s t o grow , th ene ed fo r c o n t in ge nc y p l ann ing a t F ed era l , S t a t e , and l o c a l l ev e l si nc r e as e s . To a id i n th e p l ann i ng e ffor t , Congr e s s p as s e d a numb er o famendmen t s t o th e Co a s t a l Zon e Man agemen t Ac t o f 1 9 7 2 ,

a dmin i s t e r e d by N O A A’

s O ffi c e o f Co a s t a l Zon e Manag emen t(O CZM), and gran t e d addi t i on a l fu nd ing fo r p r i o r i t y s upp o r t o fp l anni ng p r og rams in S t a t e s th a t a re mo s t l i k e l y t o b e a ffe c t e d bynew or exp anded o ffs ho r e p e t ro l eum ac t i v i t y . I n ad d i t i on t op l anning g r an t s t o t h e S t a t e s , O C ZM , wi th th e c o op era t i on o f o th erFe d e ra l ag en c i es , s uc h a s D O I ’ s Bur e au o f Ou td o o r Re cre a t i on , i ss p ons o r in g r eg i on al c on fe r en c e s t o d i s cu s s s ubj e c t s o f mu tua lc o nc e rn t o the F ed e ra l G ov e rnmen t an d th e S t a t e s .

To aid i n p l ann i ng and managi ng on sh ore -o ffs ho r e ac t i v i t i e s ,USGS and NOAA h av e produ ce d c o op er a t i v e l y th e Ex per ime n t a l

-Sc al e Top ograp h i c-Ba thyme t r i c M ap , a map o f a p o r t iono f t he N o rt h Caro l i na c o a s t . Th i s p ro t o typ e , whi chis a c tu a l l y twomaps in one , i nc o rp o ra t e s in t o on e fo rmat an d on e ed i t i o n th e da t ap rev i ou s ly shown s ep ara t e ly on th e USGS t op ogr aph i c map and th eNOAA b athyme t r i c map o f th e are a . Map -u s e c ommen t s ,s u gg e s t i o ns , and ac cep t an ce o f t he exp er ime n t a l s he e t , i s s ue d ine ar ly 1 9 7 5 , a re b e i ng s o l i c i t e d p r i o r t o imp l emen t ing a p rogr am t o

p roduc e s uch sh e e t s .

D e epwat e r Por t s

On Ian u ar y 4 , t h e Pre s i den t s i gn ed the De epwat e r Por t Ac t of 1 9 7 4i n t o l aw . I n an t i c i p a t i on o f th e l e g i s l a t i on , t h e USCG es t ab l i s he d aD e epwat e r P or t s P r oj e c t S t a ff i n e ar l y j u ly 1 9 7 4 . Th e i n i t i a la c t i v i t i e s o f t h i s s t a ff hav e fo cu s ed on p r ep ar ing en v i r onment a limp ac t as s e s sme nt s fo r d e e pwa te r p or t p r o p o s a l s and on dra ft i ngre gul a t i on s t h a t a im at r ed uc i ng the p rob ab i l i ty o f mi sh ap . Th ere gu l a t i ons in c l u de sp e c i fy ing max imum s a fe v e s s e l dra ft for e achp o r t , l imi t in g en t ry t o v e s s e l s th a t c omp l y wi th mann ing andre adin es s r eq u i r eme nt s , emb arki ng p or t r ep r e s en ta t i v e s p r i o r t oen t ry , r equ i r i ng i n t erva l s be twe en v e s s e l s , an d e s t ab l i sh i ng we a th erm in imums and cu t o ff c on di t i on s fo r v es s e l t ra ffi c .

24

As do o th er o ffs hor e o i l and g as ac t i v i t i e s , th e D e epwat e r P or t sP rogr am inv ol v e s many a sp ec t s o f th e Fe d er a l O c e an Progr am andinc l ude s the c o op er a t i o n and c o ord i n at i on o f a numb er o f co nt r ib u t in g agen c i e s . A b a l an c e o f e c onomi c an d env ir o nment a lc on s id erat i on s i s p art i c u l ar l y imp or t an t in s i t e s e l e c t i on : t h ep rox imi ty o f on l an d p ro c e s s ing fac i l i t i e s and marke t s , as we l l a ssh o re l i n e re ce i v i ng s t a t i on s , i s a s imp or t an t a s op t imum wat e rdep th s , b o t t om s t ab i l i ty , and we ath er con d i t i on s . Dur i ng th e ear ly1 9 70

’

s , t h e Coun c i l o n Env i ronmen t a l Qu al i ty , COE , MARAD , t h eUSCG , and o th er s und er t o ok a v ar i e t y o f s tu di e s d e s i gne d t oev alu at e v ar i ou s a l t e r nat i v e s t o s e l e c t p o t en t i a l s i t e s for p o r t s o fv ar i o us de s i gns , and t o an a lyze t he e ffe c t s o f he avy ve s s e l t r a ffi c .

The r e s u l t s o f th e s e s t ud i e s p r ov i de a bro ad b as e fo r c urre n tp l annin g and fo r t h e p r ep ara t i on o f e nv i r onmen t a l a s s e s smen t sunde r t he d i r e c t i o n o f th e USCG .

The fir s t o f t h e p l an ne d d eepwat e r p o r t s wi l l b e s i ng l ep o i ntmoo r ings

”

, t o wh i c h o i l wi l l b e t r an s fe rr ed thro ugh ho s e s fr om v eryl arge c rude -o i l c arr i e r s (VL C C

’

s)t o t h e moor i ng an d th en pump edthrough p ip e l i n e s t o sh or e . Th e gr e a t e s t s i ng l e p o t e n t i a l s our c e of oils p i l l age in the s e op e ra t i on s i s as s o c i a t e d wi th conn ec t i ng anddi s c onn ec t i n g t he h o s e s t o t h e t anker s . MARADis und er t ak i ng anumber of s t ud i e s t o imp rov e h and l i ng o f th e ho s e s an d t o e l imi na t eas s oc i a t e d s p i l l age . The s t u di es in c l ud e th e dev e l opmen t o f p r e c i s eand r e a l i s t i c t e chn i q u e s fo r c al cu l a t i n g VL C C mo t i o n s an d fo rmoving h aws er l o ad s r e l a t i v e t o s ea-b o t t om p o s i t i on s and in var i o u sw ind , wave , and cu rr en t c on d i t i on s ; as s e s smen t o f me th o d s fo ra t t enu a t in g wave s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f th e po r t s ; impr ov emen t of hosesan d conn ec t i on s ; an d th e de ve l opmen t o f adv an c e d t yp e s o f s e rv i c ec r a ft t o as s i s t th e VL C C

’

s i n p i ck i ng up and handl ing moor ing l in e san d h o s es .

The l i cen s i ng pr oc edure s , en vi r onmen t a l as s e s sme n t an d pro t eot i o n , and n avi ga t i on s afe ty me a sur e s b e i ng de ve l op ed by th e USCGfor de epwat e r p or t s i nc l u de numer ou s c on t r i b u t i on s fr om DOC ,

DO I , Dep artment o f D e fen s e (DOD), an d o th er age n c i es . Fo rex ampl e , as se s smen t s o f fa i r—mark e t r en t a l v a l u e s ar e made by DO I ;NOAA , FW S , and USGS p ar t i c ip at e i n th e p r ep ar a t i on and r ev i ew o fenv ir onmen ta l -imp ac t s t a t emen t s t o a s su r e ad eq ua t e con s i der a t i ono f we a the r , o c e an ograp hi c , an d ge o l og i c a l c on d i t i o n s an d o ffi s he r i e s , wi l d l i fe , an d miner a l r e s our ce s ; c on s t ru c t i o n p ermi t s ar ei s s u ed b y COE . EPA po l l u t i on s t an dard s an d th e p rov i s i on s o f th eN at i on al C on tigen cy Pl an , d ev e l op ed j o i n t ly by EPA , th e USCG andthe O ffi ce o f Pi pe l i ne S afe ty , app ly t o de epwat e r p or t s a s we l l a s t oo ther o ffsh o re op er a t i on s .

Wi t h s upp o rt fr om t he Counc i l on Env i r onmen t a l Qu al i ty andN O A A

’

s O ffi ce o f Se a Gran t , The Cen t e r fo r We t l an d Res our ce s o f

25

Loui s i an a S t at e Un i v e rs i t y (LSU), i s p r ov i d i ng a s s i s t an ce t o t h a tS t a t e inits d ee pwa t e r-po r t p l ann ing e ffo r t s . I n i t i a t e d i n 1 9 7 2 , a t th ere q u es t o f t h e S t at e P l ann ing O ffi c e , t h e LSU deepwat e r p o r t s t ud i e sh ave ev o l v ed in t o a b ro ad mu l t i d i s c i p l i n ary e ffor t d ev o t e d t o t h el e ga l , e c onomi c , an d e nv i r o nmen t a l a sp ec t s o f d e epwat e r-p or tdev e l opmen t . Work ing c l o s e ly wi th Gov ernmen t age n c i e s a ndp ri v a t e in du s t ry , t h e c en t er r ec en t l y c omp l e t e d a c ompreh ens iv erep o r t t ha t p r o vi de s de t a i l ed r ec ommenda t i on s fo r th e fo rmu l a t i ono f an env ir onmen t a l p ro t e c t i o n p l an by th e L ou i s i ana D e ep D ra ftH arb or and Termin al Au th o r i t y . An env i r onmenta l a s s e s sme ntun de r t ak en by th e c e n t e r p rov i de d imp or t an t b a s e l i n e d a t a for anenv i r onmen t a l -imp ac t s t a t emen t p rep ar ed b y p r i va t e i ndu s t ry inc on j un c t i on wi th a con s t ruc t i on pe rmi t ap p l i c a t i o n t o th e De ep D r a ftHarb o r and Termi na l Au tho r i ty .

O ffs hor e Powerp lan t s

I nc r e as ing n e ed s fo r e l e c t r i c a l p owe r i n c o as t a l ar e a s , l and-u s ec omp e t i t i o n , l oc al env i ronmen t a l e ffe c t s , an d th e gr e a t c ap ac i t y o fthe o c e an s t o ab s o rb he a t an d o th er was te s p r o v i de s i n c en t iv e s fo ro ffs h ore s i t in g o f e l e c t r i c i t y —gen e ra t in g p owerp l an t s , i n p ar t i cu l ar ,nuc l e ar p ower s t a t i on s . S i t i n g o f nu c l e a r p ower r e ac t or s on fl o a t i ngb arge s wi th in a few mi l e s o f sh o r eis a v i ab l e c on cep t fo r max im i zi ngd i s p e r s al o f th e was t e p ro duc t s an d ach i ev i ng th e gre a t e s t e c on omi cben efi t s from o ffsh o re e l e c t r i c a l g en er a t i o n . I f n uc l e ar p l an t s ar es i t e d sh o rt d i s t an c e s from sh or e , howev e r , th e c o a s t a l zo n e wou l d b evu ln e rab l e t o any ac c i den t s th at migh t o c cur , an d a s a r e s u l tw i de s p r e ad p ub l i c c o nc ern has ar i s e n c on c ern i ng th e s a fe t y o fp ro p os ed o ffs h or e s t a t i o ns . Th e re s e ar ch progr am o f th e At omi cEn e rgy Commi s s i on (AEC)i n 1 9 74 an dits s u c c e s s o r ERDA in 1 9 7 5 i sded i c a ted t o a s sur i ng t h a t s u ch under t ak i ng s ar e s a fe and th a t th es urr ound in g c omp l ex , dyn ami c , and y e t fr ag i l e e nv i r onmen t i sp ro t e c t e d and p r e s e rv ed .

At th e re q u e s t o f AEC , th e Coun c i l on Env i r onmen t a l Qua l i t yunder t o ok a c ompr eh en s i ve env i ronmen t a l a s s e s smen t o f o ffs ho r enuc l e ar p ower p lan t s i t i ng s . The a s s e s sme n t , r e c e i vi ng s i gn i fi c an tc on t ri b u t i on s from mos t o f t h e agen c i e s p ar t i c i p a t i ng i n th e F ed era lO c e an Program , as we l l as from pub l i c and o th er ou t s i d e i n t e re s t s ,has

’

help ed t o d e fi ne many s p e c i fi c as p e c t s of local env i ro nmen t s th a treq u i r e c on t in u ing s t u dy . Th e fa t e o f w as t e d i s c h arg e s , i n c l udi nghe a t , from ex i s t i n g p ower ge ne r a t in g s t a t i on s o n l andis p ar t i cu l ar lyper t i n en t t o o ffs hor e s i t i ng an dis i n c l ud ed among th e a sp ec t sre q u i r i n g fu rth e r i n ve s t i g a t i on .

E R D A’

s marin e r e s e ar ch p r ogr am fo cu s e s o n de ve l op ing de t a i l edba s e l i n e env i r onmen t al i n fo rma t i on thr ough s tu d i e s p er fo rmed in

26

ERDA Nat i on al Lab o rat o r i e s an d throu gh con t rac t supp or t o f workby o ther s . Sol u t i on s t o p o l l u t an t t r an s fe r p rob l ems wi th i n th ec o a s t a l z one are s o ugh t t hrough a mul t i d i s c i p l i n ary ap pro a ch inwh i ch sp ec i fi c ene rgy—r e l a t ed p o l l u t an t s ar e t r ac e d from so urc e ,t hr ough t ran sp o r t , t o up t ak e . Th e fi nd ings o f th i s work ar e us ed i nt he d ev e l opmen t o f b ro ad e c o l og i c a l mode l s . Pr i o r i ty i s b e i ng g i v ent o e s t ab l i s h in g envi ronment a l n o rms o f s e a s t a t e s , curr en t s , b io l o gy ,

and ex i s t i n g wat e r ch emi s t ry— al l e s s en t i a l t o dev e l op i ng p o l l u t i onc on t ro l and p ower p lan t s i t i ng r egu l a t i on s ap p l i c ab l e i n sp ec i fi co ffsh o re are as .

Examp l e s o f mari ne b a s e l in e s tud i e s b e i ng c onduc t e d ands upp or t e d by ERDA Nat i on al Lab o ra t o r i e s in c l ude( 1)Argonne Nat i on a l Lab or a t o ry— d i s p er s i on an d b i o l o g i c e ffe c t s

o f the rmal p lume s fr om p ower r e ac t o r s

(2)Bro okh aven Na t i on a l L ab or a t o ry — t r an sp o r t an d di sp er s i on o fp o l lu t an t s al ong th e c o a s t a l b ound ary l ay e r , an d nu t r i en t r eg en erat i on and i t s imp ac t on produc t iv i ty i n wat e r s o f th e nor th e a s tc on t i nen t a l sh e l f

(3)L awrenc e L i vermore L ab or a t o ry — up t ak e , r e t e n t i on , ande ffe c t s o f t ra c e e l eme nt s and rad i onu c l i de s i n c o a s t a l mar i neo rg ani sms

(4)Pac i fi c No r thwe s t Lab or a t o ry— e ffe c t s o f p ower p lan te ffl ue n to n c oa s t a l e c o s y s t ems , and s our c e t e rm chara c t e r i za t i on fo r a l len e rgy ope r at i on s

( 5)Sav ann ah Ri ve r Lab o r a t o ry— d i sp er s i on o f r ad i o nu c l i de s ando ther p o l l u t an t s acr o s s t he s ou th e as t e rn con t in en t a l sh e l f

ERDA curr en t l y p l an s in t en s i fi c a t i on o fits b i o g e o ch emic a ls t ud i e s and bro ad en i ng o f th e i r g e o grap h i c s c op e . The progr amc on t ri b u t e s t o nu c l e ar r e ac t o r s afe ty p r ogr ams fo r o ffs ho r e fl o a t i ngp owerp l an t s an d t o t he env i r onmen t a l r ev i ew r e s p on s ib i l i t i e s o f t h eNuc l e ar Re gul a t o ry Commi s s i on (NRC). Much of t h e de t ai l edi n fo rmat i on b e ing a cqu i r e d al s o has gen er a l app l i c a t i on t o o th ero ffsh ore ener gy-r e l a t e d env i ronmen t a l s tud i e s .

Mos t p rop o s e d s i t e s fo r o ffs h o re nu c l e ar p owerp l an t s l i e w i th i nt e rr i t o r i a l wat e r s unde r t h e j ur i sd i c t i on o f S t a t e r egu l a t o ry agen c i e s .

S t a t e p l annin g for l e as i ng o ffsh o re s i t e s an d th e admin i s t r a t i o n o f

p ower p lan t ope r a t i on s ar e among th e p urpo s e s o f gran t s t o th eS t a te s admin i s t er ed by N O A A

’

s O C ZM . To ai d i n th i s p l ann i ng ,N O A A

’

s O ffi c e o f S e a Gran tis s up p or t i ng s tu di e s o f p ower p lan t

s i t i n g and r e l a t ed re s e ar ch . For ex amp l e , i n a c on t inu ing mu ltidis cip lin ar y s t udy condu c t ed by th e S t a t e Un i ver s i ty o f New Yorkwi t h S e a Gran t s upp o rt , un i ve r s i t y t e ams ar e eva l u a t i ng manyasp e c t s o f the s i t i ng prob l em , i nc l u d ing p o t en t i a l e c on omi c andenv i r onmen ta l imp ac t s o f t h e o ffs ho r e p owerp l an t s , th e effec

27

tiv en es s o f ex i s t i ng l eg i s l a t i o n and r egu l a t o ry age n c i e s , t h ec h arac t e r i s t i c s and p o s s ib l e u s e s fo r h e a t e d e ffl u en t s , and th e us e o fbu ffe r zone s and t r an smi s s i on co rr i do r s fo r r e c r e a t i o n a l p urp o s e s .The find ings o f th e s t udy a re b e i ng u s ed e x ten s i v e l y by th e S t a t e ’

sre gul a t o ry ag en c i e s , l o c a l g ov ernmen t , p ri v a t e i nd us t ry , and pub l i ci n t e r es t gr o up s . I n an o t he r ex amp l e , t h e Un i ve r s i ty o f Wi s c on s i n ,

wi t h added fin anc i a l s upp o r t from Wi s c on s i n’

s e l e c t r i c p oweri ndu s t ry an d the S t at e

’

s D ep ar tmen t o f Na tur a l Re s our c e s , ha sunde r t ak en a r es ea rc h and moni t o r i ng p ro gr am on th e d i s c harge o fhe at e d wat e r from e l e c t r i c p owe rp l an t s t o Lak e M i ch ig an . Comb in ing t he r e s our ce s o f indu s t ry , t h e r egu l a t o ry agen c i e s , a r e s e ar cho rg ani za t i on , and wi th t he c o op er a t i on an d s upp or t o f o th er s , th es c i en t i s t s p ar t i c i p at i ng i n t h e p r o j e c t h av e dev e l op ed an d app l i e da i r -born e radi ome t e r s and s c ann er s t o r e c o rd and s tu dy t h ed imens i o ns , d i r ec t i on s o f fl ow , an d t emp er a t ur e s o f th e h e a t e d wat e rd i s ch arge s .

Al tern ate En e rgy Sou r ces

The en ergy p o t en t i a l o f o c e an i c wav e s , c urr en t s , s a l in i tygr adi en t s , and th ermal s t ru c tu r e has b ee n known an d d i s c u s s e d fo rmany y e ars . Th e te chn i c a l fe a s i b i l i t y o f c on ver t i ng th i s en ergy t oe l e c t r i c i t y h as b ee n d emon s t r a t e d fo r e ac h o f th es e four s our c e s , andl imi t ed s u c c e s s h as b e en a ch i e v e d i n ge ne ra t i ng power for l o c a lc on s ump t i on at a few p l a c e s wh er e t i d a l r ang e s ar e h igh and produ c es u ffi c i en t l y s t r ong cy c l i c c urr en t s . O f t h e fou r , h owev er , t h e en ergyavai l ab l e fr om th e o c e an i c th ermal s t ru c t ur e ap p ar en t l y far ex c e e dsth a t from o the r s our ce s an d ho l d s c on s i der ab l e p r omi s e of p r ovidin gp owe r fo r gen er a t in g e l e c t r i c i t y a t a mod er a t e c ap i t a l c o s t .O c e an th ermal en e rgy i s a ren ewab l e fo rm o f s o l ar e ne rgy ,

re s ul t i n g fr om th e ab s o rp t i on and s t o r age o f h e a t from th e su n i ns ur fac e wa te r s . The conver s i on o f t h e rmal t o e l e c t r i c en ergy c an b eac c omp l i s hed i n a numb er o f ways . The p r e fe rr ed c onve r s i on me th o dt o d ayis one th a t wou l d u s e th e warm oc e an i c s ur fa c e wa t e r s t ov ap ori ze a t urb i n e-dr i v i ng fl u id and c o l d s ub su r fa c e wat e r pumpedfrom gre a t e r d ep t h s t o co nden s e the fl u i d . (S ee fi gur e As s oc i a t e dw i t h such a sy s tem are t he add i t i on al op t i o n s of p r od u cin g p ro t e i n ,

p l an t l i fe , miner a l s , an d fre sh wa t e r . Al th ough no t e chno l og i c a lb re ak thr ough s or fu e l c o s t s are i nv o l v ed , t h e t e chn i q u e s an d co s t sfo r t he fab ri c a t i on , i n s t a l l a t i on , op er a t i on , main t e n an ce , an d en ergyt ransp o r t r eq u i r e c ar e fu l c on s i der a t i on t o a s su r e th e t e chn i c a l ande con omi c v i ab i l i t y o f th e s y s t ems t o p r odu c e s i gn i fi c an t q u an t i t i e so f e l e c t r i c p ower .

I nits pr ogr am o f Re s e ar ch App l i e d to Na t i on a l Ne ed s (RANN),NSF in i t i a t e d s upp or t o f s tu d i e s on O c e an Th ermal En e rgy

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https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

Conver s i on dur i ng 1 9 7 2 . ERDA now prov i d e s th e p r i nc i p a l s upp or to f the s e s tu d i e s . Th e ob j e c t i v e s o f t h e s tud i e s ar e

( 1)To e s t ab l i s h de s ign an d ev al u a t i on c r i t e r i a fo r v i ab l ec omp on en t s and sub sy s t ems

(2)To ex amin e t h e t e c hn i c a l an d c omp e t i t iv e fe a s i b i l i ty o f v ar i o uso c e an the rmal c on cep t s

(3)To i nv e s t i g a t e p o s s i b l e l eg a l and e nv i ro nmen t a l b arr i e r s t ot e chn o l ogy imp l emen t a t i on an d t h e me an s for r e s o l v i ng andame l i o ra t in g such p r ob l ems(4)To exp l o re en e rgy c on ve r s i on , s t o r age , an d de l ive ry sy s t ems

fo r exp l o i t a t i on o f th e de r i v ed en ergy( 5)To s t udy p o t e nt i a l b yp r oduc t s o f l arge fl o a t i ng o c e an th e rmal

p owe rp l an t s , fre s h wat e r , and ch emi c a l fu e l s

Curr en t s t ud i e s b e i ng condu c t e d a t s e ve r a l un i ve r s i t i e s and pr iva t ec omp an i e s r ange from t he de ve l opmen t o f ma t e r i al s and de s i gn s fo rmo re e ffi c i en t h e a t ex ch anger s t o th e c on s t ruc t i o n and t e s t ing o f anope r at in g mode l o f an o c e an s o l ar p ower p lan t. Mos t s t ud i e s are s t i l lin the ear l y s t ag es , bu t th ey h av e al r e ady r e s u l t e d in a fl u t e d tub et e c hn i q u e t o enh an ce h e a t t r an s fe r and r edu c e c o s t s , and i n th ec omp l e t i o n o f a sy s t ems c on fi gu r a t i on tha t c ou l d b e l o c a t e d o ff th eF l o r i d a c o as t and p rov i de e l e c t r i c p owe r t o M i am i . Pre l imin aryre s ul t s al s o s ugg e s t t h a t t h e o ffs h o r e p l an t s migh t r e a s on ab lyp roduce in te rme di a t e ch em i c a l p r o du c t s , s uch as hydr og en ,

me th an o l , o r ammon i a , wh ich i n t urn c ou l d b e d e l i ve r ed t o l an db as ed p l an t s fo r us e i n ge ne r a t i ng el e c t r i c i ty o r fo r o t h er p urpo s e s .

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C hap ter I I I

M ARINE GEOLOGY A N D GEOPH YS I C S

The l as t de c ade h as wi tn e s s ed a r ev o l u t i on in our und er s t and ing o ft he phy s i c s o f th e e art h

’

s cr us t and man t l e . Ge ophy s i c i s t s nowbe l i ev e t h a t mos t o f t h e c ru s t o f th e e ar th c on s i s t s o f a l imi t e dnumber o f l arge p l a t e s and numer ou s smal l p l a te s . Th e s e p l a t e smove ap art from oc e an r i dg e s , wher e new ma ter i a l we l l s up from th eman t l e , and c ome t oge t her al ong c er t a in c on t i n en t a l marg in s andi s l and arc s . I n the s e are a s on e p l a t e may be for c e d under th e o th erand as s imi l a t e d b a ck in t o t h e man t l e . Re se ar ch i n t o th e s e p ro c e s s e sc an g iv e n ew in s i gh t s i n t o th e h i s t o ry o f th e e ar th an d th e mov eme n to f c on t in en t s . I t c an a l s o p ro v i d e u s wi th in forma t i on n ee d ed fo rc urr en t p r ac t i c al u s e .

Pl at e—t e c t on i c p ro c e s s e s i nv o l v e e ar t hq u ak e s , ge o th ermal activity , and the d ep o s i t i o n o f c er t a i n miner a l s . The s t udy o f p l a t et e c t oni c s i s , t h e r e fo re , o f i n c r ea s ing imp or t an ce . The fin d ing s o ft he s e ge ophy s i c al s t ud i e s wi l l add t o t h e fund amen t a l un der s t and in g th a t i s n eed ed t o r educ e e ar t hqu ake damage , t o t ap g e o th ermalen e rgy s ourc e s , an d t o l o c a t e an d dev e l op n on l i v i ng r e s our c e s o f th eo c e ans as t ho s e o f l an d ar e a s b ec ome i n ad eq u at e .

Much of th i s r e s e arch i s c on du c t e d a t p l a t e marg i n s , wher et e c t oni c p r oc e s s e s c an mo s t r e ad i ly b e ob s erv e d . Howev er , s t ud i e s o ft he s ed imen t s on th e c on t in en t al sh e l v e s and o ce an bo t t oms ar ee q u al ly imp or t an t fo r fi nd i ng p e t ro l eum and d epo s i t s o f s an d ,

grave l , and o th er miner a l r e s our c e s . The me ch an i c a l and o th erphy s i c a l p r op er t i e s o f th e sh a l l ow s e d imen t s mu s t b e kn own fo r th ede s i gn and c on s t r uc t i on o f s t r uc tur e s r e s t i n g on t he s e a fl o or . I ns ome l oc al i t i e s th e l ay e ri ng foun d in und i s t u rbe d s ed imen t s c anprovi d e c l u es t o the hi s t o ry o f t he e ar t h

’

s c l ima t e and a i d in r e s e ar chon the p os s ib i l i t y o f p r ed i c t in g fu t ur e c l ima t e v ar i a t i o n s .

A new empha s i s i s n ow be i ng gi v en t o in v e s t i g a t i o n s o fs e dimen tary dyn ami c s th e p a t t e rn s ( r a t e s and di r ec t i o n s)o f e ro s i o n ,

t r ansp o r t , and dep o s i t i on . The ch ange r e fl e c t s an i nc r e a s i ng c on ce rn

3 1

fo r e ffi c i en t man agemen t o f th e mari n e e nv i r onmen t an d i t sresour ce s , and , i n p ar t i c u l ar , fo r man agemen t o f th e h e av i l y u s eds ec to r o f the s e a fl o o r on t he c on t i n en t a l sh e l f. Her e u s e o f th e s e afl o o r for fo od r e s o ur c e s ( fi n fi sh an d she l l fi s h)and fo r r e c r e a t i ona lp urp o s e s (b a th i ng , bo at ing , and sp o r t s fi sh ing)c on fl i c t s w i th a l lo the r u s e s (dump ing o f s ewage s lu dge , d r edg e s p o i l , i n du s t r i a lw as te s ; dr edg in g o f ch anne l s an d fo r aggr eg a t e ; an d th e co n s t ruc t i o no f d eepwat e r t e rmi nal s , o i l r igs , and o ffs h o r e p owerp l an t s).Env i r onmen t al en g i n e e r s and d ecision m aker s mu s t h av e qua ntitativ e i n fo rmat i on on th e p a t te rn o f s e d imen t t ran sp o r t o n th ec on t i n en t al margi n i f t h ey are g o i n g t o op t imi ze th e s e c on fl i c t ingus e s . They mus t kn ow whe th er th e sur fac e s on wh i ch th e y ar edumpi ng and b u i l di ng are e ro d in g or aggrad ing ; an d th ey mu s t t r a c et he n at ur al s e d ime nt pa t hway s th a t p o l l u t an t s fo l l ow .

Thi s ch ap t e r wi l l d e s c r ib e s ev en maj o r c a t e g or i e s o f fe d er a l l ys upp or t e d pr ograms in mari ne g e o l o gy an d g e op hy s i c s . Th e fi r s tt hre e s e c t i o n s are t h o s e t h a t e x amin e th e p r op er t i e s , s t ru c tur e , andh i s t o ry o f the o c e an i c cru s t and up p er man t l e from i t s g en er a t i o n a ts e a -fl oo r s p r e adi ng c en t e r s t o i t s u l t ima te d e s t ru c t i on i n oc e ant ren che s . The four th s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e s p ro gr ams ex am in i ng th ere l a t i v e l y p as s i ve con t i n en t a l marg i n s su ch as th o s e th a t s ur r o undthe At l an t i c Oc e an . S t ud ie s o f th e s e d imen t r e c o r d o f p al e oo c e anography and p al e o c l ima t o l o gy are d i s cu s s e d i n th e fi ft h . Th es ix t h s e c t i on re v i ews fed e ra l l y supp o r t e d r e s e arch on min era lre s our ce s o f wh i ch mangane s e n odu l e s o n th e de e p -s e a fl o o r ar ep e rh ap s t he mo s t p o t e n t i a l l y imp or t an t . The l a s t s e c t i o n d i s c u s s e st he se d imen t s t h ems e l v e s , i n c l ud i ng s ed imen t a t i on p ro c e s s e s andp rope r t i e s .

The G e ner at i on of th e Sea Floor an d P r oces ses O p er ati n g atR idgeC r e s t s

M id o c e an r i dge s a re t he mos t ex t e n s i v e morph o l o g i c fe a tur e s o nt he e a rt h

’

s s ur fac e , and w i th i n th e fr amework o f p l a t e t e c t on i cs , th eyrep r e s en t th e d i v e rgen t o r a c c r e t i ng margi n s o f th e p l a t e s . Stud i e s o ft he worl dwid e d i s t r ib u t i o n o f e ar th q u ak es , pr e s en t l y be i ng co nduc t e d by the USGS , an d o f t h e di s t r i bu t i on o f magne t i c an omal i e sin t he oc e an b as i n s , have a l l owe d an ac cur a t e map p i ng o f th e s eac c re t i o n zon e s

—

and , t o a fi r s t ap pr ox ima t i on , an an al ys i s o f th e ra t eo f sea-fl o o r gen e rat i on a l on g mo s t o f th e r i dge sy s t ems . Curre n ts t udi e s s e ek t o und e rs t an d th e t e c t on i c s , p e t r o l o gy , andg e och emi s t ry o f th e ac c re t i on p r oc e s s e s o c cu rr i ng a l ong the s er i dge s .

The mos t i n t e n s i v e ex amin at i on o f a r i dg e c ru s t ev er unde r t ak en i sp ro j ec t FAMOUS (Fre nc h-Amer i c an Mi d —O c e an Under s e a S tu dy).32

The O ffi ce o f Nav al Re s e arch (O N R), NOAA , and NSF , wi th t h ec o oper a t i on o f o th er agen c i e s , pr ov i d e US . supp o r t for FAMOUS .

The proj e c t , de s i gn ed t o ex amin e the ge o l o gi c a l an d ge ophy s i c a lp r oc e s s e s al ong th e Mi d-At l an t i c Ri dge i n th e v i c i n i t y o f th e Azor e s ,began in 1 9 7 1 wi th a bro ad r eg i on a l s urve y , fo l l owe d by morein t en s e , l oc al i ze d s t u di e s o f th e v al l ey a l o ng th e c ru s t o f th e r i dg e .

Thi s p re l imin ary work p r ov i de d th e b as i s fo r an i n t e n s i ves ubmer s ib l e di v ing p rogram on th e r i dge dur in g 1 9 74 . On e US . andtwo Fr ench su bmer s ib l e s made 44 d i v e s t o th e fl o o r o f th e r i ft v a l l eyand r e c over ed ove r k i l ogr ams o f r o ck s amp l e s .

