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FOREWORD

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 DISTRICT AND PEOPLE 1

1.1 DISTRICT GEOGRAPHIC SETTING 1

1.1.1 Location and Size 11.1.2 1.1.2 Size 1

1.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 1

1.2.1 Governance 11.2.2 Communications and Linkages 1

1.3 DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES 5

1.3.1 Topography 51.3.2 Geomorphology 51.3.3 Hydrology 51.3.4 Climate 61.3.5 Natural Resources 6

1.4 DISTRICT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 7

1.4.1 Culture 71.4.2 Population characteristics 71.4.3 Population Distribution & Density 81.4.4 Settlement Pattern 81.4.5 Migration 81.4.6 Age Sex Structure 91.4.7 Employment and Unemployment 111.4.8 District HIV/AIDS Status 11

1.5 DISTRICT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 11

1.5.1 Major Economic Developments 111.5.2 Major Infrastructure Development 12

1.6 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 13

1.6.1 Waste Disposal and Littering 131.6.2 Extraction of Sand and Gravel 131.6.3 Sanitation Facilities 131.6.4 Fuel Wood 131.6.5 Overgrazing 13

2 REVIEW OF DDP 5 AND LONGTERM DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL 14

2.1 INTRODUCTION 14

2.2 ARCHIEVEMENTS/OPPORTUNITIES 14

2.2.1 Major Infrastructural Developments 142.2.2 Social 152.2.3 Economic 172.2.4 Environmental 172.2.5 Institutional 18

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2.3 CONSTRAINTS/CHALLENGES IN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 5 18

2.3.1 Social 182.3.2 Economic 192.3.3 Environmental 192.3.4 Institutional 19

2.4 LONG TERM POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS 19

2.4.1 Physical Development Plans in the District 192.4.2 Development Progress and Long-Term Prospects 202.4.3 Development Potential 212.4.4 Development Constraints 212.4.5 Prospects for Long Term Growth 22

2.5 LINKS TO NDP 9 THEME 22

3 DDP6 DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 23

3.1 PLANNING FRAMEWORK 23

3.1.1 Alignment to Vision 2016 233.1.2 National Environmental Key Issues 243.1.3 Strategic Plan – Ministry of Local Government 263.1.4 Long Term District Plans 263.1.5 Respective Long Term District Plans 29

3.2 DDP6 OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 29

3.2.1 Summary of Key Issues from the consultation 293.2.2 DDP6 Development Goals 303.2.3 DDP6 Environmental Goals and Objectives 313.2.4 Framework for Monitoring Sector Goals and Objectives 313.2.5 Framework for Monitoring Environmental Goals and Objectives 31

3.3 FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 32

4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 33

4.1 INTRODUCTION 33

4.1.1 Institutional framework 334.1.2 Strategic Plans 334.1.3 Environmental Conservation Consultation Priorities 34

4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 36

4.2.1 National Conservation Policy 364.2.2 Waste Management Act (1998) 364.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Draft) 364.2.4 Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Policy 374.2.5 Wetlands Policy 374.2.6 Biodiversity 374.2.7 Climate Change 37

4.3 DDP6 ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 37


4.4.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and Objectives 38

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4.4.2 Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes 39

4.5 PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS 39

4.6 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6 41

4.6.1 Issues and Strengths 414.6.2 Performance Targets For DDP6 414.6.3 Development Budget for DDP 6 414.6.4 Plan Monitoring Programme 41

5 LAND USE PLANNING 42

5.1 INTRODUCTION 42

5.1.1 Institutional Framework 425.1.2 Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Lands and Housing 425.1.3 Land Use Planning Consultation Priorities 43

5.2 LAND USE POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 44

5.2.1 National Settlement Policy 445.2.2 District Settlement Plans 445.2.3 Integrated Land Use Plans 455.2.4 Wildlife Management Plans 45

5.3 LAND USE PLANNING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 46


5.4.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and Objectives 465.4.2 Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes 46

5.5 PROPOSED STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LAND USE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR UDP 2 47

5.6 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP6 47

5.6.1 Issues and Strengths 475.6.2 Performance Targets for DDP 6 485.6.3 Plan Monitoring Program 48

6 SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING 49

6.1 INTRODUCTION 49

6.1.1 Institutional framework 496.1.2 Strategic Plans for respective Ministries 49

6.2 NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION 50

6.2.1 National Settlement Policy 506.2.2 District Settlement Strategy 516.2.3 Physical Development Plans in the District 526.2.4 Town and Country Planning Act 536.2.5 Tribal Land Act 536.2.6 National Housing Policy 546.2.7 Institutional Housing 546.2.8 Self Help Housing Agency 55

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6.2.9 Rural Housing 56

6.3 SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING 56

6.3.1 Settlement Patterns and Morphology 566.3.2 Physical Development Growth 566.3.3 Housing Demand 566.3.4 Housing Supply 576.3.5 General Infrastructure and Services 57

6.4 SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 57



6.6 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6 58

6.6.1 Issues and Strengths 586.6.2 Plan Monitoring Programme 59

7 AGRICULTURE 60

7.1 INTRODUCTION 60

7.1.1 Institutional Framework 607.1.2 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries 617.1.3 Agricultural Consultation Priorities 61


7.2.1 Community Based Strategy for Rural Development 627.2.2 District Settlement Strategy 627.2.3 National Policy on Agricultural Development 637.2.4 Agricultural Resource Act 637.2.5 Animal Breeding Policy 637.2.6 Animal Health Policy 647.2.7 Dairy Farming Policy 647.2.8 Animal Breeding Policy/Artificial Insemination 647.2.9 Animal Health Policy 647.2.10 Fencing Policy 64

7.3 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES 64

7.3.1 Natural Resources Sub-Sector 647.3.2 Crop Production Sector 657.3.3 Horticultural Sub-Sector 657.3.4 Livestock Sub-sector 66

7.4 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 66


7.5.1 Evaluation Of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and Objectives 677.5.2 Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes 67

7.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 68

7.6.1 Crop Production and Forestry Sub Sector 68


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7.7.1 Issues and Strengths for Agriculture 697.7.2 Resource Requirement and Implementation schedule for DDP6 697.7.3 Plan Monitoring Program 69

8 TRADE, INDUSTRY, WILDLIFE AND TOURISM 70

8.1 INTRODUCTION 70

8.1.1 Institutional Framework 708.1.2 Role of the Private Sector 718.1.3 Consultation Priorities 71


8.2.1 National Tourism Policy 728.2.2 Privatisation Policy 728.2.3 Industrial Development Policy 728.2.4 Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act Consumer Protection Act 728.2.5 Consumer Protection Act 728.2.6 National Licensing Act 728.2.7 Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) 738.2.8 Local Procurement Programme 738.2.9 Wildlife conservation (Hunting and Licensing) Regulations 2001 738.2.10 Ostrich Management Plan Policy of 1994 73

8.3 TRADE AND INDUSTRY 73

8.3.1 Financial Assistance Policy 738.3.2 Citizen Entrepreneur Development Agency (CEDA) 748.3.3 Local Procurement Programme 748.3.4 Tourism 748.3.5 Wildlife 758.3.6 Wildlife farming 75

8.4 TRADE, INDUSTRY, WILDLIFE AND TOURISM SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 76



8.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE TRADE, INDUSTRY, TOURISM AND WILDLIFE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 80

8.6.1 Proposed Projects 808.6.2 Mitigation measures 81


8.7.1 Issues and strengths for Trade and Industry 818.7.2 Plan Monitoring Programme 81

9 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 82

9.1 INTRODUCTION 82

9.1.1 Institutional Framework 829.1.2 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries 829.1.3 Role of the Private Sector 83

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9.1.4 Consultation Priorities 83


9.2.1 Revised National Policy on Education 839.2.2 Policy on Tertiary Education 84

9.3 EDUCATION 84

9.4 EDUCATION AND TRAINING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 89


9.5.1 Evaluation of environmental Key Issues with sector goals and objectives 899.5.2 Evaluation of sector policies and programmes 90

9.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE EDUCATION AND TRAINING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 91

9.6.1 Proposed Projects 91


9.7.1 Issues and Strengths 949.7.2 Plan Monitoring 94

10 HEALTH 95

10.1 INTRODUCTION 95

10.1.1 Institutional Framework 9510.1.2 Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Health 9610.1.3 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries 9610.1.4 Role of the Private Sector 9610.1.5 Health Consultation Priorities 97


10.2.1 National Policy on HIV/AIDS 9710.2.2 National Health Policy 9710.2.3Waste Management Act 9810.2.4 Public Health Act 98

10.3 HEALTH 98

10.3.1 Hospital Services 9810.3.2 District Health Delivery System 9810.3.3 Primary Health Care 9910.3.4 Control Measures for Pandemic Diseases 100

10.4 HEALTH SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 103


10.5.1 Evaluation Of Environmental Key Issues With Sector Goals and Objectives 10610.5.2 Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes 106

10.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE HEALTH SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 107



10.7.1 Issues and Strengths of the Health Sector 10910.7.2 Plan Monitoring Programme 109

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11 LABOUR AND HOME AFFAIRS 110


11.1.1 Institutional Framework 11011.1.2 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries 110


11.2.1Women and Development Policy 11111.2.2 Youth Policy 11111.2.3 National Library Act 11111.2.4 Births and Deaths 11111.2.5 National Registration Act 11111.2.6Marriages Act 112

11.3 LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 112

11.3.1 Information and Broadcasting 11211.3.2 Sports and Recreation 11211.3.3 Social and Community Development 11211.3.4 Youth 11211.3.5 Botswana National Library Service 11311.3.6 Immigration 11311.3.7 National and Civil Registration 11311.3.8 Labour 114

11.4 LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 114

11.4.1 Labour, Culture and Social Services Sector Goals and Objectives 114


11.5.1 Evaluation of environmental key issues with sector goals and objectives 11411.5.2 Evaluation of sector policies and programmes 115

11.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 115



11.7.1 Issues and Strengths 11511.7.2 Plan Monitoring Programme 116

12 MINERALS, ENERGY AND WATER 117


12.1.1 Institutional Framework 11712.1.2 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Affairs 11812.1.3 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Land, Housing and Environment 11812.1.4 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Local Government 11812.1.5 The role of the Private Sector 118


12.2.1Mineral Sector 11912.2.2 Energy Sector 11912.2.3Water Sector 119

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12.3 MINING, ENERGY AND WATER 120

12.3.1Mining Sector 12012.3.2 Energy Sector 12012.3.3Water Sector 121

12.4 MINERALS, ENERGY AND WATER SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 124

12.4.1 Sector Goals and Objective 124


12.5.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and Objectives 127

12.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 128

12.6.1 Proposed Projects for Council Water and Sewerage Services - South East District Council 128

12.6.2 Proposed Projects for Water Affairs Department 129


12.7.1 Issues and Strengths 13012.7.2 Performance Targets 13012.7.3 Plan Monitoring Program 130

13 WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS 131


13.1.1 Institutional Framework 13113.1.2 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries 13113.1.3Ministry of Local Government 13213.1.4Works Sector 13213.1.5 Transport Sector 13213.1.6 Communications Sector 132


13.2.1 Road Traffic Act 13313.2.2 Transport and Safety Policy 13313.2.3 Telecommunications Policy 13313.2.4 Civil Aviation Policy 13313.2.5Works Policy 13313.2.6Meteorological Services Policy 13413.2.7 Postal Services Act 134

13.3 WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS 134

13.3.1 Primary and Secondary Roads 13413.3.2 Telecommunications 13413.3.3Meteorological Services 13413.3.4 Postal Services 13413.3.5 Department of Road Transport and Safety 135

13.4 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 135


13.5.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and objectives 135

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13.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 136


13.7.1 Issues and Strengths 137

14 LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITY 138


14.1.1 Institutional Framework 13814.1.2 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries 138


14.2.1 Botswana Police Act 13914.2.2 Chieftainship Act 13914.2.3 Customary Court Procedure 14014.2.4 Local Police Act 14014.2.5Magistrate Courts 14014.2.6 Prisons Act 14014.2.7 Immigration Act 14014.2.8 Broadcasting Act 14014.2.9 Information Media – Policy Directive (1969) 140

14.3 LAW JUSTICE AND SECURITY 141

14.3.1 Customary Law and Courts 14114.3.2 Police 14114.3.3 Immigration 14114.3.4 Fire Services 14114.3.5 Information and Broadcasting 142

14.4 LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 142



14.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LAW JUSTICE AND SECURITY SECTOR, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 144



14.7.1 Issues and Strengths for Law, Justice and Security 14514.7.2 Plan Monitoring Programme 145

15 LOCAL GOVERNMENT 146


15.1.1 Vision 2016 14615.1.2 Institutional Framework 14615.1.3 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries 14715.1.4 Role of the Private Sector 14815.1.5 Local Government Consultation Priorities 148

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15.2.1 District Administration 14915.2.2 Tribal Administration 15015.2.3 District Council 15015.2.4Waste Management Act 15015.2.5 Public Health Act 15115.2.6 District Council Water Supply and Sewerage 15115.2.7 District Roads 15115.2.8 Township and District 15115.2.9 Revised National Policy on Education 15115.2.10 Social Welfare 15215.2.11 Rural Development Policy and Community Based Strategy 15315.2.12 Land Boards 153

15.3 LOCAL GOVERNMENT 153

15.3.1 District Administration 15315.3.2 Tribal Administrations (Balete and Batlokwa) 15415.3.3 Council 15515.3.4 Land Boards (Malete and Tlokweng) 165

15.4 LOCAL GOVERNMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 166

15.5 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES169

15.5.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals 16915.5.2 Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes 169

15.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 170

15.6.1 Proposed Projects 17015.6.2 Plan Monitoring Programme 170

16 CONTINGENCY PLANNING 171


16.1.1 Institutional Framework 17116.1.2 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Local G overnment 17116.1.3 Drought and Food Relief Management 17216.1.4 Disaster Relief Sector Priorities 172


16.2.1 National Disaster Management Plan 17216.2.2 National Food Security Strategy 172

16.3 CONTINGENCY PLANS 173


16.5 PROPOSED PROJECTS 173


16.6.1 Issues and Strengths for Water Sector 174

17 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION 175

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17.1.1 The Institutional Framework 17517.1.2 Plan Management 175

17.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES 175

17.3 FINANCIAL AND PERSONNEL CONSTRAINTS 176

17.4 Proposed Plan Monitoring Activities During DDP6 176

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: LIST OF REFERENCES 177

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Population Projections 8Table 1.2: Population distributions by Age, Sex and Percentage 9Table 1.3: Population and Economic Activity in the District 11Table 1.4: Number of People Employed Per Sector in 2001 12Table 2.1: Primary Education Achievements and Backlog 16Table 3.1: Overall DDP6 Development Goals and Objectives 30Table 3.2: DDP6 Environmental Goals and Objectives 31Table 4.1: DDP6 Environmental Goals and Objectives 38Table 4.2: Proposed Projects 39Table 5.1: Land Use Planning Sector goals and Objectives 46Table 5.2: Proposed Projects 47Table 5.3: Issues and Strengths 47Table 5.4: Performance Targets for DDP6 48Table 6.1: District Settlement Hierarchy 50Table 6.2 Activities Carried Out in the District 52Table 6.3: Settlement and Housing Sector Goals and Objectives 57Table 6.4: Issues and Strengths 58Table 7.1: Agriculture Sector Goals and Objectives 66Table 7.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 68Table 7.3: Issues and Strengths for Agriculture 69Table 7.4: Resource Requirements and Implementation Schedule for DDP6 69Table 8.1: Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism Sector Goals and Objectives 76Table 8.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 80Table 8.3: Issues and Strengths for Trade and Industry 81Table 9.1: Secondary Schools 85Table 9.2: Learners and Establishment as per Area of Operation in 2001 86Table 9.3: Tswelelopele Brigade Centre Enrolment 87Table 9.4: Tlokweng Brigade Centre Enrolment 88Table 9.5: Enrolment at Tlokweng College of Education 88Table 9.6: Education and Training Sector Goals and Objectives 89Table 9.7: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 91Table 9.8: Issues and Strengths for Education Sector 94Table 10.1: Existing Health Facilities 99Table 10.2: Health Statistics – South East 100Table 10.3: HIV/AIDS Tested Individuals By Age And Sex – 2001 100Table 10.4: Tuberculosis Statistics 101

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Table 10.5: Health Sector Goals and Objectives 103Table 10.6: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 107Table 10.7: Issues and Strengths for Health Sector 109Table 11.1: Labour, Culture and Social Welfare Sector Goals 114Table 11.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 115Table 11.3: Issues and Strengths for Labour, Culture and Social Welfare 115Table 12.1: Population Projection (source CSO) 122Table 12.2: Minerals, Energy and Water Sector Goals 124Table 12.3: Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and Objectives127Table 12.4: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 128Table 13.1: Transport and Communications Sector Goals and Objectives 135Table 13.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 136Table 14.1: Law, Justice and Security Sector Goals and Objectives 142Table 14.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 144Table 14.3: Issues and Strengths for Law, Justice and Security 145Table15.1: District Administration as March 2003 154Table 15.2: District Council as March 2002 156Table 15.3 Primary Education Achievements and Backlog 158Table 15.4: Land Boards 165Table 15.5: Local Government Sector Goals and Objectives 166

LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS

Map 1.1: Location Map - South East 3Map 1.2: Administration Boundary - South East 4Figure 1.1: Age- Sex Population Pyramid Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

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CHAPTER 1

1 DISTRICT AND PEOPLE

1.1 DISTRICT GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

1.1.1 Location and Size

The South East District is one of the smallest of Botswana’s 14 Districts. It is bound to the southwest by the Southern District, to the northwest by the Kweneng District and in the north by the Kgatleng District. The entire eastern part of the district borders with South Africa.

The geographic setting of the South East District is different from other Districts in the sense that it is mid way between the fastest growing cities in Africa namely Gaborone and Lobatse Town. These urban areas restrict the growth of the District as they from time to time encroach within its administrative boundaries. There are administrative problems among the three authorities as could be demonstrated by Kgale view site which is property of the South East District and is now indicated as part of the Greater Gaborone in the Gaborone Structural Plan.

1.1.2 Size

South East District occupies an area of around 1 492km2 in the southern region of Botswana. Only a little more than one half of the total land is tribal land. The Batlokwa tribal area covers 215km2, while the Bamalete tribal area covers 670km2. The remaining land is divided between freehold farms and state land.

1.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

1.2.1 Governance

The institutional arrangement in the district is that specific institution is charged with the responsibility of providing and maintaining the facility/ service whether it is based at central government level or district level. For instance, main roads fall under Roads Department of the Ministry of Works and Transport, telephones fall under Botswana Telecommunications, postal services fall under Botswana Postal Services for post offices and VDC for postal agencies, and railways fall under Botswana Railways. This means that most of the planning implementation and maintenance of these services are done from central level. Council has responsibility over district and local roads within settlements.

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1.2.2 Communications and Linkages

South East has a relatively well-developed infrastructure network since most of the major villages are connected by relatively good bitumen standard roads and various telecommunications network.

The District is linked to Gaborone and Lobatse by bitumen standard roads which make these areas easily accessible to inhabitants. It is for this reason that a large percentage of the working population commutes daily to Gaborone from either Gaborone or Tlokweng. Tlokweng’s proximity to Gaborone and good communication links especially roads have had the effect of stimulating developments in Tlokweng.

Internationally, the District has direct road links with South Africa through Tlokweng Border Gate, Pioneer Border Gate and Ramotswa Border Gate. These provide suitable means of road communication between the two countries. However, the late opening time (7am) at the Tlokweng Border Gate creates congestion in the morning. Other localities in the District are accessible through a number of gravel roads and tracks.

The railway line passing through the District is the main line that links Botswana to the south with South Africa and Zimbabwe to the northeast. The presence of this facility provides passenger and freight services and further facilitates industrialization in the District.

The District has a total number of six postal facilities of which two are post offices and four are postal agencies. It has however, been noted that the only postal agency at Mogobane Village is not operating well and as a result, the community wishes that the facility should be taken over by the postal services. There is also a high deficiency of public phones in Mogobane Village.

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Map 1.1: Location Map - South East

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Map 1.2: Administration Boundary - South East

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1.3 DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

1.3.1 Topography

The main landforms found in the District are hills and escarpments, which are the remains of higher land surfaces now isolated by numerous rivers. The highest point recorded is the Nywane-Peleng watershed, which also marks the highest point in the country. Several other high hills are found throughout the district.

Three main drainages are found in the south-central part of the District. These drainages are the Peleng, Taung and Nywane rivers respectively. All these rivers flow into Notwane River which also forms the district and international boundary with South Africa.

1.3.2 Geomorphology

Pre-Kalahari geology consists of bedrock units between 150 and 3 000+ million years old. They are extensively covered by younger surficial deposits comprising of soils, sands and cretes. Bedrock units contain most of the potential aquifers and ore deposits. These are exposed over most of the District, directly determining the nature of the surfaced geology and soils.

The underlying bedrock of South East District consists of a number of different geological groups, particularly granites, igneous formations and dolomite limestones. Those areas exhibiting granite bedrock are generally the flatter landscapes, which include some of the best soils in the region. This rock is by far the oldest in south eastern Botswana and is among the oldest in the world, at 2.5 billion years. This bedrock is overlain to varying depths with weathered materials and is found in the northeastern section of the District, particularly in the Batlokwa Tribal Area.

Igneous rock formations are the most visible in the District, represented as large isolated hills in the rugged area south and west of Otse. The soils found in these areas are generally poor and very shallow. Even their grazing potential is limited due to the steep inclines associated with this geological group. Its ruggedness and relative inaccessibility, however, makes this area one of the most scenically beautiful in the country.

Dolomite limestones are found in the area around and immediately to the south of Ramotswa as well as in the region of Lobatse. These rocks are overlain to varying depths with sandstones, shales and volcanic rocks which contribute in forming fair to good soils for arable crop production and grazing. This formation of limestone also represents one of the best aquifers in the region. Minerals that were previously mined in the District were copper and manganese.

1.3.3 Hydrology

South East District is characterized by a number of ephemeral rivers. The main rivers are the Segoditshane, Notwane, Maratadibe, Fikeng, Taung, Peleng and Nywane. Most of these rivers experience one or more limited flow events per wet season, though completely dry years have been recorded.

All the above-mentioned rivers are also prone to flash flooding. Apart from physical damage, high river water levels interrupt transport and communications; particularly in areas like Mogobane, Taung and the Ramotswa border post. During heavy rainfall, there is flooding

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leading to severe erosion as the constructed ditches are not wide and deep enough to provide proper runoff.

Even though this rainfall benefits most Batswana, it is sometimes a constraint when there are floods. This is typical of Taung and Notwane rivers whose beds are dry during the dry season. Their level of water exceeds the riverbanks during rainy seasons, thereby flooding nearby land, roads and some other structures nearby. There have been numerous occasions when the portion between Taung bridge and the Railway level crossing become impossible to cross for days due to floods. Whenever this occurs, the Ramotswa village is practically cut from the rest of Botswana while villages in the west of the District cannot communicate directly to their western neighbours in the Kweneng and Southern Districts.