The fl o o r o f th e r i ft va l l ey h a s p r ov ed t o b e mu ch mor e comp l ext h an dat a c o l l ec t e d from the s e a s ur fac e i n d i c a t e d . The ce n t r a l p ar t o ft he v al l ey fl o o r h as a s e r i e s o f t op ogr aph i c r i dge s and depr e s s i o n srunn ing al ong t he ax i s wh ere n ew se a fl o o r i s b e i n g c re a t e d . To e i th ers id e o f t h i s c en t r a l ax i a l z on e , t h e ri ft v a l l ey h a s marg in a ldep r es s i ons fo rme d by normal fau l t i n g al ong t e ns i o n a l fr a c t ure s .

The fau l t s and fi s s ur e s show h or i zon t a l s ep ara t i on s rang i ng from afew c en t ime t er s t o ov e r 8 me te r s . Th e wal l s o f t h e r i ft v al l ey ar eno rmal fau l t s al ong wh i ch p or t i on s o f th e o l d v al l ey fl o o r h av e b e enup l i ft e d t o form th e p re s en t c r e s t a l r i dge s . Measur ed ver t i c a ld i s p l ac emen t s on th e fau l t s r an ge d from l es s th an 1 me te r t o ov er 1 00mete r s . Al though vo l c an i sm ap p e are d t o b e ep i s od i c and r e s t r i c t e dt o t he n arr ow c en t r a l z on e , ev i d en ce fo r c on t i nu i ng t e c t on i c ac t i v i tyw as found thr oughou t th e d i ve are a . P e t ro l og i c and ch emi c a lan aly s e s o f th e r ec ov ered b as a l t sh ow a r ange o f c omp o s i t i on s imi l art o th at whi ch h as b een s hown fo r b a s a l t s o f th e At l an t i c O c e an a s awh ol e . The mos t s i gn i fi c ant v ar i a t i on s are i n th e c on t e n t o f t i t an i um ,

s i l i c a , i r on , magne s i um , c a l c i um , and p o t as s ium . Amoun t s o f s ome o ft he s e e l emen t s t end t o b e l ow i n b as a l t from th e y oung ax i a l v o l ca n i ch i ghs and c omp arat i v e l y h igh in s amp l e s from th e r i ft va l l ey wal l s .

Con t in u ed an al ys e s o f t h e s amp l e s , ph o t ogr aph s , and o th e r dat afrom pr oj e c t FAMOUS shou l d s i gn i fi c an t ly impr ov e o ur under s t and in g of t he s e a-fl o o r ac cr e t i on pro ce s s . Fu tu r e , l e s s e l ab or a t ep rogr am s u s ing s ubmer s i b l e s are n ow b eing p l ann ed fo r t h eC ar ibb e an and ea s t e rn e qu at or i a l P ac i fi c . Th es e p ro gr ams wi l lex amin e t he s e a-fl o o r sp r e ad ing p r o c e s s al ong r i dg e s th a t d i ffe rm orpho l og i c a l ly an d s t ru c t ur a l l y fr om th e M i d-At l an t i c Ri dge .

L eg 3 7 o f th e De ep Se a D r i l l i ng Pr ogram (D SD P), s up p or t e d byNSF , ad ded s i gn i fi c an t d a t a on th e s t ru c t ur e and p e t r o l ogy o f th eM id -At l an t i c Ridge . Al though n o t p ar t o f FAMOUS , s i t e 332 wasl oc a t e d 25 k i l ome t e r s we s t o f th e FAMOUS d iv e ar e a and p en e t r a t e d5 82 me te r s i n to b as a l t i c b as emen t . Pre l imin ary r e s u l t s indi c a t e dt h at the en t i r e s e c t i o n fo rmed wi th i n a medi an val l ey ofMid -t o-L a t eP l i oc en e age over a p e r i o d o f t o y e ar s . Th e c o r edb as al t i s l a rge ly an ex t ru s i ve s e q u en ce o f mas s i v e t o p i l l owed ba s a l t

33

un i t s wi t h i n t e rl ay ere d f o s s i l o o z e s . Magn e t i c p ro pe r t i e s o f th ev o l c ani c sequ enc e ar e comp l ex . The l i n e ar s ea-fl o o r s p r eadi ngan omal i e s ob s e rv ed ove r s i t e 332 ar e n o t c au s e d by a s imp l es e q uen ce of u niform ly magn e t i z ed l av a s , b u t r a th er b y th e sum e ffe c to f numer ou s l av as who s e magn e t i c i n te ns i ty and p o l ar i t y v aryw ide ly . Thi s r e s u l t , as we l l a s t h e we ak magn e t i z a t i on o f th e t op fewhundred me t e rs o f b as a l t , s t r ong l y c on fl i c t s w i th s t and ard i n t er

p r etation s o f mari n e magne t i c-an omal y s our c e s , whi ch as sume aun i fo rm magne t i za t i on s t ro ng e s t i n th e up p er few hundr ed me te r s .As the D SD P en t e r s i t s I n t e rn a t i on a l Ph as e o f O c e an D r i l l i ng( IPOD), s i gn i fi c an t e ffo r t w i l l b e p l ac e d on dr i l l i ng de ep ho l e s in t othe oc e ani c c ru s t t o c l a ri fy an d exp and kn owl edg e ga i n ed a t s i t e 332 .

O th e r s t ud i e s s upp o rt e d by NSF and O N R ar e ex ami ni ng th eh i s t o ry of p ar t i cu l ar r i dg e s y s t ems . S tud i e s o f th e Ea s t P ac i fi c Ri s eh ave r eve al ed a c omp l i c a t e d s p r e ad ing h i s t o ry duri ng th e l a s t 25mil l i o n y e ar s , wi th l arg e l a t e r a l s h i ft s , o r

!j ump s i n th e l o c a t i on o f

s ea—fl o o r ge n e s i s . The s e j ump s h ave p ro du ce d c omp l i c a t e dmagn e t i c and b at hyme t r i c p a t t e rn s i n th e e a s t e rn P ac i fi c .

The a c t u al t op o graphy o f ri dge c re s t s an d i t s r e l a t i o n t o t h es p r e ad in g p roc e s s h av e b e e n und er c a re fu l e x ami na t i on . Wher ea sthe s l owly sp r e ad i ng Mid-At l an t i c Ridg e h as a l arg e ce n t r a l r i ftv al l ey wi t h s t e e p wal l s , t h e rap i d ly s p r ead ing Ea s t P a c i fi c r i s e i sch arac t e r ize d by a c en t r a l ax i al p e ak . Seve r a l t h e or i e s h avea t t emp t ed t o ac c oun t fo r t h e s e ch ara c t e r i s t i c s in t e rms o f th e wi d tho f th e ac c re t i on zon e , t h e r a t e o f b as a l t i n t ru s i o n , t h e r a t e o fs ep ar at i on of th e l i t h o sph er i c p l a t e s , o r th e ra t e a t wh i ch h e a t i st ra ns fe rr ed away from the i nt ru s i o n zon e . Con t i nu i ng r e s e arc h i nt h i s are a sh ou ld pro v i de v a lu ab l e i n fo rma t i on on th e t e c t o n i cp ro c e s s e s th at ac c omp any th e cre a t i on o f n ew s ea fl o o r .

I n add i t i o n t o th e USGS progr am o f mon i t o r i ng l arg e e ar th quak e sfrom spr ead ing ce n t e r s , o c e an b o t t om s e i smome t e r s a r e n ow b e i ngdep l oye d t o ex amin e t h e fi n e—s c a l e d i s t r i b u t i on of mic r oear th qu akeac t i v i ty . Such s tu di e s wi l l b e imp or t an t i n d e t e rmin i ng t h edi s t ri bu ti on and ex t en t o f magma ch amb er s b en e a th r i dg e cr e s t s .

The ax i s o f t h e o c e an i c r i dg e sy s t em i s o ffs e t a t many p l a ce s ,dep art s fromits c h arac t e r i s t i c mi d o c e an p o s i t i on i n th e e a s t er nP ac i fi c , and in t e rs ec t s t h e c on t i n en t a l marg i n a t a few l o c a t i on s .

Many s c i en t i s t s n ow agr e e t h a t t h e S an Andre a s Fa ul t Sy s t em o fS outh e rn Cal i fo rn i a r ep r e s en t s a zon e o f o ffs e t th a t c onn ec t s t h er i dge ax i s b e twe enits i n t e r s e c t i on w i th l an d a t th e h e ad o f th e Gu l fo f Ca l i fo rn i a and th e s ou t he rn t e rminu s o f i t s no r t hward con t in uat i on t o th e we s t o f no rt he rn Cal i fo rn i a . Be cau s e i t i s t h e s ou r ce o ffreq u en t d amaging e ar t hq u ak e s , t h e fau l t sy s t em , whi ch l i e s b o thon l and and o ffs h or e , ha s b e e n th e ob j e c t o f i n t e n s e i n ve s t i g a t i on fo r

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many y e ars . Duri ng 1 9 7 4 , USGS i s su ed a s e r i e s o f map s t h a t

s ummari ze pr e s en t know le dg e for th e o ffs h ore p or t i on s . The map sprovid e a p i c t ur e o f much gr e ate r ge o l og i c c omp l ex i ty fo r th e r eg i o nth an pr ev i ous l y s u sp ec t e d , an d h e lp t o d emon s tr a t e th e wi ded i s t r i bu t i on of h az ard s abou t wh i ch d e t a i l ed i n format i o n i s r eq ui r edfo r p l ann in g o ffsh o re op e ra t i on s , su ch as s i t i ng o f p ower p l an t s , o i lp l a t forms , and p i pe l i ne s .

I nfo rmat i on on th e hy dro th ermal c i r cu l a t i on o f s e awat e r i s b e i ngp rov i d ed by a numb er o f p rogr ams , i n c lu d ing D SD P . For ex amp l e ,t h e b as a l t t hr oughou t t he s e c t i on o f D SD P s i t e 332 , on th e Mi dAt l ant i c Ri dge , sh ows ev i de nc e o f al t e r a t i on , p o s s i b l y by hyd r othermal c ir cu l a t i on in t h e upp er p o r t i on o f th e c ru s t . Thi s ha s b e enp os t u l a t e d t o ex pl a i n l arge v ari a t i on s i n me as ur ed h e a t fl ow ne ars p r eadin g ce n t e r s an d meas ur ed he a t-fl ow val ue s s ign i fi c an t l y l e s st h an th os e p r ed i ct ed by s e a-fl o o r sp r e ad ing th e or i e s . Co l d s e awa t e rapp aren t l y fl ows down in t o th e cru s t , i s h e a t e d , an d r i s e s t o th e s e afl o o r wher e i t d i s ch arg e s i n t o th e ov er l y in g b o t t om wat er , r e s u l t i ngi n a hi gh p er cen t age of h ea t t ran s fe r by c on ve c t i o n th a t i s n o tre c ord ed by n o rmal h ea t -fl ow me a s ur eme nt s . I n p rogr ams spo ns o re d by NSF cm th e Ga l apagos Ri ft Zon e , and NOAA on th e M i dAt l an t i c Ridge , t emp era t ur e an omal i e s in s e awat e r ne ar th e oc e anfl o o r h ave b een in te rp re t e d t o b e t h e r e s u l t o f s e a—fl o o r d i s charg e o fhydro th ermal wa te r s .

Min eral e nr i ch ed s ea-fl o or s ed imen t s may b e pr odu c t s o fhydro th ermal c i r cu l at i o n . The s e me t a l l i fe rou s s ed imen t s wer ei n i t i al ly fo und c l o s e t o sea-fl o o r sp r e ad ing ce n t e r s i n a l l o c e an s . I nt he D SD P t hey wer e d i s c ov ere d t o b e ub i qu i t ou s th ro ughou t th eo c e an , l y in g j u s t ab o ve b as a l t a t t h e b a s e o f th e s e d imen t ary s e c t i o n .

As se awat e r c i r cu l a t e s t h rough th e c ru s t , i t ap p ar en tly leaches t h e s eme t al s from the ba s a l t . Upon d i s ch arge i n t o th e co l d bo t t om wa te r s ,t h e s e me t a l s p re c ip i t a t e and se t t l e t o th e sea fl o or .

NSF curren t l y sp on s o r s a progr am t o s t udy ex t en s i ve de po s i t s o ft he s e s edimen t s on t h e Nazc a P l at e . The fi nd ings o f th i s progr amind i c at e th a t th e fo rmat i on o f me t al l i fe r ou s s e d imen t s may b e mor ec omp l i c a t e d th an o ri g i n a l l y sugge s t ed . App ar en t l y th e min era l ogyand ch emi s t ry o f t h e s e dep o s i t s i s p r oduc ed by a c omb in a t i on o ffac t o r s : hydr o th ermal l y p roduc e d e l eme n t s t ran sp o r t e d from th eE as t P ac i fi c Ri se , t h e au th ig en i c ad di t i on of e l emen t s from se a wat e r ,and d i agen e t i c r emob i l i z at i on o f e l emen t s a t t h e sedim en t/water

i n t e r fac e o r wi th i n th e s ed imen t s e c t i on .

I n add i t i on t o add ing e l emen t s t o s e a wa t e r , hydro th e rma lc i r c ul a t i o n may b e re sp ons i b l e fo r r emov i ng ce r t a i n e l emen t s ;l ab o ra t ory s t ud i e s h ave sh own th a t s i gn i fi c an t amoun t s o f Mg andSo4 are remov ed fr om s e a wat e r in c on t ac t wi th b as a l t . Thu s ,hydr o t hermal c i r c ul a t i on t hrough th e 2 s q u ar e k i l ome t e r s of n ew sea

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fl o o r c re a t e d e ach y e ar may p l ay a s i gn i fi c an t r o l e i n th e ch emi ca lc omp os i t i o n o f sea wat e r .

Stru c tu re an d A ge of the O cean Lithos p her eAs th e oc e ani c l i th o s ph er e mov e s down th e fl ank o f a mi doc e an

r i dge , i t e v o l v es b o t h p e t r o l o g i c a l l y and s t r u c tura l l y . Th e fi r s ts u gge s t i on o f t h i s e v o l u t i on c ame from s t ud i e s o f th e r e l a t i o n sh ipbe twe en sea-fl o o r d ep th an d ag e , whi ch wer e sp on s o re d by NSF andO N R . The s ea-fl o or d ep th s h owed a l o g ar i t hmi c i nc r e a s e i n go i ngfr om the y ounge s t c ru s t a t r i dge cr e s t s t o th e o l de s t c ru s t . Th i sin c re as e o f dep th wi t h ag e i s ap p aren t l y re l a t e d t o th erma lc on t rac t i on o f the l i t h o s ph er e a s i t c o o l s wh i l e movi ng away from as p r ead in g cen t e r . Be c au s e t he l o gar i t hmi c p ro fi l e i s ind ep end en t o ft he sp r e a din g r a t e , i t p r o v i de s an o th e r t o o l fo r de t e rmi n ing s e a-fl o o ra e .gT he age -ve r s u s -d ep th r e l a t i on s h i p i s on ly on e c l u e t o th e p u zz l e o f

how the l i t h o s ph ere e vo l v e s . F i r s t —ord e r mod e l s o f h e a t fl ow andg rav i ty ac r os s a mi do c e an r i dge h ave b ee n d e v i s e d . Reg i ona lanomaly map s s h ow t he dep ar t ure s o f ob s e r v ed da t a from th emode l s . Analy s i s an d i n t er p r e t a t i on o f s u ch map s , c o up l ed wi th

addi t i on al fi e l d ob s erv a t i on s and ge odyn ami c mode l i ng , wil lu l t ima t e l y sh ed a g r e a t d e a l o f l i gh t on th e dynami c s and pr op er t i e so f t he oc ean i c l i th o sp her e an d unde r ly i ng a s th en o s ph er e .

A cl ear e r und er s t an ding o f t h e de t a i l e d s t ru c tu r e and p e t r o l ogy o fthe l i tho s ph e r eis on e o f t h e p r imary ob j e c t i v e s o f th e cru s t a l dr i l l ingp o r t i on s o f t he I POD p rogr am . D e t a i l e d an d we l l -c on t ro l l e d se i sm i cre frac t i on d a t a ob t a i ne d b y o c e an -b o t t om s e i smome t e r s wi l l b ei n te g ra t e d wi th i nfo rmat i on fr om ro ck c o r e s t o be ob t a i n e d duri ngt he dri l l i n g pr ogr am . I n i t i a l r e s u l t s fr om th e o c e an —b o t t oms e i smome t e r re fr ac t i on p rogr am sugge s t a c omp l ex ve l o c i ty str u c

t ur e i n th e upp e r l i t h o s ph e r e .

Ne ar th e c re s t o f the Ea s t P ac i fi c Ri dge , a r ec en t s t u dy ha s shown al ow-ve l o c i t y z on e , whi ch may b e ev i d en ce o f th e magma ch amb erbe l ow the zone of ac c re t i o n . Ou t t o 1 5 0 k i l ome t e r s (3 mi l l i o n y e ar s),very l i t t l eis s een i n th e way o f d i s c r e t e c ru s t a l l ay er i ng . At ab ou t 25 0k i l ome te r s ( 5 mi l l i o n y e ar s), h owe ver , numerou s i d en t i fi ab l e l ay er sa re pr e s en t i n t he r e fr a c t i o n r e s u l t s . I n t h e fu tu r e i t may pro v ep os s ib l e t o t rac e th e s e d i s t i n c t v e l oc i ty l ay e r s u s ing mu l t i ch anne ls e i smi c r e fl e c t i on te ch n i q ue s . The USGS and NSF hav e r ec en t l yacq u i r ed a mul t i ch ann e l p r o fi l e from th e Mid -At l an t i c Ri dge t o th eUS . e as t c o a s t . Analy s i s o f d a t a from th i s p ro fi l e wi l l a t t emp t t ode fin e an d map cr us t a l l ay er i ng an d wi l l b e us ed t o de t e rmi ne th el oc a t i on s o f fu t ur e IPOD dri l l h o l e s .

Al though mo s t o f th e o c e an i c l i th o s p he r e i s p ro du ce d by se a -fl o o rs p r ead in g a t mi do c e an r i dge s , s i gn i fi c an t v o l ume s o f ma t e r i a l a r e

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age s and th i ck en s , magma can ri s e t o g re a t e r h e i gh t s i n v o l c an i cc ondui t s ; fo r ex amp l e , Azore s v o l c an o e s ar e no t ne ar l y a s h igh a sHawai i an one s . Th e g re a t e r t h e h i gh e s , t h e s l owe r th e sp r e ad ing ra t e ;t h i s exp l ai n s th e i nc r e a s e i n th e wid th o f th e p i n e l i k e r eg ion o fp ar t i a l me l t in g be l ow th e r i dge . At h i gh sp r e ad ing ra t e s , th e w idep ip e c an e as i l y d i s ch a rg e t h e

!h o t s p o t s

”

mas s e xc e s s wi th ou tac cumul a t i o n o f a l arge man t l e

!moun t a i n s u ch a s th a t un der

I c e l and and the Azor e s .

Plume -der i v e d vo l c an i c ma t e r i a l may a l s o b e imp or t an t inp ro duc in g c er t a i n g e o ch emi ca l an omal i e s found in s e a—f l o or b a s a l t .Ch l o r i n e c o n t e n t , a n d s t r o n t i um r a t i o s a n dlan than u m / sam arium r a t io s sh ow un i q ue d i s t r i bu t i on s i n th e n or thA t l an t i c t h at a re d i ffi c u l t t o r e c on c i l e w i th th e s i ng l e s our ce of basalt

t h a t i s imp l i ed by t h e s e a-fl o o r sp r e ad i ng mode l . Work supp o r t e d by

O N R and NSF has s ugge s t e d th a t two s our c e s may b e s upp l y i ngv o l c ani c mat e r i al t o th e Mid-At l an t i c R i dge . Th e fi r s t s our c e i s th el ow-ve l o c i t y zon e o f th e upp e r man t l e , whi ch i s dep l e t e d i n ch l o r ineand l arge -i o n r are e ar t h s , s u ch a s l an th anum , an d h as l ow s t r on t i umi s o t op i c ra t i o s . Th e s ec on d s our c e i s a r i s ing p l ume , whi cht r ansp o r t s ma te r i a l upward fr om th e d ee p man t l e . I c e l and wa sfo rmed where th i s p lume s upp l i e s ma te r i a l a t a r a t e ex ce e di ng th a treq u i r e d t o fi l l t h e g ap l e ft by th e sp re ad ing p l a t e s .

Con t inu ed r e fin eme nt o f th e g e omagn e t i c t ime s c a l e i s t ak ing p l a c eun der NSF , O N R , and USGS supp or t . Mos t no t ab l e ac

c om p lishm en ts i n t h i s a re a ar e th e c l ar i fi c a t i on o f th e magn e t i c p o l ere v e rs al ch r on o l ogy b e twe en 1 0 and 25 mi l l i on y ear s ago an d th ee s t ab l i s hmen t o f ag e s fo r t h e re ve r s a l s e qu en c e b e twe en 1 1 0 and 1 3 5mi l l i on y e ars ag o . S ign i fi c an t r e s e arch i s p re s en t l y underway in ana t t emp t n o t on ly t o c on t i nu e r e fin i n g th e t ime s c a l e bu t a l s o t ounde rs t and th e p ro ce s s e s by wh i ch r ev er s a l s o f th e magne t i c fi e l dare r ec o rded by th e o c e an cru s t .A hi s t og r am o f th e number o f p o l ar i t y i n t e rv a l s du r i ng th e l a s t 4 5

mi l l i o n y e ars , p l o t t e d aga in s t t he l en g th o f th e i n t e rv a l s , sh ows anexp onen t i a l d ec l i n e i n th e number o f i n t e r va l s a s th e i r l eng thi nc r e as e s . Thi s was s ugge s t e d as e v i d en ce th a t re v e r s a l s ar ei nd ep end en t o f e ach o t h e r .More c omp l e t e s t a t i s t i c a l argumen t s h av ere cen t l y s ugge s t ed , howeve r , t h a t th e r ev er s a l p a t t e rn may b es y s t ema t i c . Re s e ar ch i s a t t emp t ing t o r e s o l v e th i s c on fl i c t b e c au s et he r eve r s al me ch an i sm i s a ke y t o un d er s t an d i ng th e fo r c e s i n th ee ar th

’

s c o re t ha t p ro duc e t he g e omagn e t i c fi e l d .

Cri t i c al t o und er s t and i ng th e s t a t i s t i c s o f th e r ev e r s a l s e q uen c e i sa n ev alu at i on of r ev er s a l s l a s t i n g on l y a few th ou s an d y ear s .

Analy s i s o f rev er s a l s dur ing th e l a s t 5 mi l l i o n y e ar s i nd i c a t e dnumer ous sh o rt p o l ar i t y i n t e r v a l s . Th e s e sh or t i n t e r va l s , h owever ,h ave b een mu ch h arde r t o fi n d i n o l d e r c r us t . Al th ough th i s may

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rep r e s en t a ch ang e i n th e mechan i sm th a t gener a t e s th e fi e l d , i t mo s tl ik e ly r ep r e s en t s a de t er i o r a t ion o f th e re c o rd o f p o l ar i ty ch ange s a st he cru s t age s . Re ce nt i nve s t ig a t i on s sugge s t th a t two cru s t al l ay er smay b e con t rib u t ing t o th e p ro du c t i on o f an omal i e s . Th e upp er l ay erc o rre sp onds t o ex t rud ed p i l l ow b as a l t wi th a h igh in i t i a l magn e t i zat i on and a n arr ow t ran s i t i on wi d th b e twe en no rmal an d r ev er s e dp o l ari t y r ock s . The l ower l ay er c orr e s p ond s t o i n t ruded b as a l t wi thl ower magne t i za t i on an d a wid er t ran s i t i o n zon e . As th e c ru s t age s ,t he upp er l ayer l o s e s i t s hi gh magne t i z a t i on b e c au s e o f al t e r a t i on o ft he b as al t , p o s s i b l y by hydro th ermal c i r cu l a t i o n . Ov er o l d c ru s t ,t hen , t he s urfac e an omal i e s ar e more r ep r e s en t a t i ve o f de ep ermagne t i c s o urc e s . Su ch a mode l wou l d exp l ai n a g en era l l a ck o f sh o r tp o l ari t y in t e rv al s i n o l der cu s t .

D estr u ction of O c ean C r u st

The th e o ry o f p l a t e t e c t on i c s a s sume s t h e de s t ru c t i on o f o c e ani clith sp her e i n de ep t r en ch e s bo rde r i ng con t i n en t s an d i s l an d ar c s . I nt he s e are as t he o c e an i c l i t h o s pher e i s thru s t b en e a th th e o v e rr i d i ngc on t i n en t or arc al ong a s t e ep l y d ip p in g zon e , whi ch i s h i gh l i gh t e d byi n ten s e ear t hqu ak e ac t ivi ty . Me l t in g o f r o ck al o ng th i s zon e an d th es ub seq u en t r i s e o f magma p rodu ce s th e ch ai n s o f v o l c ano e s th a t ar ec ommon ly adj ac en t t o t r en ch r eg i on s . Se i smo l ogy s tu d i e s andanaly se s o f th e e rup t e d vo l c an i c mat er i a l ab ov e th e e ar th qu ak e zon eg i v e th e b e s t p i c t ure o f t h e u l t imat e de s t ru c t i on o f o c e an i cl i th os ph ere , t h ough the s e s t udi e s are n o t th e domai n o f t h e mar i nege o l og i s t o r ge ophy s i c i s t . Mari n e s t ud i e s gener a l l y c on c en t r a t e o nthe s h al l ower as p ec t s o f t h e p r o c e s s th a t ar e ob s er vab l e wi thc onven t i on al ge o l og i c a l and ge ophy s i c a l t e ch n i qu e s , s u ch a sgravi ty , re fra c t i on , r e f l e c t i on , he at-fl ow s tu d i e s , an d an aly se s o fvo l c ani c h i s t o ry r ec o rde d in mar ine s e d ime nt s .

The gr e a t Al as k a e a rt h qu ak e o f 1 9 64 t r i gge r ed USGS effo r t s t ode te rmin e t he e ffe c t s o f e ar th qu ake s on t h e s e a fl o o r . Sin ce t h en ,

c on t i nu i ng s tud i e s h av e be en p er fo rme d a l ong th e Al eu t i an t r en cho ff the co as t o f Al a s k a t o ex amin e th e t o t a l ge o l o g i c fr amework

,t o

i den t i fy p os s ib l e s o ur ce s o f fu t ur e e ar thq u ak e s , an d t o a s s e s sp o t en t i a l e ffe c t s o f th e e ar thq u ak e s on t h e s e a fl o o r and adj a ce n tl and are as . The USGS mar in e in v e s t i g a t i on s , c omb in ed wi t ho ffsh o re s tu d i es sp on s o r ed by NSF and O N R , h av e pro v i d ed s t rongs upp ort t o th e co nc ep t th a t s ur fac e s ed imen t s on th e Pa c i fi c p l a t e ar ebe i ng s c r aped off and ac c re t e d t o th e Al a s k an con t in en t a l marg i n a st he P ac i fi c s e a fl o o r i s t hr us t b en e a th Al a s k a .

Con t inu in g USGS inve s t i g a t i on s o f th e c on t in en t a l margin o ff th ec o a s t s o f n o r the rn Cal i fo rn i a , O r egon , an d Was h ing t o n ar e d i r ec t e dt o p r ob l ems s imi l ar t o t ho s e en coun t er e d a l on g th e Ala sk a c o as t . As

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i n Al ask a , magn et i c t re nd s c an b e t r ac ed l andward b en e a th th e ou t e re dge of th e marg in , s upp o r t i ng p os t u l a t ed unde r th ru s t i ng of oceanicc ru s t b en e at h t he co n t i ne n t s . D e fo rme d se dimen t ary l aye r s o n th eou t e r margin s ugg e s t t h at s e d imen t s from th e o c ean i c p l a t e are b e i ngac c re t e d t o t h e nor t hwe s t U .S . margi n a s th ey ar e i n Al a sk a .

The ac c re t i on p roc e s s , and th e re s u l t i n g de fo rmat i on on th e inn erw al l and sh el f al ong t r en ch e s , c on t i nu e s t o b e an ar e a o f a c t ivere s e a rch . Through supp or t b y NSF , s c i en t i s t s h ave be en ab l e t oex amin e th i s p ro ce s s a l ong t h e P er u -Ch i l e t re nc h , u s i ng mu l

tichan n el seim sic r e fl e c t i o n t e ch n i qu e s . S t an dard r e fl ec t i on tech nique s s e l d om al l owe d mor e t h an a few hundr ed me t e r s o f s e i sm i cpen e t r a t i on i n the s ed iment s a l on g t h e i nn e r wal l o f t h i s t r en ch . Th emu l t i ch anne l t e chn i que , wi th i t s l arge r s ound s ou r ce s an dim p r ov eds i gn al -t o -no i s e r a t i o , has a l l owed th e oc e an i c l i t h o s p he r e t o b et r ac ed fo r ove r 5 0 k i l ome t e r s b en e a th t h e c on t i n en t a l marg i n .

Pr e l imi n ary an aly s i s o f th e s e d a t a shows a ch ang ing s t y l e o fde fo rmat i on a l ong t h e t r en ch . O ff th e c o a s t o f no r th ern Pe r u a c t iveac c re t i on o f o c e an i c s e d imen t s i s t ak in g p l a c e , wi th numer ou s th ru s tfau l t s v i s ab l e i n t he ac c re t e d s e c t i o n o f s e dimen t s . O ff t h e c o a s t o fs o u the rn Pe ru , on th e o t her h an d , a c c r e t i on i s mu ch l e s s ap p ar en t ,and ther eis s ome s ugge s t i on th a t c on t in en t a l c ru s t i s p erh ap s b e ingfrac t ure d and carr i e d down wi th t h e de s c end ing oc e an i c p l a t e .

The mu l t i ch ann e l r e fl e c t i o n s y s t em i s p e rh ap s th e s ing l e mo s tex c i t in g t o o l fo r ex amining t r en ch e s . USGS wi l l i n i t i a t e s urve ys o ft he Al eu t i an t re nch u s ing d e e p -p en e t r a t i on mu l t i ch ann e l sy s t ems t oun de r s t and the p ro c e s s e s o c cur r i ng al ong th a t t r en ch -c o n t ine nt a lm arg in . Mul t i ch ann e l work t o p r ov i d e d a t a on de ep -t r e nc h s t ru c t ur ea l o ng v ery c omp l i c a t e d marg i n s i s b e ing p l ann ed in an NSFs p ons o re d p r ogr am in Sou th e as t As i a . B ot h mu l t i ch an ne l a nds e i smi c re frac t i on t e c hn i qu e s wi l l b e u s ed t o s e l e c t s i t e s al ongt re nch e s fo r d e ep dr i l l i ng und e r t he IPOD pro gr am .

Al though t h e p l a t e - t e c t on i c th e o ry d ea l s p r imar i l y wi th l arg es c a l e h o ri zon t a l moveme nt s , t h e d e s t ru c t i on o f o c e an i c cru s t i sap p are n t ly t h e c au s e o f l arge ve r t i c a l mov emen t s i n t re nc he s .S c i en t i s t s s t udy ing th e P e ru -Ch i l e t ren ch h av e found up l i ft r a t e s o nt he o rde r o f a few t en s o f c en t ime t e r s p er y e ar , when av er aged o v ert he l as t few hundr ed t h ou s and y ear s . Thi s up l i ft ap p ar en t l y o c cur si n r es p on s e t o c ompre s s i on o f th e ac cr e t e d s e d imen t ary ma te r i a la l ong th e i nn er wal l o f t h e t re nc h .

Cl os e l y as s o c i a t e d wi t h s t ud i e s o f t re nc h e s a r e tho s e o f marg ina ls e as t h a t l i e b eh in d t r en ch -i s l and ar c c omp l ex e s in th e we s t e rnP ac i fi c . Wi th NSF and O N R s upp or t , s e i smi c re fra c t i on andp e t ro l og i c s t ud i e s h av e s h own th a t the c ru s t o f marg i na l s e as i so c e ani c i n ch a rac t e r . Se ver a l s c i en t i s t s h av e s ugge s t e d t h a t t he s emargin a l s e as a re fo rmed dur i ng ep i s od es o f ex t e n s i o n b eh i nd i s l and

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arc s . Thi s ex t en s i on a l p ro c e s s i s ap p ar en t l y r e l a t e d t o h ightemp er at u re gr adi en t s en coun t e r e d i n t h e v i c in i t y ofis lan d ar c s . No ta l l margin al s e as , h oweve r , may owe th e i r o r i g in t o ex t en s i ona lp r oc e s s e s . S c i en t i s t s h ave fo und magn e t i c l i ne at i on s , app ar en t l ygen er at e d by s e a-fl o o r s p re ad i ng , whi ch t ren d a t h igh ang l e s t oac t i v e i s l and arc s i n b o t h th e Be r i ng Se a and Ph i l i p p i n e Se a . Th i sdi s t ri b u t i on o f magne t i c an omal i e s i s d i ffi cu l t t o i n t e rpr e t i n t e rms o fs imp l e ex t en s i on a l mode l s . Th es e ob s er v a t i on s h ave l ed t o t h es ugge s t i on th at s ome marg in a l b as i n s fo rm by en t r apmen t o f o c e an i cc ru s t when an i s l an d arc—t r en ch sy s t em d ev e l op s i n an o ce an i c p l a t e .