1.3.4 Climate

According to the Report of Survey volume I of the South East District published in 1994, the climate in the District is semi arid with a summer rainfall (October – March) of about 475-525 mm per annum. The experienced rainfall is further described as short high intensity spells and only on few occasions does heavy rain account for the bulk of the annual precipitation.

Although these patterns have been somewhat erratic of late, the District can generally expect well over 500mm of rain in a normal year. Locally, the hilly areas in the south and west of Otse experience slightly heavier rainfall patterns than the rest of the District. This benefits the numerous water schemes in the area, including the Gaborone reservoir.

As in the rest of the country, evaporation mostly occurs between the months of January to April, that is, in the peak of the rainy season. Somehow, large quantities of water are retained in the soil especially during summer. It is mostly humid in the early hours of the morning and evening hours compared to the high evaporation between 1300 and 1600 hours.

Temperatures exhibit high annual and diurnal ranges. Mean maximum temperatures range between 19.6 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius in summer. In winter the temperatures go below zero degrees in the extreme cold winter nights.

The above clearly shows the semi-arid continental climate which is typical for areas at the edge of a desert with little or no maritime influence. Major characteristics of this climate are daily temperature differences where there is intensive heating of air and topographic base during the day and respective cooling during the night.

1.3.5 Natural Resources

1.3.5.1 Wildlife

Unlike some other parts of Botswana, wildlife in the South-East District is scarce, documented information specifies that though a large number of wild animals have been eliminated or displaced by commercial hunting and human settlements, species such as kudu, impala, and warthogs can still be found. It is further propounded that species of large wild animals as those above mentioned can also be found in freehold farms including reintroduced species such as gemsbok, ostriches and hart-beast.

More than 300 bird species have been identified in the District. This group includes most of the water bird species. Some of the larger species are protected Cape vultures at Manyelong which roost on rocky outcrops and escarpments. There are also two small privately owned natural

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reserves in the District namely St. Clairs Lion Park and Mokolodi Nature Reserve where many species of game can be viewed.

1.3.5.2 Water

Though the South East District is noted and envied for its richness in underground water resources, it is worthy of note that the underground water in the Ramotswa planning area has been declared polluted and inconsumable. This problem has affected all the four boreholes which had been supplying Ramotswa.

1.3.5.3 Minerals

Mineral deposits found in the District include: granite, dolomite, carbonates, river sand (used as building materials) and minor deposits of manganese, asbestos, mica, talc and fluorite. Economically viable mining of minerals is limited in the South East District hence there are no large scale open cast or underground mining operations in the District. However, there are three rock quarries that is two at Kgale (granite) and one at Modipe (dolomite). There is also one licensed brick clay mining lease in Ramotswa.

Furthermore, manganese has been mined in the recent past. Documented information indicates that some of the manganese deposits might support small scale exploitation in the future. It is hence worthy of note that licenses which allow prospecting for manganese, lead and zinc have been issued out, such an outlook by investors may lead to further mineral deposits discovery in the district.

1.4 DISTRICT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

1.4.1 Culture

Like it is common among the elderly generations of Batswana countrywide, modern education systems were not always popular among Batswana. Thus a family would prefer that their sons learned to rear livestock, on the other hand it was preferred that daughters should learn household chores such as taking care of babies, cleaning the house and further more learning about ploughing. Of late however, society has transformed, where emphasis has shifted to schooling.

1.4.2 Population characteristics

In the 2001 Population and Housing Census, the population for South East District was 60 623. Out of that figure, 69% lived in the two major villages of Ramotswa (20 680) and Tlokweng (21 133); while three smaller villages shared 16.2% of the District’s population namely, Otse 5 192, Mogobane 2 053 and Taung 2 552. The total population living in villages was 51 610 or 85.2% of the District's population.9 013 or 14.8 % were recorded to be residing at the lands and cattle posts.

Like the national population structure, the South East District Population is very young; -31% of the District's Population or 18 851 were aged between 0 and 14 in 2001. Those aged between 15 and 64 were65 % ( 39 120) while 65+ make up 4% or 2 646 people.

Given the surface area of the district of 1 492 square kilometres and the 2001 population figure of 60 623, it means on average, the population density of the district was 41 persons per square kilometres in 2001.

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As already indicated above, the population density for South East District is highest in the major villages of Ramotswa and Tlokweng. Further worthy of note is that the district population is mostly concentrated on tribal land more than on state land and free hold land which both form a major part of the district.

1.4.3 Population Distribution & Density

It is however worthy of mention that the district is experiencing an influx of Batswana who are migrating from other parts of the country and would like to settle in the southern region of Botswana, the pressure is mainly caused by the peri-urban status of the two major villages in the district.

The results of the 2001 Census show movement of people into and out of the District as follows:

Between August 1990 and August 1991, a total of 3 503 migrated into the South East District from other parts of the country. In the same period, a total of 2 151 people migrated out of South East District to other settlements within the country.

Of the 3 503 who came into the district, 1 079 were reported to have been living in Gaborone the previous year. The total figure for the people who migrated to South East District from urban centres was 1 523 of the total migrants.

In addition 1580 were reported to have been abroad in 2000. The rest of the immigrants came from other settlements in the country. Kweneng District had the highest figure of 586, followed by Southern District with 456. The rest of the population came from other districts in Botswana.

Out of the 2 151 who left South East District, 831 migrated to Gaborone, 55 to Francistown, 110 to Lobatse, 46 to Selebi Phikwe, 18 to Orapa while the number going to Jwaneng and Sowa Town was 32 and 8 respectively.

1.4.4 Settlement Pattern

The population is divided into two tribal groups: Balete and Batlokwa. Accordingly the tribal land is also divided into two, hence there are two main Land Boards. The two tribal lands are separated by freehold farms and are thus isolated from each other both institutionally and spatially. Though the South East District comprises four villages it should be noted that most of the district population is concentrated in Ramotswa and Tlokweng.

1.4.5 Migration

The Central Statistics Office projected that the population of the South East District between 1991 and 2021 will grow as shown in the Table 1.1 below:

Table 1.1: Population ProjectionsLocation Growth Rate

%2001 Estimated Growth

Rate %2006 2009

Ramotswa 1.21 20 680 1.71 22 509 23 684Tlokweng 5.39 21 133 5.891 28 135 33 406Otse 5.27 5 192 5.772 6 873 8 133

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Location Growth Rate %

2001 Estimated Growth Rate %

2006 2009

Mogobane 0.72 2 053 1.219 2 181 2 262Ramotswa Station 5.16 2 552 5.66 3 360 3 903Pop. Villages 3.18 51 610 3.6784 61 826 68 903Pop. Lands, Cattle Post, Freehold Farmers

4.435 9 013 4.935 11 467 13 250

District Population 3.62 60 623 4.12 98 381 131 547 Source: Central Statistics Office & Planners

1.4.6 Age Sex Structure

Overall the population age sex structure in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.1, pyramid show that the population is distributed as follows: age groups 0-14 years has 31% (18 816), 15-64 years has 64%(39 087) and 65+ years has 4% (2 610).

This means that the population is still youthful and the dependency ratio is 1:2 (total population between age groups (0-14 years + 65+years) / (15-64 years age groups). The national population age group structure constitutes 36.7% between 0-14 years, 58.3% between 15-64 years and 5% for 65+ years which is similar to the pattern of the District. Of particular significance to the age structure and pyramid is the fact that the population under 5 years is less than age groups 5-19 years which may be due to adverse effects of HIV/ AIDS or reduced fertility rate as a result of the increase in adoption of family planning measures or a combination of both factors. Also worth of note is the fact that there are more females than males in all age groups particularly in 65+ year’s cohort (60% against 40%) which implies that there is high rate of female headed households.

Table 1.2: Population distributions by Age, Sex and PercentageSex Age Groups Totals

0-14 Years 15-64 Years 65+ Years UnknownFemales

Males

9 431 (50%)

9 381 (50%)

20 503 (52%)

18 584 (48%)

1 557 (60%)

1 053 (40%)

3 (3%)

107 (97%)

31 494 (52%)

29 129 (48%)TOTAL 18 816 (31%) 39 087 (64%) 2 610(4%) 110 (1%)Source: CSO- Population Census 2001

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Figure 1.1: Age- Sex Population Pyramid

Male Female

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1.4.7 Employment and Unemployment

Employment in South East District is not only confined to activities located in the District. The proximity of the District to the urban centres of Gaborone and Lobatse has resulted in a significant number of people in the District commuting to work in those centres every day. In 2001, South East District's economically active population aged 15-64 years constituted 39 087 of the total population. Out of the 39 087 people, there were 18 584 (48%) males and 20 503 (52%) females respectively in the economically active population.

However, the census shows that only 20 481 people were employed while 4 559 people (18%) were unemployed. Out of those employed 18 087 people (88%) were in formal employment and paid in cash. In addition to the above, 1 189 people (5.8%) were self-employed with 8 194employees (4%), 311 people (1.5%) were engaged in unpaid family ventures such as cattle posts or helpers (refer to Table 1.3).

Table 1.3: Population and Economic Activity in the DistrictEmployed Self Employed Unpaid Family

HelperUnpaid Worked in Own Lands/ Cattle post

Economic Activity Unknown

TotalPaid in Cash

Paid in Kind

Without Employees

With Employees

18087(88%)

64(0.3%)

11895 (5.8%) 819(4%) 72(0.4%) 239(11.7%) 11(0.1%) 20481(100%)

Source: CSO- Population Census 2001

1.4.8 District HIV/AIDS Status

According to the findings of a study conducted in the South East District in 1999 and entitled “ HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH EAST DISTRICT: SITUATION AND RESPONSES ANALYSIS”, HIV/AIDS in the district affects all people of all categories. The groups who were found to be most vulnerable include; youth, women, men and farm workers. The major determining factors found to encourage the spread of the disease were found to be: lack of condom use, unequal power relations between men and women and myths and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS.

1.5 DISTRICT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1.5.1 Major Economic Developments

Currently the District’s major economic activities are public administration, livestock farming and particularly commercial and industrial developments which are concentrated in Ramotswa, Tlokweng, Kgale and Taung. As for arable farming the amount of land ploughed as well as the yield has been declining over the years.

Out of 20 481 people employed in the district, public administration had the highest proportion with 3 134employees (15.3%) followed by manufacturing with 2 921 employees (14.3%), construction with 2 801 employees (13.7%), wholesale, retail with 2 302 employees (11.2%) education with 2 118 employees (10.3%) and agriculture/ hunting/ forestry with 1 417 employees (6.9%) on the six place respectively. (Refer to Table 1.4).

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Table 1.4: Number of People Employed Per Sector in 2001Sector Total Employed Percentage EmployedAgriculture, Hunting And Forestry 1 417 6.9%Fishing 1 0%Mining And Quarrying 104 0.5%Manufacturing (Includes Repair Of Machinery) 2 921 14.3%Electricity, Gas And Water Supply 137 0.7%Construction 2 801 13.7%Wholesale And Retail Trade (Includes Repair Of Motor Vehicles, And Personal Household Goods) 2 302 11.2%Hotels And Restaurants 459 2.2%Transport, Storage And Communication 699 3.4%Financial Intermediaries 386 1.9%Real, Estate, Renting And Business Activities 1 452 7.1%Public Administration 3 134 15.3%Education 2,118 10.3%Health And Social Work 677 3.3%Other Community, Social And Personal Service Activities 579 2.8%Private Household With Employed Persons (For Household Surveys Only) 1,083 5.3%Foreign Missions, International Organisations 53 0.3%Unknown 158 0.7%Total 20,481 100%

Source: CSO-Population Census 2001

Among the major economic developments that South East District has experienced in the DDP 5 plan period, is the construction boom in Gaborone/ Kgale as a major contributing factor towards employment creation. The trickle down effects of the on-going constructions have reached the district given its proximity to it. The second major economic development which must be highlighted is the Botswana Police College located in the district. Given the magnitude of the college, it has without doubt the potential to contribute significantly towards the economic development of the district. This will be realized among many other things, by the fact that the college is bound to attract private investors into the district who in turn will create employment. Thus staff employment at the college and the students are enough market if used well to attract investors.

Further economic developments worthy of mention should include the 69 Selokwane industrial and commercial plots which have been successfully serviced and await utilisation by investors. These are inevitably bound to further create employment for people and contribute towards the districts ambition of alleviating poverty.

1.5.2 Major Infrastructure Development

Amongst the major infrastructural developments achieved in the district in the DDP 5 is the sewerage networking of Tlokweng and Ramotswa, although the networking did not cover all the built up areas of Tlokweng and Ramotswa. It is planned that in DDP 6 the networking should cover the left out areas. Further achievements in the past plan periods are that the district has successfully managed to connect the two villages to the Water Utilities mains, namely Tlokweng and Ramotswa.

It is furthermore worthy of note that in pursuance of the National Policy on Education, the district has managed to drastically reduce the backlog on classrooms, toilets and teachers quarters in all the schools (Primary and Secondary). It is as such hoped that the backlog will be cleared in the next plan period provided funds are made available. Further infrastructural development achieved during DDP 5 is that the Otse Clinic with a maternity wing was successfully completed. Construction of Mafitlhakgosi and Tlokweng clinics was started

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during DDP 5 and expected to be completed in DDP6. Developments furthermore included housing units for Officers based in the districts, in that more than 35 housing units were completed.

Other major developments achieved in the district include the Boatle/Mankgodi road which has been tarred and connects the district to the Western Region of the country. Of further importance is that the Ranaka/Mogobane road which connects the District to the Southern Region of the country is expected to be completed by the beginning of DDP 6.

1.6 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

1.6.1 Waste Disposal and Littering

Given our societies stigmatization of the AIDS virus, people still throw hazardous waste in an unacceptable manner due to fear of victimization. Again there is a tendency by unscrupulous business and community members who still use illegal sites for dumping their rubbish. To address these problems, the district intends to procure as many clinical waste vehicles as is possible and further educate its people to combat this problem. There is further need to formulate and intensively implement byelaws guarding against illegal dumping sites. Provision of a district sanitary landfill is however, expected to further reduce these incidences.

1.6.2 Extraction of Sand and Gravel

The uncontrolled extraction of sand/ gravel damages riverbeds and leaves open holes that invite illegal dumping. Concerted community efforts and enforcement of bye laws can circumvent this problem.

1.6.3 Sanitation Facilities

Inadequate sanitation facilities have resulted in pollution of groundwater in the Ramotswa Planning Area. The existing sewerage though expanded during DDP5 requires further expansion which shall be undertaken during DDP6. Continuous community educational campaigns shall be undertaken to encourage communities to connect to sewer lines.

1.6.4 Fuel Wood

The problem of fuel wood depletion can be combated by an intensive campaign to encourage households to use stoves and furthermore community and staff based in the district should see the need for ploughing trees.

1.6.5 Overgrazing

Overgrazing is due to heavy grazing pressure around settlements. There is need to encourage farmers to comply with the stocking rate and further feed their livestock with livestock feeds to ease the pressure on the surroundings.

To further combat incidences of environmental depletion the district intends that for every project over this plan period, an environmental impact analysis should be carried out and mitigation measures taken to make sure that the environment is maintained and improved.

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CHAPTER 2

2 REVIEW OF DDP 5 AND LONGTERM DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The long term development potential of the district is a function of a number of variables that come into play. These are assumptions put forward based on the current situation and the likely trend. By and large, the magnitude of the resource base, the level of social and physical infrastructure coupled with other socio, economic, environmental and/or natural calamities are the fundamentals of what to expect in future. The future is always unknown since life is dynamic, therefore this poses a challenge to those who are expected to predict what the future holds. The need to come nearer to the answer as much as possible is very pertinent. Consequently, assumptions put forth should be so reasonable that by the end of the envisaged period, (year 2009) or even beyond, development should be almost what was speculated.

In the case of South East, in general, the district is not worse-off in so far as the existing infrastructure is concerned and the assumption is that this situation will continue improving as the future unfolds. The land resource will diminish with time as SE continues to be engulfed by the nearby urban centers. The human resource is performing far above average but the HIV/AIDS scourge is offsetting these efforts. On the other hand, it is hoped that the required special skills and some professionals will be in place in not a distant future to enhance this potential. The expansion of the commercial and industrial sectors in big villages especially Tlokweng will outweigh the anticipated slack in the smaller villages of Otse and Mogobane.Availability of finances will increase slightly during the plan period. Environmental gains would gradually be felt.

Population growth will increase at an exponential rate especially in the two major villages. The interaction of the above-cited factors is expected in the overall to bring south East to a lucrative modern economy to meet the demand of vision 2016.

2.2 ARCHIEVEMENTS/OPPORTUNITIES

2.2.1 Major Infrastructural Developments

Among the major infrastructural Developments achieved in the district during DDP5 is the sewerage network in Tlokweng and Ramotswa, although this did not cover all the areas of Tlokweng and Ramotswa. It is planned that in DDP6 the networking will cover the left out areas. Further achievements in the past plan periods are that the district has successfully managed to connect two villages of Tlokweng and Ramotswa to the Water Utilities mains.

It is further worthy of note that in pursuance of the National Policy on Education, the district has managed to drastically reduce the backlog on classrooms, toilets and teachers quarters in all the district’s schools (primary and secondary). It is as such hoped that the backlog will be cleared in the next plan period, if such will not be limiting. Further infrastructural developments achieved during DDP5 are Otse clinic with a maternity wing was successfully completed. The Mafitlhakgosi and Tlokweng clinics have also been built during DDP5. Other

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developments include 35 housing units for officers based in the district, which were completed during the DDP5 plan period.

Other major developments achieved in the district include the Boatle/Mankgodi road, which was tarred and connects the district to the western region of the country. Of further importance is that the Ranaka/Mogobane road which connects the district to the Southern District is expected to be completed by the beginning of DDP6.

During DDP5 a significant level of industrial and commercial development took place. A fire engine was procured for the district during DDP 5 and has not been adequately functional for lack of a fire station and skilled manpower it is not prudent for the district to be receiving services from the Gaborone City Council.

Re-gravelling of Maratadiba/Modipane road(12km), Mogobane/Ramosele road(12km) and construction of culverts at Mojadife and Goo-Rabadukane in Mogobane are some of the projects that were carried out during DDP 5.

2.2.1.1 National Sanitation Programme

The provision of onsite sanitation latrines enviro-loos, which was pursued during DDP5, has proven to be futile and non-functional. By the end of the plan period the district was still awaiting the Department of Sanitation and Waste Management for proper guidance on the suitable onsite latrines. A total of 1000 units latrines were planned for in DDP5 but only 50 Ventilated Improved Pit-latrines and 153 Enviro-loowerebuilt.ThiswasdonetopreventundergroundwaterpollutionaftertheGovernmentsanctionedonsite pitlatrines.

One the major achievement of the district had been ongoing construction of the District Sanitary Landfill, which has committed funds to the tune of P21 million. Furthermore, the district was able to procure adequate waste management service vehicles and equipment while additional ones will be procured during DDP 6.

2.2.1.2 Labour Intensive Public Works

During DDP 5, culverts and debushing were successfully completed while 15 houses were still ongoing at the end of DDP5. The provision housing will continue to be done through labour intensive during DDP 6.

By the end of DDP5 consultancy was engaged to design water tank and the network of the two villages for the ultimate connection to the Water Utilities Pipeline.

Pursuant to protecting the aquifers in Ramotswa a sewerage network project was undertaken during DDP5, while in Tlokweng sewerage and water supply network was undertaken by the Water Affairs Department on behalf of the district.

2.2.2 Social

2.2.2.1 HIV/AIDS

An HIV/AIDS Response and Situational Analysis was developed in 1999 for the district. Given the recommendation of the report coupled with the strategic plan, it is expected that the district will be capacitated to combat HIV/AIDS. The DMSAC has monitored the implementation of MTP II and much is expected in this plan period. In addition, the district has established

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support structures such as Counseling and Day Care Centres for care of patients and other clients.

2.2.2.2 Social Infrastructure Provision

Provision of a wide range of basic social infrastructure as well as provision of safety nets for the economically weak, destitution programme, orphan care programme, etc have progressed well during the plan period. These safety nets have cushioned the economically disadvantaged and some in the process managed to graduate destitution status.

2.2.2.3 Reduction of Backlog of Educational Facilities

During DDP 5 a lot of primary education facilities were constructed and the backlog on key facilities has been drastically reduced. Additionally, upgrading of secondary schools and brigades went on at a good pace although some of the projects for brigades were not done.

The thrust of the education construction programme during the DDP 5 was pursuant to a large extent to the Revised National Policy on Education. The policy, amongst others, emphasises on the provision of adequate infrastructure to provide a conducive, teaching, as well as learning environment. To that extent the district can attest to having managed to achieve more than it had initially planned. It is worth making mention of; the fact that it would appear that the district had under estimated its infrastructural requirements, and some facilities like science laboratories, libraries, etc have for the time being been sidelined in an effort to address the backlog of the core facilities such as classrooms, teachers’ quarters, and toilets in attempt to face out the double shift system. The table below indicates what was planned and achieved during DDP 5. From table 9.1 it can be noted that though the district has seemingly achieved more that it had planned for the backlog still exists attempts to clear it will be pursued during DDP6.

Table 2.1: Primary Education Achievements and BacklogFacility Planned Achieved Current BacklogClassrooms 24 88 42Teachers’ quarters 62 115 69Toilets 48 66 66Administration Blocks 4 3 1Hostels 2 - -Kitchens 4 3 -Electrification 99Source: South East District Council, 2001

2.2.2.4 Literacy Classes

The coverage of the literacy programme has been enlarged to cover lands areas. This has consequently improved the literacy level of the district. It is appreciated that this will give the grandaunts a competitive in their endeavours. Studies have exhibited the link between poverty and literacy and it is therefore envisaged that the reduction in illiteracy will indirectly reduce poverty.

2.2.2.5 Demarcation and allocation of land

Land Authorities had intensified demarcation and allocation of plots during the plan period. Initially land allocation in Tlokweng was suspended due to unavailability of layout plans. Of recent, funds have been secured for compensation in view of demarcation of plots for

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allocation. Thus the land boards were able to avail land to the public as mandated by the Tribal Land Act.

2.2.2.6 Socio-Political Situation

Socially and politically, the district has a strong and prudent political wing of council, with a well felt political will and support. This has been exhibited in the support by politicians in newly introduced programmes and their assistance in identification of the needy, disadvantaged and the will to support.

2.2.3 Economic

2.2.3.1 Physical Infrastructure

The district is well serviced with a considerable number of internal roads, streetlights in Ramotswa and Tlokweng, telecommunication in all the villages, electrical power reticulated in all the villages as well as servicing of commercial and industrial plots. Nevertheless, streetlights in Ramotswa and Tlokweng still need to be extended to cover a larger portion of the village.

A proposed booster station and the upgrading of the water reticulation network in Ramotswa will enhance the business sector.

2.2.3.2 Partial Cost Recovery

Implementation of partial cost recovery on which the rationale is emphatic on recouping the cost of services partially in order to reinvest such accruals into other productive activities or provide for maintenance of the infrastructure.

2.2.3.3 Soil Types

According to the soil investigations carried out in Ramotswa in 1998 and the 2000 one for Otse and Mogobane, soils in the district are fertile but the only setback is that agriculture competes for this land with other land uses. The ongoing development plan for Tlokweng will also include soil investigation.