The di s c r ep an t t r end s in th e B er in g Se a app e ar t o b e r e l a t ive l yanc i e n t fe at ur e s o f a reg i on t h a t may b e s t b e c l a s s e d a s a p a s s i v ec on t i n en t a l margi n t o day . The ch ange o f ch ar ac t e r h a s r e s our ceimp l i c a t i on s , es p e c i a l l y w i t h re gard t o p e t ro l eum oc curr en c e . As are sul t , USGS h as in i t i at ed d e t ai l e d s t u di e s , i n c l ud i ng p l an s fo r th eex amin at i on of d eep s t r uc t ur e s u s ing d eep -p en e t r a t i on s e i smi ct e chn i q u es .

Str u ctu r e an d H i story of Pas s iv e C on t in en tal M ar g in s

Pas s iv e c on t in en t a l marg i n s are fo rme d by s e a—fl o o r s pr e ad i ngwh en in i t i al r i ft i n g h as s e rv ed t o sp l i t a p re ex i s t i n g l an d mas s . The s emarg in s then dr i ft!p as s i v e l y away fr om th e sp r e ad ing c en t e r and

are t yp i ca l l y fre e o f maj o r t e c t on i c a c t i v i ty . Th e i r dominantch a rac te r i s t i c s ar e th e re fo re th e l ac k o f s e i smi c a c t i vi ty and a th i ckc ove r o f s ed imen t s . Th i s t h i ck c o ve r o f s e d i men t s s i gn i fi c an t lyimp ai r s t he ex amin a t i on o f p a s s i v e c on t i n en t a l margi ns . Programsi n t he s e are a s mu s t , t h er e for e , u s e an in t e gr a t i o n o f gr av i ty ,

magne t i c , an d s e i smi c r e fr ac t i on an d re fl e c t i on t e c hn i q u e s t oex amin e the d ee p l y b uri e d s t ru c t ur e s . I nd eed , mul t i ch ann e l siem sicre fl e c t i on t e chn i q ue s wer e d ev e l op e d by th e p e tr o l eum i ndu s t ry fo rs t udi e s o f t h i ck s ed imen t s a l on g p a s s i ve marg i n s .

Cri t i c al p r ob l em are a s in t h e s tu dy o f p a s s i ve marg i n s are

( 1)De l i n e at i on : t o what ex t en t c an th i s b oundary a c tu al l y bede l in e a t e d and by wha t me an s? How muc h h a s th e bound ary b eenmodi fi ed by p ostriftin g pro c e s s e s?(2)Sub s i d en ce :What are t he r a t e s o f s ub s i d en c e o f th e c on t i ne n t a l

e dge , and h ow do the s e r a t e s ch ange wi th t ime?Are th e r a t e s r e l a t e dpr imari l y t o t h e rmal co n t ra c t i on an d sub s i d en ce fo l l owi ng th e i n i t i a lr i ft i n g? Wher e i s t h e h ing e l i n e s e award o f wh i ch s ub s i d en ce t ak e sp l ac e , and h ow do e s i t c h ange th r ough t ime? To wha t ex t e n t i s t h er a t e o f s ub s i d enc e a ffe c t e d by se d imen t l o ad i ng?

(3)F ormat i on : Afte r s t r i pp i ng away th e e ffe c t s o f t h e p ostriftin gge o l ogi c al d ev e l opme nt , what c an b e l e arn ed ab ou t th e p ro c e s s e sas s oc i a t e d wi t h th e i n i t i a l r i ft i ng?D o fr a c t ure zon e s bur i e d b en ea th

4 1

t h i ck margin s ed imen t s ex t en d in t o o ffs e t s o f th e c on t i n en t al edg e?Are t he r e n on c om formities i n t h e th i ck marg in s e d ime n t s p r oduc edby the i n i t i a l p er i od o f up l i ft b e fo re r i ft i n g?Was th i s i n i t i a l r i ft i ngthe rmal ly p r o duc e d o r wer e t h er e p r e ex i s t i ng zon e s o f we akne s s inthe anc i en t m egac on tin en ts t h a t c on t r o l l e d th e l o c i o f s e p ar a t i o n?Obv i ou s l y , ob t a i n ing an swer s t o th e s e qu e s t i on s i s t ime c o n

s u min g and exp en s i ve . An swer s t o s ome wi l l c ome on l y aft e ri n t en s i ve s tud i e s o f marg in s th a t we r e on c e j o i ne d , an d th e s e s tu di e smu s t i n c l ud e de ep dr i l l i ng (p l ann ed a s on e p h as e o f th e I PODprogr am). The ne ed fo r an swer s t o t h e s e q ue s t i on s , however , ha sbe c ome in c r e a s i ng l y imp or t an t i n a worl d th a t i s r ap i d l y dep l e t ingits l and -b as ed ene rgy r e s our c e s . Th i ck s e d ime n t s o n th e p as s i vemarg i n , numer ou s n on c om formities , and th e i n i t i a l h e a t s o ur cep ro duc ed by r i ft in g sugge s t t h e ex i s t e n c e o f s i gn i fi c an t o i l an d g a sre so ur ce s .

I n c onj un c t i on wi t hits o ffs h o re -e ne rgy -re l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s , th eUSGS has i n te n s i fi e d s t u di e s o f t h e g e o l o g i c fr amework a l o ng t h eA t l an t i c , Gul f o f Mex i c o , and We s t e r n an d Nor th ern Al a s k aC on t i n en t a l She l v e s . To ga in i n fo rma t i on on de ep s t ru c tur e s o f th eA t l ant i c c on t in en t a l marg in o f th e Un i t e d S t a t e s , USGS ha sac q u i r ed commer c i a l mul t i c h an ne l s e i s mi c r e fl e c t i o n pro fi l e s in th i sare a . The pr o fi l e s sh ow as muc h as 1 4 k i l ome te r s o f c on t i n en t al -s h e l fs e d imen t o v e r l y i ng b as eme n t r o c k s , n e ar ly twi ce th e t h i ckne s si n t e rp r e t e d from e ar l i e r g e op hy s i c a l s t ud i e s i n th i s a re a . To ge t t h eq u i ck e s t and l e as t ex p en s i ve ov e rv i ew o f b as eme nt s t r uc t ur e andre l a t i on s b e twe en o c e an i c an d c on t in en t a l c ru s t , a er omagne t i cs t ud i e s a re b e i n g i n t eg ra t e d wi th th e de ep -p en e t ra t i o n r e fl ec t i o nda t a . I n add i t i on t o a much th i ck e r s ed ime n t ary s e c t i on th anp rev i ous l y s us p ec t e d , p re l imi n ary c on c l us i on s from th i s p rogramind i c at e an i rr egu l a r fau l t e d b as emen t o f an c i en t s e diment ary ,

me t amorph i c , an d ign eo us r o ck s , wi th r i dge s th a t su pp or t e d c o ra lre e fs d ur in g e a rl y s t ag e s o f s h e l f d ep o s i t i on .

O ff t he ex te n s i v e l y s t ud i e d Gu l f c o as t , USGS , wi th th e c o op erat i on o f o t h e r Fe d er a l ag en c i e s , un i v e r s i t i e s , an d indu s t r y ,

i sc omp i l i n g an ex t en s i v e s e r i e s o f map s sh owing th e b ro ad g eo l o g i cframework o f t he Car i bb e an Se a , an d i n g re a t e r d e t a i l , t h a t o f th eGu l f o f Mex i c o . Bo th map s wi l l i n c l ud e ge o l o g i c i n format i on from

adj ac en t l and are a s an d wi l l b e ac comp an i ed by c omp i l a t i o n s o fex i s t i n g ge ophy s i c a l da t a .

Par t o f th e d a t a t h a t wi l l b e in c o rp or a t e d i n t o th i s map are NSFs upp o r t e d mu l t i c h an ne l re fl e c t i on d a t a from th e gu l f. Se i smi cs ec t i o ns show th a t s e d imen t ary se q u en c e s found by th e D SD P i n th ec en t r al gu l f can b e t rac ed l a t e r a l ly th ro ugh ou t much o f th e de ep erp or t i on s of t h e gu l f . The o ld e s t p ar t o f t he s e c t i o nis a j ur a s s i c s a l t42

l ay e r , over l ain by a lay e r o f e ar ly Cru s t ac eou s p e l ag i c s e d imen t s .

Thi s i s in t urn over l a i n by a s eq uen c e o f s t rong s e i smi c r e fl ec t o r st hought t o b e ear ly -t o—middl e Te r t i ary t urb i d i t e s . Pe l ag i c sedim en

tation again d omin at e d t h e s e dimen t ary s e qu en ce o f th e gu l f i n La t eMi oc ene and Pl i o c en e t ime .

P aleoc lim atology an d the P aleo-O c ean ogr ap hic H i stor y of th e

O cean s

The se d imen t s th a t ac cumu l a t e s l owly on th e fl o or s o f th e oc e anb as in s p ro vi d e i nd i c at i on s o f b o th t h e c l ima t e and o c e ano gr aph i cc ondi t i on s p r e s en t a t t h e t ime o f th e i r d ep o s i t i on . Thus , an aly s e s o ft he miner al ogy , chemi c a l comp o s i t i on , an d fo s s i l s pr e s er ve d in th es e dimen t s g i v e a v al u ab l e i ns i gh t i n t o th e ch ange s th a t hav eoc curr ed in th e oc e an s an d at mosph er e dur i ng th e l as t 1 or 2 hundr edmi l l i o n y e ars .

N SF’

s c l ima t e , l ong-r ang e mapp ing and p r ed i c t i o n (C L IM A P)Progr am h as be en ex amin ing c l ima t i c c ond i t i on s o f th e l a s ty e ars , t he p er i o d o f the mo s t r e c en t i c e age on Ear th . Us i ng s t a t i s t i c a lt e chni q u es t h at a l l ow t he d i s t ri bu t i o n an d r e l a t i v e ab un dan ce o ffo s s i l s i n de ep -s ea s ed ime nt s t o b e re l a t e d t o s e a-s urfa cetemp era t ure s an d s a l i n i t y at th e i r t ime o f d ep o s i t i on , s c i en t i s t s inth i s p rogr am have p r odu c ed a map o f s e a-s ur fac e t emp era tur e s

y ear s ag o . Th i sis an imp or t an t p o i n t dur i ng th e l a s t i ce ag ebe c aus e i t mark s t he t ime o f mos t ex t e n s i ve i c e c o v er . Th i s mapp rov i d e s the d at a n ee de d t o r e c on s t ru c t t h e c l imat e o f th e wor l ddurin g t he l as t i c e age , b e c au s e o c e an t emp er a tu r e s p l ay animp o r t an t r o l e in dr i v i ng atmosph er i c c i r cu l a t i o n . D a t a fr om th i smap are b ei n g u s e d by a tmosp h er i c s c i en t i s t s i n numer i c a l mod e l s o f

p aleoc lim ates .

Temp er at ure d i s t r i bu t i o n s in the oc e an y ear s ag o sh ows ome s t rik i n g d i ffe r enc e s fr om th os e o f t od ay

’

s o c e an . Th e ch ange inmi dl at i t ude reg i on s r e ach e s an d s ome t ime s ex ce ed s 1 0° C . Lowl a t i t ud e ch ange s are ab o u t 20° C , and s ome sub t rop i c a l ar e a s sh owno ch ange . Ther e was ap p r en tly a mark ed e qu a t o rwar d d i sp l ac ement o f oc e an ogr aph i c p o l ar fron t s i n t h e No r th an d Sou th At l an t i cand S ou th P ac i fi c o c e an s , bu t n o t i n t h e Nor th Pac i fi c . St e ep en edthermal g ra di en t s a c ro s s t h e s e fron t s app aren t l y mark ed th e ax i s o fi n t en s i fi ed we s t e r l y w ind s i n b o t h h emi sp he r e s . A zonal b and o fwind-b l own , c ont i n en t a l l y d er i v ed q u ar t z h as b ee n found t o sh i fts ou t hward dur i ng g l ac i a l t ime s i n r e s p on s e t o th e ch angi ng windc ondi t i ons .

Se dimen t s fo r t he l a s t few hundr ed th ou s an d ye ar s c an , fo r th emos t p art , b e ob t a in ed wi th s t an dard c o r ing t e chn i qu e s . To s t udy th ec l imat i c h i s t o ry re c o rd e d in o l d er s e d imen t s , howe ve r , dri l l do r e s

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ob t a in ed by the D SD P mus t b e u s e d . D r i l l i n g i n t h e s o u th ern o ce an shas p r oduc ed ev id en ce o f c on t i nen t a l g l ac i a t i on in An t ar c t i c a a se a rl y as 20 mil l i on y e ar s ago . D ri l l i n g i n th e No r th At l an t i c h a ss ugge s t e d t h at c on t i n en t a l g l ac i a t i o n i n n or th ern l a t i t u de s may h av ebe gun 5 mi l l i o n y e ar s ago .

Wi th t he adv en t o f p l a t e -t e c t on i c th e o ry , th e g e o l og i s t’

s former l yhe l d v i ew th a t th e o c e an b as in s wer e s t ab l e h as be en r ad i c al l ya l t e r e d . The mov ement o f th e c on t in en t s i s n ow a cc ep t e d t o b ec l o s e ly r e l a t ed t o th e c re a t i on , d e s t ru c t i on , an d mod i fi c a t i o n o f t h eo c e an b as i n s . On e o f th e mo s t i n t e r e s t i ng s tu d i e s t o un de r s t and th ee v o lu t i on o f t h e o c e an s was t h e work c onn ec t e d wi th D SD P l eg s 39and 40 . The s e l e g s wer e de s i gn e d t o p rob e th e e ar l y h i s t o ry o f th eS outh At l an t i c r e c o rde d in t h e s ed imen t s o ff Afr i c a and Sou thAmer i c a . Sc i en t i s t s now th e o r i ze th at t h e Sou th At l an t i c wa sin i t i a t e d as a very n arr ow crack when Afr i c a b e g an t o s ep ar a t e fromS outh Ameri c a . Fo s s i l r emain s o f p l an t s and an imal s i nd i c a t e th a tt h i s c r ack was fi r s t o c cu p i e d b y d eep , fre shwat e r l ak e s s imi l ar t o t h ep re s en t r i ft -v al l ey l ak e s o f E as t Afri c a . As th e r i ft b ro ad en ed , t h el ake s de ep en ed an d c hange d fr om fr es h t o s a l t wa te r . Be cau s e o fs l u gg i s h c i r cu l a t i on , t h e de ep wat e r s s t agn a t e d , a cond i t i o n th a tl a s t e d fo r ove r 20 mi l l i o n ye ar s . Thou s and s o f me t e r s o f th in lyl amin a t e d o rg an i c -ri ch s e d imen t s wer e d ep o s i t e d dur i ng th i s p er i o d .

As the c on t in en t s sp l i t s l owl y ap ar t , s t agn an t mar i n e wa t e r s fr omthe s ou th s eep e d n or t hward ac ro s s . r i dge s i n t o t h e newly fo rmingde ep b as in s . The r a t e o f ev ap or at i on ex c e ed ed th e r a t e o f wa t e ri n fl ow , and a mas s i v e l ay e r o f s a l t , me t e r s th i ck , was d ep o s i t e dbe twe en o ffs h o re Ango l a and Ni ge r i a . Thi s l ay er o f s a l t , whi ch i se q u iv a l en t t o ab ou t 1 0 pe rc en t o f al l th e d i s s o l v ed s al t i n th e r e s t o ft he oc e an s , was d ep o s i t ed in a few mi l l i on y e ar s .

A s Sou th Ame ri c a fi n al l y s e p ar a t e d fr om Afr i c a , t h e p er i o d of saltdep os i t i o n ended ab r up t l y a s c o o l mar in e wa t e r invad ed th e Sou thA t l an t i c from th e s ou th . Numer ou s g ap s i n t h e s e d imen t ary r e c o rd

are found t hrough ou t t h e s ub s e q uen t h i s t o ry o f th e Sou th At l an t i c .

The s e gap s may r ep re s en t ch ange s i n t h e r a t e o f s upp ly anddi s s o l u t i on o f s e d ime nt a ry ma te r i a l , o r inc r ea s e s an d de cr e a s e s i ne r o s i on p r oduc e d by th e dee p b o t t om wat e r c i r cu l a t i o n .

Addi t i on al kn ow l edg e o f th e s ep ar at i on o f Afr i c a an d Sou thAmer i c a has r e s u l t e d from sev e ra l NSF s t u d i e s o f th e we s t e rn ande as t e rn margin s o f th e S ou th At l an t i c t h a t h av e r e c en t l y b eenc omp l e t ed . On on e 4 —y e ar p r ogr am , s c i en t i s t s s t ud i ed th e g eo l o g i ch i s t o ry of th e c on t i n en t a l marg i n o ff Braz i l and Arge n t i n a . Th e dat aga the r ed i n th i s s t udy i nd i c a t e th at t h e e ar l y pha s e o f th e op en i ng o ft he Sou th At l an t i c o c curr ed b e twe en 1 27 and 84 mi l l i o n y e ar s ago .

Movemen t al ong frac t ure zon e s o f th e s e p ara t i ng So u th Amer i c anand Afri c an c on t i ne nt s p roduc ed c ompr e s s i ona l r i dg e s , whi ch

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wil l c on t i nu e t o b e on e o f t he mo s t ex c i t ing ar e as o f r e s e ar ch in th ec omin g ye ars . S ci en t i s t s ar e j u s t b e g i nn i ng t o under s t an d h ow t oi n t e rp r e t th e re c o rd rev e a l e d i n s ed imen t s i n t e rms o f t h eev o luti on ary h i s t o ry o f t h e o c e an b a s i n s an d over ly i ng wat er

c o lumn s .

R esou r ces of the Sea F loor

A maj or p r oj e c t o f N O A A’

s At l an t i c O c e anograph i c andMe t e o ro l o gi c a l L ab or at o r i e s i n Mi ami i s t h e s t u dy o f th e ge o l o g i c a l ,ge ophy s i c a l , and ge o ch emi c al c h ar ac t e r i s t i c s o f a 3

° c o rr i do rbe twe en Cap e Hat t e r as an d C ap e B l an c , no r thwe s t Afr i c a . Th i s s t r i pis c on t in u ou s wi th t he c ru s t a l s e c t i on e s t ab l i s h ed a cr o s s No r thAmer i c a by the US . Tran s -Con t i nen t a l Ge op hy s i c a l Sur vey . Th epurp o s e o f t he work i s t o p r ov i de , fo r th e fi r s t t ime , a s t an dardmarin e s e c t i o n

”

t o whi ch o t he r o c e an i c ge op hy s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s may b ere l a t e d . Howev e r , th e p ro j e c t i s a l s o p r ov i d i ng va l u ab l e i n fo rma t i o nabou t the oc ean b o t t om tha t c an be app l i ed t o th e r e s e ar ch fo r s ub s e ao i l and min er al s .

Pre l imin ary fi nd i ngs h av e a l r e ady re v e a l e d th e p r e s enc e o fp o s s ib l e s a l t d ome s i n t h e d e ep oc e an b as i n o ff C ap B l an c , th e fi r s tre g i o n wher e p o s s i b l e s a l t d ome s h av e b e en i den t i fi e d i n th e de epoc e an b as i n . I f t r u e s a l t d ome s , th e i r p r e s en ce wou l d s ugg e s ts ub s t ant i a l o i l p o t e nt i a l . Sub s eq uen t l y , o th er p o s s i b l e s a l t d ome sh ave b een i d en t i fi e d a t o t he r s i t e s i n th e At l an t i c an d S ou th At l an t i cb as i n s . Ano the r r ec en t a c c omp l i s hmen t o f th i s p r o j e c t was l o c a t i n gt he Trans -At l an t i c G eotr av er se (TAG)Hydro th ermal F i e l d , th e fi r s thydro t he rmal mi ne r a l d ep o s i t (very pur e mangan e s e hy dro x i de ,d i s c o ve r ed i n th e med i an v a l l ey o f a mid o c e an r i dge). The dep os i t ’ sex i s t en c e woul d s ugge s t t h a t oc e an i c c ru s t t h a t p av e s o f th e ear thand i s in co rp o ra te d in t o c e r t a in i s l and s an d c on t i n en t s may be farri ch er in min e r al s t h an p r ev i ou s l y s u sp ec t e d an d p o in t up th eimp or t an ce o f fur th e r s t u di e s o f p l a t e t e c t o n i c s i n r e l a t i on t o t h ee xp l o r a t i on fo r mi ne r a l dep o s i t s b o t h on l an d and a t s e a .

Perh ap s t he mo s t exp l o i t ab l e r e s our c e o f t h e d e ep -s ea fl o or i s th ei r o n-mangane s e c on cr e t i on s c ommon l y r e fe rr ed t o a s mangane s eno du l e s . The se are fo und on th e o c e an fl o o r i n a numb er o f ar e as int he Pac i fi c and At l an t i c O c e an s . Miner a l c omp an i e s ar e p ar t i cu l ar lyi n t e r es te d i n t he i r h igh copp e r , ni ck e l , and c ob a l t c on t en t , p ar t lyb e c aus e o f t he d imi ni sh ed re s e rv e s o f th e s e o re s un de r l an d su r fa ceand p art ly b e c au s e o f t h e en v i r onmen t a l d amage c au s e d b y th es ur fac e min i n g of l ow -g r ade o r e s .

I n an NSF p r ogram , s c i en t i s t s a r e t ry i ng t o an swe r two maj o rq ue s t i on s ab ou t th e s e s t range nodu l es . Th e fi r s t i s wh a t p r o ce s s e sa re r es p ons i b l e for t h e i nc o rp o r a t i on o f ex c e p t i o na l l y high con cemtr ation s o f c opp e r , n i ck e l , an d cob al t i n n odu l e s i n ce r t a i n l imi t e d46

re g i ons . The se c on d maj o r qu es t i on i s wha t c on tro l s t h e ar ea lden s i t y o f n odu l e s , e s pe c i a l l y i n r eg i on s where th e nodul e s h av e ah igh c oppe r-n i cke l c on t e n t . A high den s i ty o f n o du l e s a t t h es ed imen t s ur fac e i s on e o f t h e c on d i t i on s t h a t de t e rmin e s whe t her an odul e fi e l d c an b e r egarded as b e ing o f p o t en t i a l e c o nomi c v al ue . Inthe p r ogram s t udy ar e a i n t h e n or th ern equ a t o r i a l Pac i fi c , i t h a s b eenob s erv ed th at s i gn i fi can t ar ea l den s i ty v ar i a t i on s o c c ur ov erdi s t anc e s r angi ng from a few me t e r s t o a few ki l ome t e r s . I n a r e l a t e de ffo rt , N O A A

’

s Se a Gran t Progr am i s s t u dy i ng sh a l l ow-wat ern odul e s . Sh al l ow no du l e de p o s i t s wer e d i s c ov er ed n e ar Hawai i i ne ar ly 1 9 70 . I n i t i a l fi ndi ng s in d i c a t e th a t t h e s e dep o s i t s ar e far mor eex t en s iv e t h an p r ev i ou s ly r e c ogn i ze d an d many c on t a i n h igh erc onc en t rat i on s o f nob l e me t al s t h an th o s e r ep o r t e d fo r d ee p-sea

nodul e s .

Some o f the p os s ib l e env i r onmen t a l e ffe c t s o f d ee p-s e a min ing o fthe mangane s e n odu l e s inc l ude de s t ru c t i on o f b o t t om-dwe l l i ngo rgani sms ; a gen e ra l s t i rr in g up o f s ed imen t from th e o c e an fl o o r ;and t he i n t rodu c t i on o f s ed imen t , org an i sms , an d b o t t om wa te r in t ot he wa te r c o l umn and s urfa c e wa te r s . The s e imp a c t s ar e n o tne ce s s ari l y al l damag ing ; t h e i n t r odu c t i on o f nu t r i en t-r i ch b o t t omwate r s in t o s ur fac e wat e r s c ou l d , fo r ex amp l e , l e ad t o an i nc r e as e i ngrow th o f v ari o us sur fac e org an i sms .

NOAA i s managi ng a s t udy (Proj ec t DOMES)i n th e e q u a t o r i a lP ac i fi c s o uth o f Hawai i t o p ro v i d e b as e l in e me as ur emen t s an d t og ai n an under s t and in g o f p hy s i c a l , b i o l og i c a l , an d ch emi ca lmech an i sms in t h e s t udy are a and h ow they migh t b e a ffe c t e d bym in i ng . I f t h e i nv e s t i g at i on in d i c at e s th a t e nv i r onmen t a l e ffe c t s ar emin imal , t h e inv es t i g a t o r s wi l l fo rmul a t e gu i d e l i n e s fo r fu tur e l arg es c a l e min i ng ope r a t i on s and e s t ab l i s h s t an dard s for mon i t o r ingdur in g t he s e ope r a t i on s .

USGS has a l e ad ro l e i n th e Ci r c um-Pac i fi c Map Proj ec t , anin t ern at i o nal e ffo r t t o as s emb l e i n fo rmat i on on th e di s t r i bu t i on andre l at i on s of min er a l re s ourc e s in and adj ac en t t o th e P ac i fi c B as i n ,

i nc l u din g mangane s e n o du l e s , p e t r o l eum , and o th e r mine r a l c omm odities o f t he s ea fl o o r . Us i ng d a t a s upp l i e d b y th e Navy ,

un iv e rs i t i e s engage d i n O N R and NSF -s upp or t e d c omp i l a t i o n s , ando t her s o urc e s , USGS h as pr ep are d two s er i e s o f b as e map s fo r u s e i np l o t t i n g t h e in format i on . I n t e rn a t i on al t e ams o f gov ernmen t ,un iv e rs i ty , an d ind us t ry s c i en t i s t s h av e b egun a s s emb l i ng d at a onmany asp ec t s o f th e g e o l ogy , ge ophy s i c a l p r op er t i e s , and r e s o urc e so f the s e a-fl o o r and co as t s for u s e i n p rep ar ing ov er l ay s t o th e map swh en i s s u ed and t o i den t i fy g ap s i n ex i s t i ng knowl e dg e . Through i t sI n te rn a t i o nal De c ad e o f O c e an Exp l o r a t i on ( I D O E)and IPODp rogr ams , NSF i s su pp or t i n g mu ch o f th e un i ver s i ty p ar t i c i p at i o n .

NASA i s sp on s o ri ng c omp i l a t i on s o f d a t a ob t a i n ed from s a t e l l i t e s

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fo r i n c o rp o r at i on i nt o t he map s . Ant i c i p a t e d r e s ul t s ar e ex pe c t e d t oa id p l annin g fo r fu tur e e xp l o r a t i on o f th e b as i rian d t o s t imul a t ei n t e rn a t i on al c o op er at i ve s tu d i e s . USGS , th e US . Bure au o f M ine s

(USBM), and o th er c omp on en t s o f DO I c on du c t a var i e ty o f s t ud i e sde v ot ed t o d i s c ov ery , ev a l u a t i on , re c ov ery , an d p r o ce s s i ng o fmangane s e n odul e s an d o t he r min e ra l r e s our ce s o f th e s e a fl o o r . I nApr i l 1 9 7 5 US EM b egan a de fi n i t i v e c omp i l a t i o n o f d a t a c on ce rn i ngt he l oc at i on , de ns i t y , an d c on c en t r a t i on o f r esou ce e l eme nt s inP ac i fi c Oc e an mangan e s e n odu l e s fo r i n c l u s i o n i n i t s M iner a l sAv ai l ab i l i t y Sys t em . Dur i ng 1 9 74 , DO I e s t ab l i s h ed an O c e an Mi ni ngAdmin i s t ra t i on wi th t h e fo l l owin g func t i on s :

( 1)To rep r e s en t and c o ord in a t e t h e fu l l s c op e o f D O I ’ s miner a lc ommodi t y an d r es our c e man agemen t i n te r e s t s wi th Congr e s s , o t h erFed era l agen c i e s , an d th e min er a l i n du s t r i e s

(2)To fo rmul at e F ede ra l p o l i c i e s on o c e an min er a l r e s o urc e sdev el opmen t

(3)To p r ep ar e l eg i s l a t i o n and c o o rd i n a t e p rep ara t i on o f s u p p ort in g d ocumen t a t i on

P roc es ses an d P rop er t i e s of M od ern S ed im en tat ion

F ede r al l y fund ed r es e a rc h on mor e r ec en t mar i n e s e d imen t s c an b ed iv i d ed in t o two b ro ad c at e go r i e s . Th e fi r s t c a t e g ory en comp a s s e ss t ud i e s o f th e phy s i c a l p r op e r t i e s o f mar i n e s ed imen t s . Be c au s e ah igh p erc e nt age of o u r k nowl edge o f s e d ime nt s has c ome thr o ugh th eu s e o f ac ou s t i c t e chn i q ue s , i t i s imp or t an t t o un de r s t an d th o s ep ro pe r t i e s t h at con t ro l t h e ac ou s t i c

!s i gn at ur e ofm arin e s e d imen t s .

Pr ogr ams in t he s e c ond ca t e gory are ex amin a t i on s o f th e p r o c e s s e so f e r os i on and r ed i s t r i bu t i on o f s e d imen t s on th e de ep -s ea fl o o r andc on t i n en ta l sh e l v e s . Re c en t r e s e arch h a s sh own th a t c er t a i n r eg i o n so f the s ea fl o o r ar e a dyn ami c env i r onmen t i n wh i ch s ed ime ntt r ans p o r tis t h e r u l e ra t her th an th e ex c ep t i on . Bo th o f th e s ec a t e gor i es o f r es e arc h ar e ne ed ed t o p r ov i d e i n fo rma t i on r e q u i r ed fo ro ffsh o re c on s t ru c t i o n an d de ve l opmen t .The obj ec t i ve o f Navy-fund ed p ro grams i n ac ou s t i c r e s e arch i s t o

p ro vi d e a gl ob a l c ap ab i l i t y t o p r e d i c t o r a s s e s s th e o c e an fl o o renv i r onmen t fo r any n ava l sy s t em or O p e r a t i on a l r eq ui r eme n t . Th i sp rogr am c ompr i s e s th r e e p ar t s : s h ip b o ard s tu d i e s , whi ch i nc l udet ow ing o f v ari o u s typ e s o f arr ay s t o r ec ord th e i n t e r a c t i on o f s oundw i th t he sea-fl oo r s ed iment s and cru s t a l l ay er s ; l ab o ra t o r y s t ud i e so f s o und s pe ed in v ar i ou s r oc k an d s ed ime n t l ay er s ; and th e or e t i ca ls tu di e s o n d at a ac qu i s i t i on an d s ign a l p ro c e s s i ng .

Under t h i s p rog ram , s c i en t i s t s work ing o ff th e At l an t i c c o as t o fS ou th Amer i c a h ave s hown th e p re s en ce o f sea-fl o or r efl e c t i v i typ ro vin ce s th at c an b e r e l a t ed d i r e c t l y t o s ed imen t a t i o n p ro c e s s e s

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p re s en t ly ac t i v e on th e o c e an fl o o r . To i n t e rpr e t qu an t i t a t i ve ly th ere fl e c t i o n arr iv al s fr om t he s ed imen t ary c o l umn , an o th er programhas dev e l op ed an i n s i t u v e l o c ime t e r a t t ac he d t o th e he ad o f as ed imen t c ore r . Th e in s i t u v e l o c i ty d a t a ar e now in th e p ro c e s s o fbe i ng analy ze d and c ompar ed wi th s ed imen t v e l o c i t i e s ob t a in edw i th remot e-s en s ing t e chn iq u e s . Navy sc i en t i s t s ar e a t t emp t i ng t oe s t ab l i s h a c o r re l a t i on b e twe en t h e minera l og i c a l an d p hy s i ca lp rope r t i e s o f mar i n e s ed ime nt s th r ough i n s i t u a s we l l a s l ab o ra t o ryme as ur emen t s o f t h e i r ac ou s t i c p r op er t i e s . Imp or t an t r e s u l t s o f th i ss t udy in cl ud e the fi nd i ng th a t s ound—wave a t t enu a t i onis a fun c t i ono f g ra i n s i ze , p or os i ty , an d t he fr eq u en cy o f th e prop ag a t i ng s o undw ave .

Only r ec en t l y , wi th t h e d ev e l opmen t o f d e ep ly t owe d i n s t rume ntp ack age s and deep -di v ing s ubme r s ib l e s , h av e s c i en t i s t s b e e n ab l e t ov i ew th e p r oc e s s e s o f s e d ime nt t r an sp o r t and er o s i on o n th e d ee p-seafl o o r . The mo s t ex t en s i v e t r an sp o r t o c cu r s i n are a s ch ar ac t e r i ze d byv ig or ou s , th e rmoh al in e-dr i v en , b o t t om wat e r c i r cu l a t i o n .

An NSF -s p on s o red p r ogr am on t h e Bl ak e -Bah amas Ou t e r Ri dg ehas r ec en t l y r e t u rn ed s t ar t l i ng ev i d en c e o f s e d imen t i n th a t p ar t o fthe At l an t i c . The r i dge i t s e l f i s a t h i ck s e qu en c e o f s ed imen t sdep os i t e d fr om a de e p cu rr en t t h a t fl ows s ou thward o ff t h ec on t i nen t a l margi n o f t he e a s t er n Un i t e d S t a t e s . Fo r many year ss c i en t i s t s h ad ob s e rv e d s t r ange b o t t om ech o p a t t ern s fr om th i sr idge . I t was be l i eve d t h a t th e s e p a t t e rn s wer e p ro d uc ed bys e dimen t—dun e format i on s . Ex amin a t i on by a d ee p ly— t owedin str umen t pack age , howeve r , h as s hown th at th e s t r ange ech o p at t e rn sare p r o duc e d by s t e e p-s id ed , fl a t -fl o o r e d furr ows r angi ng from 1 t o1 00 me te r s wi de an d from t o 20 me t e r s d e ep . Th e s p a c i ng o f th e s efurr ows i s typ i c a l l y on t h e o rd e r o f hundr ed s o f me te r s , andind iv i du al furr ows are c ommon ly t r ac e ab l e o v er s e v e ra l k i l ome te r s .

The ori g in of th e s e e ro s i on a l fe a t ur e s has no t b ee n d e fi ni t e l ye s t ab l i sh ed , bu t th ey may be r e l a t e d t o a s e c on d ary compon en t o fw at e r fl ow , whi ch ac t s i n a d i r e c t i on p erp en d i cu l ar t o th e d i r ec t i o no f t he main fl ow . Under NSF and O N R s up p o r t , s imi l ar fe a tur e s h av ebe en found ne ar Samoa in th e we s t e rn Pac i fi c . Programs ar ep re s en t l y underway i n t h e At l an t i c t o ex amine o th er s ed ime ntac c umul a t i ons l i k e th e B l ak e -B ah amas Ou t e r Ri dg e fo r s imi l a re v i denc e o f se d iment e ro s i on an d t r an s p o r t .

A comp l e t e l y d i ffe r en t typ e o f ev i d en c e ha s b e en found for d ee ps e a s ed imen t t ran sp o r t s a t a -me te r dep th on th e Carn eg i e R iv erin the e as te rn equ a t or i a l P ac i fi c . Us ing a d eep ly t owed in s t rumen tp ack age , s c i en t i s t s wer e ab l e t o ob s e rv e a fi e l d o f cr e s c en t i c

(b ar ch an)s and dune s c omp o s ed o f for amin i fe ra on th e n or th fl ank o fthe r i dge . The dun e s are app aren t ly p ro p e l l e d by fa s t c ur r en t s o fd en s e b o t t om wa t e r t h a t s p i l l n or thward a cro s s th e r i dg e . A

49

re ex am in a t i on o f th i s dun e fi e l d ind i c a t e d mov emen t b y a number o ft he dun e s ov e r a 2-y ear sp an , a l l ow ing on e o f th e fi r s t e s t ima t e s o fmas s flux fo r t ran sp o r t e d de ep -sea s e d imen t s .

Al though c omp l i c a t e d by th e n e ed for fin e -s c a l e ob s e rv a t i on a lt e chn iq u es , in ve s t ig a t i on o f th e e r o s i on and tr an sp or t o f d ee p -s e as ed im en t s w i l l b e an impo r t an t fi e ld o f r e s e ar ch in com ing y ear s .

Wi th inc r e as ing u s e o f th e c on t in en t a l s h e l v e s , t h e n e ed t ounder s t and s ed imen t t r an sp or t in t h e s e r eg i on s h a s b een in cr e a s ingly r e c ogn ized . I n a USGS p rogram al ong th e c o a s t s o f Sp a in , F lo r i da ,Wash ing ton , and O reg on , c on s i s t e n t p a t t e rn s o f r ipp l e s a nda s s o c i a t e d b ed fo rms have b ee n r e l a t e d t o th e dyn ami c s o f b o t t omorb i ta l w a te r v e l o c i t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i th s h o a l ing wav e s , an d t os ed im en t gr a in s i ze .

The USGS ha s a l s o ex amin ed mod ern s ed imen t a t i o n p ro c e s s e s o fft he nor th e rn c o as t o f Al a s k a , where s ea i c eis a d omin an t agen t . Ashe ar zone d eve l op s dur i ng th e w in t e r b e tween th e gro unded i ce th a tform s n e ar sh ore and th e fl o a t i ng p ack ic e o ffs h o r e . Ex amin a t i on o fthe c on t in en t a l s h e l f s e d imen t s b en e a th th i s s h e ar zon e h as sh ownde ep g ouge s and furrows pr odu c e d by th e grounded i c e . Th ep r oc e s s e s th a t fo rm b o t t om fe a tu r e s w i l l p o s e maj or p rob l em s fo r th ebu i ld in g o f sea-fl o o r s t ru c t ur e s a l ong th e Ar c t i c c o a s t o f Al a sk a andC anad a .

N O A A’

s sh e l f-dynami c s p ro gr am i s a t t emp t ing t o q u an t i fy th ep a t t e rn ( r a te s and d i r e c t i o n s)o f s ed imen t e r o s i on , t r an sp o r t , anddep o s i t i o n on c on t in en t a l s h e l v e s . Such in fo rma t i onis e s s en t i a l fo rr e s o lv in g t h e c on fl i c t i ng human u s e s o f th e sh e l f s u r fa c e . Th e pr imear e a o f s tudyis t h e New York B i gh t , whi ch i s p r e s en t ly su ffe r ingfrom env ir onmen t a l imp ac t p rob l em s (pr imar i l y du e t o wa s t ed i s p o s a l pr ac t i c e s)t h a t wi l l b e c ommon t o mo s t s h e lv e s by th e t urno f the c en t ury .

The p rogramis two fo l d , i nv e s t i g a t in g b o t h s and and su sp e nd edfin e s ed imen t t ran s p or t . The flux o f s u sp en de d s e d imen t ac r o s s th eN ew York B igh tis b e i ng ex amin ed by mean s o f wa t e r s amp l in g , a ndop t i c al and s on i c s en s ing t e chn i q u e s . S tud i e s ind i c a t e th a t th evo l umin ous qu an t i t i e s o f s ewag e s ludg e dump ed in t o th e B igh t d on o t s e t t l e immed i a t e ly t o th e b o t t om , bu t b ec ome a comp on en t o f th en a t ur a l fin e -s ed ime nt t r an sp o r t s y s t em . Cal cu l a t i on s s h ow th a t as ing l e s t o rm may re s u sp end fin e s e d imen t s from th e b o t t om andgen e r a t e a n a t ura l s u s p ende d s ed imen t l o ad eq u iva l e n t t o w ee k s o fs ewage s ludge dump i ng .

Sand t ran s p or t in th e New York B i gh t Ap exis b e ing e s t ima t e d byc ompu t a t i on s b as ed on n ear -bo t t om curr en t -me t e r r e c ord s , andindep end en t ly , by mean s o f mapp in g th e g row th o f r a d i o i s o t op es and t r ac er d i s p e r s a l p a t t e rn s . S tud i e s are p r e s en t ly c on c en t r a t e don th e inn e r s h e l f where de te rm in a t i on s o f s ea-fl o o r s t ab i l i ty ar e

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imp or t an t t o s e l e c t s i t e s fo r s ewage and dr edg e s p o i l dump s i t e s ,s ewage ou t fal l s , o ffsho re nu c l e ar p owerp l an t s , an d de epwa t e r

t e rm ina l s .

The s t ud i e s in d i c a t e th a t t h e s andy inn er s h e l f fl o o r underg o e sb r i e f , in ten s e p eri o d s o f s and en tr a inmen t and t r an s p or t . Th e s e fl owev en t s l as t fo r h ou r s o r day s and are as s o c i a t e d wi th win t e r s t o rms .

They are s ep ar a t e d by day s o r we ek s o f q u i e s c enc e . On e o r twomaj o r s t o rm fl ows a ye ar app e ar t o mov e mor e s an d than a l l t h e r e s to f the fl ow even t s c omb in ed .

Con t inu ed s t udy o f su ch fl ow even t s w i l l a id in th e de l in e a t i on o flong -t e rm are as o f e ro s i on and dep o s i t i on on th e sea fl o o r . Su chs tud i e s wi l l r eq u i r e more de t a i l ed and s ys t ema t i c ob s e rv a t i on s o fne ar -bo t t om fl ow and sea-fl o or r e sp on s e th an ar e p r e s en t ly b e i ngob t a in ed w i th av a i l ab l e i n s t rumen t a t i on . Curr en t me t e r s th a t c ane ffi c i en t ly re s o l v e sh al l ow wa t e r mo t i on s d omin a t e d by o s c i l l a t o rywave s urge ar e p r e s en t l y b e ing d ev e l op ed . Se a -fl o o r s en s ings y s tems th a t u se t h e s e me t e r s t o me as ur e flu id mo t i on s and th a t a l s omeas ur e t urb id i ty , b o t t om roughn e s s , and th e p a s s age o f s ur fa cew ave s are b e ing de ve l op e d und er th e sp on s or sh ip o f NOAA , USGS ,

ERDA , and NSF .

Imp or tan t s upp l emen t a ry e v iden c e c on ce rn ing th e n a t ur e o fs e d imen t t r an s p or t on th e c on t i n en t a l s h e l fis be ing g ai ne d byN O A A

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s s t ud ie s o f t op ography and bed form s on th e A t l an t i cC on t in en t a l Sh e l f . Formerly , sh e l f s e d imen t s w e r e th o ugh t t o h aveda te d from l ower s t ands o f sea l ev e l , and th e s he l f fl o or wasc on s i der ed t o b e an are a wh er e n eg ligab le s e d imen t t r an sp o r to c curr ed . Ev id enc eis now ac cumul a t ing t o in d i c a t e th a t w in t e rs t o rms may set th e en t i r e M idd l e At l an t i c She l f wa t e r c o l umn in t om o t i on , wi th v e l o c i t i e s s u ffi c i en t t o en t r a in b o t t om s an d acro s smu ch o f the sh e l f s ur fa c e . Thi s s ur fa c eis ch ara c t e r i ze d by a r i dg eand swal e t op ogr aphy , a t s an d r i d ge s 1 0 me t e r s h igh and 2 t o 4k i l ome te r s ap ar t . Swal e s b e twe en r i dg e s t e n d t o b e marked by a!s and r ibb on

”

p a t t e rn o f b and s o f s and 1 0 t o 1 00 me t e r s w ide ,s ep ar a te d by b an ds o f c o ar s er s and or gr av e l . The s and r ibb on sappe ar t o be th e!s i gn a tur e

”

o f s t o rm fl ow s , th e r e su l t o f zon e s o fbo t t om curr en t d iv ergenc e an d c onv erg en c e dur ing in d iv i dua ls t o rms , o r s t o rm s e as ons . The l arge r s and r i dg e s ap p e ar t o b eana l o gou s t o th e l arg e —s c a l e d un e s y s tems o f th e wor l d

’

s d e s er t s .

They h ave b e en s l owly growing t o th e i r p re s en t s i z e for p ar t or a l l o ft he p er i o d s in c e th e P leistocen ce i c e age . Th e s t ab i l i ty o f th e r i dg eand swal e t op ography b ear s d i r e c t ly on th e u se o f th e sh e l f s ur fa cefor o c e an dump ing and fo r sea-fl o o r s t ru c tur e s ( s ewage ou t fa l l s ,nuc l e ar p owerp l an t s , an d o i l r i g s).O th er p rograms o f re s ear ch on th e t ran sp or t o f c o n t in en t a l sh e l f

s e d imen t s are fund ed by NSF , th e N avy , ERDA , an d E L M . Wi th th e

5 1

g r ow ing demand fo r r e s our c e s from th e c on t in en t a l. shelvets ,

re s e arch on th e s e d ime nt dyn ami c s o f th i s r eg i on w i l l b e c omemore imp or t an t in c oming y e ar s .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

Recr e a t i on (BOR)i n DO I wa s d e l e g a te d th e r e s p on s ib i l i ty fo rdev e l op ing the n a t i onwide p l an . BOR i s a l s o r e s p on s ib l e fo rp rov i d in g t e chn i c a l a s s i s t an c e on ou t do o r r e c r e a t i on t o th e S t a t e s ,t h e i r p o l i t i c a l s ubd i v i s i o n s , and th e p r i v a t e s e c t o r . I t i s a l s o ch arg edw i th r e s p ons ib i l i t y fo r c o o rd in a t i ng ou t d o o r r e c r e a t i on p r ogr ams ,re s e arch , and ed uc a t i o n .

BOR pub l i s h ed i t s Na t i onw id e Ou td o o r Re cr e a t i on P l an onN ovemb er 1 6 , 1 9 7 3 , und e r th e t i t l e Ou td o or Re cr e a t i o n— A L egacyfor Amer i c a . I n d ev e l op i ng th e p l an , BOR r ec e i v e d a s s i s t an c e fr oma l l fa c e t s o f G ove rnmen t an d p r i v a t e exp er t i s e . The p l an c on c ern si t s e l f w i t h

( 1)Maj o r l e i s u r e -t ime r e c re a t i on ac t i v i t i e s th a t o c cur ou t o f do o r s(2)Gu ide s fo r c o o rd in a t ing Fed er a l e ffo r t s( 3)S treng th en ing th e c o op er a t i v e r e l a t i o n sh i p s b e twe en F ed era l

and non -Fed e ra l e ffo r t s

The N a t i onwi de p l an c a l l e d fo r t h e fo l l ow ing F ed er a l a c t i o n sre gard ing c o a s t a l r ec r e a t i on p ro gram s

I n o r de r t o t a k e fu l l a d v a n t ag e o f th e r e c r e a t i o n a n d f i sh a n d w i l d l i feo p p o r t u n i t i e s a f fo rd ed by s h o re l i n e re s o u r c e s , F e d e r a l a g en c i e s a r e cal l e du p o n t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i r h o l d i ng s i n t h e c o a s t a l zo n e t od e te rm i n e wh i c h b ea c h e s an d s h o re l i n e s c a n b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e fo r i n c r e a s edp u b l i c r e c r e a t i o n u s e .

S t a t e s c a n c om p l em e n t th i s F e d e r a l a c t i o n by e v a l u a t i ng p r e s en t l awsr e l a t i n g t o own e r s h i p a n d a c c e s s a n d , wh e re n e c e s s a r y , t a k i n g s t e p s t op r o v i d e p u b l i c a c c e s s t o b e a c h e s a n d s h o re l i n e s .

S t a t e a nd l o c a l G o v e rnm e n t s a l s o s h o u l d d e v e l o p p l a n s a n d p r o g r am s t ou t i l ize L a nd a nd W a t e r Co n s e r v a t i o n F u n d m o n i e s fo r a cq u i s i t i o n of beac hes ,

s h o re l i n e s , an d e s t u a r i e s wi t h r e c r e a t i o n v a l u e s , a n d s h o u l d e n c o u r a g e a nda s s i s t c o n s e r v a t i o n o rg a n iza t i o n s i n p u r c h a s i ng a n d ob t a i n i ng d o n a t i o n s o fk e y p a rc e l s o f s h o re l i n e s .

M an agem en t Su p p ort

NOAA as s i s t s S t a t e s in th e d eve l opmen t o f c o a s t a l manageme n tp rogr am s and supp o r t s u niv er s i ty p r o j ec t s th a t i nd i r e c t l y b en e fi tre c re a t i on a l in t e r e s t s . N O A A

’

s O CZM p r ov i d e s g ran t s t o c o a s t a lS t a te s , t o a s s i s t i n th e de ve l opmen t of m an agem en tp r ograms fo r th el and and wat e r r e s ou r ce s o f th e i r c o a s t a l zon e s , and sub s eq ue n tg r an t s t o c o a s t a l S t a t e s fo r admin i s t e r i n g th e s e man ageme n tp rogr am s and for th e ac qu i s i t i o n , d ev e l opmen t , an d op er a t i on o fe s t u ar in e s anc t u ar i e s . The O ffi c e of SeaGran t , al s o i n NOAA , i s s u e sg ran t s t o un i ve r s i t i e s fo r r e s e arch , edu c a t i on , t r a in i ng , andex t en s i on s e rv i c e s . Gran t s for n on r e c re a t i on a l r e s e ar ch may o ft enben e fi t r e c r e a t i on a l i n t e r e s t s . O f s ome 7 00 p r o j e c t s s upp or t e d by th eS e a Gran t Pr og r am , on l y 2 1 are d i r e c t ly r e l a t e d t o mar i n e r e c r e a t i on .

Cal i fo rn i a , New York , Rhode I s l an d , and Tex a s h av e t ak en t h e l ead

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i n th i s r es p ec t , and have b e en c on c e rn ed w i th b o a t ing and mar in aope r a t i on s and the ec onomi c imp ac t o f r ec r e a t i on an d t our i sm on th ecoas t s .

DO I i s t he Feder a l Governmen t ’ s maj o r n a tur a l -re s our c e man aging agen cy . I t s mu l t i d i s c i p l i n ary p ro gr am o ffe r s numerou s op p ortu nities t o the ou tdo o r re c r ea t i on s e ek er . The Na t i on a l P ark S erv i c ec urr en t ly man ag e s 28 co a s t a l ar e as th a t p rov i d e a wide v ar i e ty o fre c re at i on al ch o i ce s . The s e ar e a s in c l ud e e i gh t on th e At l an t i c , fouron the Gu l f , s e v en on th e Pac i fi c c o as t s , fi v e a l ong th e Gr e a t Lake s ,and two e ach in th e Car ibb e an and Hawai i . Th ey o ffe r th ere c re a t i on i s t exp er i enc e i n mar i n e env i r onmen t s th a t v ary from th emegal op o l i s ga t eway s o f New York and S an Fran c i s c o t o th er ockb ound c o as t o f Mai ne , th e Ev erg l ad es o f F l or i da , an d th eunderwa te r t r a i l s o f th e Virg i n I s l and s .E LM , t he Nat i on

’

s l arg e s t l andho l der , o ffe r s c on s i d erab l es h o re l in e fo r the r ecr e at i on s e ek er on a l l c o a s t s , p ar t i cu l ar ly on th eP ac i fi c , whi ch in c l u de s t h e K ing Range Na t i on a l Con se r v a t i on Ar ea .

I n add i t i o n t o Pac i fi c ho l d i ng s , E LM own s s ome fin e b e ach e s o n th eGu l f o f M ex i c o .

The th ird maj o r DO I l an dho l d er , FW S , o ffe r s a wid e a s s o r tme n t o fN at i on a l W i l d l i fe Re fug e s on a l l four c o a s t s . Al th ough th e p r imarypurp o s e o f the s e ar e a s i s t o p ro v i d e n e s t i ng , r e s t i ng , an d w in t e r i ngare as for w a te r fowl , s ho r e b i r d s , and o th e r b i r d o r o th er an ima ls p ec i e s , s uch are a s do affo rd gr e a t op p or tun i t y fo r th e ou td oor lov erwhois i n t e r e s t e d i n b o a t ing , pho t ogr aphy , n a tu r e t r a i l s , an d o th ero u t door ac t i v i t i e s .

FWS a l s o admin i s t e r s th e P i tman—Rob in s on Ac t o f 1 9 3 7 an d th eD inge l l -)oh n s on Ac t of 1 9 5 0 . The s e ac t s p rov id e ma t ch ing mon i e s t othe S t a te s t o enh an c e and manage th e ir fi sh an d w i l d l i fe r e s ou r ce s byacqu i s i t i o n and de ve l o pmen t o f l and s and wa te r s fo r hun t in g andfi s h in g . Over th e y e ars , t h e s e two Fed er al as s i s t an ce p rogr ams havec on t r ib u t e d gr e a t l y t o i n c r e a s i ng t he S t a t e c o ffe r of lan d s and wa t er s

av a i l ab l e fo r ou tdoo r r e c re a t i on . Al th ough th e p r imary p urp o s e o fthe s e ac t s was or i e nt e d t o fi sh an d wi l d l i fe p r ogr ams

,o th er o u t do o r

ac t iv i t i e s th a t h av e b en e fi t e d i n c lud e w i ld l i fe ph o t ography,b o a t i ng

,

sw imming , b irdwat ch i ng , an d many o th er ac t i v i t i e s . O f e qu a limp or t an ce , h owev er , money thr o ugh th e s e ac t s has b een u s ed t oacq u i r e l ands and wat e r s fo r th e p r o t e c t i o n o f many o f our un i q uear e as s u ch as e s tu ar i e s and we t l and s .

DO I a l s o p r ov id e s much i nd i r e c t s upp or t t o r ec r e a t i on p rogr ams .

For ex amp l e , t h e O ffi c e o f Wa te r Re s e arc h and Te chn o l o gy ,i n fi s c a l

ye ar 1 9 7 5 , supp or t e d e i gh t r e s e ar ch pr o j e c t s t h a t r e l a t e d t o s u chmat t e r s as t h e imp a c t o f p e s t i c i d e s an d l oggi ng on

'

water q u al i ty ,

c on t ro l o f mos qu i t o l arvae , eu t r oph i c a t i on , and gr oundwat e rre s our ce s .

5 5

226-8 1 7 0 7 7 5

By far the mo s t impo r t an t su pp or t fo r mar in e r ec r ea t i on , h owever ,c omes th rough th e Lan d and Wa t e r Con s e rv a t i on Fund Ac t o f 1 9 6 5

as amend ed . Th e ob j e c t i v e o f th e S t a t e p o r t i on o f th i s a c t i st o p r ov i de fin anc i a l a s s i s t an c e t o th e S t a t e s an d th e i r p o l i t i c a ls ub d iv i s i on s fo r th e ac q u i s i t i on an d d ev e l opmen t o f o u t do o rre c re a t i on are as an d fa c i l i t i e s . Th e p ro gr am i s admin i s t e r ed thro ughBOR and p r ov id e s a cq u i s i t i on and d ev e l opmen t gr an t s th a t may beus ed fo r a wide rang e o f o u t do or r ec r e a t i on p ro j e c t s . Al l a s s i s t e dare a s mu s t be op en t o th e gene r a l p ub l i c a nd no t l imi t e d t o sp e c i a lgr oup s . D ev e l opmen t o f b a s i c r a t h e r th an e l ab o r a t e fa c i l i t i e s i sfavo re d , and p r i o r i ty c on s i d era t i on g en era l l y i s g i v en t o p ro j e c t ss erv in g urb an p opu l a t ion s . Fund mon i e s ar e no t av a i l ab l e fo r th eo pe r a t i on and ma i n t en anc e o f fa c i l i t i e s . A St a t e , t o q u a l i fy fo r th e

L &WC F p rogr am ,is re q u i r e d t o p r ep are an d ma in t a i n a s t a t ew idec ompreh en s iv e ou td oo r r e c r e a t i on p l an . The s e p l an s , i n add i t i o n t obe i ng req u i r e d by th e L &WC F p rogr am , h av e b ro ad u t i l i t y fo rm ee t in g al l S t a t e ou td o o r r e c re a t i on n e ed s . F ed er a l gr an t s of ov er $ 1b i l l i o n h ave b een made t o th e S t a t e s , t e rr i t o r i e s , an d th e D i s t r i c t o fC o l umb i a s in c e th e i n c ep t i on o f th e p r ogr am . Wel l o v er 5 0 p er ce n t o ft he s e m on i e s h av e b en e fi t e d wa te r -o r i en t e d r e c r e a t i on p ro j e c t s ,wi th a maj o r p o r t i on be i ng u se d in the fou r c o a s t a l a r e a s .

O th er Fe dera l ag en c i e s th a t p rov id e fo r o u td o o r re cr e a t i o nopp o r t un i t y i n mari ne r eg i on s in c lud e th e F or e s t Se r v i c e in th eD ep ar tm en t o f Agr i c u l t u r e , DOD , and D ep ar tmen t of T r an sp or tation(DOT).The F ore s t S e rv i c e man age s ex t en s iv e amoun t s o f l an d on our

c o a s t s , p art i cu l ar ly on t h e P ac i fi c Co as t an d al ong th e Gr e a t Lake s .

Much o f t h i s l and o ffe r s a wide a s s or tmen t o f ou t d o o r r e cr e a t i o nO pp or t un i t y as we l l as a c c e s s t o th e c o a s t a l wa t e r s .

DOD manage s or c on t ro l s c o a s t a l l and s an d wa t e r s o n a l l fou rc o a s t s . The l and s he l d b y DOD a t v ar i ou s mi l i t a ry r e s e r v a t i o n sp o s s e s s a v ar i e t y o f ou t d oo r re cr e a t i on a l a t t r i bu t e s , a l th ough th er ea re r e s t r i c t i on s on pub l i c a c c e s s . I n r e c en t ye ar s , howeve r , DOD ha sm ade a c onc er t e d e ffo r t t o mak e a s ub s t an t i a l p o r t i o n o f th e i r l and s ,i nc l ud in g s ome k ey be ach e s , ava i l ab l e fo r p ub l i c u s e .

Throu ghits p rogram on Smal l Be a ch Er o s i on Con t ro l p r o j e c t s ,COE has made a s ub s t an t i a l c o n t ri b u t i on t o th e o u td o o r r e c r ea t i o ne ffo r t in the mar in e env i ronmen t . COE in th i s p rogram o ffe r sfi n anc i a l a s s i s t an c e t o th e S t a t e s an d l o c a l g ov ernmen t s fo r er o s i o nc on t ro l and b ea ch s t ab i l i za t i on pr o j e c t s . Th e S t a t e s o r l o c a lg ove rnmen t s mu s t i n t urn p rov id e fo r a p ar t o f th e fin anc i a la s s i s t an ce as w e l l as t h e n e c e s s ary l and s , c on t i nu ed pub l i cowner sh i p , ac c e s s r o ad s , and ma in t en an c e .

DOT prov id e s a s s i s t an ce i n a number o f way s t o th e mar i n ere c re a t i on e ffo r t t h r ough th e h i ghway ac t s . Pr in c ip a l l y , t h e s e DOT

56

c onc ern s c en t e r on c o a s t a l h i ghway s and p arkway s , r e s t ar e a s th a tc an in c lu d e wa t er ac c e s s , and b i cy c l e t r a i l s . A mo s t imp or t an tfunc t i on o f DOT , o f co ur s e , i s t o p r ov i d e fin an c i a l a s s i s t an c e t oc on s t ru c t ac ce s s ro ad s t o ou td o o r r ec r e a t i on ar e a s .

Boat in gA s o f 1 9 7 5 the r e are approx ima te ly 9 mi l l i on r e cr e a t i o n a l b o a t s , 1 8

mi l l i on b o a t op er a t o r s , an d 5 0 mi l l i on b o a t e r s . Th e numb er o f b o a t sand op er a t o r s are proj e c t ed t o in c re a s e at a r a t e o f 5 p er c en t a ye arw i th th e t ren d t oward mor e l e i s u re t ime . Bo a t i ng o ft e n a cc omp an i e sand s t imu l a te s a number o f o th er ou tdo o r ac t i v i t i e s su ch as fi sh i ng ,

water sk i in g , hun t i ng , and swimming .

The USCG in DOT i s i nv o l v e d in a numb er o f pro gram s th a tben e fi t r e c r e a t i on a l b o a t i ng . Th e de c l are d purp o s e o f th e F ed er a lB o a t S afe t y Ac t o f 1 9 7 1 (F BSA)i s toim p r ov eb o a t ing s a fe ty andt o fos t e r g re a t e r d ev e l opmen t , u s e , and en j oymen t o f a l l th e w a te r s o fthe Un i t e d S t a t e s . Th e ac t au th or i ze s v ar i o u s me ans t oen cou r age gre a t er un i form i t y o f b o a t in g l aws b e twe en th e v ar i ou sS ta te s and the F edera l Governmen t an d a h igh er d egr ee o fre c ip r oc i t y and c omi ty among v ar i ou s j ur i s d i c t i on s . Th i s wi l lg r e at ly e a s e the bur de n s o f th e l arge numb er of boater s who t ra i l e r o rs a i l t h e i r c r a ft ac r o s s j u r i s d i c t i on a l l i n e s . The pr ime mean s fo ren c our ag in g t h i s un i fo rmi ty of State b o a t ing p rograms i s th e F ed era lfin anc i a l as s i s t an ce au th or i z ed und er th e F BSA . The s e fund s may b eus ed for c o s t s o f fac i l i t i e s , e qu i pmen t , supp l i e s , p er s onn e l s a l ar i e s ,per s onn e l t rain ing , pub l i c b o a t-s a fe ty edu c a t i on , an d o th er ex pe ns e st ha t th e USCG d eems app ropr i a t e .

Ano ther p r ogr am au th or i ze d by th e F BSA th a t p ro v i d e s a maj o rnew b ene fi t t o r e c r e at i on a l b o a t e r sis t h e e s t ab l i s hmen t o f n a t i ona lc on s t ru c t i on an d p er fo rman ce s a fe ty s t an dard s for b o a t s a nda s s oc i a te d equ ipmen t . Th e F BSA au th o r i ze s a de fe c t n o t i fi c a t i o np rogr am , s im i l ar t o th e aut omob i l e r e c a l l p r ogr am , wh i ch r e qu i r e sb o a t manu fac t ur e r s t o n o t i fy own er s o f s a fe ty de fe c t s d i s c ov er ed int he ir b oa t s and t o c o rr e c t t h e d e fe c t s . Th i s p rogr am a l s o i nc l u de sre q u ir emen t s fo r th e co r r e c t i on o f d e fe c t s r e s u l t i ng from nonc omp l i an c e w i th USCG con s t ru c t i on s afe ty s t andard s .

Some o f the USC G’

s mor e t r ad i t i o n a l b en e fi t s t o th e r e cr e a t i on a lb o a te r in c lu de b o a t ing educ a t i on e ffo r t s (b o th c l a s s ro om andc o rr e sp onden c e c our s e s), c ou r t e sy b o a t ex amin a t i on s , r ega t t a ands a fe ty p a t ro l s , and s e ar ch and r e s cu e a s s i s t an ce . Th es e l a t t e rfunc t i on s are c o op era t i v e e ffo r t s b e twe en r egu l ar USCG p er s on ne land c iv i l i an memb er s o f t h e USCG Aux i l i a ry . Th e USC G

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s pr ogramso f re s e ar ch and d eve l opmen t , bo a t ing s a fe ty , an d sear ch an d r e s c u eare c ondu c t e d t o impro ve t h e s a fe ty o f th e b o a t e r . Th es e e ffor t s n o ton l y p r even t ac c i d en t s from happ en in g t o th e b o a t e r bu t a l s o

improve his ch an ce s o f s u rv i v i ng an ac c i den t i f on e sh ou l d o c cur .The USCG i s u s i ng p ar t o f i t s gr an t fund s a l l o c a t e d t o na t i on a l

nonpr o fi t pub l i c -s e rv i c e o rg an i z a t i on s t o s tu dy and sp on s o r a p i l o tp rogr am tha t wi l l i n t ro duc e bo a t ing s a fe ty ed uc a t i on pr ogr ams i n t ot he pub l i c s ch o o l sy s t ems .

COE , DOD , a f fo r d s re c r e a t i on a l b o a t i ng a s s i s t an ce th rough thr e eo f i t s p r ogr am s : aq ua t i c p l an t c on t r o l , smal l n av ig a t i o n pro j ec t s , ands n agg in g and c l e ar i ng fo r n av i g a t i on . Th e Riv er s and Harb or s Ac t o f1 9 65 , P L . 89 -29 8 , p rov id e s fo r th e c o op e ra t i on an d as s i s t an c e o f th eCOE wi t h S t a t e an d l o c a l g o v ernmen t agen c i e s t o c on t r o l ob nox i o u sa qu a t i c p l an t s in r i ve r s , h arb or s , an d a l l i e d wa t e r s th ro ughs p ec i a l i z e d s e r v i c e s an d th e d i s s emin a t i on o f t e chn i ca l i n format i o n .

Non -Fed er a l i n t e r e s t s mus t agr e e t o ho ld th e G ov ernmen t o f th eUn i t e d S ta t e s fr e e fr om damage s and t o fin an ce 30 p er c en t o f th ec o s t s o f c on t r o l op era t i on s . Th e p r ogram i s d e s i gn ed t o d ea lp r imar i ly wi th weed in fe s t a t i o n s o f maj o r e c on omi c s i gn i fi c anc e ,i nc lud in g su ch weed s as wat er hy ac in th , a l l i g a t o r we ed , e l od e a ,wate r mi l fo i l , and o th er s t ha t c on s t i t u t e a kn own ec on omi c p ro b l emo f imp or tan ce in t h e a re a inv o l v ed .