2.2.3.4 Market for Local Production

Close proximity of the district to urban centers provides the district with an extended market for products produced locally. Additionally opportunities that arise in these urban centres are also there for the district population to benefit from

The district benefit from spillover effect as the district becomes a viable option for industrial and commercial activities from the urban centers.

2.2.4 Environmental

2.2.4.1 Integrated Land Use Plan

The Development of the integrated land use plan for Otse and Mogobane Villages had noted some seismic activity in the area and recommended a geo-technical investigation. The completion of this study and the implementation of its proposals will reduce the risk associated with the instability of the earth, such as seismic activity.

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The construction of a sanitary land fill and sewerage network in the South East District is expected to result in improved waste management practices. The sanitary land fill is still under construction while the sewerage network has been completed for both Ramotswa and Tlokweng.

2.2.5 Institutional

2.2.5.1 Decentralization

A considerable level of decentralization of central government departments has been attained during DDP5 e.g. election office, AIDS Coordinators etc. The only setback is that such developments do not come with corresponding provisional packages of office and housing accommodation, logistical support as well as devolving responsibilities. This then delays the envisaged efficiency to be attained through decentralization, as such officers still need to confer with headquarters prior to decision-making.

2.2.5.2 Capacity of Council

The capacity of council has been improved in terms of a well-improved manpower resource base to effectively carry implementation of council core functions e.g. posting of engineers, architects and quantity surveyors. In terms of logistics, the computerization programme of both land boards and Council though partly done during DDP 5, will go a long way in improving efficiency in the local authorities.

2.2.5.3 Performance Management System (PMS)

The Performance Management Systems is deemed to achieve productivity and create a culture and ethic of high performance. If its sentiments are pursued to the latter, it is expected that the country’s human resource would withstand the global competitiveness as the theme accentuates.

Respective ministries and departments have developed Strategic Plans with performance standards which in essence are expected to be able to measure performance and give opportunity for constant review and ultimately develop a culture of productivity. PMS awareness has been ongoing with the local authorities in the district there after vision and mission statements as well as strategic plans for each local authority will be developed.

2.3 CONSTRAINTS/CHALLENGES IN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 5

2.3.1 Social

2.3.1.1 HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS is a major threat of today’s society. It has attacked a larger portion of the districts populace. The major challenge of the pandemic is that it is highly secretive and stigmatized, making it very difficult to fight it, as it is not discussed openly due to cultural restrictions. The ongoing education is expected to help de-stigmatize it and eradicate the misconception on the causes and spread.

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2.3.2 Economic

2.3.2.1 Population Growth

The population growth has had an impact on the available land resources. The need for land resources overwhelms its availability, depicting a serious imbalance between supply and demand. The existence of freehold farms restrain future expansion given the scarcity alluded to.

2.3.2.2 Unemployment, Poverty and Low Income Levels

Unemployment, poverty and low income levels are more skewed towards women. Women are seemingly more economically hit than their male counterparts. Their job opportunities are largely characterized by being domestic and are of low level.

2.3.3 Environmental

2.3.3.1 Pollution of Underground Water

The survey on pollution of underground water resource undertaken in the district revealed that pit latrines are the source of underground water pollution. It further indicated that the pollution situation is also due to the high water table.

2.3.4 Institutional

2.3.4.1 Coordination at District Level

The Office of the District Commissioner as the coordinator at district level still needs to be empowered to effectively carry out coordination duties. Decentralization of government departments without a corresponding management and supervision at district level has proven futile to development progress of the district.

2.3.4.2 Industrial and Commercial Growth

Although there has been an ongoing rapid development of industrial and commercial parks in the district around Kgale area, these could have served as an opportunity to the district in terms of employment for locals, but these are more close to Gaborone than the district villages. They therefore end up serving the residents in Gaborone. Additionally the district people have to compete with Gaborone residents for employment in such ventures.

2.4 LONG TERM POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS

2.4.1 Physical Development Plans in the District

During DDP5 it was intended that all the villages in SED would have development plans with clearly defined land use zones and detailed layouts.

2.4.1.1 Ramotswa Development Plan(1995/2015)

Ramotswa was declared a planning area in 1995. The development plan for Ramotswa was completed in 1996. The plan serves the expansionary needs of Ramotswa, Taung and Boatle. It aims at integrating economic, social, institutional and physical development within the planning area.

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2.4.1.2 Tlokweng Development Plan

Tlokweng has been part of Gaborone Planning Area and has a ten year Village Development Plan( Tlokweng Development Plan 1984/94) A revised long term plan was expected to be complete during DDP5 but it has spilled over to DDP6. It will be completed in DDP6.

The preparation of the development plan was necessitated by the changing role from being rural to urban. The revised Village Development Plan will address the future potential industrial and commercial role of the villages. Tlokweng proximity to Gaborone has increased land demand dramatically for uses such as residential, commercial, industrial and civic and community.

2.4.1.3 Otse and Mogobane

The Integrated Land use Plan for Otse and Mogobane villages (2000-2024) have been completed and the geo-technical study for both villages is not yet complete. The village development plan for the two villages will be done during DDP6 after the completion of the geo-technical study. Land pressure for these villages has been increasing very fast and the development plan is urgently needed to avoid land conflicts and waste.

2.4.2 Development Progress and Long-Term Prospects

2.4.2.1 Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency

Returns from CEDA are expected to be considerably high in terms of generating income and of sustainable employment opportunities, reduced risk of default and promotion of strong linkages with other sectors in the rural economy. The mode of financing of CEDA, makes a clear distinction between real, part-time and fraudulent promoters.

The uptake of the programme cannot be assessed as yet owing to its infancy. But there are notable positive signs for opportunities of improving production cross-sectionally.

2.4.2.2 Commercial and Industrial Plots

Servicing of commercial and industrial plots in Tlokweng – Lenganeng and Selokwane areas is expected to work as an incentive in attracting investment to the district. The benefits of investment are multi-dimensional; such as the improvement of the local resource base i.e. improve industrial and commercial activity and create employment which could resultantly combat poverty.2.4.2.3 Self Help Housing Agency

Though housing may not exclusively combat poverty, it is a socio-economical empowerment programme, as it improves the livelihoods of people by provision of habitable housing.

2.4.2.4 Tourism Development Potential

There is potential in the district if the tourist attraction areas are developed. The financial support organs such as CEDA and Community Based Natural Resource fund, coupled with the district’s mission to make an inventory of the tourist attraction sites will facilitate the development of tourism industry in the district. Tourism has been identified as an engine of growth.

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2.4.3 Development Potential


Otse and Mogobane villages have potential to grow due to the development of big projects like the Otse Police College and the construction of the Mogobane-Ranaka road. The Malete Landboard is realizing scarcity of land for allocation. Land for residential and other uses for Otse and Mogobane has become exhausted and the demand cannot be met. With the development of the Police College and the construction of Mogobane-Ranaka road, many people are showing interest in applying for plots for enterprises such as filling stations, motels and restaurants around the junction. The Police College is a big project which attract people who converge there for social and economic reasons. The South East District Council prepared a report on Seuwane (the area along Gaborone-Mogobane-Lobatse junction, opposite Police College) as the area that could be used for expansion of Mogobane village.

2.4.3.2 Citizen Business Sector

Growth of the citizen business sector; in view of the implementation of the privatization policy which is an effort to improve efficiency in public service by hiving-off some of the duties to the private sector, job opportunities for participation of local business are anticipated. Additionally, with accessibility to finance through the lending facility of this financier, growth in the business sector is expected.

2.4.3.3 Proximity to Urban Centres

The proximity of the district to urban centres is perceived as providing an extended market for local producers. Availability of telecommunication, in terms of telephones road network and railway (particularly Ramotswa and Otse) the district has the prospect for developing its industrial service sector. Tlokweng as a peri-urban area has drastically transformed into an almost urban area. Since property rates are not recovered in rural councils, some investors have opted to be established in Tlokweng, however strengthening the rural resource base.

2.4.3.4 Greater Gaborone Structure Plan

Tlokweng forms part of the Greater Gaborone Structure Plan (GGSP). The plan proposes demarcation of plots in the outskirts of Tlokweng. The direction of expansion is as per the GGSP proposal. The Land board has begun implementing this plan. Growth of the village is expected to be rapid because of the economic potential of the village as evidently depicted by being one of the villages with the highest population growth.

Of equal importance, the district has potential to have high literacy levels, well skilled personnel due to its proximal position to urban centers where services for personal enrichment and improvement are available.

2.4.4 Development Constraints

2.4.4.1 Development Plans

Unavailability of development plans in certain areas of the district has led to haphazard and uncoordinated land allocation. This has ultimately led to land not being used optimally despite its inadequacy.

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2.4.4.2 Telecommunication Systems

Though the telecommunication system adequately covers major villages in the district, frequent interruptions negate the appreciation of the system by the community.

2.4.5 Prospects for Long Term Growth

2.4.5.1 Wireless Loop Communications

Installation of wireless loop in Ramotswa will certainly improve the overall communication in the district.

2.4.5.2 Agriculture Master Plan

Implementation of the Agriculture Master Plan aims at diversifying the agriculture sector from subsistence farming and its traditional practices to a more improved commercial agriculture in recognition of food security enunciated in the policy.

2.4.5.3 District Integrated Sports Facility

The district integrated sports facility will instill the recreational attitude, which is a new dimension of life to achieve psychological and physiological well being of the district population. It is further expected to deviate attention of users from the prevailing anti-social behaviors such as theft, vandalism etc. particularly among the youth.

2.5 LINKS TO NDP 9 THEME

The theme as stated earlier is “Towards realization of vision 2016: Sustainable and Diversified Development through Competitiveness in the Global Market,” all introduced programmes, formulated policies and proposed projects are developmental oriented and in pursuance of this theme.

Development perceived here broad as it is, is embracing economic, environmental, human and social aspects is envisaged to mirror the thematic goals and objectives of the policy outline and Vision 2016.

In view of global competitiveness there will be need to adopt and intensify on the application of strategies that economically empower locals to be able to withstand international competition. Education as an empowerment strategy will be intensified in view of developing human resource base to adequately supply the quality and quantity of manpower as per the labour market forces.

Intensification of information dissemination to the community through existing structures to facilitate accessibility to business opportunities would also be done.

Environmental conservation strategies advocated for during the plan period geared towards sustainable development.

The district support of export-oriented manufacturing, industrial and development of tourism industry will continue to be pursued during the plan period in line with the thematic concepts of a well-diversified development. Local structures such as conservation committees will be strengthened to ensure their high performance and participation at community level.

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CHAPTER 3

3 DDP6 DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 PLANNING FRAMEWORK

The district planning process as espoused by many and advocated for by government, should be bottom-up participatory planning. The participatory approach was adopted for consulting communities on the plan with a wide representation of key stakeholders. Increased population growth, urbanisation, sociological and economic changes, and the depletion of the national cake have necessitated planning and prioritisation to reduce adverse conflict of interest on the meagre resources.

The procedure for development of District Development Plans has been slightly changed and enriched to incorporate strategic logical planning framework with measurable objectives, performance targets and indicators. It further supports the inclusion of environmental issues and HIV/AIDS mainstreaming which were sidelined in the past. Vision 2016 which reflects the aspirations of Batswana would be used as a basis for this development plan.

3.1.1 Alignment to Vision 2016

The plan was prepared under the premise of Vision 2016 and within the confines of the NDP9 theme “Towards Realisation of Vision 2016: Sustainable and Diversified Development through Competitiveness in Global Markets.” It was also done under the assumptions of relevant policies, programmes and strategies:

3.1.1.1 An Educated and Informed Nation

South-East District values education as a vehicle for promoting equitable development. It is against this background that accessibility to education by all age cohorts; human development and empowerment shall be pursued to meet the objectives of the vision which accentuate on education for all and the NDP 9 theme of global competitiveness. With regard to information sharing, the district will continue to use the existing district based manpower to share information on government programmes and policies

3.1.1.2 A Prosperous, Productive and Innovative Nation

The districts’ proximal and central position between Gaborone and Lobatse which are urban centres has resulted in spill over from these centres with associated urban complexities of land pressure, crime and even the positive ones of commercial and industrial development. In view of the Industrial Development Policy, an atmosphere conducive for private sector role shall be pursued to create job opportunities for local communities to improve living conditions. A wide range of basic social infrastructure shall be provided at a nominal fee to ensure cost recovery principle in line with sustainability of these overtime.

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During DDP6, emphasis shall be made on the development of detailed layout plans for all villages to guide overall developments than to let these succumb to haphazard allocations whose adverse repercussions are already felt.

3.1.1.3 A Compassionate, Just and Caring Nation

The district just like the rest of the country is faced with the HIV/AIDS scourge. As HIV/AIDS prevalence in terms of spread and level is more likely to be found in poor households due to income insecurity, the district would implement government policies through which household incomes could be improved. This would go a long way in addressing the impacts of poverty. Provision of social safety nets for the economically weak population shall also be pursued during this plan period.

The youth who are not part of the educational system would be reached through current youth programs to ensure that these are not rejected by the society in which they live.

3.1.1.4 A safe and secure nation

In order for the district to achieve this pillar, law enforcement officers together with the public would take responsibility to contain crime, through neighbourhood watch. The district takes cognizance of the fact that in order to ensure continued prosperity for Botswana, peace, safety and security should prevail.

3.1.1.5 An Open, Democratic and Accountable Nation

The parameters set for DDP 6 plan assume that all socio-economic factors will remain constant, though a contingency plan has been provided for. It is further assumed that both manpower and fiscal resources would be available for implementation. The planned projects are adequately phased throughout the six-year plan period in consonance with available human and financial resources for its implementation. Stringent measures will be applied to avoid cost overruns due to frontloading during the plan, which has proved to upset the correspondence between availability and use of resources.

3.1.1.6 A Moral and Tolerant Nation and a United and Proud Nation

The district would strive to realise these two pillars by sensitizing people on policy issues and implementation progress of national programmes especially economic diversification, public sector reform, financial discipline and environmental conservation as well as land use planning. The district would instill in both the youth and the community the importance of respecting and singing the national anthem at all national events or activities.

3.1.2 National Environmental Key Issues

The Environmental Keynote Paper of 2002 came as a result of concerns over equity between and within generations and the need to use natural resources efficiently, fairly and sustainably. The national issues are as outlined below:

3.1.2.1 Water Pollution

With inadequate and unreliable rainfall, Botswana has a shortage of water for both livestock and human consumption. Watermeyer Legge Piesold and Vhlmann (Nov.1985) observed that

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use of pit latrines and indiscriminate disposal of hazardous waste contribute to underground pollution. Some areas around Ramotswa have extreme vulnerability to underground water pollution and the use of pit latrines in the village has contributed to this pollution. The district would like to see this problem addressed through sewerage extension and relevant sanitation programmes.

3.1.2.2 Air Pollution

The major sources of pollution in the district are emissions from transportation and industrial activities. This is a result of production of carbon monoxide arising from incomplete combustion of fuel. This is more noticed on Gaborone-Lobatse road and Boatle-Border Post road from big trucks and buses.

3.1.2.3 Noise Pollution

The noise pollution comes from activities such as transportation, industrial and human activities. It will be necessary to introduce noise control technology such as soundproof structures and other mitigation measures. During DDP V, it was observed that a lot of noise particularly in residential areas is caused by illegal activities such as liquor outlets and night-parties; these will require rigorous bye-law enforcement.

3.1.2.4 Natural and Man-Made Hazards

These hazards relate to geological conditions such as erosion, landslides, expansive soils and land subsidence.

Flooding is quite a serious hazard in the district along rivers due to black cotton soil conditions. Considerable flooding is also caused by man made features especially bitumen roads and poor drainage system. There is an urgent requirement of storm water drainage particularly in the villages of Ramotswa and Tlokweng where flooding has led to resettlement and alarming cost proportions. Persistent droughts mostly affect the poor, crop production, the rangeland, animal health and production as well as wildlife. These resulted in most people being worse-off.

3.1.2.5 Waste Disposal and Littering

The district is experiencing environmental deterioration and indiscriminate disposal of litter. Also, the rubbish dumps in Ramotswa and Otse are to be closed during the plan period because they are full and litter would then be disposed off at the landfill. However, indiscriminate littering is a problem in the district and it needs to be addressed during the plan period.

3.1.2.6 Uncontrolled Extraction of Sands and Gravel

Irreversible environmental losses due to uncontrolled extraction of sand and gravel are permanent and cannot be substituted by increases in other forms of capital. During the early 1990's there was a construction boom throughout the country. South East District being a neighbour to Gaborone and Lobatse urban centres suffered most. This practice has damaged riverbeds and left open pits which invite illegal dumping. Some of the borrow pits have proved to be dangerous to both human beings and animals.

Through working closely with communities and enforcement of byelaws, this problem can be tackled during the plan period.

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3.1.2.7 Inadequate Sanitation Facilities

Inadequate and inappropriate sanitation facilities have resulted in pollution of underground water in the Ramotswa Planning Area. The district would expand the already existing sewerage network to combat the problem.

3.1.2.8 Fuel Wood Depletion

Due to increases in population growth, the demand for fuel wood has surpassed the existing energy resources; hence there is depletion of the resource. Collection of firewood has been cited as one of the factors that have led to the continuing degradation of the land. Some people continue to cut trees for firewood. The inhabitants of the district are slowly moving away from the use of thatching grass and the cutting down of trees to use as building material. This problem can be arrested by an intensive campaign to encourage households to use stoves and furthermore advise communities on the need for ploughing trees.

3.1.2.9 Overgrazing

On the understanding that natural resources have multiple uses, these are however not used sustainably. Overgrazing in designated areas has caused soil erosion around settlements. There is need to encourage farmers to keep their livestock numbers at acceptable limits and to further supplement with commercial feeds. Also, encroachment into grazing areas needs to be controlled through land use plans.

3.1.3 Strategic Plan – Ministry of Local Government

The Ministry of Local Government’s mandate is to provide physical and social infrastructure like water, primary education, primary health care and judicial services to the community at district level. The local institutions consist of:

District Administration District Council Land Boards (Malete and Tlokweng) Tribal Administrations (Balete and Batlokwa).

3.1.4 Long Term District Plans

3.1.4.1 Erosion of Self Reliance

Community participation on development activities is observed to be deteriorating. Communities’ interest is more cash oriented than voluntary work. This has inevitably not only lowered community participation but also destroyed the self-reliance fibre envisioned in Vision 2016.

The lack of self-reliance is further observed to be replaced by reliance on government. This was deemed to be aggravated by government interventions such as poverty alleviation measures and economic empowerment strategies like ALDEP. These have created community dependence, which will need a radical paradigm shift to intensify on targeting beneficiaries in resource allocation when providing subsidies.

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3.1.4.2 Fragmentation of the Consultation Process

Though consultation in essence is the fundamental premise of planning in Botswana, it is still fragmented and there is need to devolve strategies congruent to the local set up. During consultation, the communities felt that the consultation process should be improved to reach and get the participation of all.

3.1.4.3 Community Participation on Environmental Protection

Due to low involvement of the community in environmental protection, indiscriminate and illegal extraction of sand and gravel has left the district scene undesirable. This has also resulted in destruction of quite a good number of demarcated plots as it was reportedly indicated that villagers extracted wherever they wanted. Communities resolved not only to identify an area for extraction of sand/gravel but also to fence and control it. Request for extraction by community members are now to be channeled through the Chief.

3.1.4.4 Waste Management

There has been illegal dumping of rubble waste which takes place in several areas around the district. These among others, have resulted in destruction of quite a good number of demarcated plots, destruction of the aesthetic view of Lentswe-la-Baratani and the old manganese mine which were identified and planned for eco-tourism and conservation ventures.

Crude dumping of waste by the general public and littering were also mentioned as areas of concern.

3.1.4.5 Low Production in the Agricultural Sector

The crop sub-sector was found to be performing below the mark largely due to lack of well-formulated and targeted policies subservient to enhancing productivity in the sub-sector. Abuse of ALDEP was identified as a weakness; specifically the draught power package never met its intended use.

General loss of interest in rain-fed arable agriculture, persistent drought and unavailability of market for agriculture products have also been identified as the cause of the decline in the performance of the sub-sector. This therefore has resulted in low contribution to the household food basket and the economically weak population who are reliant on agriculture production become worse-off.

As a way to enhance production, communities recommended servicing of lands areas especially with water provision.

3.1.4.6 Pollution

Pollution of the environment and underground water resource was cited as a concern to the communities. The community appreciated the abundance of the underground water resource and agreeably indicated the need to protect it. Pit latrines as earlier indicated were identified as a source of this pollution. Though dry sanitation latrines (enviro-loos) were introduced to curb underground-water pollution in the district, these have not functioned well. Communities recommended that subsidy for the water borne toilets be done and to further look into suitable onsite technology for households without water in their compounds.

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3.1.4.7 Human Resource Development

As a principal key to development, human resource development should be pursued to ensure its relevance and good performance of the strategies for economic empowerment. HIV/AIDS was identified as a tremendous threat to achieving the quantity and quality of manpower needed for sustainable growth and development in the country as a whole.

It was agreed that improvements of the education system as well as provision of facilities and an environment needed for good learning should be looked into during this plan period.

3.1.4.8 HIV/ AIDS

The scourge declared as a national disaster has been raised as a critical issue of concern in different fora. The virus has infected a considerable number of the rural and urban people. Households are unable to cope with the results both socially and economically. It was felt that a lot of the rural populace are going to be left impoverished. Though structures are there and a framework to fight the virus exists, if the stigma and lack of openness are not addressed, the scourge will continue to eat the gains so far made.

The Home Based Care Programme as a responsive tool and support structure did not have a clearly placed collection system in place for disposal of such waste in homes. In view of the stigma attached coupled with insufficient vehicles for collection of such waste, its collection is very low. It was agreed that a concerted effort be made to destigmatise the disease, use red-plastic bags for collection by the Council at homes and consider procurement of clinical waste vehicles.

3.1.4.9 Unemployment and Underemployment

Low-income opportunities in the village furthered by abrupt closure of some of the FAP-government funded industries leave a considerable number of the population jobless. The employed populace is mainly on low-income earning activities or in the temporary relief intervention such as Drought Relief Programme and Labour Intensive Public Works Programme. There is therefore need that the plan addresses this.

3.1.4.10 Impact of Population Growth on Land Resource

The district being proximal to urban centres of Lobatse and Gaborone has posed problems of land pressure and scarcity. The demand for land has increased tremendously. The spillover effects from these centers are felt, as the district has become an alternative location for those who have not found land/housing in the urban centres.

Fertile land is now being turned for development purposes in these urban centres. These competing land uses are a problem and there is need to expedite formulation of land use and development plans as a base and guidance on the use of land and also preserve fertile land for crop production.

Land disputes due to encroachments, speculative land acquisition resulting in possible non-development are also a common problem. The Land Boards were urged to hasten to repossess undeveloped plots and ensure efficient land management practices.

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3.1.4.11 Increase in Crime

As a social ill, crime has been identified as one of the major attributes for reversing the development made in the district. If left unattended, it will reverse the district’s efforts of luring investors to the area.

3.1.5 Respective Long Term District Plans

3.1.5.1 District Headquarters

Ramotswa Physical Development Plan was prepared and approved in August 1996. The plan covers the period from 1995 to 2015 and aims at integrating economic, social, institutional and physical developments within the planning area.

Detailed layout plans for Sepitswana, Bojantswa, Magope and Taung have been prepared for residential and industrial uses. Detailed plans for commercial areas are yet to be prepared. Developments in Magope area have commenced without full land services due to financial constraints.

3.1.5.2 Sub-District

Tlokweng Physical Development Plan (1984/94) has long been overdue as the expected review in 1996 did not take place. However, the review of the development plan has been started and it is expected to be ready for implementation during the DDP6 period.

Detailed layout plans available for Tlokweng are Lenganeng for residential, commercial and industrial use, Metlhabeng for residential use, Mafitlhakgosi residential use, Block 4 for residential and Selokwane for industrial use.

The district has been able to prepare the Otse – Mogobane Integrated Land Use Plan during DDP5 in order to assist the Land Board in allocating land to developers in that area.

3.2 DDP6 OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

3.2.1 Summary of Key Issues from the consultation

3.2.1.1 Environmental

Water, Air and Noise Pollution Natural and manmade hazards Waste disposal and littering Uncontrolled extraction of sand and gravel Inadequate sanitation facilities Fuel wood Depletion Overgrazing

3.2.1.2 Social

HIV/AIDS Increase in crime Fragmentation of the Consultation Process Erosion of Self Reliance

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3.2.1.3 Economic

Low Production in the Agricultural Sector Unemployment and underemployment Community Participation on Environmental Protection Human Resource Development

3.2.1.4 Cross-cutting Issues

Pollution Impact of population growth on Land resource Institutional Issues- the four local institutions lack resources such as manpower and

machinery to effectively carryout implementation of the plan

3.2.2 DDP6 Development Goals

Table 3.1: Overall DDP6 Development Goals and ObjectivesGOALS OBJECTIVESGoals 1To promote diversification of the local economy

To service the commercial and industrial plots to enhance private sector participation and foreign investment.To promote participation of local contractors in pursuance of the Local Preference PolicyTo privatize litter collection and other potential areas to facilitate community participation.

Goal 2To improve the district’s economic base

To promote private sector participation in order to improve the rural economic baseTo strengthen social safety nets especially for the needy, simultaneously ensuring that dependency on government is avoided. To pursue human resource development especially in skill development.

Goal 3To increase productivity in the Agricultural Sector

To enhance productivity in the sector by improved farming techniques. To encourage intensive farming methods and diversification of agricultural products. To intensify training of farmers and closely monitor sustainability of projects.

Goal 4 To achieve improved health for the district population

To intensify through active participation of the community the fight against HIV/AIDS scourge.To make a concerted effort to remove the stigma of the scourge by continuous encouragement of communities to be open about HIV/AIDS. To strengthen existing support structures such as Home-Based Care. To mobilise and encourage communities to form other organizations to augment existing support structures.

Goal 5To conserve natural resources and the environment at large

To ensure a balance between social justice and conservation with particular inference to circumvent over-harvesting of natural resources such as trees, sand and gravelTo protect trees through law enforcement. To enforce waste management bye-laws to ensure compliance. To mobilise communities on the formation of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and thereby reinstate the eroded self-reliance.

Goal 6To plan, promote and deliver skills training for the future workforce to meet specific standards and quality targets defined by all stakeholders and to contribute significantly to productive development of the informal sector

To provide continuing education and training for skills upgrading and retraining in light of rapid technological change

Goal 7 Provision of both basic and relevant education to acquire skills which will enhance opportunity for employment or self-employment.

To provide facilities accentuated in the Revised National Policy on EducationTo empower citizens in line with the Vision.To phase out double shift system in primary schools

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3.2.3 DDP6 Environmental Goals and Objectives

Table 3.2: DDP6 Environmental Goals and ObjectivesGOALS OBJECTIVESGoals 1 To promote sustainable utilisation of natural resources

To identify alternative sources to curb deforestation and desertification.

Goals 2 To optimize land utilisation To embark on construction of high rises for institutional development

To reduce plot sizes for all housing demands. To demarcate plots according to size of proposed development To repossess undeveloped plots for reallocation

Goals 3To ensure protection of Water especially groundwater resource

To protect abundant groundwater resource through provision of the sewer network in the district’s two major villages.To ensure optimal utilisation of the infrastructure provided and identify suitable methods of onsite latrines for the economically disadvantaged population.

Goals 4To encourage optimal use of land in a more sustainable manner and ensure land availability for future generations.

To protect natural resources from depletion and degradationTo prepare the District Integrated Land Use Plan by 2005.

Goals 5To device a long-term strategy to reduce the high demand for land required for infrastructural development during the plan period.

To prepare 24-year development plans for all villages in the district to enable proper allocations, sustainable land use and development.To provide and improve infrastructure and services in all villages in the district during the plan period.

Goals 6To create, maintain and sustain a clean environment free from waste for the promotion of public and environmental health.

To provide timely refuse collection and disposal services to all residential, commercial and institutional establishments.To provide refuse trucks and vacuum tankers to community members and establishments.

3.2.4 Framework for Monitoring Sector Goals and Objectives

The district shall adopt the use of measurable indicators and performance targets in all sectors during the plan period. Also, the plan would be reviewed after three years to find out whether the district priority in terms of the economic performance is still valid.

The districts’ structures like the District Development Committee and Plan Management Committee will continue to monitor the district development plan through quarterly progress reports, annual plans and annual plan review.

Regarding poverty reduction, the district shall keep a constant check on the extent of poverty by checking the literacy levels, HIV/AIDS levels, extent of the increase of orphans, extent of the increase/decrease of destitute and employment levels.

3.2.5 Framework for Monitoring Environmental Goals and Objectives

All development projects will be subjected to environmental screening before implementation. Also, the District Environmental Strategy will set strategies and criteria to be followed for the plan to achieve sustainable environmental management. If that is achieved then, the objectives will be realized.

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3.3 FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

In order that goals and objectives address key issues, environmental screening on project will be done to minimise land use conflicts.

Also, land use plans and development will need to be monitored for compliance. Land degradation arising from illegal extraction of sand and gravel, depletion of trees will need to be monitored and controlled.

While the district will continue to attract commercial and industrial developments, tanneries and large-scale development such as hotels should be subjected to EIA before approval. There is need for the post of the Environmental Liaison Officers and other resources for the district to be able to monitor such activities during the plan period.

Also, farmers should be encouraged to keep their livestock numbers at acceptable limits and to further supplement with commercial feeds to overcome the problem of heavy grazing pressure around settlements which eventually leads to land degradation.

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CHAPTER 4

4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The theme of NDP9 among other things aims at achieving sustainable development and the same applies to DDP6. Environmental conservation is one of the major foundations of sustainable development. By utilizing natural resources in a conservative manner, sustainability could be achieved and this is in compliance with Agenda 21 principles to which Botswana Government became a signatory in 1997 and Vision 2016. Agenda 21 (Global Action Programme) advocates for sustainable growth and diversification through use of natural resources. Bound by this Global Action Programme, the Government of Botswana formulated the National Conservation Strategy Agency (NCSA) in 1998 and then National Conservation Strategy which aims at achieving sustainability by integrating natural resources in development process.

4.1.1 Institutional framework

The Government of Botswana through Ministry of Lands, Housing and Environment has formulated a substantive body of policy and legal measures to regulate environment and natural resources in the country. The National Conservation Strategy Agency as a unit in the Ministry is in particular charged with overall co-ordination of environmental issues at national level with the assistance of environmental focal person in each Ministry. The need for co-ordination cannot be overemphasized more so that legislature containing environmental control regulations is scattered over various Ministries. Several Government Departments at District level including NGOs such as District Conservation Committee take charge of various environmental concerns. In order to undertake environmental management at district level, there are a number of key officers such as District Officer Lands (DOL), District Officer Development (DOD), Economic Planners, Physical Planners who assist to prepare plans, implement and monitor them. Although the district does a lot of environmental management, substantive decision-making is done at national level. There is therefore, need for further devolution and decentralization of environmental decision making to districts. This can be achieved by deployment of Environmental Liaison Officer to co-ordinate environmental issues at District level.

4.1.2 Strategic Plans

4.1.2.1 Ministry of Lands, Housing and Environment

The strategic plan for the Ministry comprises management and development of land use through land use planning and development control. It also ensures that land made available caters for all land use zones/activities. It further promotes environmental protection through compliance with land use zones and providing general advice on appropriate environmental protection and management of land to the public.

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4.1.2.2 Ministry of Local Government

The strategic plan for the Ministry is to provide physical and social infrastructure like water, primary health care, primary education, sewerage, roads, housing etc at district level in an environmentally friendly manner.

4.1.2.3 Ministry of Agriculture

The strategic plan for the Ministry is the promotion of sustainable agricultural production through land use planning and sustainable use and conservation of agricultural natural resources.

4.1.2.4 Ministry of Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism

The strategic plan comprise creation of a conducive environment for business that includes trade, industry and tourism through land use planning and land servicing, and conservation of Wildlife and its habitat in a sustainable manner.

4.1.3 Environmental Conservation Consultation Priorities

4.1.3.1 Land Pressure and Land Use Conflicts

The district’s proximity with major urban centres of Gaborone and Lobatse experiences considerable pressure on land related issues. First and foremost, the growth of both urban centres needs land for development which is taken away from the District. Secondly, the demand for land for housing in Tlokweng and Ramotswa is aggravated by demand from Gaborone City where land is very scarce. Thirdly the demand for urban related uses such as residential and industrial purposes finds itself over spilling into peri-urban land such as agriculture particularly in freehold farms thereby creating land use conflicts. At a local level, because there is need for more land for village expansion arising from the above, grazing land and agricultural land are reduced resulting into over grazing and unsustainable agriculture production (overstocking and land degradation). These issues can be partly addressed by expediting preparation of District Land Use Plan and Development Plans that need to go through strategic environmental assessment with mitigation measures put in place for compliance and monitoring.

4.1.3.2 Illegal Extraction Of Sand/Gravel

Illegal extraction of sand/gravel for development in urban centres and villages is rampant in the district and disused burrow pits not rehabilitated resulting into health hazards to community. Some have been used as dumping sites for all kinds of waste e.g. rubble, garbage etc. There is need for Land Boards to effectively control this activity in the district and to find means of rehabilitating them or find alternative uses which are environmental friendly. For example, the new mall that accommodates Family Groceries in Tlokweng stands on a rehabilitated burrow pit. The district needs to make a inventory of all disused burrow pits and find strategies for rehabilitating them. Besides, sites for new burrow pits should be identified and their uses controlled with the help of communities. There are also old manganese mine pits at Otse which were not rehabilitated after the mining operations stopped. The community (NGO) has planned to rehabilitate them for use as tourist attraction.

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4.1.3.3 Land Management

Land Management does not currently promote optimal use of land in that it is not used in accordance with its potential – good agricultural land may be used for urban related development; allocated plots remain undeveloped for long periods on speculation without being repossessed and reallocated to deserving applicants by Land Boards; old plot sizes are too large and uneconomic to service. The district intends to encourage repossession of undeveloped plots for reallocation by Land Boards. Where plots are large it is proposed to encourage densification through subdivision or multifamily development, encourage vertical development as opposed to horizontal development to optimise use of available space e.g. schools, housing in the district; reduce plot sizes in land use planning for new areas (old plots used to be 1600m² but now the average plot size is about 900m²). In this way, use of land will be optimised.

4.1.3.4 Fuel wood Depletion/Deforestation

Fuel wood depletion through deforestation is a priority in the district as most people depend on it for fuel/cooking. In this regard the district will continue to establish nurseries and woodlots/afforestation programmes to meet demand while other alternative sources of energy are explored such as solar power and use of coal for cooking. As a step forward to reduce rate of deforestation, all Council schools use gas stoves for cooking and intend to encourage other institutions/individuals to do the same through education/awareness campaigns.

4.1.3.5 Persistent Droughts

With regards to persistent droughts that impact negatively on sustainable agriculture and poverty alleviation, the district intends to utilise polluted underground water of Ramotswa well fields for irrigation by community. Use of treated of waste water from the ponds is also planned to irrigate agricultural plots in Ramotswa.

4.1.3.6 Pollution

The district is well endowed with under ground water but unfortunately, this has been polluted as revealed in the study of Ramotswa and Otse largely due to use of pit latrines. So far, Tlokweng and Ramotswa have had water and sewerage expansion projects completed and other onsite waste disposal technologies have been tried as a way to minimise pollution of underground water. However, the district still faces problems in that sewerage extensions have not covered all built up areas, up-take of sewer connections in the two villages are very low, and other on-site waste disposal technologies tried (daisy loo, dry compost pit-latrines and VIP) have proved unsuccessful. The district should intensify education campaigns to encourage high up-take of sewer connection and further explore other appropriate technologies for on-site waste disposal for households that are not connected to sewerage schemes.

4.1.3.7 Waste Management

In respect of Waste Management, the district is experiencing serious problems in that there is indiscriminate dumping of domestic waste, litter, rubble etc. Council is currently constructing an engineered landfill to serve Ramotswa, Otse and Mogobane villages. A regional landfill has been planned for development in Kweneng District for use by Tlokweng among other villages including Gaborone City. Current dumping sites will be decommissioned after completion of the landfill and waste collection is expected to be privatised to communities in order to bring about efficiency in service delivery, community empowerment and poverty alleviation. Problems are also prevalent in this field. There is shortage of trained manpower to monitor and

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implement plans as a result of manpower ceilings. The Waste Management Act, which has been formulated has not been accompanied with regulations for effective implementation. These problems need to be addressed urgently in order for Council to efficiently provide clean and safe environment that translate into rapid economic development, social justice, economic independence and sustained development towards attainment of Vision 2016.

4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION

As it has been stated in the introduction, there are a number international environmental policies and protocols to which Botswana is a signatory. In order for these to be effective and complied with, Botswana has formulated several policies and legislations which both administrators and politicians should appreciate if sustainable development is to be achieved.

4.2.1 National Conservation Policy

The policy is aimed at promoting sustainable development which is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their on “be it economic growth, economic diversification, social justice which impacts on environment. This calls for application of strategic environmental impact assessment during the planning process of all projects/programmes that impact on environment and assessment of alternative options and their impacts with mitigation measures and cost put in place before they are carried out. In this way, the district will ensure that natural resources are not only optimally used but conserved sustainably. The principle of “Polluter/User Pays will be pursued.

After implementation of the project, it is required that development should be monitored and corrective measures done when need arises for sustainability or posterity.

4.2.2 Waste Management Act ( 1998 ) The Department of Sanitation and Waste Management were pivotal to the formulation of the Act which is aimed at improving waste disposal. In South East District, an engineered landfill for Ramotswa is under construction and plans for a regional landfill to serve Tlokweng village among others is on-going. This will help to clean up the environment in the District. Environmental Health Department under Council is responsible for collection and disposal of domestic and industrial waste in the District. It also conducts annual clean up campaigns and competitions for cleanest village in the District. Clinical medical waste and Home Based Care waste are collected and disposed off by the Department to improve environment and health of the population. However, the Waste Management Act is currently not supported by regulations necessary to enforce the law. Shortage of trained manpower is a constraint.

4.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Draft)

Government has promulgated a draft of Environmental Impact Assessment which will be useful instrument to achieve good management of environment. Currently, the district is at liberty to determine which projects require EIA submission and lacks trained manpower in the field. In absence of EIA legislation, the District is fortunate in having initiated Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment study for Gaborone Dam Catchment Area which is about to be finished. The study will help the district in guiding development in an environmentally sound manner.

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4.2.4 Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Policy

The objective of this policy is to ensure that natural resources can be successfully managed and utilized by local a community which is also consistent with aspirations of VISION 2016. The District does not have abundant wildlife as in Ngamiland and Chobe Districts but it should be able to take advantage of other natural resources such as Manyelanong Game Reserve for Cape Vultures, Baratani Hills and others for tourism development. Botlhale-jwa-Phala at Otse is an example of CBNRM project. Popular participation in Community based projects will ensure that the rural economy is diversified, employment is increased and communities benefit directly from natural resources in a sustainable manner.

4.2.5 Wetlands Policy

National Wetlands Policy was promulgated on the grounds that wetlands are crucial ecosystems and offer valuable goods and services including water, natural resources, wildlife habitat and tourism potential such as Okavango, Chobe and Makgadikgadi. Although South East District does not have major wetland areas, there are places such as Gaborone Dam, Ngotwane river and Mogobane Dam among others which require protection and conservation through sustainable use.

4.2.6 Biodiversity

Although the National Biodiversity Action Plan has not yet been completed, the district will ensure that wildlife Management Areas (Manyelanong Game Reserve) and Wetlands are protected and conserved as they promote biodiversity which is vial for maintaining ecosystem (birds, mammals, plants etc). In this regard efforts by NGOs such as Mokolodi Nature Reserve and Lion Park will be supported by the District. Thus, use of less friendly methods of dealing with pests (birds and diseases) in agriculture should be discouraged.

4.2.7 Climate Change

Botswana is very vulnerable to climatic change arising from variations in annual rainfall. Obviously these variations have adverse impacts on the economy and quality of people’s life in general. Livestock die during droughts due to lack of water and food, crop agriculture declines as most subsistence farmers depend on rain fed arable farming which eventually result into degradation of environment. On the other hand, flash floods occur when heavy storms occur with loss of human and animal life, communication is disrupted and buildings and bridges get destroyed. The District is not spared from the above calamities which appear to be also increasing in occurrence.

In realizing this, the District intends to combat effects of climate change by doing the following: promote use of irrigation using polluted underground water and treated waste water from ponds in Ramotswa, construct storm water drains in Ramotswa and Tlokweng, continue providing water tanks to all institutional houses/schools for harvesting rain water from roofs as means of conserving water and environment.

4.3 DDP6 ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goals of this plan with regard to environmental conservation and preservation are as shown in the table below.

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Table 4.1: DDP6 Environmental Goals and ObjectivesGoals ObjectivesSustainable utilization of natural resources

To curb deforestation. The district hopes to curb deforestation by encouraging use of alternative energy source such as use of gas stoves for cooking. Already institutions in the district use gas stoves for cooking.To encourage establishment of woodlots in communities. This measure will help to prevent desertification. Wood is currently main source of energy and used widely.To encourage use of polluted underground water and treated wastewater from ponds in Ramotswa for irrigation purposes. This will improve household incomes, employment diversification and food security in rural areas.To protect and manage game reserves. The district will achieve this by protecting the birds/animals and their habitats through Wildlife Management Area Plans.To audit and review current use of natural resources.

Optimal Land Utilization To protect fertile agricultural land from encroachment by other uses. All fertile land for agriculture purposes will be identified and protected. Similarly game reserves, natural landscapes e.g. Baratani hills, Kgale hills will be protected through land use zoning plans and development control.To encourage high rise development and also reduce plot sizes for residential development. The district will reduce unnecessary land requirement by intensification of development. The District has advised all stake holders in government to do the same.To rehabilitate and find alternative uses for disused burrow/gravel/sand pits. Already a disused burrow pit has been developed for a mall in Tlokweng.

Protection of water especially underground water source.

To encourage use of appropriate means of waste disposal. In view of low up-take of household connection to sewer, the sewerage network having not covered all built areas and pit-latrines/enviro loos having proved not appropriate in the district, there is need to consider subsidy for sewer connection to increase up-take, develop other appropriate on-site means of waste disposal for disadvantaged population. In freehold farms, use of conservancy tanks will continue to be enforced to reduce underground water pollution.To ensure that all waste is collected and disposed off at landfill. These measures will help to make a clean and safe environment which Vision 2016 espouses.


The environmental goals and objectives proposed for the DDP6 are appropriate to address national key environmental issues for both the Country and District. Sustainable utilization of natural resources addresses the problem of deforestation through use of alternative energy sources, encouragement of woodlot plantations, use of polluted water for irrigation purposes, protection of wildlife management areas etc.

4.4.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and Objectives

On the other hand, optimal land utilisation is meant to protect fertile agriculture land among others from encroachment by others through land use plans. All land uses will be provided for in land use plans to avoid conflicts. Reduction of residential plot sizes, encouragement of densification for large plots including high-rise developments will be pursued. Land Boards will intensify repossession of undeveloped land for reallocation. Disused burrow pits will be rehabilitated for other uses and new suitable sites for quarries will be established under good management.

The District will pursue the “Polluter/User pays principle”. Pollution will be addressed through efficient collection of waste and disposal at Landfill sites, use of sewerage network in built up areas and use of appropriate on-site means of waste disposal. However, low up-take of sewer connection to households is a cause of concern that will need to be addressed in the district through intensive public education campaigns by both politicians and responsible departments. The persistent use of pesticides to combat pests and diseases on crops conflict with environmental goals and should be subjected to EIA. Proposed irrigation schemes using polluted underground water and treated wastewater from ponds should also be subjected to

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EIA in order that environment is protected. The EIA and Management Plan for Gaborone Dam Catchment Area will help to minimize water pollution when it is completed.

4.4.2 Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes

The revised National Settlement Policy of 1998 requires that settlements with 250 people should be provided with potable water and two teacher primary schools and these small settlements are largely located in fields (agriculture land) such as Metsimaswaane in the District. Obviously provision of these services will encourage settlement expansion on farmland which conflicts with the environmental goals and objectives. In addition, Arable Lands Development Programme (ALDEP) was put in place to provide an enabling environment for farmers through provision of draught power (cattle). Since the district is experiencing problems of overgrazing and land degradation, the programme should be reviewed taking cognizance of its impact on the environment. Due to land shortage in the District, NAMPAAD Programme will have less benefit to the community. The District however, can benefit from CEDA on industrial development projects, some of which will be subjected to EIA submission approval before they are implemented. It should be noted that EIA study is expensive resulting into fewer potential developers meeting criteria.

The other key issue of concern is that EIA legislation should be expedited so that mainstreaming of environmental issues in the planning process is enhanced. Regulations and byelaws emanating from Waste Management Act should also be expedited for effective enforcement of the Act at district level. The other problem anticipated will be shortage of funds to carry out all activities since the budget which had been allocated to the district has been drastically reduced.

4.5 PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS

The District’s overall environmental strategies to implement its programmes are aimed at achieving sustainable development in all spheres. The District will attract commercial and industrial developments without compromising on environmental sustainability. In this regard, the District will subject major developments to EIA such as tanneries. It will continue to promote public awareness through environmental education on deforestation, HIV/AIDS and waste management, importance of household connections to sewer, water conservation, annual clean up competition and cleanest village competitions, among others. In most cases District strategies and projects will be carried out by relevant Departments or sectors/NGOs.

Table 4.2: Proposed Projects GOAL PROJECT POTENTIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURESOptimal land utilisation. Infrastructure (houses, roads,

schools, offices, clinics etc).Loss of vegetation cover due to land clearing.

Erosion and flood increase.

Need for more land.

Improved infrastructure.

Undertake EIA.

Landscaping/storm water drainage.

Build vertically to conserve space.

Repossession of undeveloped plots for reallocation.