Smal l n av i ga t i on a l p r o j e c t s , au th o r i ze d thr ough P L . 86 -645 ,

prov i d e the mos t p rac t i c ab l e and e con omi c me an s o f me e t ing t h ene e ds o f gen e ra l n av ig a t i on fo r p ro j e c t s n o t s p e c i fi c a l l y au th o r i ze dby Congr e s s . COE de s i gn s and c on s t r u c t s t h e p ro j e c t . Eac h pro j e c ts e l e c te d mus t b e t e chn i c a l l y fe a s ib l e an d econ omically j u stified . Th enon -Fed er a l s p on s o r ing ag en cy mu s t ( 1)agr ee t o a s s ume fu l lre s p ons ib i l i t y fo r a l l p ro j e c t co s t s i n ex c e s s o f th e F ed era l c o s t l imi to f $ 1 mi l l i on ; (2)c on t ri bu t e t oward pr o j e c t c o s t s fo r c o n s t ruc t i o nand main t en anc e o f re c r e a t i on a l b en e fi t s , l and enhan c emen t , o ro t he r s p e c i a l l o c a l b en e f i t s ; ( 3)p r ov i de a l l n e c e s s ary l and ,

e as emen t s , and r ig h t s -of-way ; (4)h o l d an d s av e th e Un i t e d S t a t e sfre e from damage s ; an d ( 5)pr ov i d e ad eq ua t e p ub l i c l and ings o rwh arve s , p i e rs , ac ce s s ro ads , p ark i ng are as , an d o th er ne ed ed pub l i cfac i l i t i e s t h a t wi l l b e op e n and av a i l ab l e t o a l l o n eq ua l t e rm s . Lo ca lc o s t p a r t i c i p a t i on re q u i r emen t s an d p ro c e du r e s fo r d e t e rmin ing th el oc a l s h are o f p ro j e c t c o s t ar e s imi l a r t o t h o s e fo r n av i g a t i on pro j e c t ss p e c i fi c a l ly au thor i ze d by Congr e s s un de r r egu l ar au th o r i za t i onpro c edur e s .

Thi s p r og ram has b ec ome an imp or t an t fac t o r i n p r ov i d i ng fo rb o a t in g fac i l i t i e s i n many s e c t i on s o f th e c oun t ry , bu t h a s b ee n o fp ar t i c u l a r imp o rt anc e i n re c en t y e ar s i n th e Gr e a t Lak e s s y s t em .

Here i t h a s h el p ed s o l ve p rob l ems p er t a in i ng t o b o a t a c c e s s and s a feharb o rs , b o t h o f wh i ch ar e v i t a l l y impo r t an t t o th e de ve l op i ngs a lmon o id fi s h ery o f th e Gre a t L ak e s . I n add i t i on t o th i s p rogram , th en av ig a t i on al sn aggi ng an d c l ea r in g p rograms o f th e COE , a l th o ugh

he lp i n g al l a s p ec t s o f mari n e n av i ga t i on , hav e had a n e s p e c i a l l y

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ben efi c i a l e ffe c t on sma l l -bo a t op era t or s .

NOAA , wi t h i t s v ar i ed i nvo l v emen t i n mar in e p rogr ams , a l s op ro v i de s v al u ab l e s erv i c e s t o th e wat e r r ec r e a t i on i s t s . Through bo tht he Na t i on al We ath er S erv i c e and th e Na t i on a l O c e an Survey

,maj o r

c on t rib u t i on s are made t o mari n e r e c r e a t i on . Ex amp l e s ar e th esp ec i a l We ath er Servi c e for e c a s t s and O c e an Survey ch ar t s d e s i gn edfor smal l-bo a t op e ra t o rs . The We ath er Se rv i c e r egar ds abou t o fi t s marin e and Gre a t Lak e s p ro gr am as r ec r e a t i on -or i en t e d , andab ou t 20 per ce n t o f t he NOAA char t i n g s erv i c e i s fo r smal l c r a fto pe r a t i on s .

R ec r eat ion al F i sh in g

The Nat i onwide Ou tdoo r Re cr e a t i on P l an , Ou tdoo r Re cre a t i onA L eg acy o f Amer i c a ,

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r ep o r t s th a t 24 p e r ce n t o f th e re sp on den t s o ft he n a t i on al r e c r e a t i on s urvey c ondu c t e d dur ing th e summer o f 1 9 7 2en gage d in r ec r e a t i on a l fi sh i ng . Among th e ac t i v i t i e s me a sur ed ,

fi s h ing was ex c e e de d i n popu l ari t y on ly by picknickin g , s i gh t s e e i ng ,

dr i v ing , walk ing fo r p l e a s ure , an d swimming .

I t i s co ns erv a t i v e l y e s t imat e d th a t 33 mi l l i on p e op l e i n th e Un i t e dS ta t e s fi s h fo r p l e a s ure and th a t mor e th an 9 mi l l i o n o f th em fi sh ed i nthe marin e env i r onmen t i n 1 9 7 0 . Th e s e fi s h ermen rep or t e d c a t c h i ng8 1 7 mi l l i o n fi s h we igh ing a t o t a l o f b i l l i on p ound s .

I t i s imp or t an t t o no t e th a t wh i l e ang l in g oc cu r s o n our b e ac he s ,b ays , and e s t uar i e s , wi th an d wi th ou t th e u s e of boats , ho ok -and-l i n efi s h ing doe s n o t c on s t i t u t e th e en t i r e ty o f r ec r e a t i on a l fi sh i ng .

Sub sur fa c e ac t i v i t i e s , whe th er th ey b e by d i v i ng and Sp ear fi s h i ng o rwading and c l amming , i n c l ud e a sub s t an t i a l numb er of p ar ticip an ts .

Recr e a t i on al fi s h i ng in c l ude s a g re a t v ar i e t y o f p er s on a l in t e r e s t sand i s an ac t i v i ty t h a t ha s a de fin i t e s o c i o e c on omi c e ffe c t on ourc o as t a l are as .

N M F S in NOAA has be en r e sp on s ib l e fo r mar i n e r e c r e a t i ona l

fi s h er i e s r e s ear ch and dev e l opmen t o f t h e P ac i fi c , Gul f , and A t l an t i cc o a s t s . N M F S h as re c en t ly be en p r ep ar i ng a Na t i on a l F i s h er i e s P l an .

I t i s exp e c t e d t ha t th i s p l an wi l l e s t ab l i sh n a t i on a l p o l i cy fo r o urc o as t a l fi s h ery r e s o urc e s and fo r our fi sh ing i ndus t r i e s . I t wi l laddre s s fo o d pr odu c t i on and r e cr e a t i on a l fi sh ing a s we l l as l ay o u tan ove r a l l s t ra t e gy fo r th e fu tur e o f US . fi sh er i e s . I t i s d e s ign ed t oa s s i s t a l l t h o s e i nvo lv ed i n mar in e fi s h e r i e s .

Ther e i s a g re a t n eed fo r a sp or t -fi s h ing p l an . Al th ough N M F S i sb as i c al ly c onc ern ed wi th t h e c ommer c i a l fi sh er i e s , i t a l s o h as are s p on s ib i l i t y t o mari ne sp o r t fi sh ermen . Th e numb er o f r e cr ea t i ona lfi s he rmen has mor e th an doub l e d from 1 9 5 5 t o 1 9 7 0 . N M F S ha s th ere sp ons ib i l i ty t o r e s t o r e an d ma in t a i n fi sh ery s t o ck s impor t an t t ob o t h th e c ommer c i a l and th e r ec r e a t i on al fi sh ing i ndu s t r i e s .

NOAAis w e l l aware o f th e imp or t an ce o f mar i n e s p o r t fi sh ing a s i t5 9

ex i s t s t o d ay , b o th as a r e c re a t i on al r e s our c e and a s a l i v e l i h o od fo rtho s e wh o s e rv i ce r e cr e a t i o n a l fi sh i ng . N M F S h a s ex p and ed i t s s t a ffa t a l l l eve l s t o i n t e r fac e w i th th e r e c r e a t i on a l fi sh ing i n t e r e s t s and t oc ommun i c a te w i t h t h e many c on s e rv a t i on o rg an i za t i o n s . Throughthe M ig ra t ory Game F i sh Ac t o f 1 9 5 9 , N M F S ha s c on du c t e dex ten s i v e r e s e ar ch on game fi s h i n th e mar i ne en v i ro nmen t . Th i sre s e a rc h h as p r odu ce d s ome ex c e l l en t r e s u l t s th a t hav e b e en or wi l lbe o f d i r ec t b en e fi t t o th e s a l twa te r ang l e r . A comprehe n s iv e s urv eyo f mar in e re c re a t i ona l fi sh i ng ac t i v i t i e s was b egun i n 1 9 7 4 t ode te rm in e h ow many p eop l e fi s h , wha t th ey c a t c h , how much th eys p end , what the i r fi s h i ng pr e fe r en c e s ar e , an d o th er approp r i a t ein fo rma t i on . Th i s i n i t i a l s urv ey c ove r s on l y th e n or th e as t e r n Un i t e dS ta te s , andis b e i ng done th r ough t e l e ph on e in t e rv i ews wi thfo l l owup mai l q ue s t i onna i re s . The fi r s t fou r s e c t i o n s o f th e l o ngawai t e d A ng le rs

’

Guid e t o the Unit ed S tat e s Eas t Coas t , de s c r i b i ngmarin e re c r e a t i on a l fi s h i ng opp or t un i t i e s an d fa c i l i t i e s , wer ere c en t ly p ub l i s h ed . Th e s e pub l i c a t i on s a re d e s i gn ed t o a i d fi s h e rmenin th e i r q ue s t fo r b o t h s upp or t fa c i l i t i e s and fo r th e h ab i t a tp re fe r enc e s o f v ar i ou s sp ec i e s . Th e r ema in i ng four s ec t i o n s ar es chedu l e d fo r pub l i c a t i o n l a t e in fi s c a l y e a r 1 9 7 5 . A s imi l a rp ub l i c a t i onis b e i ng pre par ed fo r th e We s t c o a s t .An ex c i t i n g ven tur e i n e ar ly fi s c a l y e ar 1 9 74 was N M F S

p ar t i c i p a t i on i n N A SA’

s Sky l ab p r o j e c t . S ix n o r thwe s t F l o r i d a sp o r tfi s h ing and char t e r bo a t o rg an i za t i on s and a t o t a l o f 325 ang l er st urne d ou t on t h e Augu s t 4 an d 5 week end t o h e l p g a th e ro c e an ograph i c and fi s h ing i n forma t i on t o c omp ar e w i th r emo t e l ys en s ed oc e an og rap hi c d a t a ac q u i r ed by a i r c r a ft an d th e Sky l abs p ac ec r a ft . The an a ly s i s s h owed th a t c e r t a i n oc e an i c ch arac t e r i s t i c sc an b e mon i t o r ed from a i r and sp ac e c r a ft an d b e u s ed t o de t e rmin e

gam e~ fish abun dan ce an d d i s t r ib u t i on .

S in ce 1 9 72 , i n c o o p e ra t i on wi t h S t a t e and un iv er s i t y gro up s , th eNo rthwe s t Fi s her i e s Cen t e r a t S e a t t l e h as c on duc t e d we ek lyac o us t i c a l s urv ey s o f Lak e Wash in g t o n , fr om j un e thro ugh Augu s t ,t o l oc a te c onc e n t r a t i on s o f s o ck ey e s a lmon . Afte r e ach we ek lys urv ey , a ch ar t s h owing th e d ep th d i s t r i b u t i on o f s a lmon c on cen t rat i onis i s s u ed t o th e news med i a fo r u se by ang l e r s . Re sp on s e by th efi s h in g p ub l i c h as b een en th us i a s t i c . Angl e r s u s e th e i n fo rma t i o n t oimprove fi s h i ng s t ra t eg i e s fo r s p ec i e s p r e v i o u s ly th ough t u m

ava i l ab l e .

To re l i e ve s ome o f th e s p o r t fi s h i ng p r es su r e o n Pac i fi c s a lmon , anew pro j e c t was b egun i n 1 9 7 3 t o l o c a t e , i d en t i fy , and d i s s emina t ein fo rma t i on on the r o ck fi s h an d fl a t fi s h o f Pug e t S ou nd , as ye t no the avi ly u s ed by s p o rt sme n . I n 1 9 7 4 , s ev e ra l p o pu l a r ar t i c l e s wer ep r i n t e d t o enc ourag e s p o r t fi s h ermen t o pur s u e th e s e s t o c k s .

Some o f th e mor e wi de ly s ough t g ame fi s h e s on a l l c o a s t s,ex c e p t

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Eur ope an b r own tr o ut , an d th e P ac i fi c s a lmon s ( c h i no ok an d coh o).FWS , t hr ough i t s p r ogram on fi sh ery r e s e arch and Sp or t fi shmanagemen t , h as be en ab l e t o d ev e l o p an d d i s s emin a t e i n fo rma t i onne eded fo r t h e p ro t e c t i o n and enh an cemen t o f fr e s hwat e r fi sh eryre s our ce s , and t o p rov id e t e chn i c a l a s s i s t an c e t o S t a t e c on s e rv a t i onagen c i e s and I nd i an t r i b e s i n th e manageme n t o f wa t e r s fo r sp o r tfi s h i ng .

The FWS r e s e a rc h p rogram has exp and ed our kn owl edg e o f fi shphys i o l ogy and b ehav i o r , a s i n flu en c e d by u s u a l o r ab normalenv i r onmen ta l var i ab l e s . Th i s n ew in fo rma t i o n h as b e e n u s edp rimar i l y t o impro v e t h e man agemen t o f p ub l i c fi sh ery r e s our ce s ,and s e c ondari l y t o ad van ce re l a t e d p r i v a t e e n t e r pr i s e s . Th e FWSp ro vid es fi s her i e s a s s i s t anc e by c on du c t in g b i o l og i c a l ex am ina t i o n so f aqu a t i c h ab i t a t s an d o ffe r s s p e c i fi c r e c ommenda t i on s b a s e d o nthe c ond i t i on s found t o e x i s t . S t o ck i ng from Na t i on a l F i shH at ch e ri e s may b e on e o f th e man agemen t t o o l s c o ns id er e d t oimprov e t he r e s o ur c e .

Through th e Anadromo us F i sh Ac t o f 1 9 6 5 (P L . 89 FW S andNOAA are ab l e t o c o op e ra t e wi th th e S t a t e s an d o th er non -F ed era li n t e r es t s i n th e c on s e r va t i o n , d ev e l opmen t , an d enhan c emen t o f th eN at i on

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s an adr omo us fi s h e s in th e Gre at L ak e s a s we l l a s i n t h eo c e an s . Thi s p rogram i s d i v i d ed b e twee n EW S , wh ic h i s r e s p on s i b l efo r the Gre a t L ake s , an d N M F S , whi ch i s r e s p on s ib l e fo r th e o th ert hre e c o as t s . Bas i c a l l y , t h e p rogr am con s i s t s o f mak ing fun dsava i l ab l e fo r s p awn ing -ar e a impr ovemen t , in s t al l a t i o n o f fi s hway s ,c ons t ru c t i on o f fi s h p ro t e c t i on de vi ce s and h a t c h er i e s an d r e s e ar cht o improve managemen t and in c re as e an adr omou s fis h re s our ce s .Fund s c anno t b e u s e d fo r l aw en fo r cemen t , p ub l i c r e l a t i o n s , o rc ons t ru c t i on o f fac i l i t i e s and v e s s e l s , t h e p r imary pur po s e o f wh i chis t o h arve s t , h andl e , and p ro c e s s fi s h e ry p r odu c t s . I n add i t i o n , t h e s efunds c ann o t b e u s e d fo r p ro j ec t s i n t h e Co lumb i a Riv e r Ba s i n . The s ep ro j ec t s a re fund ed from o th er s our ce s .

Bas i c fi s h ery r e s e arch an d man agemen t o f c o a s t a l , e s tu ar i n e , a ndan adromous Sp ec i e s i s a l s o fin an c e d unde r th e D i nge l l -Ioh n s onPro gr am through gr an t s t o th e S t a t e s . Re s e ar ch moni e s ar e a l s oav ai l ab l e t o the S t a t e s th r o ugh fin an c i a l g r an t s fr om th e Se a GrantP r ogr am .

F i sh ery managemen t th ro ugh th e con s t ru c t i on o f fa c i l i t i e s ha sbe en an imp or tan t p ar t o f th e L and and Wa t e r Con s e r va t i on FundP r og r am . I n add i t i on t o t h e supp or t o f fa c i l i t i e s a l r e a dy men t i o n e d ,

fund moni e s h av e b een us ed t o d ev e l op fi s h in g p i er s i n Al ab ama ,

Cal i fo rn i a , Ge o rg i a , Maryl and , and Tex as , and an ar t i fi c i a l r ee f i nS o u th Car o l i n a . I tis ex p e c t e d th a t th e dev e l opmen t of s u ch fa c i l i t i e sw i l l exp and in the fu t ur e wi th c l o s e r work i ng r e l a t i on sh ip s b e twe ent he F eder a l agen c i e s an d th e S t a t e s t h a t s e ek su ch fa c i l i t i e s .

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M ARINE ENV IRONM ENTAL OBSERVATIONAND PRED I C TI ON

An imp ort an t fi r s t s t ep i n b e i ng ab l e t o a s c e r t a in an d pr ed i c t th eimp ac t o f man

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s ac t i v i t i e s on th e mar i n e env i r onmen tis th eac q u i s i t i on o f i n fo rmat i on ab ou t no rmal , o r p r e ac t i v i ty , c on d i t i o n sand p r oc e s s e s . Thi s

!b as e l i ne

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o f d a t a c an b e u s ed as a s t andardag ain s t wh i ch c hange s c an b e me as ur e d an d p r e di c t e d . Su chfor ec as t s are v i t a l i n th e s ound pl ann in g o f o ur u s e s o f th e o c e an andt he i r r e s our ce s . A cen t ra l t h eme in th e n a t i on a l e ffor tis , th er e for e ,t he s t reng then ing of our ab i l i ty t o for ec a s t c on d i t i o n s i n an d ab ovet he oc ean env i r onmen t .

M ap p ing an d C har t in g

Graph i c r ep re s en t a t i on s o f o c e an c ond i t i o n s ar e and wi l l c on t in u et o b e imp or t an t adj un c t s t o v ir t u a l l y a l l work t h a t g o e s on in th emar in e env i r onme nt . Mos t o f th e da t a u s e d on th e s e pro du c t s ar e

g a t he r ed by NOAA , th e USCG , an d the US . Navy for th e D e fen s eM app in g Agency . NOAA i s re sp on s ib l e for s a t i s fy i n g c i v i l r e

quir em en ts fo r mapp i ng and ch ar t in g th e wa t e r s o ff c o a s t s o f th eUni te d S t a t e s an dits p o s s e s s i on s . The D e fen s e Map p ing Agen cy ’

sNau t i c a l Char t in g Pr ogram re s pon d s t o wor l dwi de na t i on a l s e cur i t yre q u ir emen t s as we l l a s t o a s t a t u t o ry r e s p on s ib i l i ty t o s upp or tworl dwid e mar i t ime r eq u i r emen t s .

L as t ye ar N O A A’

S hydro graph i c s urv ey S hip s worked o ff th ec o a s t s o f Al as k a , Cal i fo rn i a , F l o r i d a , Georg i a , Mary l an d , Nor thCaro l i n a , Virgi n i a , Sou th Caro l i n a , and Wash i ng t o n . Wir e —dr agoper a t i on s were c onduc t e d in th e Ch es ap e ak e B ay and o ff th e Texa sc o a s t t o l oc a t e un derwat e r ob s t ru c t i on s t o v e s s e l t ra ffi c . I n 1 9 741 9 7 5 NOAAis c on duc t i ng hydr o gr ap h i c op er a t i o n s in Al a s k a ,Cal i fo rn i a , F l or i da , Georg i a , Mary l an d , Nor th an d S ou th Caro l i n a ,and Wash in g t on . Wire-drag s urv ey s wi l l c on t i nu e i n th e Gu l f o fM ex i c o , Sou th e as t A l a s k a , and in maj o r e a s t c o as t p or t ar e a s .

Pre d i c t i on o f t i d e s an d t i d al curr en t s by N O A A’

S Na t i on al Oc e an

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Survey rep r es en t s t h e N ation s ’

s o l d e s t mar in e e nv i r o nmen t a ls erv i ce . I n 1 9 74 , 1 30 p ermanen t t i d e g age s wer e i n op er a t i on a l ongthe c oa s t s and in maj o r emb aymen t s o f t h e Un i t e d S t a t e s , Pu er t oR i c o , and o th er t e r r i t o r i e s and p o s s e s s i on s . A t i d e and t i d a l curre n ts urv ey o f Puge t S oun d and ap pro ach e s wa s b egun , fo c u s ing on th eS an j u an I s l and s ar ea . Thi s s urv ey was c on du c t e d i n c o op er a t i onw i th the Can ad i an G ov e rnmen t . A t id e and t i d a l curr en t su rv ey o fC ook In l e t , Al as k a , was comp l e t e d dur i ng 1 9 74 . Req ue s t s fo r t i da li n fo rmat i on , mos t l y fo r t i d a l d a t a t o b e u s e d i n l i t i g a t i on for t i da lb oundari e s , hav e i n c re a s e d wi th th e adv en t o f c o a s t a l zo nemanagemen t p r ograms . NOAA rec en t l y en t e r ed i n t o agre emen t sw i th o th e r F edera l ag en c i e s , S t a t e s , and l o c a l go v ernmen t s t oe s t ab l i s h t i d e s t a t i o n s an d p r ov i d e in fo rma t i on fo r mar i ne b o undaryde te rmin a t i on s .

I n a p r ogram des i gn ed t o fac i l i t a t e wor l dw id e t i d a l pr ed i c t i on s fo rus e i n N avy op e r a t i on a l p l ann ing , O N R i n t en d s t o u s e a few newlydev el op ed s ea-fl o o r t i d e r e c o rd i ng in s t rumen t s t o c o l l e c t d a t a a t k eyo pen oc e an l o c at i o n s . Workis und e rway t o de v e l o p t e chn i qu es fo rc ompu t ing modi fi c a t i o n s i n t r od uc ed b y i n t e r a c t i o n s wi th th e s e afl o o r i n c o a s t a l r eg i on s .

At th e y e ar’

s end , th e S ou th e a s t e rn Co a s t a l P l a i n s Exp ed i t i o n(SCOPE)was ne ar ing c omp l e t i on by N O A A

’

S Nat i on al O c e anSurve y . SCOPEis a c on c en t r a t e d 2-y e ar env i r onmen t a l s tudy o f a

-s q u are -mi l e are a o f c o a s t a l wa t e r s ex t e nd i ng from Cap eHa t t e r as , N O , t o t h e v i c i n i t y o f Cap e Can av era l , Fl a . The s t u dy i sde s i gned t o p r o v i d e c o a s t a l z on e admin i s t r a t o r s wi th da t a t o a s s i s ti n p r ed i c t i n g th e e ffe c t s o f bo t h n a tur a l p ro c e s s e s an d man

’

sa c t iv i t i e s i n th e s e a r e a s .

I n 1 9 7 4 , t h e USCG and NOAA began a c o op era t i v e pro gram t o addLong -Range Ai d t o Navig a t i o n (LORAN)C t o n au t i c a l ch ar t s ,t h e r eby s upp l eme nt i ng th e ge ne r a l ch ar t in g o f LORAN C b e ingpe r fo rmed by th e D e fen s e Map p i ng Agen cy . Th e p rog r am i sexp ec t ed t o c on t i n u e th ro ugh th e e ar l y 1 9 80

’

s p ar a l l e l i ngim p lem en

tation o f the OMEGA nav i g a t i on a l s y s t em , wh i ch sh ou l d a t t a i nw orl dwid e c o ve r age b y 1 9 7 8 . The p re s en t LORAN A nav ig a t i o ns y s t em wi l l b e ph as ed ou t wh en the s e two sy s t ems ar e fu l l yo pe r at i on al .P ro gre s s c o n t inu ed on N O A A

’

S s t o rm e vacu a t i on map s , de s ign edt o fa c i l i t a t e e v ac u a t i o n o f p e op l e fr om s t o rm-th r e a t e ne d co a s t a la re as . The l ong -rang e go a l o f th e p rog ramis t o pub l i s h a t o t a l o f 1 9 0maps t o c ove r a l l At l a n t i c and Gul f o f M ex i c o c o a s t a l are a svu ln e rab l e t o fl o o d i ng as a r e s ul t o f hurr i c an e s or o th er s t o rms . In1 9 74 a s e c ond edi t i o n o f S ix map s i n th e Hou s t on -Gal ve s t on , Texare a was p ub l i sh ed t o r e fl e c t l and s ub s i d en ce r ev ea l ed by ex t e ns i vere s u rv ey in g o f th e r eg i on . Al s o c omp l e t e d wer e s i x map s c ov er i ng

64

New York and v i c i n i ty , i n c l ud i ng Long I s l and , and s e ven map s o f t h eNew O r l e an s and the Mi s s i s s i pp i De l t a r eg i on s .N O A A

’

S Nat i on al O c e an Sur vey i n s t i t u t e d a mar i ne ge o de t i cp rogr am t o ai d i n t h e ex p l o r a t i on fo r o ffsh o r e o i l an d n a tur a l g a s .

Work b egan t o es t ab l i s h the ex ac t p o s i t i on s o f k ey o ffs ho r e o i lp l a t fo rms ; th e s e i n tu rn are u s ed as r e fer en c e p o in t s t o ac c ura t e l ypo s i t i on r e s e a rch v e s s e l s . Thi r t e en p l a t forms in th e Gu l f o f M ex i c owe re surv ey ed by mean s o f sp e c i a l i ze d eq ui pmen t th a t r e c e i v e ss ignal s from a US . Navy s a t e l l i t e .

Dur i ng 1 9 7 4 , Navy sh i p s c omp l e t e d ov er mi l e s of s u r v ey i ns upp or t o f wor l dwi de o c e an ogr aph i c , ge op hy s i c a l , andan t i s ubmarin e war far e/u n d er sea war far e (A SW /USW)ch ar t i ngre q u i r emen t s and p r ec i s e b a t hyme t ry s ur vey s wer e run overn au t i c a l mi l e s . I n add i t i o n , ai rb orn e magn e t i c s urve ys in supp or t o fA SW and worl dwid e n au t i c a l c h ar t i n g c ov er ed ov er nau t i c a lm i l e s . LORAN survey s wer e c ondu c t ed i n th e Mar i an a s I s l an d s ,Maine , and Gre en l and and t ran smi s s i on fac i l i t i e s wer e survey ed int he In d i an O c e an , F l o r i da , Maryl and , Main e , Sc o t l and , and th eAl eut i an I s l and s . Ge ode t i c s urv ey s o f the Al a s k an Nava l Pe t ro l eumRe s erv e wer e comp l e t e d i n a j o i n t p r ogr am by N A VO C E A N O a ndthe US . Air F orc e . I n s upp o r t o f hy dro graph i c s urv ey s ,N A VO C E A N O c on duc t e d p o s i t i o n in g s urvey s i n th e Aege an Se a ,a l o ng t he we s t c o a s t o f Kor e a , and in th e Nor th ern Ph i l i pp i ne s .A str ogeodetic s urv ey s wer e c omp l e t ed a t Ch ar l e s t on , SC

Bro ok lyn , N Y ; and S ard in i a . Pl an s fo r c al en dar y e ar 1 9 7 5 c a l l fo rs urv ey s i n t he D omin i c an Rep ub l i c , t h e At l an t i c Under s e a Te s t a ndEv al u at i o n Cen t e r (A UT E C), Bermuda , t h e In di a n O c e an , t h eMarsh al l I s l and s , th e Ph i l i p p in e s , an d Norway .

I n 1 9 7 4 , t he N avy’

s Harb or Surv ey As s i s t an ce P rogram (HARSAP)c on t inu ed t o o p era t e s uc c e s s fu l l y i n Cen t r a l an d Sou thAmer i c a . The in t e n t i on o f th e pr ogr am i s t o s t imu l a t e hy drograph i cd at a c o l l e c t i on and ch ar t i ng by t ra in i ng and a s s i s t i ng par t i c i p a t i ngc ount r i e s in d eve l opmen t i n th e s e ar ea s o f exp er t i s e . I t i s an t i c i p a t e dth a t in 1 9 7 5 n ew agr e ement s wi l l b e s i gne d wi th Gua t emal a ,

P anama , an d Iam aica, b r i ng ing t o 1 0 t h e t o t a l n umb er o f memb erc ount r i e s . The p r ogr am oper a t e s o u t o f th e Cana l Zon e i n P an amawh ere fo rmal t ra in i ng i s c ondu c t e d on an annu a l ba s i s .

Tradi t i on al me th od s o f mak i ng map s and ch ar t s ar e g i v ing way t oadvanc e s in au t omat i o n an d d a t a h and l i ng . The app l i c a t i on o faut oma t i on t e chn i q u e s pro v i de s d a t a p rod uc t s o f gr e a t e r a c cu ra cyand a t l ower c o s t t h an i s p o s s i b l e by t r ad i t i o n a l me th od s .

Comp l e t i on o f work on an au t oma t i on p r ogr am in NOAA i s p ro j e c t e dfor t he l a t e 1 9 7 0

’

s when i t i s e xp e c t e d t h a t a l l nau t i c a l ch ar tp ro duc t i o n wi l l b e au t oma t e d . Thi s ac c omp l i s hmen t wi l l r e s u l t i n

65

re du c in g from 2 y e ar s t o 6 mon th s th e t ime b e twe en da t a ac qu i s i t i o nand n au t i c a l ch ar t d i s s emina t i on .

The De fen s e Mapp i ng Age ncy (DMA)i s a l s o c on t i nu i ng workaimed at au t omat ing t h e c ar t o g rap h i c c ap ab i l i t i e s o f th eHydrograph i c Cen te r . An in i t i a l c ap ab i l i t y wa s a ch i ev ed in Augu s t1 9 74 wi th ful l c ap ab i l i t y p l ann ed by 1 9 7 7 . DMA i s supp or t i ng th edev el opmen t o f s e ve ra l sy s t ems th a t a re de s i gn e d t o au t oma t e th een t i r e ch a rt in g p r o c e s s from s urv ey th ro ugh char t p r o duc t i o n . Are cen t l y d eve l op e d Navy s y s tem w i l l u se a wide -s wa th , de ep —o c e an ,

dep th-s o und ing array t ha t wi l l , wi th au t oma t i c c ompu t e r a s s i s tanc e , p r o vi d e i n r e a l t ime a c oun t ou r s t r i p ch ar t o f th e o c e an bo t t omrep r es en t in g s e v era l mi l e s i n wid th . I t was i n s t a l l ed o n b o ard th e t e s ts h i p USN S Wyman (TAGS 34)l a s t y e ar , an d t e s t i ng i s s c he du l ed t obe g in dur i n g 1 9 7 5 . A Hydro graph i c Surv e y an d Char t i ng Sy s t em

(H YSUR C H)c on s i s t i ng o f n ew h igh -s p e ed b o a t s , a buoy emp l a c e dnav ig a t i on sy s tem , and an au t oma t e d c a r t ogr aph i c sy s t em abo ar d amo the r sh i p h as b e e n de s i gn ed t o ob t a i n o ffs h o re b a th yme t ry t o 300met e r s and t o p rod uc e u s ab l e hydr ogr aph i c i n fo rma t i o n i n 24 hour sand ch ar t s in 1 6 d ay s . Te s t i ng i s b e in g und er t ak en on b o ar d t h eUSN S Harkne s s (TAGS

Ac t iv i t i e sin the C oas tal En vir on m en t

D emand s and p re s s ur e s o n o ur c o a s t a l l and s an d r e s ou r c e s h av er i s en s t e ad i l y fo r many y ear s . Th e p r ob l ems thu s eng ender e d wer eg iv en exp l i c i t r e c o gn i t i o n i n l a t e 1 9 7 2 wi th t h e p as s ag e o f th e Co a s t a lZone M anagemen t Ac t . As a r e s u l t o f t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n , s t r ong c o a s t a lz one manageme nt c ap ab i l i t i e s ar e n ow b eing d eve l o pmen t by t h es t a t e s w i t h Fe d e ra l s up p o r t p rov i d e d by NOAA . Fed er a l agen c i e smake th e b as i c en v i r onmen t a l d a t a av ai l ab l e t o th e S t a t e s t o a s s i s tt h em in p l ann ing th e i r d ev e l opmen t an d p r o t e c t i ng th e mar i nee nv i r onmen t .NOAA and a numb er o f o th e r agen c i e s a l s o s upp or t r eg i ona l

e ffo rt s c on t r i b u t i n g t o c o a s t a l zon e man agemen t and p l ann i ng . EPA ,

fo r ex amp l e , b eg anits p rogr am o f r eg i on al p l ann ing pro j e c t s t ud i e so f M ont e r ey B ay , Cal i f . , and Gal ve s t on Bay , Tex and i s exp an di ng i tt o o the r c o a s t a l r eg i o n s . Th e maj o r p urp o s e o f th e s e p l ann ing s t ud i e sis t o e n c ourage c on s e rv a t i o n an d en vi r onmen t a l l y op t imum de ve l o pmen t o f e s t u a ri ne wa t e r and l and r e s ou r ce s an d t o dev e l op wa t e rp o l l u t i on c on t ro l and ab a t eme n t p l an s for e s tu ar i n e ba s i n s and th ec o as t a l zon e .