Optimal land utilisation. Rehabilitation of dams. Loss of vegetation cover due to land clearingErosion, noise, dust

Undertake EIA and economic impacts.

Fencing.

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GOAL PROJECT POTENTIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURESOvergrazing

Water conservation and habitat

Fencing.

Sustainable utilisation of natural resources.

Irrigation schemes. Loss of vegetation cover due to land clearingSoil and surface water contamination from use of pesticides and agro-chemicals

Increase of soil salinity due to excessive use of fertilizers.

Increased food production.

Increased income/employment.

Undertake EIA and socio-economic impacts.

Use of environmental friendly pest and fertilizer management methods.


Construction of water tanks (water harvesting).

Contamination of water.

Improved water conservation.

Reduced cost bills to households.

Regular checks of waterQuality.


Rehabilitation of old burrow pits.

Dust, noise

Land conserved and used for other uses.

Undertake EIA


Development of sites for new burrow pits.

Loss of vegetation cover due to land clearing.

Source of material for construction.

Employment and income increase.

- undertake EIA- rehabilitation after use.


Commercial and industrial Development.


Employment and income increase.

Diversified Economy.

- Undertake EIA

Sustainable utilisation of natural resources and optimal land utilisation.

Preparation of development plans.

Loss of fertile agriculture land due to encroachment by other land uses.

Loss of vegetation cover and habitat (biodiversity) due to land clearing.

Erosion and flooding.

Promotion of optimal land use.

Conservation of fertile agriculture land use.

Conservation of WMAs and sensitive environmental areas.

Diversification of economy.

Undertake EIA.

Sustainable utilisation of natural resources

Rehabilitation of gullies. Loss of vegetation cover due to land clearing.

Dust

Rehabilitation of source of material.

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GOAL PROJECT POTENTIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURESRehabilitation land for other uses.

4.6 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6

4.6.1 Issues and Strengths

In spite of the fact that the District has been blessed with natural resources such as the rocky hills with their habitats, diversity of vegetation and good fertile soils which are worthy of conserving and all contribute towards its strength. It is however, threatened by a number of factors. Due to land pressure emanating from the demands from Gaborone City and Lobatse Town, land is being degraded through overgrazing, deforestated due to fuel wood collection used by the majority of rural communities, encroached upon by other land uses resulting into land use conflicts. Agriculture land is being compromised for urban/village expansion.

Although the two major villages have been provided with sewerage infrastructure to reduce underground water pollution which is a strength, up-take of sewerage connection is low. The low up-take of sewer connection to households coupled with current lack of appropriate on-site means of waste disposal in the District is a threat to environment.

Institutionally, the administrative structure to manage environmental issues is in place in the District and this is considered strength. However, existing legislation leaves gaps for the District to function well. EIA legislation and Waste Management Act need to be finalized with regulations and environmental standards. The District is also constrained by lack of trained manpower. The deployment of a District Environmental Liaison Officer has long been sought to address the issue. Notwithstanding the above, the District is anticipating that planners, project managers for respective sectors and village institutions will be trained in 2003/4 on environmental issues so that they can be able to carryout environmental audits during plan implementation.

4.6.2 Performance Targets For DDP6

As it has been stated, most projects will be carried out by respective sectors which have formed their own performance targets. However, some of performance targets under Environmental Conservation are:

Completion of District land use strategy by 2005/06. Rehabilitation of disused burrow pits by the end of the plan period. Completion of village development plans by end of plan period. Mobilization of the communities to engage in four community based projects by end of

2006. Rehabilitation of gullies and dams.

4.6.3 Development Budget for DDP 6

The total cost of the environmental component is estimated at 5-10% of the total cost of a particular project in the plan. The cost factor is built into project cost and funded.

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4.6.4 Plan Monitoring Programme

The environmental monitoring programme will be done by the respective Heads of Departments during implementation. The managers will monitor and report to DDC on quarterly basis on progress of project implementation. The Heads will also take appropriate action when need arises on the projects.

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CHAPTER 5

5 LAND USE PLANNING

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The importance of land use planning is to guide land allocation authorities and planning authorities in systematic allocation, coordinated development, optimal land usage and cost effectiveness in provision of services. Therefore land use planning inevitably comes into play to harmonise competing and conflicting land uses in the development process. It provides zoning of various land use types which have to be complied with to achieve the intended objective.

Subscribing to land-use planning principles, government developed legislations, policies and strategies to actualize the aforementioned objectives. Since this is a new concept to Batswana, it has been difficult for the communities to conform to the requirement. Resultantly there is an urgent need to consistently educate the local community on the appropriate legislature and associated standard.

5.1.1 Institutional Framework

The district has five major players in land use planning: Ministry of Lands, Housing & Environment through Department of Town and Regional Planning which prepares land use plans in the form of Development Plans and detailed layout plans; Town and Country Planning Board that controls development through planning permission of large scale development, change of land uses and subdivisions of land within Planning Areas; District Land Use Planning Unit (DLUPU) whose responsibility is to prepare land use plans and to advise Land Boards and Council (Physical Planning and Building Committee) on land use matters; Land Boards who are custodians of land through land allocations and grant of leases under Tribal Land Act among others and; Council through Physical Planning and Building Committee for the grant of planning permission for control of minor developments, grant of building occupation certificates and grant of trade licenses through Trade Licensing Committee for operation of business.

5.1.2 Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Lands and Housing


The strategic plan for the Ministry of Local Government is to provide physical and social infrastructure. At local level Council through Physical Planning Committee controls development.


The strategic plan comprises the following:

Management and development of land through land use planning for all land use activities and development control and

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Promotion of environmental protection through co-ordination of activities, policies and legislation and provision of general advice on proper environmental management and protection.

At local level Land Boards control development through land allocations and leases.


The strategic plan consists of the following:

Promotion of sustainable agricultural production through land use planning Promotion of sustainable use and conservation of agricultural natural resources

5.1.2.4 Ministry of Trade, Wildlife and Tourism

The strategic plan entails the following: Creation of a conducive environment for business that includes trade, industry and

tourism through land use planning and land servicing. Conservation of wildlife and its habitat in a sustainable manner.

5.1.3 Land Use Planning Consultation Priorities

5.1.3.1 Indiscriminate and illegal extraction of sand/gravel

The community expressed great concern about the illegal and indiscriminate extraction of gravel/sand around their villages, which has left burrow pits that are undesirable/ugly. The communities wanted appropriate sites for extraction to be identified, fenced and controlled.

5.1.3.2 Population Pressure on Land

As the district is in close proximity with the urban the centers of Gaborone and Lobatse, demand for land has spilled over these centers as the district has become an alternative location for housing and urban development. This is manifested by the large number of applications for residential use submitted to Land Boards, which by far exceed the number of plots advertised/available. The developments on Kgale Hill Forest Farm 9-KO for industrial and commercial activities and the incorporation of Lobatse Farms (Lobatse 2000) into the Township are cited as examples.

5.1.3.3 Land Use Conflicts

The Community is concerned that fertile arable land is being acquired for developments other than agriculture in the district. The community feels that the land use conflicts are attributed to absence of a land use plan to guide uses and also preserve fertile land for crop production. There is an urgent need for a District Land Use Plan which could minimize these conflicts.

5.1.3.4 Speculative Land Plot Acquisition

The community has noticed that some plots are acquired for speculative purposes as they are left undeveloped beyond stipulated period. Land Boards were urged to expedite repossession of undeveloped plots to ensure efficient land management and ease demand.

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5.1.3.5 Deforestation

Due to heavy reliance on wood as a principal source of energy, there is over-exploitation of the forest resource resulting into deforestation with other related adverse impacts on the environment in the district. The community suggested that planting of trees (woodlots) should be encouraged.

5.1.3.6 Overgrazing

Overgrazing was also mentioned as one of the issues around settlements in the district. This may be due to population pressure on land that takes over more land for settlement and leaving little land for grazing.

5.1.3.7 Water Resource

The community is concerned about underground water being polluted by use of pit latrines and uncontrolled waste and chemical waste disposal. Polluted water from boreholes in Ramotswa is not being used which is a waste of a natural resource that could be used for irrigation purposes (agriculture).

5.2 LAND USE POLICIES AND LEGISLATION

5.2.1 National Settlement Policy

The National Settlement Policy which was approved by the National Assembly on 3 rd August 1998 has a six tier settlement hierarchy: Primary Centre (Urban and Rural), Secondary Centre (urban and rural), Tertiary I Centre, Tertiary II Centre, Tertiary III Centre and Tertiary IV Centre. Each tier is categorized by the range of population.

The established National Settlement Strategy with its provision is supported by the District Settlement Strategy, which has categorized settlements

5.2.2 District Settlement Plans

During DDP5 period, it was intended that all village settlements would have development plans with clearly defined land use zones and detailed layouts.

Since then a number of new small settlements have been established in lands and cattle posts, which need careful monitoring. In addition, freehold farms are changing use from agriculture to residential at a fast rate due to conflicts between Town and Country Planning Act and Surveys Act. The latter Act is used to circumvent the former from seeking subdivision approval and change of land use approval. This trend should be carefully monitored and controlled.

5.2.2.1 Primary Centres

Ramotswa is the district headquarters. Ramotswa Development Plan was prepared and approved by the Minister responsible for Town and Country Planning Act in August 1996. The plan covers the period between 1995 – 2015 and aims at integrating economic, social, institutional and physical development within the planning area.

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Detailed layout plans for Sepitswana, Bojantswa, Magope and Taung have been prepared for residential and industrial uses. Detailed plans for commercial areas are yet to be prepared. Developments in Magope area have commenced without full land services due to financial constraints.

Tlokweng Development Plan (1984/94) has long been overdue as the expected review in 1996 did not take place. However, the review of the development has been started and it is expected to be ready for implementation during the DDP6 period.

Detailed layout plans available for Tlokweng are Lenganeng for residential, commercial and industrial use, Metlhabeng for residential use, Mafitlhakgosi residential use, Block 4 for residential and Selokwane for industrial use. However, the district has been able to prepare the Otse – Mogobane Integrated Land Use Plan during DDP5 in order to assist Land Board in allocating land to developers in that area.

5.2.2.2 Tertiary

Otse and Mogobane village settlements do not have development plans. The preparation of the development plan and detailed layouts for both settlements have been postponed pending completion of geo-technical study which is expected to be done during DDP5.Otse has a detailed layout plan for residential use to the north of Moeding College. Mogobane village does not have any detailed layout plan.

5.2.3 Integrated Land Use Plans

Integrated land use plans are useful tools for optimising use of land as various uses are given land use zones. The plans minimize land use conflicts.

The District had intended to prepare a District Land Use Plan during DDP5 period but this has not been done due to manpower constraints at district level.

The district has requested that the District Land Use Plan be prepared through a consultancy during DDP6.

However, the district has been able to prepare the Otse – Mogobane Integrated Land Use Plan during DDP5 in order to assist Land Board in allocating land to developers in that area.

5.2.4 Wildlife Management Plans

South East District has Manyelanong Game Reserve at Otse for Cape Vultures. It was declared a game reserve in 1987. Upon declaring of the game reserve, the Department of Wildlife prepared a management plan that gives guideline of how to protect cape vultures and its natural habitat from extinction.

The wildlife management plan does not allow any developments near the hill where birds nest to protect them from any activity that would cause disturbance. The game reserve is a non-profit making venture in that people are allowed to visit it at free cost and in this regard, a visitors centre has been developed during DDP5 where the public can obtain more information about cape vultures. The wildlife management plan is a means of sustaining wildlife and its natural resource habitat for posterity.

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5.3 LAND USE PLANNING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 5.1: Land Use Planning Sector goals and ObjectivesGoals Objectives Performance TargetsTo encourage optimal use of land in a more sustainable manner and ensure land availability for future generations.

Preparation of the District Integrated Land Use Plan

Completion of a District Land Use Plan by 2004

To protect natural resources from depletion and degradation

Preparing and availing Development Plans and detailed layouts for all villages by 2007

To provide adequate land for expansion of settlements

Establishment of land inventory by 2004

This will help to optimize use of land as a natural resource and minimize land use conflicts, encroachment of one use into another etc. It would also strengthen the District Settlement Strategy. The same objective will help maintain wildlife and its natural resource habitat.

One major issue was that there was a lot of indiscriminate extraction of sand and gravel for construction purposes – leaving borrow pits unattended. The objective intends to rehabilitate some and explore alternative uses for some while controlling new sites. The major Impact Assessment Study that is on going will help to find solutions to this problem.

With the availability of development plans and detailed layout plans, adequate land for all uses should be availed through reviews of plot sizes. This will also help diversification of the economy including tourist related developments.



For the goal and objectives to address key issues, environmental screening on plans/project would be done to minimise land use conflicts. The goal is expected to address land use in the district and developments might have negative environmental impacts which would need to be monitored for compliance.

From this goal, large-scale development such as hotels might mushroom and these would need to be subjected to EIA before approval. Developments of these might also lead to land degradation arising from illegal extraction of sand and gravel and also depletion of trees during constructing; all these need to be monitored and controlled.


The Town and Country Planning Act of 1977 is currently not an effective tool to control development including water pollution particularly on freehold farms although they fall under Planning Areas. Developments of agriculture related uses do not necessary require planning permission under the Town and Country Planning General (Development) Order. Similarly, the Land Survey Act permits developers to lease smaller portion of land on freehold farms without seeking subdivision approval by the Town and Country Planning Board. The Tribal Land Act also empowers Land Boards to change land uses on tribal land. The Building Control Act is not applicable to buildings outside townships and cities other than commercial and

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public buildings. There will be need to review the Town and Country Planning Act and other related acts.

5.5 PROPOSED STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LAND USE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR UDP 2

Table 5.2: Proposed Projects Goals Project Potential Impacts Mitigation MeasuresTo encourage optimal use of land in a more sustainable manner and ensure land availability for future generations.

Preparation of District Integrated Land Use Plan.

Loss of arable land Water and air pollutionDisplacement/loss of wildlife and natural resources.

All land use plans should be subjected to environmental screening including Development Plans.

All major projects should be subjected to Environmental Impact Assessment such as hotels, landfills etc before they are approved.

Landscaping should be part of project implementation.

Preparation of Village Development Plans.

N/A N/A

Development of land inventory system to assist land management and allocation.

N/A N/A

5.6 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP6


Table 5.3: Issues and StrengthsIssues StrengthsAcute shortage of land for communal uses The district structures such as DLUPU which deals with land

use planningUndeveloped communal plots There is need for an Environmental Liaison Officer at district level.Manpower constraints in preparing the District Land Use Plan

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5.6.2 Performance Targets for DDP 6

Table 5.4: Performance Targets for DDP6Goal Project Component Estimated

CostYear of Implementation

To encourage optimal use of land in a more sustainable manner and ensure land availability for future generations

Preparation of District Integrated Land Use Plan

1 200 000 2005/06

Preparation of Village Development Plans

500 000 2008/09

Development of land inventory system to assist land management and allocation

1 000 000 2003/04

5.6.3 Plan Monitoring Program

Plan monitoring programme will include:

Monitoring that EIA has been carried out during preparation of Development Plans. Compliance to approved land use plans by all stakeholders Number of repossessed plots that have remained undeveloped over stipulated period

through land inventory system.

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CHAPTER 6

6 SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Just like in most districts, there are three types of settlements in southeast district. These are the lands, cattle-posts and village areas representing various production zones. Many people prefer living in the villages as these are designated permanent homes and they offer various activities that people are able to take part in. these are domestic, commercial, industrial, education just but to mention a few of them. Villages have to be declared as per the national settlement policy. The lands areas are where people plough and this activity has declined in popularity particularly due to persistent droughts. Cattle are reared at the cattle-posts but in southeast district only few people have cattle-posts.

The housing stock especially in villages is satisfactory but there is a significant transition by people in South East who are continuously upgrading their traditional houses and mixed residences to the modern type of houses.

6.1.1 Institutional framework

The establishment of settlements is governed by the National Settlement policy of 1998 which is supported by the District Settlement strategy. At a district level, after an assessment, DLUPU advises the four Local Institutions on whether or not a place has to be declared a recognized settlement. If it is declared, services would follow depending on the availability of funds.

The government white paper of 1999 on housing stipulates that by the year 2016, all Batswana will have access to good quality housing in both urban and rural areas. The National Housing Policy aims at facilitating the provision of decent and affordable housing for all within a safe and sanitary environment. The formulation of policies geared towards construction of good quality houses is the responsibility of the Department of Housing under the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Environment, and these policies are then implemented by Government Departments and the District Council.

6.1.2 Strategic Plans for respective Ministries

6.1.2.1 Ministry of Lands Housing and Environment

The strategic plan for the ministry comprises management and development of land use through land use planning and development control. It also ensures that land made available caters for all land use zones/activities. It further promotes environmental protection through land use activities and providing general advice on proper environmental management and protection.


The strategic plan for the ministry is to provide physical and social infrastructure like water, primary education, and primary health care to the local communities.

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6.2 NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION

6.2.1 National Settlement Policy

The National Settlement Policy (NSP) was approved by the National Assembly on 3 rd August, 1998. The Policy recommended that basic infrastructure and services should be provided to all settlements with a minimum of 250 people and that RADS settlements with a population range of 150-249 people should be provided with portable water and two teacher primary schools. The threshold population has been raised to 500.

NSP may be described as a comprehensive, long term framework for guiding national physical planning and the distribution of investment in a way that reflects the settlements’ size, population, economic potential, level of infrastructure and their role as service centres.

NSP has the following objectives:

To provide guidelines and long term strategy for the development of human settlements.

To rationalize and promote the optimal use of land and preservation of the best arable land.

To promote the conservation of natural resources for the benefit of the present and future generations.

To provide guidelines for the development of transportation and utility networks in order to strengthen the functional linkages between settlements.

To reduce the rate of migration to towns through planning for provision of infrastructure and service centres.

It also established a three-tier settlement hierarchy of settlements in the country based on the following factors:

Economic potential and employment generation. Availability of infrastructure and services or the ease at which they can be provided. Availability of natural resources, especially water to sustain it. Population size. The role of the settlement as a service centre or its potential as a service provider to its

hinterland.

The three-tier hierarchy is Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Each tier is categorised by the range of its population. Using this tier system the District’s settlement hierarchy can be classified as in Table 6.1 below.

Table 6.1: District Settlement HierarchyTier (as in 1991) Number Settlement Population 2001Primary Centre 1 Ramotswa 25 738Primary Centre 1 Tlokweng 22 038Tertiary Centre 2 Otse

Mogobane--

Source: Central Statistics Office, 2001

6.2.2 District Settlement Strategy

The South East District Settlement Strategy (SEDSS) is based on the recommendation contained in the National Settlement Policy (NSP) of 1998. The NSP specifically mentions that

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SEDSS will be prepared to further elaborate the policy at district level. The SEDSS was to define sub-areas or production areas and provide an assessment of natural resources and their sustainable utilization. Ramotswa functions as the administrative centre for South East District and provides other services, but it has increasingly become subordinate to Gaborone in terms of provision of services.

Tlokweng fulfills a role as a sub-administrative centre and provides employment opportunities in both small and big scale industries, but it is considered a part of Gaborone in the context of service provision due to its proximity to the former. The smaller villages of Otse, Mogobane and Ramotswa station and their role as service centres are limited to the lower order services and cover their immediate surroundings.

Ramotswa had a population of 18, 683 in 1991 and according to 2001 Census the village has a population of 20 680 and has been classified as a primary centre. The village is a planning area and serves as a District Administrative Centre. The planning area encompasses the settlements of Boatle and Taung, which are essentially serviced by Ramotswa. Tlokweng had a population of 12, 501 in 1991 and was designated as a Secondary Centre and serves as a Sub-district administrative centre. However, during the 2001 census the population of Tlokweng shown to have increased to 21 133 which then qualified it to be a primary centre.

Both Ramotswa and Tlokweng have strong links with the primary centres of Gaborone and Lobatse due to their geographical settings.

Otse has a population of 5 192 and Mogobane 2 053 has have both been classified as Tertiary Centres II. Metsimaswaane settlement that has a population of less than 500 people falls in Tertiary Centre III category and has been provided with some services. The remaining settlements in the District form the lowest rank according to the settlement hierarchy.

The current settlement hierarchy indicates that Ramotswa and Tlokweng are likely to become Primary Centres (urban) by the year 2015 (Physical Development Plan Period). Their linkage to Gaborone and Lobatse is likely to boost their growth in terms of marketing, commercial and industrial activities. The demand for land as dormitory for Gaborone is also likely to change the residential and socio-economic pattern of the rural setting. It is therefore important that services should be put in place to accommodate these changes. Tlokweng as a Sub-District is also likely to grow with decentralisation of functions and services, hence the need for more socio-economic and physical development planning.

A number of new settlements are springing up in lands and cattle-post areas. This includes a number of settlements within the freehold farms that need careful monitoring and development control. These small and dispersed settlements are likely to cause financial and manpower constraints when it comes to providing local services, rather than taking advantage of economies of scale from agglomeration. Finally, it is recognizable that a number of urban developments are sprawling from Gaborone City into freehold farms within the South-East District. It is therefore pertinent that the District secures financial and manpower resources to provide the required urban services if it has to gain from such growth and expansion.During the Plan Period, it was intended that all the villages would have development plans with clearly defined land use zones and detailed layouts.

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6.2.3 Physical Development Plans in the District

During the Plan Period, it was intended that all the villages would have development plans with clearly defined land use zones and detailed layouts.

6.2.3.1 Primary Centre - Ramotswa

Under the Town and Country Planning Declaration of Planning Areas {NO 2} order 1995, Ramotswa was declared a planning area. The preparation of a new Development Plan was necessary to fulfil the Town and Country Planning Act (Chapter 32.09).

The Ramotswa Development Plan, following the Planning Area boundary covers the settlements of Taung with a population of 2 552 people, Tsietsamotswana 40 people, Sengoma 25 people, Magopane 38 people, Boatle 60 people, Tsokwane 43 people and Sepitswane with 885 people. The plan serves the expansionary needs of Ramotswa, Taung and Boatle in the long term (1995-2015). It aims at integrating economic, social, institutional and physical development within the planning area.

6.2.3.2 Secondary Centre-lokweng

Tlokweng was identified as a Rural Secondary Centre but also as a Sub-District Headquarters. But the 2001 population and housing census indicates that Tlokweng qualifies to be a primary centre.

Tlokweng, however, has been part of Gaborone Planning Area for the last decade and has a ten year Village Development Plan (Tlokweng Development Plan 1984/94 prepared by Department of Town and Regional Planning {D.T.R.P.}. A revised long term Development plan is expected to be completed during DDP 5. Preparation of the development is necessitated by Tlokweng’s changing role from being rural to urban.

In a study of South-East District Settlement Strategy, (Swede Plan 1996), it was reported that a substantial number of economically active people were engaged in other services other than agriculture as indicated in the Table below:

Table 6.2 Activities Carried Out in the DistrictIndustry Number of ActivitiesConstruction 2801Domestic Services 1083Wholesale &Retail trade 2302Public Administration 3134Education 2118Manufacturing 2921Business Services 1452Community Services 579Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 1417Mining and Quarries 104Hotels and Restaurant 459Source: Central Statistics Office, 2001

The Revised Village Development Plan therefore will address itself to the future potential industrial and commercial role of the villages. Its proximity to Gaborone has increased land demand dramatically for uses such as residential, commercial, industrial and civic and community. The peri-urban nature of Tlokweng needs to be noted as its future development may lead to different demands by its hinterlands. The density and total population is growing at

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a faster rate of 6% and this would require an urban type of infrastructure thus leading to an increased cost during the implementation of the Tlokweng Development Plan to meet the urban planning standards that will be applied.


During DDP 6 plan period, it is anticipated that village development plans for Otse and Mogobane will be completed because an integrated land use plan for both villages has been completed and the geo-technical study, which is on going will also be completed. Despite the small size of the settlements, land pressure has been growing at a fast rate; therefore development plans for these villages are urgently needed to avoid land conflicts and waste.

6.2.4 Town and Country Planning Act

The Town and Country Planning Act 1977 (TCPA) is the principal act relating to planning and control of developments and land use in the country. It aims at providing orderly and progressive development of land and to establish control over the use of land through planning permission. The Act applies in areas which have been declared planning areas by the Minister.

For all planning areas, the Minister is obliged to prepare Physical Development Plans. The District has two planning areas, these are Tlokweng and Ramotswa villages. Both the Tribal and Town and Country Planning Acts are applicable to these areas. Hence applicants have to comply with the requirements of both of these acts. Building permission has to be sought from the Physical Planning and Building Committee before any construction takes place. This committee is under council and has the authority to approve small-scale developments. However large-scale developments, change of land uses and rejections are all referred to the Town and Country Planning Board. The Land Board allocates the land as it is the land custodian.

Though these Acts have to be strictly followed, the District authorities do implement them, but time and again the authorities are forced to be flexible in order to accommodate and introduce the people to the planning instruments or requirements, especially the Town and Country Planning Act. The Tribal Land Act has been in force for some time. The Tlokweng Development Plan is ongoing and is expected to be completed during DDP6. The Ramotswa Development Plan was completed by March 1996.

By end of DDP 5, at least Otse had a working plan, which was prepared by DTRP. Though the plan needed a lot of polishing, it helped to serve as a starter. Proper village plans will be prepared for both Mogobane and Otse during the DDP 6 period.It is the intention of the District that since all other related plans would be completed, the district’s integrated land use plan should also be done thereafter.

6.2.5 Tribal Land Act

The Tribal Land Act (1968) (TLA) specifically deals with the composition of a Land Board, its functions and regulations. This act covers land issues on individual basis, land allocations, disputes or appeals, which are dealt with on their own merits. The Land Board takes into account any Development Plans or Land Use Plans and policies and or any recommendations, which might be available. Under the Tribal Land Act, the Land Board grants land for a particular use. The Land Tribunal deals with appeals beyond the authority of the Land Board.

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6.2.6 National Housing Policy

The population of Botswana has been growing and becoming urbanized. The Policy which was put in place in 1982 to guide national housing activities has become inadequate. In 1996 a consultant was engaged to review the National Policy on Housing and make appropriate recommendations.

The analysis shows that the average number of rooms per household was 2.5, in 1991. This revealed that few people have big space whereas many people live in crowded conditions. In rural areas, it was discovered that the quality of housing needs to be improved in an environment of relatively low incomes and undeveloped financing systems.

Botswana’s Vision 2016 envisages that by the year 2016, all Batswana will have access to good quality housing in both urban and rural areas. The 1999 National Housing Policy aims to realise the goal of the Vision by the year 2016. The National Housing Policy aims at facilitating the provision of decent and affordable housing for all within a safe and sanitary environment.

The Policy addresses key elements of the housing sector including capacity building, land, finance, subsidies, rentals, housing standards, building materials and housing legislation as well as the SHHA and District Housing programme, BHC and private sector participation. All these when they are put together define the affordability, sustainability of basic shelter programmes in Botswana. Land for housing is provided by government, this includes planning and control, design and provision of infrastructure, community services and technical assistance in both urban and rural areas.

In cases whereby, land servicing is by BHC or the private sector, they are required to provide for all income groups to achieve social mix.

6.2.7 Institutional Housing

Government has been trying through the above programme to resolve housing problems for its employees. There has been shortage of accommodation for government employees either due to inadequate housing units or high rentals. In spite of budgetary allocations for the construction of staff houses, the total number of housing units available is still inadequate. It is not the government’s intention to become the major landlord in the country, but the private sector response to housing demand is insufficient which then compels the government to continue supplying houses to its employees.

6.2.7.1 District and Tribal Administration Housing

The six institutions in the District were allocated P6 000 000 for DDP5/NDP8. The amount was not adequate to meet the housing demand as more officers were being deployed to South East District due to decentralisation. District administration had requested funding for 50 housing units while Tribal Administration had requested 35. Due to financial constraints, this was not possible, hence a spill is expected occur to DDP 6/NDP 9. The present number of houses present is 92 including those still under construction and the waiting list is at 50 permanent and pensionable staff members of both the District Administration and Tribal Administration.

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6.2.7.2 Land Boards Housing

Malete Land Board and the Tlokweng Land Board currently have a shortage of housing. At the end of DDP 5/NDP 9 plan period, Malete Land Board had an establishment of 31 permanent and pensionable staff against 26 housing units causing a shortfall of 5 houses. Tlokweng Land Board on the other hand, had an establishment of 26 permanent and pensionable staff versus 23 housing units that means a shortfall of 3 houses. Table 6.5 above shows the number of houses planned for each Land Board during DDP 6/NDP 9. The establishment is expected to grow during the plan period.

6.2.8 Self Help Housing Agency

This programme was instituted by government in the early 1970s to facilitate provision of affordable housing to low-income households on a subsidized basis in Urban areas. By December 1999, a decision was made to extend this programme to the rural areas. Serviced plots, building material loans (BMLs) and technical advice were provided to beneficiaries. All SHHA allotees were eligible for BMLs which were payable over a period of 15 years at an interest of 9% per annum. The loans were used to purchase building materials only.

The serviced plots were provided for free and the beneficiaries had to pay service levy only. During this period the standard of services for the SHHA were basic viz: communal water supply through stand pipes which served an average of 20 households, earth roads for access and pit-latrines for which government constructed the sub-structure while individuals provided the superstructure.

Although the basic elements of the programme have remained the same since inception, some changes have been brought into the programme. From 1973, 1978-1992, the building material loan was increased from P400.00 to P800.00 and from P1 200.00 to P3 600 between 1992 and 1998 at the interest rate of 4% to 9% per annum. The building material loan was also changed from P800 to P1200 and between 1992 and 1998 the income eligibility was increased from P1 800.00 – P15 000.00. The tenure was changed from the Certificate of Rights to Fixed Period State Grant which is a 99 year renewable lease and the interest was changed in 1995 from 9% to 10%.

Between 1999 and 2000 the building loan entitlement was further increased while the maximum income legibility criteria was raised to P30 000.00 and the SHHA programme was extended to non-township areas.

6.2.8.1 Introduction of SHHA Programme to Non-Township Areas

The institutional arrangements for management of SHHA programme in non-township areas does not differ with the current set up in township areas. Government provides funds for SHHA loan to District Councils. Council will lend SHHA loans to eligible plot holders and also provide technical assistance. The beneficiaries are expected to repay back the loan over a period of 15 years at an interest rate of 10% per annum. The Land Boards is responsible for allocating land. Both Customary land grant and Common Law Lease holders have access to SHHA loans.

Council has provided a variety of standard house plans from which beneficiaries may choose or use their own plans which are first approved by the Council Physical Planning and building Committee. The supervision of the construction work still remains the responsibility of Council. Loan repayment will also be monitored by Council.

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Individuals within the income bracket of P4 400- P36 400 per annum qualify for a SHHA loan. The government has advised that the programme should be started in districts and sub-districts headquarters until fully fledged offices are established, but South East District decided to start it in the whole district since it is smaller than others. The programme started with educational workshops in the whole district and 27 applications have been approved. It is anticipated that as the programme gains popularity there will be a lot of applicants in the district more especially in the next plan period, DDP6/NDP9.

6.2.9 Rural Housing

Government recognises the efforts made by rural households to develop their own affordable houses and has concluded that these efforts need to be complemented to ensure that rural households live in safe and decent shelter. To achieve this, Government has extended the SHHA programme to rural areas. It has also been decided that the rural poor who cannot be covered by the SHHA programme can benefit from the destitute policy and or should be provided with assistance under the Integrated Poverty Alleviation and Housing Schemes as well as other special housing programmes like those that are provided by Permaculture an NGO in partnership with the community.

It is anticipated that such schemes will be utilised to provide the rural poor with housing assistance to develop affordable houses without sacrificing health, safety, and other quality requirements.

6.3 SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING

6.3.1 Settlement Patterns and Morphology

South East District has both compact settlements like Gaborone and Lobatse and nucleated, linear-scattered settlements influenced by source of water, commercialisation and potential land for farming. Some people occupy two residential areas, one in the semi-urban houses of the main village of Ramotswa, Tlokweng, Otse, Mogobane and one at the cattle post or arable lands. There is also proliferation of new settlements at the lands like Sakutswane, Mamogofu, Metsimaswaana and others. This has resulted in loss of some agricultural land and Council is being forced to provide some of the services at such places.

6.3.2 Physical Development Growth

Physical constraints and shortage of land affects the growth potentials of major settlements in the district. Expansion of Gaborone has assumed the acquisition of freehold farms. Similarly, Lobatse is surrounded by hills and can only expand into freehold farms. Ramotswa and Tlokweng can only use agricultural land for expansion needs. There are some small localities within the freehold farms and this is worsened by a lot of subdivisions and change of land uses in these farms. Gaborone and Lobatse constitute a city-region with South East District as a hinterland of resources and as a recipient of effluent, waste and pollution.

6.3.3 Housing Demand

As the population continues to increase there is a lot of pressure on the two Land Boards for plots. Both Malete and Tlokweng Land Boards have got high demand for plots especially in a situation whereby people do not get accommodation in either Gaborone or Lobatse. South East District, due to its proximity to towns has since acted as a dormitory due to lack of

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accommodation in towns. The other contributory factor is the introduction of SHHA programme to non-township areas, which has also increased the demand for residential plots to build houses in the district.

6.3.4 Housing Supply

Housing in the district has only been through individual savings, inheritance or financial borrowing from commercial banks. It is not like in towns whereby houses are supplied by BHC and other private developers. Housing supply in the district cannot be talked about much since there is no sole supplier of housing units; individuals build their own houses by first acquiring plots from the Land Board. Allocation of Land has been very slow in the district due to a land shortage. The demand for land is high and the Land Board cannot satisfy that. For example, during the years of 2001 to 2002, Malete Land Board had about 8000 applications for residential plots and could only allocate about 1700 plots. On the other hand, Tlokweng Land Board had frozen applications since 1992, and up to date (mid 2002) there have not been any allocations.

6.3.5 General Infrastructure and Services

Most of the primary roads in the district are bituminised. Boatle-Mmankgodi road was tarred during DDP 5. The other road which is about to be tarred is the Mogobane Junction to Ranaka. All major settlements in the district have portable water, telephones and electricity and are accessible gravel roads.

6.4 SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 6.3: Settlement and Housing Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoal Objectives Performance targets To develop a district land use plan for South East District

To prepare 24-year development plans for all villages in the district to enable proper allocations, sustainable land use and development.

Complete development plans and detailed layout plans by the end of the plan period for all villages in the district

To prepare a lay-out plan for Otse-Mogobane

Complete detailed layout plans by the end of the plan period.

To device a long term strategy to reduce the high demand for land required for housing during the plan period

To allocate one plot per person within the district

To demarcate plots to meet expected demand

Demarcation of 10 000 plots per annum by both Land Boards

To provide adequate accommodation for all officers in the district.

To identify infill opportunities and also to optimize the use of available plots.

To construct houses as per the annual plan.



The first goal might lead to encroachment into agricultural land and wildlife management areas and necessitate rezoning of some areas.

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The second and third goals are likely to lead to urban sprawl and associated infrastructure impact of debushing and land degradation.


6.5.2.1 National Settlement Policy

This policy would lead to settlement sprawl and associated infrastructure impact of debushing (felling of trees, excavation of both river sand and gravel) and land degradation. Also it might lead to encroachment into fertile agricultural land and depletion of scarce water resources.

6.5.2.2 Physical Development Plans in the District

This might lead to encroachment into fertile agricultural land and wildlife management areas. Also, it might lead to settlement sprawl and associated infrastructure impact of debushing and land degradation. The ecologically sensitive areas like flood plains and rivers might be affected in various ways.

6.5.2.3 Town and Country Planning Act

The act would lead to loss of aesthetics by way of intensive physical developments like infrastructure and buildings. This would further lead to formation of storm water run-off which would in turn lead to flooding in some areas.

6.5.2.4 Tribal Land Act and National Housing Policy

These would lead to settlement sprawl and associated infrastructure impact of debushing (felling of trees, excavation of both river sand and gravel) and land degradation. Also it might lead to encroachment into fertile agricultural land and depletion of scarce water resources.

6.5.2.5 Institutional Housing, Self-Help Housing Agency and Rural Housing

These would lead to settlement sprawl due to development of low-rise buildings. Also land degradation might result due to land servicing. Natural resources like river sand; gravel and water would be used excessively and might lead to their depletion.

6.6 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6


Table 6.4: Issues and StrengthsIssues StrengthsThe Ministry controls allocation of funds, this incapacitates implementation by the district.

Introduction of SHHA programme to the district.

Shortage of manpower and adequate training to prepare development plans and detailed layouts at district levels. These are currently prepared by the Department of Town and Regional Planning

Curbing of urban sprawl with the district land use plans

Lack of serviced land for residential purposes due to limited finance has resulted in shortage of housing.Lack of plot numbers is a constraint in implementation and monitoring of the SHHA programme and in development control.

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The monitoring of the SHHA programme as a whole is monitored by the Council Planning Committee, which convenes every month. Progress reports will be presented to the committee to determine progress and constraints and come up with solutions in cases where there are constraints.

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CHAPTER 7

7 AGRICULTURE

7.1 INTRODUCTION

At independence, the agricultural sector was one of the major production and employment sectors in the rural areas but its contribution to Gross Domestic Product has been increasingly declining, in particular arable agriculture, mainly due to persistent drought and the growth of other sectors such as the mining sector. For South East, the problem is exacerbated by diminishing land resource as the district supplements for the excess land demand bordering urban centres, Lobatse and Gaborone. However, the contribution by the livestock sector is still significant even though it is unable to meet the quota required at the international markets. Despite its low contribution to national income, agriculture remains the important source of food, income, employment and raw materials. It also provides both forward and backward linkages in the economy.

While other agricultural schemes exist, the newly approved National Master Plan for Arable Agriculture and Dairy Development (NAMPAADD) programme is seen as an invention that will enable the agricultural sector achieve milestones in pursuit of the objective of vision 2016 – productive, prosperous and innovative nation. It is one of the strategies that is geared towards achieving economic diversification, food security and further create employment opportunities for the rural populace. It seeks to improve the agricultural sector by modernizing it through the introduction of improved technologies, efficient use and management of land and water resource as well as by commercializing it. (NAMPAADD, 2002, MOA.) The agricultural sector aims at achieving food security, poverty alleviation, and improvement of the quality of life and sustainable utilization of natural resources in line with a prosperous, productive and innovative nation. The Ministry also aims at providing the best services conducive to sustainable, globally competitive and diversified agricultural industry in partnership with other stakeholders.


Ministry of Agriculture has three Departments in the district. These are Department of Crop Production & Forestry, Department of Animal Health and Production and the Department of Cooperatives. Department of Cooperatives does not have any activities in the district and none is envisaged during the forthcoming planning period of DDP 6.

The Department of Crop Production & Forestry is one of the major extension arms of the Ministry of Agriculture. It consists of five major divisions, Plant Protection, Crop Production, Land Utilization, Forestry/Range and Beekeeping, and Extension. The department is primarily responsible for delivery of extension services and development and transfer of appropriate agricultural technology to respective districts.

The Department of Animal Health and Production is one of the largest Departments in the Ministry of Agriculture. The Department of Animal Health and Production is responsible for the prevention and control of economically important animals diseases, development of

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livestock and fisheries, extension services to farmers and artificial insemination. The plan therefore, serves as an instrument for the attainment of a globally competitive, diversified and sustainable livestock industry. It consists of six divisions classified as follows, Animal Production and Products Development, Animal Disease Control (Field Services), Abattoir Hygiene and Meat Quality Control, Veterinary Research and Laboratory Services, Tsetse fly and Trypanosomiasis Control and Environmental Safety and Department Management.

7.1.2 Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries


In order to enhance productivity and performance in the Agricultural sector, new policies, strategies and programmes have been formulated. These include the fencing component of the 1991 Agricultural Policy, and the National Food Strategy. Other programmes and strategies to be implemented to increase agricultural output include the National Master Plan for Arable Agriculture and Dairy Development (NAMPAADD), diversification into ostrich farming and commercialization of the same. Agriculture would during this plan period develop a sustainable, diversified and competitive agriculture and conservation of natural resources to contribute to the achievement of food security, poverty alleviation and socio-economic growth in partnership with its stakeholders.

7.1.2.2 Ministry of Trade, Wildlife and Tourism

In partnership with Agriculture, is the Ministry of Trade, Wildlife and Tourism. This Ministry would create an environment conducive for operations of businesses through proper land use planning and servicing.


During this plan period, this Ministry would ensure management and development of land through land use planning for all land use activities and development control. Land Boards at the District level control development through land allocation and leases.

7.1.3 Agricultural Consultation Priorities

To take its stakeholders on board, in its effort to improve the welfare of the farming community through training and introduction of appropriate technologies and enhanced service delivery.

7.1.3.1 Water Resources

The community wanted the existing dams to be maintained and to extend water network to cover the lands areas as well. The community also recommended that the underground polluted water be used for irrigation purposes.

7.1.3.2 Land use Conflicts

The community was concerned that fertile land is being used for other developments at the expense of agriculture.

Also, population pressure around settlements was noted not only to lead to overgrazing but also to expansion of the settlements into grazing land.

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7.1.3.3 Land Degradation

The community noted with concern over exploitation of forest resources which result in deforestation which in turn leads to land degradation. It was suggested that education on environmental conservation and establishment of woodlots should be intensified. Also, due to the hilly terrain found in the district, it was felt that there is a high risk of soil erosion. The community suggested that some soil conservation measures should be intensified.

7.1.3.4 NAMPAADD

During consultation, insufficient credit facilities were mentioned as one of the major constraints to agricultural development. The National Development Bank (NDB) was said not to adequately address credit needs of farmers.

Also, the 150 hectors of land as stipulated in NAMPAADD as a requirement was said to be too big. The community felt that this would also encourage many settlements in the district which will further decrease grazing capacity.

7.1.3.5 Fencing Policy

Due to land scarcity in the district it was felt that fencing of the communal land was not suitable.


7.2.1 Community Based Strategy for Rural Development

The community based strategy for rural development, was approved by the Rural Development Council in 1997. Its main aim is to improve rural livelihoods and reduce poverty in a more effective and sustainable way and consequently reduce dependence on government. The strategy is a valuable device which links conservation and rural development thereby improving the rural livelihoods. Through the strategy, communities are mobilized and encouraged to initiate and run projects of their own, thus creating opportunities for the inclusion of communities in management decision. In implementing the community-based strategy, the district has adopted the participatory rural appraisal tool which empowers communities to be independent and be able to generate income for themselves.

Though much has not taken place so far, the implementation of this strategy is expected to gain momentum during this plan period (DDP 6).

7.2.2 District Settlement Strategy

The National Settlement Strategy (NSS) supported by the District Settlement Strategy is the overall document guiding settlement structure. It discourages proliferation of settlements. However, given that the population size of a settlement to be recognized has been reduced from 500 to 250, it is now questionable as to whether the strategy will meet one of its major objectives. Moreover, the current agricultural policy wants farmers to settle at the farming areas. In essence, the reduction of population size for a recognized settlement and the notion of encouraging farmers to stay at the lands, will ultimately lead to the creation of many settlements even at the lands and cattle post areas. This situation might not be affordable in this plan period (DDP 6) since these would need services.

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The MLG expects the Districts to carry out a settlement study and then formulate the District Settlement Strategy which will detail how to go about servicing the new settlements. While the South East District is committed to reserve fertile land for farming to achieve food security, the encroachment of Lobatse and Gaborone urban centres within the District is worrisome.

7.2.3 National Policy on Agricultural Development

The Agricultural Development Policy during DDP5 focused on crop pricing, diversification, targeted subsidies, food security, water development and technology among others. During DDP 5 the Ministry facilitated the process of agricultural development through research, training extension and essential services, this strategy would still be pursued during DDP6.

The Ministry of Agriculture engaged the services of an Israeli consultant to assist in the development of the National Agriculture Master Plan for Arable, Agriculture and Dairy Development (NAMPAADD). The study aims at transforming the operations of traditional/subsistence farmers to a commercial level and to enable commercial farmers upgrade their level of management and technology application. This will be derived by focusing on intensive mechanical and irrigated arable farming and dairy development. This, if implemented accordingly would make arable agriculture and dairy farming more attractive and profitable to farmers thereby creating employment opportunities, increase rural incomes and reduce rural-urban migration. Hence the national objective of diversification, food security and sustainable development will be achieved.

7.2.4 Agricultural Resource Act

The Agricultural Resources Board was set up in 1974 through the Agricultural Conservation Act of 1974 with the following functions:

Exercise supervision over the agricultural resources of Botswana. Advising the Minister on matters relating to the legislation necessary to secure or

promote proper conservation use and improvement of these resources. Stimulate public interest in proper use and conservation of these resources. Issue conservation and stock control orders, and make conservation regulation in

accordance with the provisions of the Act. Consult with any Land Board and District Council to give them advice concerning

proper use of any land within such tribal areas.

During DDP6 the South East District Conservation Committee will continue to provide basic knowledge, information and technologies on sustainable Management of Natural Resources. The division will provide conventional information products such as mapping to initiate field data collection on plants of economic importance in the district. The division will continue to facilitate some conservation projects in the district, together with other stakeholders.

7.2.5 Animal Breeding Policy

An intensive animal-breeding programme will be adopted mainly through a decentralized artificial breeding programme, to improve the quality of livestock.

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7.2.6 Animal Health Policy

Government will continue to prevent and control diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease, Anthrax, Blackquarter, Brucellosis and Rabies through restriction of animals and animal products as well as compulsory and free vaccinations.

7.2.7 Dairy Farming Policy

The Policy advocates for transformation of traditional farming to commercial farming. NAMPAADD was formulated among other things to develop dairy production within the country.

7.2.8 Animal Breeding Policy/Artificial Insemination

Artificial insemination was introduced to provide semen from superior bulls to the small farmer who could not afford to purchase such bulls. This offers several advantages over natural breeding, it is cheaper and also there are some government AI centres. Farmers are however, encouraged to practice the ON-Farm AI in their respective farms.