E P A’

s pr ogram o f t e chn i c a l s upp or t p ro v i d e s a s s i s t an c e t o S t a t eagen c i es up on r eq u e s t . The t e ch ni c a l s upp o r t s t a ff co ndu c t s s urve y so f l oc al p o l l u t i on c ond i t i o n s , n o rmal ly a t t h e r eq ue s t o f a ffe c t e dS ta te s . The s e i nc l ud e s u rv ey s o f p o l l u t e d b e ach e s an d deve l opme nt

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o f b as e l i n e d at a on th e are a s and vo lume s o f e s tu ar i e s a nd b ay s . EPAhas al s o in augur a t e d a t hre e -p ha s e p r ogr am l ead ing t o a na t i ona lc o a s t a l moni t o ri ng ne two rk . Th e in i t i a l p h as e s o f de fi n ing r e

quir em en ts and av ai l ab l e r e s our ce s wi l l b e fo l l owed by th edev e l opmen t o f s amp l ing and sur ve i l l an ce p rograms fo r sp e c i fi cc oa s t a l a re as and o f a n a t i on a l c o a s t a l mon i t o r i ng n e twork p l an .

O th e r EPA envi r onmen t a l s t ud i e s are c on ce rne d wi th th e e ffe c t s o fp o l l u t an t s on mar in e fi sh an d wi l d l i fe and th e fa t e o f p o l l u t an t s i nt he mar in e env i r onment g en era l l y . I n c l ude d ar e in v es t ig a t i on s o f th emovemen t o f h e avy me t a l s i n e s t u ar in e an d co a s t a l l o c a t i on s ,mathemat i c a l mode l ing t o p r ed i c t t ime -s p a ce d i s t r i bu t i on o f wa s t ed i s ch arge s from b arge s an d ou t fa l l s , and s tud i e s o f th e d i s t r i bu t i ono f v ir u s e s , me t a l s , an d ch l o r i n a t e d hydro c arb on s i n wa te r s ands e dimen t s o f s e l ec t e d co as t a l ar e as . A re l a t e d e ffor t i s t h einve s t i g at i on , as se s sment , and mode l i ng o f l o c al c i r cu l a t i o n p a t t e r n sand o th e r d i s t r i bu t i v e fo rc e s a t c o a s t a l l o c a t i on s , wi th a pr i nc i p a lfo cu s on t he h e av i ly us ed New York B i gh t o c e an d i sp o s a l s i t e s .

Imp or t an t ac c omp l i shment s wer e r ea l i ze d in th e p as t ye ar i nimp l ement at i on o f th e Mar i ne P ro t e c t i on , Re s e ar ch , an d San c tu ar i e sAc t o f 1 9 7 2 . I n th e New York B i gh t r eg i on , EPA announ ce d th a t a l ldumpi ng at t h e ex i s t i ng s ewage s l udge di sp o s a l s i t e s ou th o f LongI s l and sh oul d en d b y j u l y o f 1 9 7 6 . A new s i t e wa s t o b e s e l e c t e dfur ther o ffs h o re wi th env i r onmen t a l s urv ey s an d a s s e s smen t s t o b emade by NOAA s New York B i gh t MESA pro j e c t an d by c ommerc i a lc on t r ac t . I n the Gu l f o f Mex i c o , s ev en ex i s t i ng p ermi t s wer ede c re as ed t o two , an d th e vo l ume o f was t e s dump ed i n t o Gu l f wa t e rwas r e duc ed fr om mi l l i on t on s i n 1 9 7 3 t o t on s i n 1 9 7 4 ,

wi th fur ther r e du c t i on s an t i c i p a t e d i n 1 9 7 5 . Th e USCG i s de ve l o p i ngnew surv e i l l anc e t oo l s t o a i d i n mon i t or i ng dump ing ac t i v i t i e s , andCOE in i t i at ed r e s e ar ch o n o ffs h o r e dre dge sp o i l s i t e s as p ar t o f i t sl ong-t e rm dredge -Sp o i l r e s e arc h progr am .

EPA and NOAA s c i en t i s t s p ar t i c i p a t e d i n a t e s t o f at-s e ai nc in er at i on o f ch emi c al wa s t e s as an al t e rn a t i v e t o dump ing a t sea.

The t e s t was h el d o ff G alv e s t on i n th e fa l l o f 1 9 74 . I t ap pe ar s th a t th i sme thod o f d i sp o s a l i s a fe a s ib l e on e , and p l an s ar e b e i ng formu l a t e dt o d i sp o s e o f Air F o rc e c hemi c a l s i n th e Pa c i fi c i n a S imi l ar fa sh i on .

NOAA c ondu c te d a b a s e l i n e ev al u a t i on o f a de epwa t e r di s p o s a ls i te i n M ay 1 9 7 4 . I t was found th a t t h e was t e s dump ed— pr imar i l yi ndu s t r i a l was t e s from the New York and New j e r sey ar e a— se em t odi s p er s e r ap i d l y . Pre l imi nary fi nd ing s in d i c a t e d tha t l i t t l e , i f any ,

mate r i al app e ars t o re ach th e b o t t om a t th e sp ec i fi c s i t e i t s e l f .However , dat a fr om th i s p ro j ec t ar e s t i l l b e i ng ana l yz ed . A s ap ro t o typ e dump -s i t e ch ar ac t e r i za t i on , th i s p ro j e c t wi l l a s s i s t i ndev e l op in g equ ipmen t an d t echn i q u es for u se i n th e fu tur e . Amongthe r e s u l t s o f s u ch work ar e exp e c t e d t o b e re c ommendat i on s on

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wheth er dump i ng Sh ou l d be c on t in u ed and sugge s t i o n s fo r a l t e r na t edump s i t e s .

N O A A’

S MESA Program i s d i r e c t e d t o i d en t i fy i ng and me as ur i ngt he imp ac t o f man i n t he mari ne e nv i r onmen t . The s e ob j ec t i v e sreq u i r e c omp re he ns i v e s t u d i e s o f mar in e e c o l o gy i n c o a s t a l r eg i o n ss e l e c t e d be caus e o f k nown env i r onment a l pr ob l ems . Th e s t ud i e sfo c u s on d e s c ri p t i on s o f t h e t o t a l e c o s y s t em , b o th i n th e n a tur a l s t a t eand as a r e s u l t o f ch ange s c au s e d by n a t ur a l e ve n t s an d man

’

sac t iv i t i e s . The i nformat i on pr ov i d e s r e fe r en ce i n fo rmat i on an d adat a b as e fo r p l an n i ng and man ag in g mar i n e r e s o ur ce s . Th e fi r s tMESA fi e l d pr oj e c t i n th e New York B igh t i s c on ce n t r a t i ng o n th efa t e and e ffe c t s o f th e was t e ma t e r i a l s and con t amina n t s dump ed int he New Yo rk B i gh t a s a who l e . (S ee ab ov e). Th es e s tu di e s ar ec onduc t e d by th e s c i en t i s t s o f 1 7 un i v er s i t i e s , o th er S t a t e a ndFed e ral agen c i e s , and p r i v a t e c omp an i e s a s we l l a s NOAAorgani z a t i on s . Work b egan in 1 9 7 4 t o ch ara c t e r i ze a l t e rn a t i v e dumps i t e s fo r p o s s i b l e u s e i n 1 9 7 6 .

P l ann in g and p r e l imin ary s t ud i e s h ave begu n fo r t h e de ve l opme nto f a MESA pr oj e c t i n Pug e t Sou nd . Th i s p ro j ec t i s c on cen t r a t i ng ont he imp ac t o f t r e a t ed mun i c ip al an d o th e r was t e d i s ch arg e s ins ou th ern Puge t S ound . I n c o op era t i on wi th EPA and Can adi anau t h o ri t i e s , th e fa t e i n Puge t Sound o f o i l and re fi ne d p e t ro l eumpro du c t s and the i r p o t e n t i a l e ffe c t s on th e e c o sy s t em , ar e b e i ngs t ud i ed .

Be cau s e o f t he impor t an ce o f un der s t and i ng ne ar -s ho r e c i r cu l a t i o np a t t e rn s i n re l a t i o n t o e nv i r onmen t a l p r ob l ems s u ch a s th o s ea s s oc i a te d wi t h o ffsh o r e s ewer ou t fa l l s , N O A A

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S At l an t i cO c e an ograph i c and Me t e o ro l og i c a l Lab o ra t o r i e s emb arke d on ap ro j ec t t o d e t e rmin e th e r e s i den c e t i me o f th e wa t er i n t o wh i ch n ines ewer ou t fal l s p r e s en t l y di s c h arg e . Th i s s tu dyis b e i ng c on du c t ed i nt he w a te r s l y ing b e twe en Mi ami Be ac h an d Key B i s c ayne , F l a .

Var i ou s t e chn i q u e s su ch a s cu rr en t me t e r me t e r and dye s tu di e s ar ebe i ng emp l oyed t o de t e rmi ne th e cu rr en t p a t t e rn s i n th i s c o a s t a ls t r i p and t o unde r s t an d th e me ch an i sms wh er eby th e s e wa t e r s ar een t rai n ed b y th e Gu l f S t r e am . Pl an s c a l l fo r t h e g r adu a l exp an s i on o ft he s e s t ud i e s up and down th e c o a s t from Fo r t L aud erd al e t o KeyLargo .

I n s upp o rt o f p r e s en t a nd fu tur e dr edg in g r eq u ir emen t s th e Navyhas c omp l e te d a s ed imen t s amp l ing and an aly s i s p ro gr am o f a l lmaj o r Navy h arb o rs . S t ud i e s ar e b ei n g con du c t e d a t e a ch maj o rh arb o r t o d e t e rmin e th e s c op e o f fu t ur e dre dg i ng r eq u i r emen t s a ndthe i r imp ac t o n the env i r onmen t . S tud i e s ar e a l s o und e rway t o d e t ectand m in imize t h e adv e r s e e ffe c t s o f n av a l c on s t ru c t i on andop era t i on s up on th e n e ar -s h or e env i r onmen t .Ve s s e l t ra ffi c s y s t em de ve l opmen t i s a c on t inu ing e ffo r t i n t h e

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Re s our ce s Re se a rch and i t s O ffi c e o f Sal i n e Wate r , su pp or t s mor et h an 20 ac ademi c and i ndu s t r i a l re s e ar ch p ro j e c t s de vo t e d t ode s c r ib in g and p r ed i c t i ng th e env i ronmen t s o f c o a s t a l ar e a s an d th eGre a t L ake s . Th es e p ro j ec t s d ea l wi th s ub j e c t s s u ch a s wa t e r—qua l i tymanagemen t ; th e e ffe c t s o f he a t e d d i s ch arg e s , he avy me t al s , urb anrun o ff , and o t h e r p o l l u t an t s on mar i n e o rg an i sms ; and improv edmanagemen t mod e l s fo r e s tu ari e s an d th e Gre a t L ak es . FW S

c on t i nu es t o s up p o r t t h e F i sh Pe s t i c i de Mon i t o r i ng Pr ogr am byo pe r a t i n g 1 00 mon i t o r i ng s t a t i on s thr ough ou t th e Un i t e d S t a t e s .

I c eb r eadin g op er a t i on s , t o fa c i l i t a t e dome s t i c c ommer ce in co a s t a lw a t e r s , h ave b e en con t inu ed b y th e USCG . USCG po l a riceb r ead ker s , as we l l a s smal l e riceb r eadin g v e s s e l s , have he l p ed t oke ep mar in e t ra ffi c on t h e Gr e a t Lak e s mov ing fo r l onger p er i o d s o ft he y e a r th an ev e r b e fo r e i n h i s t o ry . I n De cemb er 1 9 74 , a s p ar t o f th eG re a t L ake s Demons t r a t i o n Pr o j ec t , a memorandum o f un der s t and in g was en t e re d i n t o by NASA invo l v ing th e USCG C - 1 30 Her cu l e se q u ip p ed wi th NASA Sidelookin g a i rb o rn e r ad ar an d i c e—t h i ck ne s sme as ur i n g e q ui pme nt . An an t i c i p at e d 5 5 -d ay s ch edul e dur ing t h es e a s on wi l l a l l ow fl i gh t s t o t r av er s e t he l ak e s , and th e i n s t r uc t ionre adou t s wi l l b e t r an smi t t e d v i a s a t e l l i t e t o a USC G /N O A A i c en av ig a t i o n c en t e r . At th e cen t e r , ch ar t s w i l l b e anno t a t e d andt ransmi t t e d by fa c s imi l e i n r ea l t ime t o ve s s e l s o n th e l ak e s . Ve s s e lm as te r s wi l l t hen b e ab l e t o nav i g a t e i n a re a s c on t a i n i ng th e l e a s t i c e ,t he r eby r educ in g t r an s i t t ime and th e n ee d fo r i c eb r eak e r a s s i s t anc e .

The USCG i s d ev e l op i ng s y s t ems fo r p o l l u t i on c on t r o l an d c l e an upand sy s tems fo r a l l -we at he r p o l l u t i on d e t e c t i on , c l a s s i fi c a t i on , andq uan t i fi c a t i on from ai rb o rn e and in s i t u p l a t fo rms . The deve l opmen to f p ro t o t yp e o i l y and s an i t ary was t ewa t e r s y s t ems i s a l s o u n

derway .

A Nat i on al We at he r Se r vi c e p ro j e c t i s d i r e c t e d t o p l o t t i ng mor eac cur a t e ly the c ou r s e o f t h e Gu l f S t r e am o ff th e US . ea s t c o a s t fromF l o r id a t o th e mid-At l an t i c S t a t e s ( t o 38

° N). Thi s p r o j ec t wi l lp ro vi d e mar in e rs wi t h r o u t i n e d ep i c t i o n s o f th e Gul f S t r e am fromwh i ch th ey may e s t imat e c urr en t v e l o c i t i e s fo r n av ig a t i on p urpo s e s .Through the an aly s i s o f sea s ur fac e t emp er a tu r e s and bathytherm og r ap h da t a , t h e We at h e r Se rv i c e p r ov i d e s a l l—wea th er i n fo rmat i o n ab o u t t he l o c a t i on o f t h e i nn e r wal l o f t h e Gu l f S tr e am . Mar i ner sc an then approx ima t e t h e b and o f max imum ve l o c i ty curr en t s th a tp ara l l e l t he i nne r wal l an d th u s p l an th e i r r ou t e s ac c or d i ng l y . USGSprovid es raw dat a and t he u s e o f i t s b r o ad c as t i ng fac i l i t i e s t o th ep roj ec t .NOAA embarke d on a n ew e ffo r t i n 1 9 74 t o imp r ov e i t s

c ap ab i l i t i e s i n t r op i c a l -s t o rm surge p r ed i c t i o n . A con ce r t e d e ffor t i sb e ing made t o impro v e ex i s t i ng n umer i c a l mod e l s , d ev e l op newmode l s fo r app l i c a t i on t o b rok en co as t fe a tu r e s ( fo r ex amp l e , b ay s ,

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e s t u ari es , and barr i e r i s l ands), and t o supp or t l imi t e d r e s e arc h onb ound ary -l aye r phys i c s and o c e an ography d i r ec t l y r e l a t e d t ot rop i c al -s t o rm surg e pr ed i c t i on .

M aj or R esear ch P roj ec ts

The p as t y e ar h a s s e en c on s i d e rab l e p ro g re s s i n a n umb er o fin t e r d i s c ip l in ary p ro j e c t s i nv o l v i ng numer ou s Feder a l ag en c i e s ,and , i n s ome in s t an c e s , mul t i n a t i on a l p l ann in g an d co or d i na t i on . Forex ampl e , d e t a i l e d unde r s t an d ing o f th e k in e t i c and p o t e n t i a l en ergyand the movement o f l a rg e b od i e s o f wat e r i n th e o ce an s i s cr i t i c a l t ot he d ev e l opmen t o f o c e an-c i rc u l a t i o n mode l s , whi ch ar e fu n dam en

t a l t o imp r ove d env i r onmen t al p r ed i c t i on . Th e Mi d-O c e an Dynami c sExp er imen t (MODE), a j o i n t p r o j e c t o f NSF and th e Naval Re se ar chLab ora t o ry (NRL), ha s s ough t t o de s c r ib e on e imp or t an t fe a tu re o fo c e an c i r cu l a t i on , med i um-s c a l e e dd i e s . P ar t i c i p an t s from 1 8

ac ademi c in s t i t u t i on s c omp l e t e d a 4 -mon th fi e l d expe r iment i n j u ly1 9 7 3 , u s in g six sh i ps and ext en s i v e in s t rumen t a t i on a t a s i t e 400mi l e s s ou thwe s t o f Bermuda . D a t a ob t a in ed dur i ng th e 4 -mon th fi e l dexp er imen t h ave made i t p o s s i b l e t o d e s c r i b e an d map on e o f t he s ee dd i e s .

The P O LYM O D E 1 exp e rimen t , wh i chis b e i ng p l an ne d , o rg an i ze d ,

and c ondu ct e d j o i nt l y b y US . an d Sov i e t s c i en t i s t s , wi l l s e e k t oun der s t and the en e rgy s our ce an d numb er o f me dium-s c al e ed di e s . A

c omp ari s on o f the MODE-1 ar e a and th e p rop o s ed P O LYM O D E s i t ebe gan in mid-1 9 7 4 and wi l l c on t in u e un t i l th e s t ar t o f an i n te n s i vefi e l d p rogr am sc he du l ed for 1 9 7 7 . Und er s t an di ng th e s e edd i e s i sfun damen t a l t o t h e d ev e l opmen t o f a phy s i c a l l y c o rr e c t o c e anc ir c ul a t i o n mode l . Such a mo de l wi l l p r ov i d e a b a s i s fo r b o th sh o r tr ange and l ong-r ange o c e an fo r ec a s t i n g and wi l l fi t i n t o g en era lmode l s l i nk in g the b eh av i o r o f th e a tmo sp he r e an d o c e an s .

The main s c i en t i fi c ob j e c t i ve s o f P O LYM O D E are

( 1)To c on du c t a k i n emat i c an d d e s c r ip t i v e s t u dy o f th e mid oc e ane ddy fi e l d , i n c l udi ng eddy-e ddy in t e r ac t i on s , on s ign i fi c an t l y l o ngert ime and l arge r sp ac e s c a l e s th an pr ev i ou s l y s tud i e d

(2)To de t e rmin e l o c a l dyn ami c b a l an c e s i n a typ i c a l mi doc e anre g i on

(3)To de t e rmin e th e c on t r ib u t i on s t o eddy t r an sp o r t o f mome nt um , h e a t , and en ergy , an d th e i r mer i d i on al di s t r i b u t i on s , as we l l a sthe i n t e r ac t i on of edd i e s wi th th e me an c i r cu l a t i on

1 P O LYM O D E I S t h e s h o r t e n ed fora/of th e c om b i n ed S o v 1 e t POLYGON ex p e r im e n ta n d US . MODE -I e f fo r t , b o t h o f wh i c h s e e k t o i d en t i fy th e fe a t u r e s o f m e d i um -s c a l ee d d i e s .

226-8 1 7 0 7 7 s

(4)To exp l o re th e me chan i s ms o f p r odu c t i on , t r an s fo rma t i on , andd i s s ip a t i on o f e ddy en ergy

( 5)To d eve l op and t e s t numer i c a l mod e l s o f o c e an i c me s o s c a l e andgen er al c i r cu l a t i on s , i nc l ud in g me s o s c al e edd i e s , fo r th e pur po s e

’

o ffo r ec as t i n g and a s s e s s i ng th e i r i n t e r a c t i on wi th th e a tmo s ph ere .

D e fin i t i o n o f th e l i nk ag e b e twe en t h e o c e an s an d atmo sph ere mu s tbe e s t ab l i s hed b e fo re re l i ab l e l on g -r ang e wea ther and c l i ma t efor ec a s t in g i s p o s s i b l e . Th e c l o s e c on ne c t i on b e twe en abnormal s e as u r fa c e t emper at u r e s i n th e Nor th Pac i fi c and ch ange s i n th ec i r cu l a t i o n of th e a tmo sp he r e sugge s t th a t t h e sea s e r ve s a s anen e rgy so urc e fo r t h e atmo s ph e re . Th i s r e l a t i on sh i p b e twe en th e a i ran d s ea app ear s t o a ffe c t t h e way th e a i r mov e s , and th u s p ro v i d e so ne p os s ib l e exp l an a t i on fo r unu s u al we a th er p a t t e r n s o v er Nor thAmer i c a . The j o i n t NSF -O N R Nor th Pac i fi c Exp e r imen t (N O R P A X)i s d e s i gned t o s t udy th e s e ph en omen a .

Dur i ng 1 9 74 N O R PA X s c i e n t i s t s c on du c t e d th e POLE exp er ime nt9 00 mil e s n o r th o f Hawa i i . I t was t h e fi r s t i n a s e r i e s o f ex pe r imen t st ha t wi l l e v en t u al l y c u lmi na t e i n a he a t-b udge t s t u dy a ime d a tfind in g o ut h ow s ea-s ur fac e t emper a t ur e an omal i e s c ome ab o u t . I naddi t i o n , a mul t i l ay e r s imu l a t i on mod e l o f th e Nor th P ac i fi c O c e anhas be en de ve l op e d , whi ch i nc l u de s a l l th e maj o r p arame t er s

( t empe r at u re , sa l i n i ty , and v e l o c i ty d i s t r i b u t i on). Th i s fl ex ib l e a nde ffi c i en t mode lis now be ing run on c ompu t e r s by s c i en t i s t s o f th eNa t i on a l Cen t e r fo r A tmo sp her i c Re s e ar ch (NCAR)u s ingoc e anograph i c and a tmo sph er i c d a t a t o an aly ze th e p a t t e rn s ande ffe c t s o f the No r th P ac i fi c an omal i e s . Fu tur e work wi l l inc l u dec on t inu ed s t a t i s t i c a l an a l ys i s o f h i s t o ri c a l d a t a , t h e c on t in u a t i o n o fl ong-t e rm mon i t o ri ng p rograms , i n t e n s i v e p r o c e s s -o r i en te d e x

p erim en ts (di r ec t me as u r emen t s o f l a t en t h e a t fl ux and upp er o c e anmix i ng), and c on t inu ed r e fin emen t o f an al y t i c a l an d numer i c a lmode l s o f o c e an -a tmo s pher e c oup l i n g .

Sc i en t i s t s i n N SF’

s Ge oc hemi c a l O c e an Se c t i on s S t u dy

(G E O SE C S)h ave su c c e s s fu l l y ob t a i n ed me a s u remen t s o f oc e anc ons t i t u en t s a t s e l e c t e d dep th s a l on g Arc t i c -An tar c t i c s e c t i o n s i nt he At l an t i c and Pac i fi c O c e an s . Th e me a s ur emen t wi l l p r ov i de , fo rt he fi r s t t ime

, a s y s t emat i c seto f phy s i c a l an d ch emi c a l p ar ame t e r sm e as ur ed on the s ame wat e r s amp l e s . The s e da t a ar e a l r e a dyp ro vid i ng t he b as i s fo r q u an t i t a t i v e s tu d i e s o f th e s t i r r i ng andm ix ing p ro c e s s e s i n th e d eep sea, th e i n t e r ch ang e o f ma te r i a lb e tw e en de ep and s urfa c e wa te r s , and th e e xc h ange o f wa te r andg as e s wi t h the a tmo sphe r e . Th es e d a t a c an a l s o s e rv e a s a b a s e l i n eag a in s t whi ch fu ture add i t i on o f fi s s i on and was t e p ro du c t s ando t her p o l l u t an t s t o th e sea c an b e me a s ur ed .

The worl d’

s c l i mat e an dits fl u c t u a t i on s o c cupy a p o s i t i on o f7 2

nat i on al and in te r na t i ona l a t t e n t i on b e c au s e o f th e domin a t i ngi nfl uen ce c l ima te exe r c i s e s on fo od an d wat e r s upp l i e s and on en ergyc ons ump t i on . I n e ac h o f t h e s e are as , even re l a t i ve l y minor ch ang e st ha t migh t have p as s e d wi t hou t maj o r r ep er cu s s i on s i n th e p as t maynow l e ad t o cr i s e s b ec au s e o f t h e ev e r-i n cr e a s ing d emands g en er a t e dby p opu l a t i on pr es s ure s and i n cr ea s i ng wor l dwi de a ffl ue nc e .

Today’

s c l imat i c r e s e arc h , b ack ed by sub s t an t i a l t e chno l o g i c a ladvanc e s , o ffe r s t h e po t en t i a l t o p r ed i c t c l ima t i c change s o th a t manc an more r e ad i l y adap t t o ch angin g env i r onmen t a l co nd i t i on s .

A Nat i on al Cl i mat e P rogr am i s b e i n g p l ann ed by NOAA to as s i s tt h e Na t i on to cop e more e ffe c t i ve ly wi th c l imat e - i nd uc ed prob l emsby en ab l in g the F e de ra l Gove rnmen t t o k e ep abr e a s t o f andan t i c ip a t e c l imat e fl uc tu a t i on s an d the i r imp ac t s . Thi s p l an c a l l s fo ra mon i t o ri ng e ffo r t i n th e worl d

’

s o c e an s t o p ro v i de i nc r e a s edunder s t and in g o f th e o c e an c l ima t e an d t o unde r s t an d th e o ce an

’

si n fl uen ce on t h e a tmosphe re .

One o f t he mo s t amb i t i o u s i n t e rn a t i on a l s c i en t i fi c pr ogr ams ev erunde r t ak en oc curr e d dur ing 1 9 74 . Th i s was th e G l ob a l Atmos ph er i cRe s e a rc h P ro gram (GARP)At l an t i c Trop i c a l Expe r imen t (GATE).(GARP i s d es i gn ed t o imp rove our under s t and ing of g lobal wea th erfo re c as t s and c l imat e fl u c t u a t i on s .)The p r i nc ip a l ob j e c t i v e o f GATEwas t o s t udy th e s t ru c t ur e o f t rop i c a l we ath er sy s t ems , i n c l ud i ngt he i r in te r ac t i on wi th o c e an pro c e s s e s , an d t o a s s e s s th e ex t e n t t owh i ch t he s e d i s t u r b an c e s a ffe c t t o t a l a tmos ph er i c c i r cu l a t i o n .

An unp r ec eden t e d array o f i n t e rn a t i ona l ob s e rv i ng fac i l i t i e s wasdep l oye d by p art i c i p a t i ng n a t i on s , wi th t he Un i t e d S t a t e s p rov i d i ngmaj o r s upp or t by six Fe der a l ag en c i e s . Headqu ar t e r ed i n D akar ,S ene g al , t h e US . GATE Proj e c t O ffi c e c o o rd ina t e d th e US .

i nv o l v emen t . Some per s on s fr om th e US . p ar t i c i p a t e d i n th eexp er imen t wi th o th er s from many na t i on s , i n c l ud i ng Bra zi l ,Can ada , Fr anc e , F ed er a l Repub l i c o f Ge rmany , German D emoc ra t i cRepub l i c , Mex i c o , Ne th er l and s , Uni t e d Ki ngdom , and th e US S R .

As l e ad U.S . ag en cy fo r GATE , NOAA coo rd in a t e d t h e ac t i v i t i e s o fagen cy c omp onen t s i n DOD , NASA , NSF , an d DOT . D a t a wer eo b t ain ed from shi p s , ai r c ra ft , buoy s , s a te l l i t e s , e t c . The da t a ar e nowbe ing pr oc es s ed by th e v ar i ou s n a t i on s in na t i on a l p ro c e s s ingc en te r s .

The pr e l imin ary ev a l u a t i on o f GATE sugge s t s th a t t h e mo s timp or t an t obj e c t i ve s wer e su c c e s s fu l l y ach i ev ed . I n th e Un i t e dS ta t e s more t h an 1 00 pr i n c i p a l s c i en t i s t s i n more th an 40 i n s t i t u t i o n sare b eg inn in g to a s s imi l a t e and r ev i ew GATE d a t a . S tu d i e s co ve r at remend ous range o f d i s c ip l i n e s . S c i en t i s t s , gov ernmen t agen c i e s ,and . i n t e rn a t i ona l b od i e s wi l l c on t i nue t o o rg an i ze an d d i r e c tac t i v i t i e s s o t h at a l l GATE ob j e c t i v e s may b e r e al i z e d .

Unrave l i n g t he hi s t o r i c a l p a t t e rn o f c l ima te ch ang e i s t h e go a l o f

73

N SF’

s C L I M A P p r o j e c t . C L IM A P s c i en t i s t s ar e ex amini ng p a s tc l imat i c t ren d s by s t u dy ing ch ange s in o c e an curr en t p a t t er n s ,wate r -mas s p r op e r t i e s , and s e a—s u r fac e t emp era tur e s ind i c a t e d byt he fo s s i l re c o rd o f d e e p—s e a s ed imen t s . Re l i ab l e knowl edg e ab o utn a t ur al c l ima te c h ange s i s e s s en t i a l fo r e s t ima t i ng l on g-rang ech ange s in flu en ce d by man

’

s ac t i v i t i e s , fo r ex amp l e , th o s e app ar en tly c au s ed by th e r e l e a s e o f c arb on d i ox i d e i n t o th e a i r fr om th eburn in g o f fo s s i l fu e l s .

The In t e rn at i on a l So u th e rn O c e an S tu d i e s ( I SOS)p rogr amex amin es an o th er a s pe c t o f o c e an c i r c u l a t i o n , th e r e l a t i o n sh i p o f th eAn t ar c t i c c i r cumpo l ar curr en t t o g l ob a l o c e an c i r c u l a t i on and i t sp o s s ib l e ro l e in we at h er and c l imat e . F i e l d exp er imen t s w i l lde te rmin e t h e dyn ami c s an d s t ru c tur e o f th e c i r cump o l ar curr en t ,wh i ch c on t r o l s mo s t o f t h e wa t e r exc h ange b e twe en th e Sou thA t l an t i c , Sou th P ac i fi c , and I nd i an O c ean s . F i e l d pro gr ams i n 1 9 7 4

and 1 9 7 5 i n c lu d ed a p i l o t p r og ram t o ob t a i n o c e an ogr aph i c da t aun de r sea i ce i n t h e au s t ra l win t e r , fi e ld t e s t i n g o f s ur fac e dr i ft e r s ,and a m u ltiship exp ed i t i on t o t h e D r ak e P as sage/Sc otia Se a Reg i o n .

The fi r s t maj o r s t u dy in N SF’

S Coa s t a l Upwe l l i ng Ec o s y s t emAnaly s i s (CUBA)p rog ram , j O I N T - I , t o ok p l a c e off n or thwestAfr i c afrom F eb ru ary t hrough May 1 9 74 . Ship s , eq u i pmen t and p er s on ne lfrom 1 1 c oun t ri e s t o ok p ar t i n t h i s 40mon th e xp e rimen t o ff Cap eB l anc , n o r thwe s t Afr i c a . D a t a wer e c o l l e c t e d by th r ee US . sh i p s , on eUS . ai r c r a ft , and fr om fr an c e , Sp ai n , Maur i t an i a , GermanD emoc r a t i c Rep ub l i c , and Po l an d . An al y s i s o f t h e ex t en s i ve d a t afrom j O I N T - Iis now underway an d wi l l b e c omp ar ed t o t h a tgen er a t e d b y ear l i e r u pwe l l i ng exp er imen t s o ff t h e O r e gon an d B aj aCa l i fo rn i a c o as t s . Pre l imin ary re su l t s s ugge s t t h a t th e wa t e rmovemen t ou t s i d e an upwe l l i n g r eg i on i s p r ob ab ly s t ro ng ly affe c t e dby th e sh ape o f th e c on t i ne n t a l s h e l f an d S l op e an d th a t a pr e c i s ede s c r ip t i o n o f th i s ou t e r mov emen t i s e s s e n t i a l t o un de r s t an d ing th et o t al upwe l l i n g c i r c u l a t i on . The s e fi nd i n gs wi l l p r ov id e th e b a s i s fo rp l anni ng j O I N T -I I , s ch edu l e d t o t ak e p l a c e i n 1 9 7 6 . The mai n go a l o ft he upwe l l i n g r e s e a rchis t o de v e l op an u nd e rs t an d ing o f th i sphen omenon s o t h a t p r ed i c t i o n mode l s c an prov i de th e s c i en t i fi cb as i s fo r i mprov ed man agemen t and u s e o f th e o ce an

’

s l i v i ngre s our ce s .