7.2.9 Animal Health Policy

The policy covers animal diseases that farmers could not individually control them through restriction of animals and animal products as well as compulsory and free vaccination. These are diseases such as Foot and Mouth Diseases, Anthrax Blackleg, Brucellosis and Rabbies.

7.2.10 Fencing Policy

The Policy advocates for fencing of communal areas to control stocking rate, diseases and for better planning on breeding and marketing programmes. This policy might not be fully utilized by the district due to insufficient land. However, where feasible farmers would be allowed to fence livestock farming land, either as individuals, groups or communities.

7.3 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES

7.3.1 Natural Resources Sub-Sector

Due to the absence of alternative fuel sources, both local residents and residents of Gaborone continue to exert pressure on limited fuel wood supply in the district.

To address environmental and natural resource issues, some programmes and projects were implemented as follows:

The Forestry Nursery establishment was commenced; fenced and following structures constructed, shade netting and seedbeds, to start production in 2002.

Due to the hilly terrain nature of the district, there is slightly high risk of serious soil erosion. The soil conservation works such as construction of gully control structures; contour banks and diversion channels were particularly done at Mogobane, Otse and Metsimaswaane. Heavy rains which occurred over the short period during DDP5 resulted in the destruction of some of the structures. During DDP6 the soil conservation project will be extended to cover some parts of the district and also to maintain the existing structures.

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Beekeeping project was started to encourage individuals to generate income through sale of bee products. One demonstration apiary was established and thirteen (13) beekeeping projects are in production.

7.3.2 Crop Production Sector

Low and erratic rainfall, endemic droughts and uneven distribution of land resources hamper rain-fed farming. In addition to the natural constraints other problems which affect the agricultural sector and make it ineffective and an unreliable source of income are high input costs, lack of supporting infrastructure, limited access to credit and low levels of technology. Furthermore, there has been out-migration of able-bodied labour force to urban centre leaving the sub-sector manned by an ageing labour force consequently contributing to the decline in crop production.

Although crop farming is expected to contribute to households’ food basket, there has been low hectorage ploughed/planted, 2805ha in 1999/200, 585ha in 2000/2001 and 1539ha in 2001/2002 against the district’s production baseline of 7800ha. It logically means that more than 35% of cultivatable land has been ploughed/planted. For the few farmers who planted, yields have not yet reached the optimal level. A majority of farmers normally plant on the average 3Ha and harvest less than 210-350kg per ha of sorghum, maize and pulses. If this situation persists, the envisaged food security, rural development and poverty alleviation were not achieved during DDP5.

In an effort to address the issues of the sub-sector, the Arable Lands Development Programme (ALDEP) was put in place to provide an enabling environment for farmers. The emphasis of the programme was on technology transfer and strengthening of the extension system. The major objectives of the programme were:

To improve the income levels and food security in rural areas through subsidized inputs.

To assist small scale farmers to increase productivity of the main food grains such as maize, sorghum and pulses.

Distribution of ALDEP packages progressed quite well during DDP5 and this programme has played an important role in the lives of the small farmers. It was revealed that the use of these packages encourages farmers to adopt technologies. The only constraint encountered in the District was shortage of draught power (cattle) available for sale. The ALDEP has been suspended and the district is working on clearing the backlogs. The programme is to be reviewed.

It is nevertheless anticipated that with the intervention of NAMPAADD larger outputs are expected in the sub-sector.

7.3.3 Horticultural Sub-Sector

Horticulture has been identified as a priority area for diversification of the agricultural production base for the generation of rural incomes and employment to improve food security at both household and national levels.

The majority of the projects are small scale characterized by low productivity. Major constraints are unfavorable climatic conditions, lack of marketing infrastructure, inadequate

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water supply for irrigation and poor management of horticultural enterprises. When FAP was introduced, horticulture was an important component of the diversification policy.

7.3.4 Livestock Sub-sector

Low and erratic rainfall, endemic droughts, poor grazing and uneven distribution of land resources hamper livestock productivity and shortage of fresh milk. As a result about 80% of fresh milk is imported from South Africa and the level of technology remains low level. During the course of the DDP 5, the district experienced an outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease from South Africa as a result picketers were deployed to patrol along the Botswana border with South Africa for a period of nine months.

With regard to poultry production the district is self- sufficient as evidenced by a considerable number of poultry holdings within the district. Piggery has also performed well over the plan period. Though there is a considerable amount of interest and market on small agricultural holdings, unavailability of land has served as a setback over the plan period.

The Livestock Trace Back System [LITS] was undertaken during the course of the DDP 5 and a total of 17384 animals were inserted with boluses.

The fencing component of the Agricultural Policy in the district is focusing on the Rankoromane ranch and the consultation with stakeholders is still ongoing.

Farmers were trained in small-stock management, dairy management, poultry management, hides and skins, vegetable provision. During bolus insertion a few farmers refused to insert their cattle with boluses as a result the percent coverage of the district was reduced. The vaccination coverage was quite good.

Ostrich farming has also gained ground in the district, depicting efforts to diversify the sub-sector.

7.4 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 7.1: Agriculture Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoal Objectives Performance Target Department of CropsTo prevent soil erosion To promote construction of gully control

structuresCrop germination to be increased by 40% in 2006 and by 80% in 2009.

To promote construction of contour banks and diversion channels

Increase soil fertility by 50% in 2009

To promote conservation methods and optimal use of natural resources.

To conduct EIA on all major projects -Promote use of animal manure in improving soil fertility

Increase of yield to 400kg/ha by 2009.

Enhance production of seedlings of both fruit and non-fruit trees

Reduction in imports of fruit by 40% in 2009.

Facilitate plantation of woodlots within farms Increase soil fertility by 30% in 2009To prevent veldt fire arising from burning of agricultural land

To educate the public on veldt fires management policy and put in place the necessary precautions.

No veldt fires by 2009.

To finalize the Veldt fires Management Policy. Veldt fires policy to be implemented by beginning of 2004.

To conduct EIA on the new technologies before adopting them.

-

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Goal Objectives Performance TargetTo encourage the implementation of friendly or appropriate technologies.

To promote the use of environmentally friendly fertilizers and pesticides

Increased soil fertility by 80% in 2009.

To conduct surveys which will assess soil salinity Identification of good arable land and be depicted in soil maps accompanying land use plans.

Animal Health and ProductionTo improve livestock production To diversify and sustain livestock production

through implementation of appropriate technologies.

No imports of fresh milk and other dairy products by 2009.

To achieve a healthy livestock population through effective disease prevention and control measures.

To reduce disease out break by 2009.

To encourage practice of integrated farming by mixing crops and livestock.

Integrated farming adopted by half of the farmers in 2009.

Development of extension services Improvement of the housing situation in the district.

Construction of houses


7.5.1 Evaluation Of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and Objectives

The use of pesticides has increased over the years, but encouraging implementation of friendly/appropriate technologies like fertilizers and pesticides are good as pest and diseases combatants, but most of them are hazardous to the environment and are a health risk. It is therefore important to monitor their impact as they continue to be used. As a mitigation measure, a periodic environmental impact assessment would be done to determine their impact on non-target species such as plants, soils and water.

An Environmental Impact Assessment will be undertaken to determine the general impact of friendly/appropriate technologies to be able to prepare management plan thereof for each discipline.

The goal on improvement of livestock production would have a negative environmental impact as the district is already faced with land degradation. The district would embark on establishing the stocking rate.


Some programmes such as NAMPAADD may encourage the increase of settlements in different parts of the district.

The Fencing Policy might lead to unprecedented range degradation and inefficient grazing system and due to land scarcity the policy might not be fully utilized in SED.

The Animal breeding Policy might also lead to land degradation.

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7.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

7.6.1 Crop Production and Forestry Sub Sector

Table 7.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoals Project Potential Impacts Mitigation MeasuresTo improve and commercialize arable agriculture

To establish 6 horticultural projects.


Depletion of underground water resources as a result of increased number of irrigation projects.

Undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment and socio-economic studies.

To develop 2 irrigation schemes. Loss of vegetation cover due to land clearing.

Soil and surface water contamination from use of pesticides and agrochemical.

Increased soil and salinity due to excessive use of fertilizer.

Undertake an environmental impact assessment and socio-economic studies.

Collaboration with other stakeholders e.g. environmentalists in the development of environmentally friendly pest management programmes.

To rehabilitate 1 dam. Loss of vegetation cover due to land clearing.

Erosion, noise and dust from machinery.

Overgrazing.

Undertake an environmental impact assessment and socio-economic studies.

Fencing of dam.

To encourage the implementation of friendly/appropriate technologies

To establish 5 beekeeping projects, construct 2 water tanks, upgrade 1 farmer demonstration apiary, establish 1 demonstration apiary & rehabilitate 2 apiaries.

Land use segregation N/A

To clear the ALDEP backlog, have demonstrations and crop competitions.

Soil erosion Farmers to use row planting

To undertake an agro processing feasibility study.

N/A N/A

To prevent soil erosion

Land Rehabilitation at Tlokweng, Kike, Mogobane, Metsimaswaane, Ramotswa/Dikgatlhong

None None

Development of extension services.

Construction of 2 ADS houses

Renovation of office for DAHP

Loss of vegetable cover due to bush clearing

Soil erosion, noise and dust due to construction.

LandscapingUse low noise machinery during construction and sprinkle water daily on the construction site.

To improve livestock production.

Anthrax QE, CA & Rabies Vaccination.

Farmers Training.

Bolus insertion.

Soil erosion, degradation. Alternate vaccination areas.

Veterinary inoculator’s fresher course.

None N/A

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7.7.1 Issues and Strengths for Agriculture

Table 7.3: Issues and Strengths for AgricultureIssues StrengthsLow production of arable crops and horticultural yields Demonstration farms and officers based in the district.Endemic drought leading to low yields and negative impact on livestock industry

Effective disease control and prevention

Low adoption of improved technologies Strategically deployed skilled staffLow adoption of integrated pest management techniques due to farmers attitudes

Availability of funds

Lack of markets for Agricultural productsShortage of land in SED is a constraint to agricultural developmentsWeak and outdated LegislationPoor Communication network like roads

7.7.2 Resource Requirement and Implementation schedule for DDP6

Table 7.4: Resource Requirements and Implementation Schedule for DDP6Goal Project Component Estimated

CostYear

To encourage the implementation of friendly/appropriate technologies

Clear ALDEP backlog 900 000 2003/04Demonstrations 100 000 2004/05Crop competitionsFarmer Training

20 000100 000

2005/062003/04

Development of extension services Construction of ADs houses 274 337 2004/05Renovation of DAHP office 617 000 2004/05

To improve and commercialize arable agriculture Agro processing Feasibility study

112 500 2003/04

EIA Study on irrigation and water developmentDesign & Installation Design & InstallationMonitoring

200 000 200 000 500 000 200 000

2003/04

2004/052005/062008/09

To prevent soil erosion Land Rehabilitation 1 129 800 2003/04 -2008/09

To improve livestock production Anthrax QE, CA & Rabies Vaccination

654 000 2003/09

Farmers Training 300 000 2003/09Bolus insertion 420 000 2003/09Veterinary inoculator’s fresher course

9 000 2003/09


Respective departments would prepare Quarterly financial and physical progress report and Annual Performance Plans for discussion at the District Development Committee. Also there would be annual reviews of these plans leading to the DDP 6 Midterm Review after three years of implementation

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CHAPTER 8

8 TRADE, INDUSTRY, WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

8.1 INTRODUCTION

The Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism sector is viewed as a sailing boat that would take Botswana’s narrow economic base to a diversified, broad economy that would yield products which can with stand global competition thereby attaining the prosperous, productive and innovative pillar of the Vision 2016. A number of policies put in place by the Government have the potential to re-orientate Botswana’s reliant in diamond sector to a multi-faceted production base. This would entail facilitating involvement of communities by encouraging them to venture in activities that will yield socio-economic benefits and at the same time conserve the environment, and privatisation of government services where the private sector has comparative advantage. The results of this are two-tied, on one hand it would promote citizen empowerment and create employment opportunities and on the other hand it would curb rural-urban migration. Among the sub-sector in this ministry, tourism and trade can easily be developed to benefit the rural populace in the SED.

Industry and trade have not progressed well as depicted by few industries in the local economy and the un-diversified commercial sector. Efforts to boost the commercial and industrial resource base will be will be pursued during the plan period in view of the potential of the district in terms of better means of transport (rail and road) its closeness to the two urban centres which can provide an extended market for local products and the established commercial ventures.

Within the district, the tourism sector has under-performed though there is a potential for tourism development which will be exploited during DDP6.

The challenge is to diversify the tourism product from that of the eco- Tourism and encourage local community participation in tapping historical and cultural resources to diversify the product in the southern part of the Country. It is in this area that South East will have a chance to explore and identify tourism attraction sites and products.

Furthermore there are a number of scenic sites that could be developed for tourism and tourism trails from the neighbouring Districts like Kweneng, Gaborone and Lobatse could be extended to cover South East. Its boundary with South Africa and the three border posts opens it for international tourism.


The Ministry of Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism (MTIWT) is responsible for creating an enabling environment for promotion of trade and industry in the country. It is also responsible for the development and dissemination of information on tourism industry, sustain wildlife population and its habitats. For the Ministry to effectively carry out its mandate, it has been restructured and formed two ministries of Trade and Industry and that of Wildlife, Tourism and Environment. At the district level, these two ministries comprise of the following departments: Industrial Affairs, Wildlife and National Parks.

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The department of Industrial Affairs is charged with the responsibility of entrepreneurial development of small scale and micro businesses. The communities are given training in required artisan and technological skills. This fulfils the challenge that the department faces in Vision 2016 of having diversified, self-sustaining and competitive industries which would contribute significantly to gross domestic product.

The district-based department of Wildlife and National Parks office is responsible for conservation of indigenous wildlife resources and habitants both within and outside the protection area and their associated activities.

Within the district council there is the department of commercial affairs which is responsible for issuing licenses to hawkers, street vendors, retail outlets and industrial activities. The unit also monitors these businesses and ensures that they operate within the confines of the issued license.

8.1.1.1 Strategic Plans for the Ministry

National Development Plans call for Botswana to focus on sustainable growth and diversification of the economy through the development of sustainable enterprises and employment creation. In order for the Ministry to contribute towards the long term vision of the country, it would during DDP 6 cover issues of sustainable growth and diversification under which the issues of stakeholders partnership, citizen empowerment, use of local resources, global competitiveness, industrialisation, manufacturing, trade, small scale businesses, tourism and wildlife fall.

As one of its challenges during the plan period, the Ministry would also promote sustainable utilisation of Botswana’s wildlife resources as well as the commercial exploitation of its tourist attraction.

8.1.2 Role of the Private Sector

Private sector is generally involved in the development of the country through joint venture partnership like the Vulture study Group; which is a working group of the Endangered Wildlife Trust which is involved with the conservation of vultures. Also, investment promotions are highly supported by the private sector through business activities.

8.1.3 Consultation Priorities

The community felt that it was about time that recreational parks are developed in the district. The business community complained about delays in provision of serviced plot.

It was noted that indeed people had abused the Financial Assistance Policy. Regarding wildlife, the community raised a concern that wildlife causes a lot of damage

to their livestock and crops and compensation is minimal.


8.2.1 National Tourism Policy

The National Tourism policy and the recently developed eco- tourism draft strategy of 2001 are expected to bring desired results in the tourism development.

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8.2.2 Privatisation Policy

The Privatisation Policy of April 2000 is also expected to create opportunities for local empowerment and community participation as jobs will be created through out-sourcing some of council’s activities. To date council has not out-sourced any of its functions but consideration has been made for refuse collection. Draft guidelines from the Department of Sanitation and Waste Management for this undertaking has been availed to Councils for consideration. The move towards privatisation is expected to realise efficiency within government service delivery system as well as have positive implications of citizen empowerment.

8.2.3 Industrial Development Policy

The Industrial Development Policy, which accentuates on industrial development, regulates activities of manufacturing enterprises. The Policy requires that employees with less than 10 employees should have an industrial license prior to engaging in any processes. The policy is also emphatic on provision of serviced land to encourage private participation.

Also, within the District Council, there is commercial affairs unit which is responsible for issuance of trade licences and monitoring businesses to ensure that they operate within the confines of the issued license.

The district has serviced 22 industrial and 16 commercial plots in Lenganeng in 1998 and 69 plots in the Selokwane industrial. The major setback is lack of development by allotees. Mostly people acquire land for speculation purposes, thereby resulting in delay in developing them and a further delay by hampering the realization of the achievement of the envisaged industrial and commercial development.

8.2.4 Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act Consumer Protection Act

The Act was enacted by parliament in 1992, and it deals mainly with conservation and protection of the Fauna and Flora for sustainable utilisation by the future generation. It also deals with the protection, conservation and management of wildlife in the country. In the district, Manyelanong Game reserve is one of the protected areas.

8.2.5 Consumer Protection Act

The act deals with business malpractice and faulty goods to protect the consumers. This act is hardly realised in this district as the implementing unit is based in Gaborone. The populace in the district has to therefore seek advice there.

8.2.6 National Licensing Act

The act is cited as the Trade and Liquor Act. It is implemented by district councils through the Commercial Affairs unit. It is mainly responsible for issuing licenses and monitoring of hawkers, street vendors, retail outlets and industrial activities.

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8.2.7 Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)

CEDA was established in 2001 and Financial Assistance Policy was terminated. CEDA mainly is concerned with economic diversification, employment creation, and Entrepreneural development and poverty alleviation. Some entrepreneurs in the district have benefited.

8.2.8 Local Procurement Programme

The programme was reviewed in 2000/01 and it was found that the programme had positive impact as a result it was extended to local authorities. The policy deals with procurement and encouraging local entrepreneurs to produce quality goods and services. At the district level, 30% should be procured from local entrepreneurs.

8.2.9 Wildlife conservation (Hunting and Licensing) Regulations 2001

Wildlife conservation and hunting regulations were effected in October 2001 to regulate hunting in Botswana Licenses which can be issued in South East are bird license and landholders privilege.

8.2.10 Ostrich Management Plan Policy of 1994

The policy advocates for the promotion of ostrich conservation through sustainable utilisation in accordance with the wildlife conservation policy. It also calls for commercial exploitation in a sustainable and responsible manner. For the district due to limited land, ostrich farming can create a lot of problems, as an 800 meters buffer should be kept between the birds and the chickens for purposes of disease control. However, there is one functional ostrich farm and two people have been given a go ahead to rear these.

8.3 TRADE AND INDUSTRY

8.3.1 Financial Assistance Policy

Financial Assistance Policy (FAP) default rate has been high mostly due to the following reasons: First, lack of serviced industrial and commercial plots make it difficult for entrepreneurs to undertake proposed businesses. Secondly, high utility costs have threatened the viability of many projects. Thirdly, sources of funding for owners contribution have remained limited. Financial institutions do not find small-scale entrepreneurs a very attractive clientele. Fourthly, most products are of poor quality and face fierce competition from better quality and competitively priced quality. Fifth, endemic project failures are due to lack of commitment from promoters, inadequate technical and managerial skills and high labour turnover. Sixth, there had been prevalent abuse of FAP. Some beneficiaries acquire FAP funded assets to re-sell or use for other purposes. Unscrupulous supplies collude with promoters to supply poor quality materials and machinery. Finally, shortage of manpower and transport to effectively monitor implementation of FAP negatively affects projects. It is after a series of these failures that a decision was made to have FAP taken over by CEDA.

Due to lack of housing units in the district, the staff has been suffering from lack of residential accommodation.

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8.3.2 Citizen Entrepreneur Development Agency (CEDA)

Citizen Entrepreneur Development Agency has been established to consolidate existing as well as future citizen empowerment schemes. A restructuring exercise in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry has considered the possibility of Industrial Field Services operating under a Local Enterprise Authority. The Ministry has also released a strategic plan, which guides the Ministry to become an efficient service provider. With these new reforms, it is difficult to suggest the form and pace at which these policy reforms should be or their relationships or assess their expected impact yet. Though as of now indications of reluctance on the uptake of the programme can be detected as people are mostly discouraged by the details required in the applications, concerted efforts in pursuance to community mobilisation will be emphasised during the plan period.

8.3.3 Local Procurement Programme

Local Procurement Programme is expected to encourage local contractors/suppliers to compete with their foreign counterparts. The scheme is expected to economically boost locals for them to be able to compete globally as enunciated in the NDP9 theme. It is furthermore expected that participation of the private sector will increase as opportunities enlarges; the new privatisation policy is expected to create opportunities for locals as more jobs are contracted out and hived-off to the private sector.

8.3.4 Tourism

Tourism has been identified as an economic sub-sector with potential to contribute to economic diversification, thus identified as an engine of growth. The major thrust of the industry has been to accrue as much as possible net socio-economic benefits from tourism resources such as scenic beauty, wildlife and unique ecological and cultural characteristics. The benefits of tourism are expected to create employment for rural dwellers, reduce the urban drift and also to increase participation of locals in the ownership and management of tourism enterprises. The formulated National Tourism Strategy is envisaged to enhance tourism potential in the district and encourages exploration of alternative tourism development which is not based on ecological resource.

In the district, the potential tourist attraction area include Lentswe la Baratani, Manyelanong, Old Manganese mine etc. During DDP 5 a preliminary inventory of tourism attraction areas including potential areas was completed. These areas will need to be developed to be made more attractive and further the notion of protecting them. Communities will also be encouraged to take advantage of such sites for development through Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM). The approach is three-tied, it realizes devolving resource tenure and user rights to the community. i.e. decentralizes management of resources, it achieves effective and efficient management of resources and lastly it achieves rural development as income accrues to communities. Within the CBNRM, there is a recognized positive relationship between conservation and income generation.

With the above availability of a preliminary profile on tourist attractions, there will be need to adequately emphasis on tourism development during DDP6.

The cape vulture could have been the best tourist attraction area but due to their sensitivity to noise the area is not visited. A centre has been developed during DDP5 and it is open to the public for information on the vultures.

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Though privately owned there are parks and conservation centres in the district namely the Mokolodi Conservation and the Lion Park. These attract a lot of visitors.

Old Manganese Mine and Lentswe la Baratani (the Hill of Lovers) are also historical attraction sites.

8.3.5 Wildlife

The district-based Wildlife Department is responsible for all wild life activities in the district. The office was set up to protect a colony of cape vultures breeding in Manyelanong Hill. Due to the decline of the cape vultures in the past years, the area was protected in 1985. The office is additionally responsible for combating poaching, control problem animals and teaching the people of South East district about the importance of wildlife conservation or natural resources conservation through Kgotla meetings and addressing school children in their respective schools. As for Association of Environmental Clubs of Botswana, the office covers both the South East and Southern Districts.

An increasing human population disturbs the vulture habitat and has led to a steady decline in the number of chicks born each year. This could lead to extinction of the Cape Vulture species in Botswana if it goes unchecked. During this plan period, measures to protect vultures will be intensified.

It is difficult to be exact on the number of wildlife population in the district because it is difficult to conduct aerial surveys due to the hilly terrain, however the department is in a process of doing road counts. Even though it is difficult to count animals from the air, the population of animals has grown, though most of the animals are on privately owned land like Mokolodi Nature Reserves and Lion Park. Patrols are ongoing to monitor animals so as to combat poaching or any illegal capture or translocation.