The Arc t i c I c e' Dynami c s j o i n t Exp er imen t (A I D j E X)i s a

mu l t i n a t i ona l c o op e ra t i ve re s e ar ch p r o gr am aimed a t ad van c i ngman

’

s und e rs t and i ng o f t h e l arge -s c a l e r e s p on s e o f s e a i c e t o i t senv i r onmen t . The i n fo rmat i on i t p r ov i de s wi l l he l p s o l ve p rac t i c a lp r ob l ems r ang i n g from t he i n t e r ac t i on b e twe en th e i ce c ov e r andg l oba l a tmo sph e r i c c i r c u l a t i on t o t ho s e a ffe c t i ng t h e p a s s age o f sh i p si n i c e -c o ve r ed a re a s . NSFis r e s p on s ib l e fo r p l ann i ng , s up ervi s i ng ,and c oord i n at i ng U.S . p ar t i c i p a t i on i n A I D j E X , w i t h p ro j e c t

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managemen t p rov i d ed by th e Un i ver s i t y o f Wa sh ing t on . Particip atin g U .S . i n s t i t u t i o n s i nc lud e th e Uni ver s i ty of A laska, O regonS t a t e Un iv e rs i ty , Lamon t-D oh er ty Ge o l og i c a l Ob se rv a t o ry , USGS ,

and the Co l d Re gi on s Re s e arch and Engin ee r i ng Labor a t ory o f COE .

P ar t i c ip a t in g Canadi an in s t i t u t i on s i nc l u de th e Be d fo rdO c e an ograph i c In s t i t u t e , M cGill Un iv ers i ty , an d th e D ep ar tmen t o ft he Env i r onmen t . O N R prov i de s p ar t i a l supp or t for r e s e ar ch e ffo r t s ,and thr ough the Nav al Arc t i c Re s e arch Lab or a t o ry , l o g i s t i c s uppor tfor the fi e l d p r ogr am . NASA , USGS , and N A VO C E A N O p ro v i dea i r c r aft and e qu i pment t o th e remot e s en s i ng e ffor t . NOAApar t i c i p at e s wi t h th e deve l opmen t o f au t omat i c d a t a b uoy sy s tems .

The USGS p r ov id es c ommuni c a t i on s s up p or t .The maj o r go a l o f A I D j E X i s t o fin d a qu an t i t a t i v e r e l a t i o n sh ip

be tween l arge -s c a l e s t r e s s and s t ra in fi e l ds in s e a i c e . Giv en su ch are l a t i on sh ip and su i t ab l e me th od s o f find i n g t h e ex t e rn a l s t r e s s e sfrom w i n d and wat e r curr en t s , an e s t imat e o f s t r e s s i n th e i ceve l oc i t y c an b e de t ermin e d . Th e A I D j E X mod el i ng t e amis dev i s i ng ac ompu te r mode l fo r a l imi t e d p or t i on o f th e Arc t i c B a s i n t o a s s i s tt hem in a t t a i n ing th e p rogram g oal .I n add i t i o n t o th e ground d at a ac qu i s i t i on sy s t em , a i rb orne r emo t e

s ens in g wi l l b e c on duc t e d ove r th e A I D j E X arr ay wi th th e u se o fNASA and Navy fix e d-wing a i r cr a ft and sp ec i a l l y c on fi gur edhe l i c op te r s o f th e USGS . Image ry o f th e Be au for t Se a s i t e wi l l a l s o beob t ain ed by Lands a t . The s e d at a , c omb i ne d wi th th e sur fac e da t a ,

wil l b e fe d in to a c en t ra l c ompu te r sy s t em and sub s e q u en t ly u s e d bythe A I D j E X mode l i ng group . Th i s g roup wi l l h av e a s c a l e mod e l o ft he s e a i ce fo r u se by t h e t ime da t a from th e main exp er imen t ar eavai l ab l e .

Co l d -we ath e r r e s e arc his al s o be i ng c ondu c t e d by th e N avy i n th ei c e -c o ver ed Arc t i c O c e an an dits marg in a l s e a s . Th i s e ffo r t , de s i gn edt o impro ve under s t an d ing o f i c e dyn ami c s , ac ou s t i c p r op ag at i o n ,

and re l a te d env i r onmen t a l fac t or s , en ab l e s d ev e l opmen t o f pr ed i ct i o n mode l s . An imp o rt an t p ar t o f th e p ro gr am i s t h e eva l u at i on ,

dev e l opmen t , and app l i c a t i on o f r emo te s e n s i ng sy s t ems t o Arc t i cenv i r onmen ta l me a s ur emen t s .

Pre d i c t i on o f th e ac o u s t i c ch arac t e r o f t h e o c e anis c r i t i c a l t o th eNavy b e c au s e aco u s t i c s a ffe c t t h e p er fo rman c e o f many weap on sand d et e c t i on sy s t ems u s e d in an t i s ubmar i n e war fare . Dur i ng 1 9 74 ,

i n t e rp r e t a t i on o f ac ou s t i c v o l ume r ev erb er a t i on d a t a p r ev i o u s l yg a the r ed in the Med i t e rr an e an was c omp l e t e d , and r ep or t s onvar i o us as p ec t s o f t he p rogram wer e wri t t en by th e Navy . A newda t a c o l l e c t i on and pro c e s s in g t e chn i qu e has e nab l ed v o l umes c at t e r in g s t r eng th—v e rs u s-d ep t h pr o fi l e s t o b e ob t a i ne d from dat ac o l l ec t e d wi th exp l o s i ve s our ce s and omn i d i r e c t i ona l hy drop l ane s .

A compu te r p r ed i c t i on p ro gr am was dev e l op ed t o c a l cu l a t e vo l ume

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s c a t t e r in g s t r eng th b a s ed on th e swim-b l adder s i ze s o f t h e fi shc augh t . The r es u l t s Showed t h a t t he s e pr ed i c t i on s agr e e r e a s onab lywe l l wi t h me as ur ed s c a t t e r in g s t re ng th s . Th i s i s t h e fi r s t t ime th a tb i o l o gi c al d a t a h av e b e en us ed t o p r ed i c t a c ou s t i c r e s u l t s q uantitativ ely wi th any deg re e o f s u c c e s s .

D ata M an agem en t

The arch i v ing , h and l i ng , and s t or age o f mar i ne en vi r onment a ld a t a , i n c l ud ing sp ec imen s o f o rgan i sms ,is a c on t in u i ng pro j e c t ; mo s t!r aw i n fo rmat i on c o l l e c t e d mu s t b e s c r een ed , pro c e s s e d , s or t e d , andpu t i n t o u s e fu l fo rm fo r e as y re t ri ev a l so t h a t s c i en t i fi c i nv e s t ig a t or sc an h ave r e ady ac c es s t o wh a t th ey ne ed wh en th ey ne ed i t .

Wi th th e exc ep t i on o f wa t e r -qu al i t y d a t a , mari ne da t a co l l e c t e d byFed e ra l agen c i e s , pr i va t e s our c e s , and o th er n a t i o n s ar e mad eavai l ab l e t o the g en era l mari n e -u s er c ommun i ty thr o ugh N O A A

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s

Env ir onmen t a l D a t a Se rv i c e (EDS). Wate r q u al i t y d a t a a r e av a i l ab l efrom USGS , EPA an d t he D e p ar tmen t o f He a l th , Educ a t i on andWe l fa re

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s (HEW’ S)Pub l i c H e al t h Se rv i c e . Th e Sm i th s o n i an I n stitu

t i on has managemen t re sp on s i b i l i t y fo r b i o l o g i c a l a nd g e o l o g i c a ls p ec imen s .

EDS marin e d a t a s e r vi c e s an d p r odu c t s ar e av a i l ab l e from thr een at i on al d at a cen t e r s : t h e N at i on a l O c e an ograph i c D a t a Cen t e r , t h eMari n e Ge ol o gy and Ge op hy s i c s B ran ch o f t h e Na t i on a l Ge op hy s i c a land S ol ar-Te rr e s t r i a l D a t a C en t e r , an d p er t i n en t fi l e s o f th e Na t i ona lC l ima t i c Cen t e r . I n add i t i on , EB S

’ S Cen t e r fo r Exp e r imen t D e s ignand D a t a Anal y s i s p rov i d e s d a t a -man agemen t s e rv i c e s and s up po r tfo r l a rg e -s c a l e i n t e r nat i o na l , i n t e r d i s c ip l i n ary r e s e ar ch programs ,and al s o as s i s t s i n p l ann i ng s uc h p r o j e c t s t o i n s ur e t h a t d at a n e e d sare me t . Under an agr eemen t wi th t h e Na t i on a l Ac ad emy o f

S c i en ce s , EDS a l s o c o o rd in a t e s th e i n t e rn a t i on a l oc e an dat amanagemen t ac t i v i t i e s o f Wo rl d D a t a Ce n t e r -A s ubc en t e r s .

L as t y e a r EDS p r ep are d a r ep o r t on!O c e an D a t a Re s our ce s inre s p ons e t o a r eq ue s t from th e Ch ai rman o f th e O c ean Po l i cy St u dyo f t he US . Sen at e . The r ep o rt addr e s s e s i t s e l f pr imar i l y t o Fe dera lda t a-man ag emen t ac t i v i t i e s and l i s t s t h e l o c at i o n s , p r i n c ip a lc on t ac t s , and c ap ab i l i t i e s o f Fed er a l fa c i l i t i e s wi th o c e an da t ap rograms . I n fo rmat i on ava i l ab l e on S t a t e and re g i on al ac t i v i t i e s ,ac ademi c i n s t i t u t i o n s , and in du s t ry was a l s o in c l ud ed . I n 1 9 7 4 ,

ag re emen t s t o ex ch ange mar i ne d a t a were in i t i a t e d by un i v er s i t i e so r S t a t e agen c i e s in j ap an , Un i t e d Kingd om , I r e l and , Sp ai n , F ed era lR epub l i c o f Germany , Norway , an d Can ad a . Con s i d era b l e d a t a ar eexp ec t e d from the s e c ount r i e s du ri n g 1 9 7 5 .

A on e —s t o p env i r onmen t a l da t a an d i n fo rma t i on r e fe rr a l s e rv i c ewas made op er at i on a l by EDS i n 1 9 7 4 . I t c ompr i s e s two com p lem en

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ex ten s iv e rev i ew o f t h e ex i s t i ng s o c i a l , e c onomi c , l eg a l , andenv ir onmen ta l c on di t i o n s o f th e Ch e s ap e ak e Bay . Th e ob j e c t i v e o ft h i s rev i ew i s th e de ve l o pmen t o f a p l an t o p ro v i de COE wi th th eb as i c i n fo rma t i on r e qu i r ed t o pe rmi t t h e p rop e r managemen t o f th eChe s ap e ake Bay and i t s e nv i r on s . To he l p ach i ev e th i s ob j e c t ive

,th e

C ons o r t i um r ec en t l y submi t t ed a r ep or t on th e e c o l o g i c a l c on c ep t sand env i r o nmen t a l fa c t o r s a ffe c t in g th e Ch e s ap e ak e B ay . I t i n c l ud eds ummari e s o f t h e b i o l ogy o f th e mo s t s i gn i fi c an t Ch e s ap e ak e B ayo rgan i sms , a gen e ra l e c o l og i c a l descrip t i o n o f Ch e s ap e ak e Bayc ommun i t i e s , and de t a i l e d de s c r i p t i on s o f s e l e c t e d commun i t i e s ando f p er t i n en t wa te r -q ua l i ty s t and ard s and c r i t e r i a .

I n s t r um en tation

A MARAD p r og ram t o de ve l op sh i p b o ar d s a t e l l i t e eq u ipmen t fo rgen er al s h i pp i ng u se i s mov ing in t oits op er a t i on a l ph a s e . Aft e r

s eve r al y e a rs o f t e s t i n g p ro t o t yp e eq u ipmen t , th e L -band o f NASA’ S

App l i c a t i on s Te ch no l o gy Sa t e l l i t e (ATS)6 , i s n ow unde rgo ing aye ar-l ong t e s t . Sh i pp i ng comp an i e s i n th e No r th At l an t i c wi l l u set h i s s y s t em , t o ge the r wi th a Communi c a t i on s S a t e l l i t e Corp .

(COMSAT)s a t e l l i t e o f t h e Mar i t ime Sat e l l i t e Sy s t em (MARISAT)i n the Pac i fi c , t o e s t ab l i sh t e chn i c a l p ro c e du r e s fo r wi de r u s e .

N O A A’

S Nat i on al O c e ano g raph i c I n s t rumen t at i on Cen te r (N O IC)c on t i nu e d t o p r ov i de t h e mar in e s c i en ce c ommuni ty wi th t e s t a ndev al u at i on d at a on a v ar i e t y o f o c e an ogr aph i c an d r e l a t e d mar inei ns t rumen t s . Thi s p as t y e ar a l s o saw an in c re a s e i n th e u s e of N O I C

’

s

t hr e e r eg i on al c a l i b r a t i on c e n t e r s . Approx ima t e l y wer es p en t t o c al i b r a t e i ns t rume nt s a t th e s e ce n t e r s in 1 9 7 4 , a s op po s ed t o

t h e p rev i o u s y ea r . As a r e s u l t , t h e da t a a cq ui r ed wi thi ns t rumen t s c al i b r at e d a t t h e ce n t e r s sh ou l d h av e imp ro v ed qu a l i tyfo r u s e i n b o th na t i o na l and i n t e rn at i on al p r ogr ams .

NBS supp o rt e d s t an dard i z at i on and de ve l opmen t o f eq u i pment fo ru s e a t sea. Among th e de ve l opmen t s in i t i a t e d l a s t y e ar was ani nc ub a t i on ch amber fo r re t ri ev i n g an d s t udy ing mar i ne mi croo rgani sms und e r co nd i t i o n s o f i n s i t u t emp era t ur e an d p r e s s ure a tmax imum oc e an d ep th s . A s amp l eris b e i ng de ve l op ed and bu i l t t h a tw i l l be r el e as e d from th e o c e an s ur fa c e , wi l l fa l l t o th e bo t t om o f th eo c e an a t d ep th s t o 6 mi l e s ( amb i en t p r e s sur e s t o a tmo s phe r e s),wil l re t r i ev e a s amp l e o f fl u i d fr om a p r es cr i b ed he i gh t ab ove th eb o t t om , and wi l l r e t u rn wh i l e mai n t a i n i ng amb i en t p re s su r e andtemp era t u re . A tr ans fe r de v i ceis al s o b e i ng d ev e l o p ed , t h a t wi l la l l ow smal l s amp l e s t o be wi thdr awn fo r mi c rob i o l o g i c a l an a ly s i sw i t h ou t s i gn i fi c an t ch ang e in t emp er at ur e an d p r es su r e .

The gr owing number o f v e s s e l gr ound i ngs , many o f wh i ch havei nv o l v ed maj o r sp i l l s o f o i l o r o th e r d an ge rou s c argo , ha s l ed

7 8

MARAD t o in i t i a t e a s on ar dev e l opmen t p r ogram . The A n tistr andin g Sonar Sy s t em wi l l g i v e warn in g o f underwat e r ob s t ru ct i o n sand sh o al s i n a s h ip

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s p a t h by u s e o f l ong-r ang e an d h igh lyd ir ec t i o n al ac ou s t i c b e ams . The sy s t em , d es i gne d for una t t e ndedoper at i on , i n c l ude s t rans duc er s fo r emi t t i ng and r e c e i v ing e ne rgyt hrough the wat e r , dig i t a l p ro c e s s in g , di sp l ay , an d a l arm eq u ipmen t .The sys t em i s p re s en t l y und e rgo i ng a 1 -y ear t e s t an d e va l u a t i o nunder ope r at ing con di t i o n s a l ong th e ea s t c o a s t o f So u th Ameri c a .

I n fi s c al ye ar 1 9 7 4 MARAD was i n vo l ved , i n con j ection wi thNOAA , i n two pro j ec t s fo r th e de s c r i p t i on o f th e o c e an env i r onmen t .One was an oc ean s amp l i ng progr am t o d eve l op a s c i e n t i fi c d a t a b a s eon wat e r q u al i t y , i n t e rms o f hydr oc arb on con cen t ra t i on ,

and t ode te rmin e th e imp ac t o f sh i pp in g on t h e s e b a ckg r o und con cen

tr ation s . The s e c on d was a s h ip b o ard ob s erv ing s y s t em prov i di ngfo r s emi aut omat ed c o l l e c t i on and r ep or t i ng o f da t a t o impro vep red i c t i ons o f fu tu r e s ea and we ath er cond i t i on s . Th e go al s o f th i sp roj ec t are t o re du ce hu l l an d c argo d amage , v oyage de l ay s , andp os s ib l e p o l l ut i on .

D ata Bu oys

Feb ru ary 1 9 74 was t h e four th ann i v er s ary o f th e mo or i ng o f th efi r s t l a rge au t omat i c-re p o r t i ng da t a bu oy a t a l o ng -t e rm da t ac o l l ec t i on l o c a t i on by N O A A

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S D a t a Buoy O ffi c e (N D BO), wh i ch ha she adqu art e rs a t B ay S t . Lo u i s , Mi s s . Th i s bu oy , l o c a t e d ab o u t 1 25

naut i c al mi l es e as t o f Nor fo lk , Va has demon s t r a t e d th e c ap ab i l i tyt o r emain anch ore d on s t a t i on th r ough al l k ind s o f we a th er an d t orep o r t t o we at h er s e rv i c e s as ho r e th e i n fo rma t i o n n e c e s s ary fo roc e an env i r onmen t a l mo ni t o r i ng and p r ed i c t i o n . I t s r e c o r d a t th i sde ep oc ean l oc at i on has a l s o sh own th e ab i l i ty o f su ch b uoy s t op rovi d e l ong-t e rm se r i e s da t a .

On the b as i s o f th e ex pe r i enc e g a i ne d fr om b o th l arg e and smal lbu oy s , t he N D BO ha s b e en ab l e wi th i n t h e p as t y e ar t o sp ec i fyitsde t ai l e d re qu i r emen t s fo r an op er a t i on a l p r o t o typ e en vi r onme nt a lbu oy t o supp or t we a th er mon i t o ri ng and pr ed i c t i o n da t a n ee d s i n th es e ve re env i r onmen t s o f re g i on s s u ch as t h e Gu l f o f Al a sk a . Ac omp e t i t i v e c on tr ac t fo r the p ro cur emen t o f on e su ch pr o t o typ e wa sl e t , wi th t h e op t i on t o p ro cur e fi v e add i t i on a l p r o t o typ es aft e rs u cc e s s fu l t e s t and eva l u at i on o f t h e fi r s t p r o t o typ e buoy . The fi r s tp r o t o typ eis sch edu l e d fo r de l i v e ry i n th e l a t e sp r i ng i n 1 9 7 5 . Thi sbuoy wi l l b e dep l oy ed i n t h e Gu l f o f Al a sk a by th e USCG for 6month s

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t e s t i n g .

I n a p roj ec t i nvo l v i ng bu oy s on t he c on t in en t a l s h e l f , th e N D BOhas moore d th re e smal l da t a b u oy s o ff th e we s t c o a s t o f F l o r i dadur in g e ach o f two dat a-a c q ui s i t i on exp er imen t s . Th e s e b uoy s

7 9

provi d ed me t e r o l o g i c a l d a t a i n supp or t o f an NSF-s pon s or ed s t u dyby the Un iv e rs i ty o f Mi ami an d o th e r F l or i d a un iv er s i t i e s .

Eng in ee r s at NASA’ S Langl ey Re s e arc h Ce nt e r h ave c omp l e t e d th e

c onc ep t ua l de s i gn fo r a smal l ex p en dab l e o c e an d at a buoy , whi chc an be dr opp e d from fix e d-wing ai r c ra ft . Th i s buoy in co rp ora t e d th eNOAA bu oy t r an smi t t e rmin al e l e c t r on i c s , whi ch c an t e l eme t e r da t at o t h e Nimbu s F s a t e l l i t e . I n a j o i n t p r o j e c t wi th EPA and USCG ,

NOAA wi l l d ep l oy a smal l b u oy in j un e 1 9 7 5 t o mon i t o r wa t e rq ual i ty n ear dump s i t e s o ff O c e an Ci ty , Md .

R em ote Sen s in g

Unt i l re ce n t l y , s t ud i e s o f th e o c e an env i r o nme n t h av e b e enc ondu c t e d pr imari l y t hrough sh ip b o ard me as ur emen t s and sh i pdep l oye d in s t rumen t at i o n . Sa t e l l i t e s n ow o ffe r u s a n ew t oo lwh ereby we can , fo r t h e fi r s t t ime , t ak e a syn op t i c l o ok a t th e o ce anst o d e te rmin e s e a -sur fa c e t emp era t ur e s , c urren t s , wave he igh t s andSp ec t r a , wind s , s t o rm surg e s , t i d e s , i c e , ch l or op hy l l c on c en t r a t i on s ,s e dimen t t r an s p or t , sh a l l ow b athyme t r i c fe a tur e s , t h e sh ap e o f th emarin e ge o i d , an d p o s s ib ly e v en t s un ami s and re d t i d e s . Toc ap i t a l i ze on t h i s n ew ab i l i ty , an O c ean Remo t e Sen s i ng Lab o r a t o ryhas be en forme d wi th in N O A A

’

S At l an t i c O c e ano grap hi c andMe te o ro l og i c a l Lab o ra t o r i e s a t Mi ami t o p r ov i d e s a t e l l i t e p l anner sw i t h th e s p ec i fi c a t i on s re q u i r e d t o c on s t ru c t o c e an r e s e ar ch andmon i t o r in g s at e l l i t e s .

Dur i n g th e c ondu c t o f t h e mann ed Sky l ab mi s s i on s i n 1 9 7 3 and1 9 74 , s ev er al o c e an ography inv e s t i g at i o n s we r e c arr i e d o u t o fNASA as p ar t o f a c ompre he ns i v e Eart h r e s our c e s s t udy . I n t he s emi s s i on s an arr ay o f remo t e s en s o rs c on s t i t u t i ng th e Ear th Re s e ar chExp er imen t Pa ck ag e wa s c arri ed by Sky l ab . Sky l ab pho t o grap h s o ft he Loop Curr en t i n th e Gu l f o f M ex i c o s h owed th e p r e s e nc e o fbound ary edd i e s r ang i ng i n d i ame t e r from 1 1 t o 3 1 k i l ome te r s .Wate rdep th me as ur emen t s t o ab ou t 1 5 me te r s wer e i n fe rr ed fr ommu l t i sp ec t r al v i s i b l e s c ann e r d at a ob t a i n ed dur i ng a p a s s o verPu e rt o Ri c o . The th e rma l i n frar ed ch ann e l o f th e s c anner pro v i d edin fo rmat i on on oc ean s ur fa c e t emp e ra t ur e v ar i a t i on s o ff t h en or thwe s t c o as t o f Afr i c a , whi ch cou l d b e c or r e l a t e d wi th anupwe l l i n g are a . Th e fe a s i b i l i t y o f ac q u i r i ng i n fo rma t i on on oc eans ur fac e win d s from sp a c e c r a ft a l t i tu d e s was d emon s t r a t e d by me anso f th e mi c rowave rad i ome t e r-s catter om eter i n s t rume nt s y s t em onSky l ab .

Emph as i sis b e ing p l a c e d by NASA on th e d eve l opmen t o f a c t i vem ic r owave sy s t ems h av i ng t h e p o t en t i a l o f a c q u i r i ng o c e ano graphi cda t a any t ime o f th e day o r n i gh t , and under n e ar a l l-we a th erc ondi t i ons . The s e s y s t ems wi l l b e u s ed on SeasatA , th e fi r s t o f a

80

c l as s o f s p ac e c r aft , t o b e l au nche d dur ing 1 9 7 8 , ded i c a t e d t ome as ur emen t s o f oc ean s urfa c e dyn ami c p arame te r s on a g l ob a ls c al e .

Duri n g the 1 9 74-7 5 Gre at L ak e s win te r n av iga t i o n s e a s on , th eUSCG and N O A A

’

S Nat i on al Wea th er S erv i c e an d Na t i ona lEnv i r onmen t a l S at e l l i t e S e rv i c e wer e p ar t i c i p an t s wi th NASA i n afi el d p r ogram de s i gned t o ob t a i n i n fo rmat i on on a Gr e a t Lak es i ces urv ey sys tem . Thi s program acqu i r e d i ce -c ov er i n fo rma t i on fo r u sei n the p r ep arat i on o f Gre at Lak e s i c e ch ar t s fo r d i s t r i bu t i on t o Sh ip so n th e Gre at L ake s . The USCG prov i de d th e a i r cr a ft , flightc r ew , andin s t rumen t op era t o r s . NASA prov i ded th e S i de-Lo ok i ng Airb orneRadar (SLAR), l ake -i c e imag ing s y s t em , th e d a t a h andl i ng andp roc e s s i ng sy s tem , t h e a i rb o rn e d a t a t r an smi s s i o n s ys tems , an d th et rai n i n g fo r the USCG pers on ne l op e ra t in g th e SLAR in s t r ument s .

The d at a wer e s en t t o th e I c e N av i g a t i on Ce n t e r a t Cl ev el and , whereUSCG , Na t i ona l Wea th er S e rv i c e , and NASA per s o nne l i n t erp r e t e dt he dat a and pr ep ar ed t he p i c t o ri a l an d ann o t a t e d graph i c Gre a tLake s i c e n av ig at i on ch ar t s .

Imagery from th e s at e l l i t e s NOAA 2 and NOAA 3 co n t i nu e s t o beemp l oy ed in th e d eve l opment o f me th o d s fo r map p i ng o c e an ograp hi cfe at ure s . An exp er iment a l Gu l f S t re am are a th ermal -b oundary ch ar tder iv ed from very -h igh re s o l u t i on r ad i ome t e r (VH R R)i n fr ar edimagery and USCG airb o rne r ad i ome t e r fl i gh t s was p l anned fo rope r a t i on al r e l e as e i n 1 9 7 5 . Th e Na t i on a l We a th er Servi c e , u s i ngUSCG c ommun i c a t i on fa c i l i t i e s , i s t o in i t i a t e a Gu l f S t re amin fo rmat i on s e r vi c e fo r t h e pub l i c b as ed on th i s pr odu c t .By the u se o f a par t i c u l a r s eq uen ce o f th e NOAA s at e l l i t e VH R R

i n frare d imagery , a l arge c o l d e ddy wa s t ra ck ed a l ong th e edge o f th eS argas s o Se a an d Gul f S t r e am in Marc h 1 9 74 , en ab l ing a r e s e archve s s e l t o imp l an t a sp ec i a l b u oy wi th min imum t ime s p en d i nl oc a t in g t he eddy .

A Navy exp er imen t o ff t h e c o as t o f Kor e a demon s t r a t e d th e v a l ueo f D e fen s e Me t e o ro l og i c a l S a t e l l i t e Progr am (DMSP)da t a i nl oc at i n g oc ean sur fac e t h e rmal fe a tu r e s , th er eby fac i l i t a t i ng op t ima lt ac t i c a l d ep l oymen t o f a c o u s t i c s en s o r s .

On May 1 7 , 1 9 7 4 , t h e p ro t o typ e o f t h e Ge o synchrono u sOper at i onal Env i r onmen t a l S at e l l i t e (GOES)sy s t em was l a un ch edby NASA as th e Syn chro nou s Me te o ro l o g i c a l S a t e l l i t e (SMS Thi ss a t e l l i t eis e qu ipp ed wi th a v i s ib l e i n fr ar ed sp i n s c an rad i ome t e r anda d at a co l l ec t i o n s y s t em . I n i t i a l l y th e s a t e l l i t e was p l a ce d a t 45 ° Wlongi t ude t o supp or t GATE from Sep t emb er 23 t hr ough Novemb er1 6 , 1 9 7 4 . Fr om i t s p e rmanen t s t a t i on a t 7 5 ° W , th e fu l l d i sk image ryw i l l p r o v id e d a t a fo r a g re a t p or t i o n o f th e We s t e rn At l an t i c .

NBS i s i nv e s t i g at ing t he fe a s ib i l i ty o f e s t ab l i sh i ng a wi de lyavai l ab l e , l ow-c o s t , t ime-and -fr eq u en cy b ro ad ca s t s e rv i c e from

8 1

ge o s t a t i on ary s at e l l i t e s o n th e i n t e r n a t i on a l ly a l l o c a t e d fre qu en cy ofmegahe r t z . Th e g o al o f th i s l on g-r an g e p ro j e c tis t o meet the

i nc r e as in g demand s fo r h igh er ac cu r ac y , gre a te r c ov erag e , andi nc r e as ed s ign al r e l i ab i l i t y a t mi n imum co s t s t o the '

G ov er n ranien tit-ijn dt he u s e r . The p r o j ec t may u l t imat e l y l e ad t o a sy s t em o f dnis serniina-st i on th a t wi l l r ep l ac e t h e N BS

’

s s e r v i c e s o n WWV WWV-H .

APPEND I C ES

APPEND I X A FEDERAL OC EAN PROGRAM ,

F I SCAL YEARS 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 5 , an d 1 9 7 6

Ap p end ix A -l — F ed e ral O c e an P rogram — B u dget b y

D ep ar tm en t an d I nd ep e nd en t Agen cy

[ I n m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s)D ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e -M i l i t a ryD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e-C i v i l Wo r k sD e p a r tm e n t o f C om m e rc eN a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o nD ep a r tm e n t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o nD ep a r tm e n t o f the I n t e r i o rE n v i ro nm e n t a l P ro t e c t i o n Ag e n c yD ep a r tm e n t o f S t a t eD ep a r tm e n t o f H e a l t h , E du c a t i o n , a ndW e l fa re

E n e rg y R e s ea rc h a n d D e v e l o pm e n t A dm i nistrationN a t i o n a l A e ro n a u t i c s a n d S p a c e A dm i nistr ationSm i th s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n

TOTAL

83

E s t im a t e d b y F i s c a l Y ea r1 9 7 5 1 9 7 6

84

A p p en d ix A -2— F ed e ral O c ean P rog ram — B u d get byM ajor P u rp os e C ategor y

[ I n m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s)E s t im a t e d b y F i s c a l Y ea r1 9 7 4 1 9 7 5 1 9 7 6

I n t e rn a t i o na l C o o p e ra t i o n a n d C o l l a b o ra t i o nN a t i o na l S e c u r i t yLiv m g R e s o u rc e sT ra n s p o r t a t i o nD e v e l o pm e n t a n d C o n s e r v a t i o n o f t h e C o a s t a lZo n eN o n -L i v i ng R e s o u rc e sO c ea n o g ra p h i c R e s e a r chE d u can on

E nv i ro nm e n t a l O b s e r v a t i o n a n d P re d i c t i o nO c ea n E x p l o ra t i o n , Ma p p i ng , C h a r t i ng ,a nd G eo d e s y

G en e ra l P u rp o s e O c e a n E ng i n e e r i ngN a t i o n a l C e n t e r s a n d F a c i l i t i e s

TOTAL

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E s t im a t e d b y F i s c a l Y ea r1 9 7 4 1 9 7 5 1 9 7 6

4 . T ra n s p o r t a t i o n( a)Ma ri t im e sc ien c e an d t e ch n o l og y ;a d v a n c e d Sh i p e n g i n e e r i ng d e v e l o pm en tD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e r c e

( b)S h i p p i ng e c o n om i c s a n d req u i r em en t s ;im p ro v em e n t i n sh i p o p e ra t i o n s a n dsh i p p i ng s y s t em sD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e r c e

( c)D e ep wa t e r p orts/ offshor e t e rm i n a ld e v e l o pm e n tD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e rc e

( d)C h a n n e l a n d h a rb o r im p ro v em e n tD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e-C i v i l

( e)A i d s t o n a v ig a t i o nD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e r c eD ep a r tm en t o f T ra n sp o r t a t i o n

( f)Me rc ha n t m a r i n e s a fe t y ; s e a rc ha n d re s c u eD ep a r tm e n t o f T ra n sp o r t a t i o n

5 . D e v e l o pm en t a n d C o n s e r v a t i o n o f t h eC o a s t a l Zo n e( a)Ma ri n e p o l l u t i o n a b a t em e n t a n dco n t ro l( 1)Wa t e r q u a l i t y en h an c em e n ts t a n d a rd s a n d c r i t e r i aD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fen s e — C i v i lD ep a r tm e n t o f C om m e r c eD ep a r tm en t o f t h e I n t e ri o rE n v i ro nm e n t a l P ro t e c t i o n Ag e n cy

(2)Co n t ro l a n d r em o v a l o f p o l l u t a n t sD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fen s e— C i v i lD ep a r tm e n t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o nE n v i ro nm e n t a l P ro t e c t i o n Ag e n cy

( 3)S u rv e i l l a n c e a nd reg u l a t o ry a c t i v i t i e sD ep a r tm en t o f D e fe n s e— C i v i lD ep a r tm en t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o nE n v i ro nm e n t a l P ro t e c t i o n Ag e n cy

( b)Co n s e r v a t i o n a n d re c r ea t i o n( 1)Co n s e rv a t i o n o f m a ri n e l o c a l e s ,

gam efish , a n d w i l d l i f eD ep a r tm en t o f t h e I n t e r i o r

( 2)P l a n n i ng a n d d ev e l o pm en t o fm a r i n e a r ea s fo r r e c re a t i o nD ep a r tm en t o f t h e I n t e r i o r

( 3)B o a t i ng s a fe t yD ep a r tm en t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o n

(4)Sm a l l c ra f t h a r bo r d e v e l o pm e n tD ep a r tm en t o f D efe n s e — C i v i l

( 5)B ea ch a nd s h o re s t a b i l iza t i o n ;h u r r i ca n e s t o rm s u rg e p ro t e c t i o nD ep a r tm en t o f D e fe n s e — C i v i l

( c)R eg i o n a l e n v i ro nm en t a l s y s t em s r e s ea rc h[C h e s a p e a k e a n d San F ra n c i s c o B a y s , N .Y.

B ig h t , G rea t L a k e s , C o a s t a l Zo n eM a n ag em e n t , e t c .)D ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e— C i v i lD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e rc eN a t i o n a l S c i en c e F o u n d a t i o nSm i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n

6 . N o n ~ l i v i ng R es o u rc e s( a)App r a i s a l o f m i n e ra l s , fo s s i lfu e l s . s a n d , a n d g ra v e lD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e— C i v i lD ep a r tm e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r

( b)O C S e n v i ro nm en t a l a s s e s sm en t ,l e a s i ng , a n d m a n ag em e n tD ep a r tm e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o rD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e r c e

( c)E n v i ro nm e n t a l im p a c t o f m i n i ngD eep artm en t o f C omm e r c e

( d)D e v e l o pm e n t a n d p ro t e c t i o n o f fr e s hwa t e r s u p p l i e sD ep a r tm e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r

7 . O c ea n og ra p h i c R e s ea rc h( a)E n e rg y R e s ea r ch a n d D e v e l o pm e n tAdm i n i s t ra t i o n

( b)D ep a r tm e n t o f D e fen s e — M i l i t a r y( c)D ep a r tm en t o f C omm e r c e( d)D ep a r tm e n t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o n( e)Na t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u nd a t i o n( f)Sm i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n

8 . E du c a t i o n( a)D ep a r tm en t o f C om m e r c e( b)D ep a r tm e n t o f D e f en s e — M i l i t a r y( c)D ep a r tm en t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o n( d)Na t i o na l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n

9 . E n v i ro nm e n t a l O b s e rv a t i o n a n d P re d i c t i o n( a)D a t a a cq u i s i t i o n , p ro c e s s i ng , a n dd i s s em i n a t i o nD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e— M i l i t a r yD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e— CiVilD ep a r tm e n t o f C om m e r c eD ep a r tm e n t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o n

( b)Mode l s t u d i e s a n d d ev e l o pm en tE n e rgy R e s ea rc h D e v e l o pm e n tA dm i n i s t ra t i o nD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e r c e

226-8 1 7 0 7 7 7

E s t im a t ed b y F i s ca l Y ea r1 9 7 4

( 00)1 9 7 5 1 9 7 6

[0-4)87

E s t im a t ed b y F i s c a l Y ea r1 9 7 4

O cea n E x p l o ra t i o n , Mapp i ng , C h a r t i ng ,a n d G eo d e s y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

( a)Na u t i c a l c h a r t sD ep a r tm e n t o f C om m e rc eD ep a r tm en t o f D e fe n s e —M i l i t a ry

b!Coa s t a l m a p p i n gD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e r c eD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e — M i l i t a ry

( c)G eo ph y s i c a l m a p p i ngD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e rc eD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e — M i l i t a ry

G en e ra l P u rp o s e O c ea n E ng i n e e r i ng

88

( a)Sy s t em s d ev e l o pm en t ( sa t e l l i t e ,a i r c ra f t , a nd o t h e r s en s o r a n di n s t rum e n t d e v e l o pm e n t)Na t i o n a l A e ro na u t i c s a nd S p a ceAdm i n i s t ra t i o nD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e rc e

( b)D a t a b u o y s y s t em sD ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e rc e

( c)D e ep o c ea n t e c hn o l og yD ep a r tm e n t o f D e fe n s e— M i l i t a r y

( d)Man n ed u nd e r s e a t e ch n o l og yD ep a r tm e n t o f C om m e rc e

( e)P owe r p l a n t s i t i ng s ; n u c l e a r p owe rs o u rc e sE n e rg y R e s e a r ch 81 D e v e l o pm e n tAdm i n i s t ra t i o n

( f)O c ea n t h e rm a l e n e rgy c o n v e r s i o nN a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o nE n e rg y R e s ea r ch 8: D e v e l o pm e n tAdm i n i s t ra t i o n

N a t i o n a l C en t e r s a nd F a c i l i t i es( a)Na t i o n a l O c e a n o g ra p h i c D a t a C e n t e r

D ep a r tm e n t o f C omm e rc e( b)Na t i o n a l C l im a t i c C e n t e r

D ep a r tm e n t o f C om m e rc e( c)Sm i t h s o n i a n O c ea n o g ra p h i c S o r t i ngC en t e rSm i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n

M ed i ter ra nea n Ma r i n e S o r t i ng C e n t e rSm i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n

( e)Na t i o n a l O c e a n og ra p h i c I n s t rum e n t a t i o nC e n t e rD epa r tm en t o f C om m er c e

( f)Po l a r i ceb rea k er sD ep a r tm e n t o f T ra n s p o r t a t i o n

(g)I n t e rn a t i o na l I c e P a t ro lD ep a r tm e n t o f T ra n sp o r t a t i o n

1 9 7 5 1 9 7 6

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sp e c i a l i s t s — s o c io l og i s t s , l awy e r s , e co nomi s t s,

eng in e e r s,

o c eanog raph e r s , b io l og i s t s , bo t a n i s t s , zo o log i s t s , and mar in es c i en t i s t s— c an b e a s s emb l ed t o moun t re s ea rc h e ffo r t s co n t r i bu t ingto th e d ev e lopmen t , e ffec t iv e u se, and p rud en t manag emen t o fma r in e re s ou rc e s .

To id en t i fy an d re s p on d t o lo ca l a nd reg i o na l n ee d s o r appartu nities , memb ers o f t h e S e a G ran t n e two rk s e ek t h e a c t iv einvo lv emen t and s upp o r t o f S t a t e and lo c a l g ov e rnmen t s

,marin e

bu s in e s s e s and indu s t r i e s , and th e g en e ra l p ub l i c . Th ei r p l ann ingisa s s i s t e d by adv i s o ry c oun c i l s , commi t t e e s , and in fo rma t i on fl ow ingba ck th ro ugh ma ri n e adv i s o ry s e rv i c e s . R es e a rch and d ev e l opmen t

p e rfo rmed by S ea G ran t in s t i t u t i o n s has p rov id ed th e b a s i s fo r a tl e a s t 1 0 n ew indu s t ri e s o r c omp on en t s o f i ndu s t r i e s and r e s u l t e d i nco un t l e s s i ndu s t r i a l a pp l i ca t i o n s o r b en e fi t s .

Th e ma rin e re so u rc e s t ha t S e a G ran t wo rk s to und e r s t and, u s e,

an d manag e l i e o n th e s ho re l i n e s o f th e Un i t ed S t a t e s,G rea t L ak e s

,

an d i s l and t e rr i t o r i e s ; i n co a s t a l l a nd s ; bay s , e s t ua r i e s , t i da l r i v e r s ,an d o ffs ho re wa t e r s ; and on th e sea fl o o r and s ub s o i l o f t h ec o n t in en t a l Sh e l f o u t t o a d ep t h o f 200 me t e rs o r as fa r a s n a t u ra lre s o u r c e s can b e exp l o i t e d .

M AR INE RESO URC ES

S ea -G ran t -s p on s o r ed aq ua cu l t u re p rog rams fo r t h e cu l t i v a t i o n o ff in fi sh , sh e l l f i sh , an d s e aw e ed s a re c o o rd ina t ed wi t h t ho s e o fN O A A

’

S N M F S . F o r t he mo s t p a r t , t h e s t ud i e s ex amin e th ein t e rr e la t ed phy s i ca l , c h emica l , b io log i c a l , nu t r i t io n a l , pa t ho l og i c a l ,med i c a l , eng i n e e r i ng , p ro ce s s ing , and env i ro nmen t a l comp onen t s o faq ua cu l t u re s y s t ems , as we l l as t h e a s s o c i a t ed l eg a l , s o c i o ec o nomi c ,and ma rk e t ing p rob l ems o r b en e fi t s .

F o rm s o f aq ua cu l t u re b e i ng i nv e s t ig a t ed w i t h S ea G ran t supp o rtrang e i n t e chn i c a l comp l ex i t y from s to ck ing wa t e rs wi t h ha t ch e ry o rnu rs e ry -ra i s e d young , t h ro ugh Sho re -b a s ed cu l t i va t i o n sy s t ems t h a tt ak e in and exp e l wa t e r , t o comp l e t e ly c l o s ed s y s t ems in wh i ch wa t e ris re c i rcu l a t e d .

To ob ta in t h e max imum b ene fi t from o c ean fi s h ing re s o u rc e s , S eaG ran t r e s ea rch e r s a re d ev e lo p ing n ew t e chn iq u e s and eq u ipmen t fo ra s s e s s ing and ha rv e s t i ng fi s h s t o c k s ; fo r comba t t i ng d i s ea s e s , fung i ,and pa ra s i t e s t ha t a ffe c t ma ri n e l i fe ; and fo r imp rov ing th e q ua l i t y ,

in c rea s ing t h e sh e l f l i fe , and p r ev en t ing de t e r io ra t i o n in app ea ran c ean d ta s t e o f fr e sh , c ann ed , an d fro zen s ea fo o d s .

US . co n sumers exh ib i t s t ro ng p re fe ren ce s fo r c e r t a in fin fi s h ,

sh e l l fi sh , and cru s t a c ea n s , s u ch as s a lmon , oy s t e rs , and l ob s t e r s .

The favo red sp e c i e s b e come ov e rha rv e s t ed and g row s ca rc e andexp en s iv e . Meanwhi l e , o th e r sp ec i e s— p erhap s b e cau s e th ey a re

9 0

s imp ly unfami l i a r t o t h e av e rag e Ameri c an— a re th e wa l l f l owerso f th e sea. They are e i t h e r u n d er har v ested o r c augh t ma in ly fo rexp o r t t o c ount r i e s whe re t h ey ar e co n s id er ed de l i c a c i e s . Near ly a l lS e a G rant in s t i t u t i o n s a re engag ed in p rog rams re l a t e d t o a s s e s s ing

,

ha rv e s t ing , p ro c e s s ing , and mark e t ing t h e s e n eg l e c t ed Spe c i e s .

Trad i t i o na l ly , s ea fo o d p ro c es s ing compan i e s hav e s ep ara t ed t h emo s t d e s i rab l e and ea s i l y ob t a in ab l e p a r t s o f fi sh , sh e l l f i s h , andc ru s t a c ean s , d i s ca rd ing rema in ing p o rt i o n s in n e a rby wa t e r s . Now ,

in c rea s ing ly s t r i c t wa t e r-p o l l u t i on r eg u la t i o n s a re fo r c ingp ro c e s s o rs t o f i nd o th e r , mor e co s t ly , me thods o f d i sp o s a l o r t o s e ekma rk e t s fo r th e was t e p ro duc t s . S e a G ran t s c i en t i s t s ar e d ev e l op ingme tho d s o f re c ov er ing g r ea t e r q u an t i t i e s o f fi s h fl e s h fo r humancon sump t io n . I n ex p en s iv e , p ro t e in -r i ch fo o d p ro du c t s a re b e ingc re a t e d by ex t end ing min c e d fi s h fo o d w i t h v eg e t ab l e s and c ere a lp ro du c t s . O t h e r inv e s t ig a t o r s a re p ro c e s s ing fo rme r wa s t e s in t ofo o d s fo r fi sh , p ou l t ry , an d an imal s .

I n add i t io n t o b e ing s o u rc e s o f p ro t e in an d o f in du s t r i a l ly u s e fu lma t e r ia l s , t h e l iv ing cr ea t u re s and p l an t s o f th e s ea c on t a in ana s to n i s h ing var i e t y o f sub s t an c e s t ha t a c t ag a in s t d i s e a s e s o fan ima l s and human s . S ea G ran t s c i en t i s t s a t s ev e ra l in s t i t u t i o n s a rea t t emp t ing t o i s o l a t e t h e s e sub s t an c e s , t e s t t h e i r p ha rmac eu t i c a lva lu e , an d i d en t i fy th e i r ch emic a l s t ru c t ure so th a t t h ey may b ep ro du c e d and mark e t e d by comme rc i a l f i rms .

S ea G ran t i n s t i t u t i on s a re a l s o exp l o r ing and ev a l ua t ing o ffsho remin e ra l r e s o u rc e s ( c hap t e r d ev e l o p ing n ew t ec hn i q u e s fo rrec o v ering t h em , and ex amin ing t h e env i ronmen t a l e ffe c t s , as wel la s th e so c i a l , e c onomic , and l eg a l a s p e c t s o f ex p l o i t ing mari n emin era l d ep o s i t s .

T H E M AR INE ENV IRO NM ENT

S in c e th e N a t i o na l S e a G ran t P rog ram b eg an ,its memb er in s t itu tion s hav e b e en a s s emb l i ng env i ro nmen t a l , s o c ia l , ec onomi c , andl eg a l in fo rmat io n o n th e i r S t a t e s ’

co a s t a l r eg ion s — ex amin ing t h eimp ac t s o f man

’

s a c t i v i t i e s th e re and th e fa c t o rs affe c t ing manag emen t o f th e co a s t a l zon e .

Und er t h e Co a s t a l Zon e Manag emen t Ac t o f 1 9 7 2 , admin i s t e red b yN O A A

’

s O C ZM , S t a t e s a r e r e sp o n s ib l e fo r d ev e lo p ing an d carry ingou t comp reh en s iv e p l an s fo r manag ing t h e i r c o a s t a l zon e s . Th eO ffi c e o f S ea G ran t wo rk s c lo s e ly wi t h O C ZM , as memb er s o f t h eS e a G rant n e two rk do w i t h th e r e sp on s ib l e S t a t e ag en c i e s , i n h e lp ingt o ach i ev e t h e a c t

’

s ob j e c t iv e s .V ir t ua l l y a l l S e a Gran t in s t i tu t i o n s h av e a s s i s t ed S t a t e ag en c i e s in

dev e l op ing co a s t a l zo n e manag emen t p l an s ; co ndu c t ing n eed eds c i en t i f i c , e c o nomi c , o r demog raph i c s tu d ie s ; comp i l ing l o c a l , S t a t e ,

9 1

an d F ed e ra l l aw s p er t a in ing to t h e c o a s t a l reg i o n ; and en cor u agin gcommun i ty and c i t i z e n invo lv emen t in th e p l ann ing p ro c e s s .E ffe c t i v e c o a s t a l zo n e manag emen t dep end s on und e rs t and ing t h e

p hy s i ca l an d b i o l og i ca l p ro c e s s e s i n co a s t a l wa t e r s and l and ar ea s ,an d on dev e l o p ing t e chn iq u e s fo r p red i c t i ng and c on t ro l l ingpo l l u t i o n and sho re e ro s io n . S ea G ran t s c i en t i s t s a r e c o n t r ib u t ing t oth i s und er s t and ing and d ev e lo pmen t t h ro ugh th e i r s t ud i e s o fe c o s y s t em s , po l lu t i o n , co a s t a l e ng in ee r ing , and env i ronmen t a lmod e l ing .

Ed u cation

Th e S ea G ran t P rog ram recog n iz e s t ha t a sk i l l e d c ad re o f marin es c i en t i s t s and t e chn i c i a n sis e s s en t i a l t o t h e d ev e l o pmen t , u s e , andmanag ement o f marin e re so u rc e s . Educa t i o n , t hu s , i s an in t eg ra l pa rto f t h e Na t i o na l S ea G ran t P rog ram , and a c o l l eg e o r un iv e rs i t y mu s to ffer marin e S c i en c e c o u rs e s t o q ua l i fy fo r in s t i t u t io n a l s upp o r t .Educa t i on a l p ro j e c t s o f S ea G ran t in s t i t u t i o n s co v e r a b ro ad rang e:

d ev e l op ing g radua t e a nd und e rg ra dua t e c o u r s e s and cu rr i cu l a inma r in e fi e l d s , t ra in ing ma rin e t e chn i c i an s , and p r ep ar ingedu ca t i on a l ma t e r i a l s o n t h e ma ri n e env i ro nmen t fo r s t ud en t s fromk ind e rg a rt en t h ro ugh h igh s cho o l .When th e Na t i o na l S ea G ran t P rog ram b eg an , mar in e indu s t r i e s

we re exp e c t ed t o g row rap id l y , p ro du c ing a l a rg e d emand fo r t ra in edmanpowe r . S ea G ran t s t imu l a t e d t h e c re a t i o n o f g radua t e p rog ramsin o c ean eng in e e r ing , l aw , e co nom ic s , and ma r in e a ffa i r s , suppo rt edth e imp rov emen t o f ex i s t i ng p rog rams in ma rin e d i s c ip l in e s andin s t i t u t ed o r augmen t e d a numb e r o f ma ri n e-t e chn i c i an t r a in ingp rog rams . Howev e r , ma rin e i ndu s t r i e s h av e no t g rown eno ugh inrec en t y ea r s t o ab s o rb a l l t h e qua l i f i ed g radu a t e s o f t h e a cad emi c andt e chn i c ian t r a in ing p rog ram s . Educa t io na l e ffo r t s h ave , t h e r e fo r e ,b een redu c ed un t i l a n ew ne ed fo r ex pan s io n b e come s app a ren t . I nmany ca s e s , S t a t e s o r c oun t i e s have t ak en ov e r supp o r t o f th e s ep rog rams . S e a G ran t nowis s upp o r t ing t h e d ev e lopmen t o f 7 1co l l eg e-l ev e l co u rs e s a t 24 i n s t i t u t i o n s .

M ar in e Adv i sor y Ser v ices

T he p eop l e -t o -p eop le empha s i s o f S e a G ran t i s s t rong e s t i n i t sma r in e adv i s o ry s e rv i c e s . Exp e r i e nc ed ag en t s , u sua l ly from S eaG ran t in s t i t u t i on s , aid mar in e in du s t r i e s and bu s in e s s e s , a s we l l a sS t a t e and l o c a l g ov e rnmen t s , in d e v e l op ing and u s ing ma r in ere s o u rc e s wi s e ly . Mar in e-adv i s o ry s e rv i c e s , mar in e re s e archp rog rams , and edu c a t i o na l act iv i t i e s , c o n s t i t u t e th e th re e e s s en t i a le l emen t s o f a S ea G ran t co l l eg e o r in s t i t u t iona l p rog ram .

S ea G ran t adv i s o ry s e rv i ce s h av e ex i s t ed s inc e t h e p rog ram b eg an

92

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P re s en t and fu tu re s t ud i e s wi l l exp l o r e p o s s ib l e av enu e s fo rex p and ing t h e S e a G ran t con c ep t t o p romo t e t e chn i ca l ex chang e swi t h i n t e r e s t ed fo re ig n na t i o n s , ex ch ang e s th a t wou l d b en e fi t b o t hth e Un i t ed S t a t e s and t h e o th e r p a r t i c ip a t ing c o un t r i e s . Ano th er S eaG ran t g oa lis t o supp o r t a s e r i e s o f innova t i v e p ro j e c t s d i re c t edt owa rd s o l v i ng u rg en t r eg i o n a l a nd na t i on a l p rob l ems . S uch p ro j e c t sc o u l d b e p erfo rmed by indu s t ry o r by memb er s o f th e S ea Gran tn e two rk as adj un c t s t o t h e i r r egu la r p rog rams .

Maj o r e ffo rt s , t h e N a t i o n a l S ea G ran t P rog ram i s co n s id e r i ng fo rsupp o r t in fu t u re y ea rs in c lud e

( 1)C o op era t i v e p rog rams wi t h i ndu s t ry t o d ev e lo p n ew tech niq u e s fo r aq ua cu l t u re o f Ma l ay s ia n p rawn s and Ameri c an l ob s t e r san d t o c ondu c t p i l o t-s ca l e t e s t s in p riv a t e ly owned fa c i l i t i e s

(2)D e s ign o f p ro c e s s e s and eq u ipmen t fo r t re a t ing s o l i d wa s t ean d l i q u i d effl u en t s o f s ea foo d p ro c e s s ing a t sea and a sho re , an d fo rrec o v e ring u s e fu l p ro du ct s from th e wa s t e s

( 3)D ev e l opmen t o f n ew low-c o s t b reakwa t e r s fo r p ro t e c t ingb ea ch e s and co a s t a l an d O ffs ho r e s t ru c t u re s

(4)C on t inu ed a s s i s t an c e , th ro ug h S ea G ran t in s t i t u t i o n s , t o th ed ev e l opment o f S t a t e c o a s t a l zon e an d e s tu a r in e man ag emen t p l an s ,an d in s o lv ing s u ch sp e c i fi c l o c a l p rob l em s as p ower p lan t s i t ing

( 5)D ev e l opmen t o f t he t ra in ing p ro g rams n e ed ed t o p ro du c eeng i n e er s a nd t echn ic i an s sk i l l ed in d ea l ing w i t h en e rgy -r e l a t edenv i ronmen t a l p ro t e c t i o n p rob l ems , in c lud i ng op era t ing o ffsho reen e rgy fa c i l i t i e s and c l ean ing up o i l p o l l u t i o n

Tab l e B -1 l i s t s t h e S ea G ran t s . Tab l e B -2 l i s t s th e exp end i t ur e s byt op i c , and Tab l e B -3 l i s t s t h em by i n s t i tu t i o n and S t a t e .

Tab l e B -1 .— Sea G ran t s

N um b e r o f g ra n t s

T y p e o f g ra n to o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Tab le B -2 .— E xp en d i tu r es by M ajor T op i c an d F i s cal Y ear

[ t h o u s a n d s o f d o l l a r s!FY 1 9 74

Top i c ( a c t u a l)Ma r i n e re s o u rc e s d ev e l o pm en tM a r i n e s o c i o e co n om i c a n d l eg a l re s e a r c hMa r i n e t e c h no l og y re s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o pm e n tM a r i n e e n v i ro nm e n t a l r e s e a rc hMa r in e e d u c a t i o n a n d t ra i n i ngMa r i n e a d v i s o ry s e rv i c e sP rog ram m a n ag em e n t

TOTAL

FY 1 9 7 5 FY 1 9 7 6

( e s t im a t e d)( e s t im a t e)Tab l e B -3 .

— S ea G ran t Exp end i tu re s by S tate an dI n s t i tu t ion for F i s cal Y ear 1 9 7 5

( t h o u s a n d s o f d o l l a r s)I n s t i t u t i o nU n i v e r s i t y o f A l a s k a

C a l i fo rn i a C a l i fo r n i a I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l og yH um b o l d t S t a t e U n i v e r s i t yU n i v e rs i t y o f C a l i fo rn i aU n i v e rs i t y o f C a l i fo r n i a , San D i eg oU n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e rn C a l i fo r n i aS t a n fo rd U n i v e r s i t y

C on n e c t i c u t U n i v e rs i t y o f C o n n e c t i c u t

D e l awa re U n i v e rs i t y o f D e l awa re

F l o r i d a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y S y s t em o f F l o r i d aU n i v e rs i t y o f M i am i

G eo rg i a U n i v e rs i t y o f G eo rg i a

H awa i i O c ea n i c F o u nd a t i o nU n i v e r s i t y o f H aw a i i

L o u i s i a n a L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r sit y

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co un t t o 1 0 . The s e wi l l b e r e t u rn ed t o s e rv i ce when s u ffi c i en t fund sa re av a i lab l e . A n ew USCG Sh ip , Po lar S tar , wil l en t e r s e rv i c e du ring!in t e rim fi s ca l y ea r 1 9 7 6 , r e s t o r i ng t h e c o un t o f USCG Sh ip s t o 7 .

Supp o rt fo r th e 30 sh ip s o f th e a cad emi c fl e e t may fa l l Sho rt o f th ep ro j ec t e d mi l l i o n n e eded fo r ful l o p era t i on in f i s c a l y ea r 7 6 .

Thi s i s l ik e ly t o r e su l t i n sh or t t e rm l ayup s ( 3 t o 6 mon th s)o f s ev e ra lmaj o r sh ip s .

Th e co un t o f Sh ip s emp l oy e d b y t h e USGS ha s b e en mod if i edre t ro a c t iv e ly t o in c l ud e a sma l l v e s s e l n o t p rev io u s ly coun ted ,

Po laris . Thi s r ep o r t a l s o in c l ud e s , fo r th e f i r s t t ime , s ev e ra l sma l lv e s s e l s emp loy ed by ERDA in ma r i n e p rog rams .

A S no t ed l a s t y ea r , t h e t e rm p erman en t l y o u t o f s e rv i c e (P 0 8)ind e s ig na t i on o f op e ra t i o n a l s t a t u s mean s th a t a sh i p h a s been

remov ed from th e ro s t e r o f F ede ra l -ag en cy-s upp o r t ed sh ip s ,th o ugh i t may con t inue t o op e ra t e und e r o th e r au sp i c e s .

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APPEND I X D — A SELEC T ION OF LAWSAFFEC T ING OC EAN AC T IV IT IES ; 9 3 r d

C ONGRESS

P L . 9 3 -242 O ffsho r e S hrimp F i s h e r i e s Ac t of 1 9 7 3— j anu a ry

(H R . 8 5 29)Th i s a c t imp l ement s t h e 1 9 72 Uni t ed S t a t e s -B ra zi l s h r imp -fi s h ing

ag r e emen t by e s t ab l i sh ing a p ermi t sy s t em fo r a s p e c i fi ed numb er o fUS . sh r imp -f i sh ing v e s s e l s t o op e ra t e in B raz i l i an wa t e r s andp en a l t i e s fo r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e t e rms o f t h e ag re emen t .

P L . 9 3-248 I n t e rv en t i o n o n th e H igh S e a s A c t — F eb ru a ry (8 .

1 0 7 0)Th i s a c t imp l emen t s t h e I n t e rna t i o n a l C o nv en t i o n R e la t i ng t o

I n t e rv en t io n on th e H igh S ea s in C a s e s o f O i l P o l lu t i o n C a sual t i e s ,1 9 69 . I n t h e ev en t o f an ac t u a l o r p o t en t i a l ma r in e c a s u a l ty t h a tth r ea t en s t h e US . co a s t l in e wi t h p o l l u t i on b y o i l , t h e S e c re t ary o fT ran sp o rt a t io n i s au t ho r i z ed t o t ak e mea su re s o n t h e h igh s e a s , ina c co rdan c e wi t h t h e co nv en t io n , t o mi t ig a t e , p r ev en t , o r e l imin a t eth a t d ang e r .

P L . 9 3 -25 4 Amendmen t t o t h e Ma rin e P ro t e c t i o n , Re s ea rch , andS an c t u a ri e s A c t o f 1 9 7 2 March 22 , 1 9 7 4 (H R . 5 4 5 0)Th i s a c t amend s th e Marin e P ro t e c t io n , R es e a rch , and S an c t ua r i e s

A c t o f 1 9 7 2 t o mak e t h e l eg i s l a t i o n fu l ly co n s i s t en t wi th th ep rov i s i on s o f t h e 1 9 7 2 C onv en t i on on t h e P rev en t i on o f M ar in eP o l lu t i on by D ump ing o f W as t e s and O t h e r Ma t t e r .P L . 9 3 -322 Sp e c ia l En e rgy R e s ea rch and D ev e l opmen t A c t of 1 9 74j un e 30 , 1 9 74 (H R . 1 4434)Th i s a c t ap p rop r i a t ed fund s fo r en ergy re s ea rch an d d ev e lo pmen t

a c t i v i t i e s fo r th e fi s ca l y ea r end ing j un e 30 , 1 9 7 5 . NOAA wa sau tho ri zed an app rop ri a t i o n o f m i l l i o n t o re a c t i v a t e , e q u ip , andop e ra t e t h ree o c eanog raph i c re s ea rch v e s s e l s fo r t h e pu rpo s e o fco ndu c t ing env i ronment a l a s s e s sment s o f c o a s t a l a r ea s p ro p o s ed fo rp o s s ib l e o i l an d gas d ev e l opmen t .

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P .L . 9 3-5 7 7 F ede ra l Nonnuc l ea r Na t i ona l R e s e a rch an d D ev e lo pmen tEn ergy P o l i cy A c t— D e c emb er 3 1 , 1 9 7 4 (S . 1 283)Th i s l eg i s l a t i on p rov i d e s fund ing t o t h e nonnu c l ea r p o rt i o n o f

ERDA ov e r a 1 0 -y ea r p e r i o d , emph a s i z ing e n e rgy c on s e rv a t i on ,

env i ronmen t a l p ro t e c t i o n , an d dev e l opmen t o f r en ewab l e en e rgy

r e s ou rc e s .

P .L . 9 3-6 1 2 Amendmen t t o th e Co a s t a l Zon e Manag emen t Ac t o f1 9 7 2— j anua ry 2 , 1 9 7 5 (H R . 1 62 1 5)I n r e cog n i t i o n o f sp e c i a l S t a t e n e ed s in v i ew o f p ro s p e c t iv e

o ff sh o re p e t ro l eum-dev e l opment a c t i v i ty , t h e ac t in c r ea s e s th e

amoun t o f fund s ava i l ab l e fo r p rog ram-d ev e lopmen t g ran t s t o th eS t a t e s from $ 9 t o $ 1 2 mil l i o n in f i s c a l y ea r 1 9 7 5 . The a c t a l so ex t end sth e au tho ri za t i on fo r t h e e s tu a r i n e s an c t ua ry p rog ram to fi s ca l y ea r1 9 7 7 t o co n fo rm t o t h e o t h e r t i t l e s o f t h e C o a s t a l Z on e Manag emen tA c t and p rov i d e s two ne ed ed t e chn i c a l amendmen t s co rr e c t ingp rob l ems c re a t ed by p erc en t ag e l imi t a t i on s o n g ran t s t o t h e S t a t e s .

P .L . 9 3 —62 7 D e epwat er P or t A c t o f 1 9 74 — j anua ry 3 , 1 9 7 5 (H R .

1 0 7 0 1)Th i s a c t a u th o r i z e s , among o t h er t h ing s , a F ed era l l i c e n s ing and

regu la t o ry p rog ram fo r c o n s t ru c t i o n an d O p e ra t i on o f d e ep -wat e rp o rt s b eyo nd U .S . t e rr i t o r i a l wa t e r s wit h s p e c i fi c p rov i s i on b e ingmad e fo r p ro t e c t i ng t h e mar in e an d co a s t a l env i ro nmen t t o p r ev en to r min imi z e adv e r s e impact s from su ch p o r t s . Th e S ec re t a ry o fT ran sp o r t a t io n , in con s u l t a t i o n w i t h NOAA and o th e r F ed e ra lag en c i e s ( und er c e rt a in p ro v i s i on s), wi l l admin i s t e r t h e a c t .I n add i t i o n t o th e ab ov e l eg i s l a t i o n , t h e S en a t e p a s s ed th e

fo l l ow ing r e s o lu t i o n:

S . R es . 222 Na t i o n a l O c e an P o l i cy S tu dy — F eb ruary 1 9 , 1 9 74

Th i s re so lu t i o n au th o r i z e s t h e S en a t e C ommerce C ommi t t e e t ound e r tak e a c omp rehen s i v e ana ly s i s o f n a t i o na l o c ean p o l i cy andF ed era l o c ean p ro grams . Wi th ou t Sp ec i fi c t ime l imi t a t i o n , th e s t u dywi l l b e invo l v ed in a b roa d rang e o f o c ean i s su es , su ch as o c e anen e rgy d ev el o pmen t

,fi sh e ri e s , c o a s t a l zo n e l an d a nd wa t e r u s e

manag emen t , o c ean p o l l u t i on , b ea ch acc e s s an d p ro t e c t i o n ,

t ran spo rt a t i on,F ed e ra l o rgan i za t i on and budg et s , o c ean min e ra l s ,

and o c ean ic e du ca t i o n and re c re a t i on .

Th e effo r t s o f t h e N at i on a l O c ean P o l i cy S t udy wi l l b e g ea r ed t oa c t i on , bo th in g en era t ing n ew l eg i s l a t i on and in in fl u en c ing

1 06

ex ecu t iv e b ran ch d ec i s i o n s . Th i s w i l l b e a cc omp l i sh ed wi th sp e c i a lrep o r t s on sp e ci fi c s ub j e c t s , a c c omp an i ed by p ropo s ed l eg i s l a t i on , i fapp rop ri a t e . O t h e r p ub l i c a t i on s wi l l b e i s s u ed by th e s t udy g ro up ,

an d t h ey wi l l b e t imed t o b e effe c t i v e in th e p o l i cy fo rmul a t i onp ro ce s s w i th in t h e C ong r ess .

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U.S. G O VER N M EN T PR IN TIN G O FF IC E 1 9 7 7 0 - 226-8 1 7