In view of assimilation wildlife conservation in school curricula and programmes the department has encouraged a number of wildlife clubs in school.

8.3.6 Wildlife farming

Wildlife has recently gained ground as an alternative and viable venture to rearing of livestock, as depicted by the increasing number of ostrich farms. To this end there are 3 of them in the district and more participation is needed in this venture.

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8.4 TRADE, INDUSTRY, WILDLIFE AND TOURISM SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 8.1: Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoal Objectives Performance Target Industrial AffairsIncreased industrial and commercial development in the district

Establishment of Vibrant Self sustaining firms in industries that can meet the challenges of the intensifying regional and international competition

Establishment of a service centre to advise the local entrepreneurs on their opportunities and access to credit by 2006/07.

Development of a business culture in the district to be able to produce high quality goods and tradable services in a manner that does not erode and compromise consumer interest.

Satisfied consumers who are willing to buy locally by 2004/05.

To enhance private sector participation/investment To provide serviced land for private development and construct factory shells and market stalls.

Establishment of more companies in the district by 2004/05

To create opportunities through privatization of some of the public services.

Reduction of bureaucracy in the assistance of the general public and provision of a one stop service by 2004/05

To facilitate training and equipping staff with appropriate work competences

Motivated staff

To enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the staff through adequate provision of infrastructure

To provide staff housing Provision of staff houses by 2003/04

Wildlife and National ParksSustain wildlife population and Habitats To protect endangered species An increase in the number of wildlife in the district throughout

the plan period

To intensify patrols Less number of poaching cases by the end of the plan period

To encourage communities to utilize wildlife resources sustainably

To educate the public about the importance of wildlife and conservation of the same.

The increased number of CBNRM by 2004/05

To combat poaching or any illegal capture or translocation of wildlife Less reported cases of poaching and illegal capture of wildlife by the end of the plan period

To manage or intensify measures to protect the cape vultures species in Botswana

An increase in the number of birds born per year

To develop sustainable physical infrastructure To motivate staff to perform to acceptable standards Offices and a house built by 2004/05. Department of TourismTo develop the district as a tourist destination area To encourage CBNRM to instigate viable tourism oriented projects Tourist projects in the area

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Goal Objectives Performance TargetTo diversify the local resource base from small business ventures to tourism activities like cultural village, hotels.

Diversification into tourism activities

To have an information base for people interested in eco-tourism To have updated a profile on historical sites and tourists sites by 2003

To facilitate development and implementation activities of the tourism industry through partnership with the public and private sector organizations

To involve the community in planning, development, implementation and management of tourism related projects

The number of viable community projects

To hold workshops to empower communities with viable tourism projects

The number of workshops held in the district

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8.5.1.1 Industrial Affairs

Goal 1 and 2: The increased industrial and commercial development in the district would lead to littering at both the individual, community and enterprise levels. It would also lead to debushing especially for new business ventures. To combat these there will be need to have a coordinated litter management at both the individual, community and enterprise level.

The new enterprises would be encouraged to landscape and preserve some of the trees that were found in the plots.

Goal 3 would lead to land biodiversity, waste generated from construction and indiscriminate dumping and unsightly stockpiling of waste during construction.

8.5.1.2 Wildlife and National Parks

Goal 1: An increased population of wildlife may ultimately lead to degradation and conflict between wildlife and the public. There would be continuous monitoring of wildlife population to guard against soil erosion.

Goal 2: There is no negative environmental impact.

Goal 3: There would be debushing and felling of trees. Depending on the type of roofing, wildlife might be scared off and be displaced. Also soil erosion might result.

8.5.1.3 Department of Tourism

Goal 1: Major activities undertaken may lead to felling of trees. This will affect the scenic beauty of the area. Aesthetic quality in the development of hotels would be emphasised. There will also be conflicting land uses, as some of these will encroach in agricultural land calling for change of use.

Goal 2 does not have any environmental impact.


8.5.2.1 Ostrich Farming Policy of 1994

The policy advocates for the promotion of Ostrich conservation through sustainable utilization in accordance with the wildlife conservation policy of 1986. Ostrich farming in SED can create a lot of problems. In order for a place to be approved as an ostrich farm, it must be 800 metres from where chickens are kept for the purposes of disease control. For the district, due to acute shortage of land this is impossible except on private farms. Also, air pollution may result from rearing of ostriches.

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8.5.2.2 Industrial Development Policy

The Industrial Development Policy accentuates on industrial development and regulates activities of manufacturing enterprises. The policy is also emphatic on provision of serviced land to encourage private participation.

The policy may encourage encroachment into agricultural land and servicing of land may lead to loss of vegetation and tree species due to bush clearing and indiscriminate dumping. Also, infrastructural developments that are likely to arise would have an effect on land biodiversity.

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8.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE TRADE, INDUSTRY, TOURISM AND WILDLIFE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

8.6.1 Proposed Projects

Table 8.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoal Project component Environmental impact Mitigation Measures Total Estimated Cost Year of implementation Department of Wildlife and National ParksTo develop sustainable physical infrastructure

Wildlife Office Block Extension at Otse

Displacement of animal species and removal of vegetation

Selective debushing/Cutting of trees shall be done and landscaping

500 000 2004/5

2005/06

2 x 3 bedroomed house at Otse for Wildlife Officers

Removal of vegetation, indiscriminate dumping and pollution

Landscaping, rubbles dumped at the dumping site & use water to control dust.

400 000

Sustain wildlife populations and habitats

Aerial and ground counts of animals in the district

N/A N/A

300 0002003 -2009

To encourage communities to utilise wildlife resources sustainably

CBNRM N/A N/A 100 000 2004 - 2005

Department of Industrial AffairsTo enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the staff through adequate provision of infrastructure

2 medium cost houses Land biodiversity. Waste generated from construction. Indiscriminate dumping and unsightly stockpiling of waste

Construction waste should be disposed off at the landfill.

398 013 2003/04

* Tourism related activities would be held if and only if the community has proposed tourism activities in the area. Therefore these are not estimated for per district.

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.

8.6.2 Mitigation measures

Ensuring strict adherence to waste management in all investors’ factories, strict monitoring on disposal of waste from investment; landfill facilities must be used, planting of trees to replace debushed vegetation during structure construction, proper drainage systems and landscaping must be taken into account.


8.7.1 Issues and strengths for Trade and Industry

Table 8.3: Issues and Strengths for Trade and IndustryIssues Strengths Industrial AffairsLack of diversification of the trade sector in the rural economy as it is skewed towards general dealers and butcheries

A comprehensive and clear Industrial Development Policy

High failure of most of the industries resulting in loss of employment by localsLocation of business enterprises along the road reserve affects the aesthetic scene of the district villages.The incidence of vandalism reverses district’s efforts to lure investment into the districtThere is need for district tourism officers as well as environmental liaison officers. Wildlife DepartmentConcentration of wildlife species in private farms denies the people in the district the opportunity to hunt.

Issuance of hunting application forms to other areas

Lack of manpower to improve capacity to guard against poaching

Sensitisation of the community on wildlife conservationIntensive patrol to guard against poaching and problem animal control.


Respective departments would prepare Quarterly financial and physical progress report and Annual Performance Plans for discussion at the District Development Committee. Also there would be annual reviews of these plans leading to the DDP 6 Midterm Review after three years of implementation.

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CHAPTER 9

9 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Education has been recognized as a means of empowerment. It is through education that human resources are developed as depicted by the use of the literacy level as human development indicator. The district intention is to ensure that all educational plans are geared towards achieving one of the visions pillars of “an educated and informed nation.” Informed, because the strategy is to go beyond provision of education to the school going age. The out of school category and also the old generation of our society would also be reached. Through the Brigades, citizens would be empowered to become best producers of goods and services. Provision of the requisite skills will facilitate the development of not only of the educated and informed but also that of a prosperous, productive and innovative workforce in the district which will enhance the diversification and sustainability of the Botswana economy. Primary education as a base for human capital development would be given priority during this plan period.


The Ministry of Education is charged with the responsibility of providing quality education accessible to all through curriculum development, pre-service and in-service training of teachers. To effectively carry out its mandate, the ministry has the following departments; Primary, Junior and Senior Secondary Education, Non-Formal, Tertiary and Vocational Education. The Ministry of Local Government through district councils, shares the responsibility with the Ministry of Education in primary education. Councils are responsible for school buildings and grounds, supplies and teachers’ housing.


9.1.2.1 Ministry of Education

The Ministry in pursuance of implementation of the Revised National Policy on Education would provide an environment conducive for teaching and learning. The Ministry is also charged with ensuring that education reaches all irrespective of the cultural, physical ability, economic status or geographical location of such populace.

The Ministry would increase access to vocational and technical education through an accelerated expansion of Vocational Education Training system. A number of Technical Colleges would be built around the country and the existing colleges and brigades would be upgraded to increase their enrolment capacities. Teaching staff would also be upgraded with the introduction of a College for Technical and Vocational Education which is yet to be built.


The MLG is responsible for provision of a teaching and learning environment by construction of school buildings, provision of ancillary staff, procurement of textbooks, stationary and

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equipments, feeding and provision of teachers housing and transportation needs of the teachers and pupils.

9.1.2.3 Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs

Working closely with the Ministry of Education on vocational training is the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs. The Ministry is assigned the overall responsibility for policy on vocational education and training. The Botswana Training Authority advises the Minister on policy matters.


The private sector’s contribution to education is quite high with a number of private primary schools in the district. This also applies to pre-schools.

With regard to non-formal education, the SOS, Tlamelong Rehabilitation Centre and BPC provide learning facilities and allocate time to their employees to attend literacy lessons.

Regarding brigade training schools, these are community-based organizations which are regulated through Deed of Trust, with government contribution being grants and capital development. These are charged with provision of quality training with production skills.

9.1.4 Consultation Priorities

The community was concerned on the distance traveled by some pupils to schools and called for provision of new schools. Also, it was felt that classrooms should be well equipped with air-conditioning.

The community felt that provisions of gardens are a necessity in schools which lack such a facility and that all schools should be electrified and be provided with computers.

There is no proper curriculum for pre-schools.

The curriculum for primary schools does not provide for vocation education hence the lack of early interest in the vocational training for the youth.


9.2.1 Revised National Policy on Education

The education system in Botswana is guided by the Revised National Policy on Education. The policy accentuates on a well-structured system, which will meet the demands of the labour market. It further articulates on the need for proper learning environment in terms of provision of physical infrastructure and efficient educational delivery and impart by teachers.

The RNPE has a mandatory position of enriching curriculum delivery through training of teachers at district and inspectoral level. Inspection of schools would also enrich curriculum implementation in the district. While for brigades, the policy guides future development of vocational education and training. It recognises that attention should be focused on a training system which is distinct from general education.

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For special education, the district has incorporation special education in some of its schools system for the mentally retarded children.

9.2.2 Policy on Tertiary Education

The major emphasis of the policy is on provision of “a high level manpower and research support needed for economic development.” The policy encompasses skills level training for both formal and informal sectors as well as promoting life long training as an integral part of human resource development. The skills training would achieve Botswana’s development objectives as education is recognized as a form of economic empowerment.

9.3 EDUCATION

9.3.1.1 Pre-schools Education

Against the backdrop of a well-structured guideline on pre-primary education the district has to this end made an effort to integrate pre-primary education in the primary education in one school. For lack of the referred to guideline there has not been any plans to further improve on the pre-primary education system.

9.3.1.2 Primary Education

The curriculum formulation, and human resource development and management, and the development of primary education are the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Local Government and specifically District Councils are charged with the responsibility of provision of primary education facilities and schools supplies (books and stationery).

To achieve an improved education delivery system the training of teaches shall be pursued during DDP6. Teacher quality is deemed as an important input into basic education. Furthermore teachers training form basic qualifications of Primary teachers Certificate (PTC) to Diploma in Primary Education. Currently of the 364 trained teachers 229 are PTC holders represented by 62%, which is unacceptable on the higher side if we are to achieve quality education.

The district has a total of 19 primary schools with an enrolment of 8789 pupils and 353 teachers. An annual increase of 10% is expected with a resultant of 472 classroom deficit.

The problems that were encountered during implementation are that the policy stipulates that for every two classrooms built there should be one teachers’ house. This policy has contributed to the backlog of teachers’ quarters. This backlog is reflected in table 9.1.

The Disability Policy stipulates that units should be set up to integrate the disabled children with the normal ones in primary schools. The policy has a shortcoming in the sense that it does not have provision for these children beyond the seven years of primary schooling.

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Table 9.1: Education Roll, Facilities and Backlog Name Of School Roll No. Of

TeachersStreams C/R Def/Sup

Of C/RT/Q DEF/SUP

OF T/QP/L W/C P/L +

W/CDef/SupOf Toilets

A/B S/K

1. Baratani 320 15 14 12 -2 12 -4 3 19 22 -2 1 112. Batlokwa 638 23 22 22 - 13 -10 - 28 28 -14 1 13. Botsalano 618 20 19 19 - 13 -7 - 29 29 -9 1 14. Ketswherebothata 634 21 20 20 - 18 -3 - 27 27 -13 1 15. Kgetheng 324 13 12 12 - 7 -6 - 15 15 -9 1 16. Kgosikgosi 276 12 12 12 - 4 -8 - 13 13 -11 1 17. Lesetlhana 641 22 21 21 - 17 -5 4 34 38 -4 1 18. Mafitlhakgosi 640 22 21 22 +1 17 -3 2 23 25 -19 1 19. Magopane 375 17 15 20 +5 17 - 3 24 27 -13 1 110. Mogobane 387 15 14 14 - 9 -6 - 18 18 -10 1 111. Mojadife 142 8 7 7 - 6 -2 4 7 11 -1 1 112. Mokgosi Iii 706 29 26 25 -1 9 -20 4 27 31 -19 1 113. Otse 528 19 18 16 -2 13 -6 6 20 26 -6 1 114. Seboko 771 24 23 24 +1 20 -4 2 36 38 -10 1 115. Siga 578 20 19 18 -1 13 -7 8 26 26 -10 1 1Sub Total 7578 280 263 264 6 Def, 7-

Sup158 -107 36 346 382 -150 15 15

16. St. Bernard’s 433 16 16 14 -2 10 -6 5 18 23 -7 1 117. St. Conrad’s 636 22 20 26 +6 6 -16 16 7 23 -21 1 118. St. Joseph’s 150 8 7 6 -1 4 -4 3 8 11 -1 - 119’ School For The Deaf 99 14 13 12 -1 4 -10 - - - -30 - 1Sub – Total 1318 62 56 58 4 Def, 6 Sup 182 -36 24 33 57 -59 2 4GRAND – TOTAL 8896 342 319 322 10Def,13su

p170 -143 60 379 439 -209 17 19

Source: South East District Council, 2002 KEY: C/R = ClassroomsT/Q = Teachers QuartersP/L = Pit LatrinesW/C = Water ClosetsA/B = Administration BlockS/K = School Kitchen

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Table 9.10: Primary Education Achievements and BacklogFacility Planned Achieved Current BacklogClassrooms 24 88 42Teachers’ quarters 62 115 69Toilets 48 66 66Administration Blocks 4 3 1Hostels 2 - -Kitchens 4 3 -Electrification 99

9.3.1.3 Secondary School Education

The Ministry of Education is responsible for planning and construction of secondary schools. The South East District currently has 11 Secondary schools of which 3 are senior schools as depicted in the table below. There has been a considerable shortage of teachers in secondary schools, hence the use of unqualified teachers. However this options compromises the quality and mode of education impartation to students. It is nevertheless the only plausible option in view of shortage of teachers in the country. Efforts to increase teacher enrolment in teacher training colleges are in place and it is anticipated that midway DDP6 all unqualified teachers will be phased out.

Major expansion of both community and senior secondary schools that was experienced during the DDP5 has eased classroom and teachers’ accommodation problems. Expansion should continue to keep pace with increases in student enrolment. However, at Kagiso Senior Secondary School, expansion and the consequent increase in the enrolment has put pressure on boarding facilities. There is still a deficit of classrooms in some of the junior secondary schools.

Table 9.1: Secondary SchoolsSchool Enrolment Streams Class

roomsSpecialist rooms

Hall Teachers Houses

Q NQ Total

CJSSs

Baratani 339 9 6 5 1 20 2 22 16

Baitlotli 514 13 8 9 1 30 7 37 22

Kelemogile 752 18 12 8 1 32 6 38 34

Mogobane 187 5 4 5 1 16 2 18 13

Ramotswa 461 12 8 10 1 38 1 39 31

Taung 395 12 8 8 1 29 2 31 23

Matlala 467 13 14 8 0 29 1 30 20

Tlokweng 466 15 12 7 1 32 1 33 26

Senior Schools

Kagiso 1303 42 39 19 2 85 1 86 60

ST Joeseph’s College

1212 36 36 26 3 80 7 87 79

Moeding 1570 42 42 24 3 90 2 92 91

Source: Department of Secondary Education, 2002 Key: Q = Qualified, NQ = Not Qualified

In an attempt to integrate special education at secondary school level, a special unit for children with hearing disability has been introduced in Ramotswa Junior Secondary School. Though

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performance of these students has not been satisfactory overtime, intensified education skill development on teachers will be pursued during DDP6.

The population growth in Tlokweng recorded at 6% as per the 2001 population and housing census, exhibits a high growth. This growth undoubtedly will indicate a corresponding growth in the school going population hence the need for provision of a senior secondary school to adequately absorb Junior Certificate completers. Logically, it has always been assumed that students will be absorbed in the schools in Gaborone but this has other related social constraints.

The secondary education curriculum provides for some form of vocational education and training in practical subjects such as art and design, agriculture and home economics. However this opportunity is not fully exploited by students since they reluctantly pursues vocational training after school. Most people who join Brigades do so as a last resort mainly due to the education system which in the past promoted academic achievement over skills development.

9.3.1.4 Private Schools

Participation of the private sector in the provision of education is relatively minimal. It is more skewed towards day care centres and pre-schools. To this end there are two private primary schools and no private secondary schools in the district.

Ramotswa does not have a private school except the Tswelelopele Evening Programme which offers academic upgrading at Botswana General Certificate of Education level.

9.3.1.5 Non-Formal Education

The Department of Non-Formal Education is charged with the responsibility of provision of Out of School Educational programmes for adults, youth and children. The programme is geared towards fulfilling social, cultural, occupational and economic challenges of the diverse and varied needs of the clientele as guided by the Revised National Policy on Education and the vision 2016 pillar of ‘an educated and informed nation.’ Overall the department objective is to provide equitable and quality lifelong education and training to out of school population by equipping them with essential and productive life skills.

The Department does not have a vocational education and training curriculum but emphasis in on reading and writing skills.

A total of 242 learners as per Table 9.2, are registered in the programme. This is quite low in relation to the district literacy level, which stood at XX% in 2001. It clearly depicts a low uptake of the programme, as there is a considerable number of the illiterate population.

Table 9.2: Learners and Establishment as per Area of Operation in 2001Cluster Villages

coveredNo. of Adult Educators

No. of Literacy Group Leaders

No. of Groups

No. of Learners Total

M FRamotswa Taung

Boatle1 7 14 61 73 134

Tlokweng 1 2 4 13 12 25Mogobane Otse 1 4 9 31 52 83Totals 108 137 242Source: Department of Non-Formal Education, South East, 2001

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The National Literacy Programme provided literacy and income generating projects. The projects are to be viable and be able to sustain livelihoods or augment the available little resources of learners as well as provide employment in line with the Visions pillar of prosperity, innovation and productivity. Literacy at the work place classes were opened at Tlokweng and Ramotswa and 2 reading rooms are in operation in Otse and Mogobane. Seven school going age children were transferred to primary schools. While current figures may not be available, the 1993 National Survey Literacy in Botswana indicated that there were 5681 people aged 12 years and above who have never attended school. There were 163 literacy learners in 1998, 167 in 1999 and 186 in 2000 in the entire district. Though it is difficult to assess the impact of the literacy programme because of relapses and drop-outs, the figures are considered low A day care centre project was established in Ramotswa and is operating satisfactorily. A bakery project in Mogobane collapsed due to poor management. A screen-printing project could not be started because the literacy group was unable to raise owners’ contribution.

During this plan period the Adult Basic Education Course should be improved to a level of Primary School Leaving Examination (PCLE), parallel primary education course for out of school children shall be provided.

9.3.1.6 Special Education

The district has 5 special unit centres, one in Tlokweng, Tlamelong Special Centre, two in Ramotswa, School for the Deaf and Mokgosi Special Unit; and one in Otse Legodimo Trust. These are non-government initiatives except for Ramotswa CJSS and Mokgosi Special Unit, which is are practical efforts of developing special education as an intergral part of regular education system to promote inclusive practices. These efforts further promote the social interaction of the disabled with their peers.

A Braille and hydrotherapy unit was constructed during DDP5/NDP8 for the Tlamelong Special Unit in Tlokweng, there is need for additional facilities in the centre for it to effectively carry out its duties.

The Mokgosi Special Unit Primary in Ramotswa has 66 students. During DDP5 a modified 25-seater mini bus was procured for the unit in pursuant to the RNPE which accentuates on ferrying children to and from school.

9.3.1.7 Tertiary

Brigades

There are two brigades in the district namely Tswelelopele Brigade and Tlokweng Rural Development Centre. Their main task is to infuse entrepreneurship and skill development modules in courses provided to enhance innovation within learners in all fronts. This in view of recent exposure of globalisation, which requires utmost competitiveness and the need for a relevant training for the labour market situation.

During DDP5, phase 1 of the brigades’ development projects was implemented and it covered expansion of Tswelelopele Brigade Centre and Tlokweng Rural Development Centre. The expansion has enabled the Tswelelopele Brigade Centre and Tlokweng Rural Development Centre to increase trainee intake by 20% and 99% respectively, the enrolment for the two facilities are depicted on Tables 9.8 and 9.9 below. Six instructors and 1 accountant were

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trained at Tswelelopele Brigade Centre. Tswelelopele Brigade has been upgraded to National Craft Certificate Level.

Table 9.3: Tswelelopele Brigade Centre EnrolmentProgrammes Year 1C Year 2C Year 3B NCC 4 NCC 5 NCC

finalTOTALS

M F M F M F M F M F M F M FBuilders 31 1 13 1 15 1 23 3 21 1 103 7 110Auto 9 7 12 3 9 4 30 14 44Carpentry 23 9 23 6 19 10 65 25 90Deaf 4 2 - - - - 4 2 6Draughting 19 5 9 3 18 5 46 13 59Business 7 33 8 23 - - 15 56 71TOTAL 93 57 65 36 61 20 0 0 23 3 263 117 380 Source: Tswelelopele Brigade Centre 2002.

Table 9.4: Tlokweng Brigade Centre EnrolmentPROGRAMMES Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 M F TOTALS

M F M F M F M F M FNational Certificate in Secretariat

3 17 2 15 5 32 37

Cabinet Making 11 2 11 0 10 2 32 4 36Dress Making - 10 2 10 - 2 2 22 24Computer Operations 9 11 9 11 20TOTAL 23 40 15 25 10 4 48 69 117 Source: Tlokweng Brigade Centre, 2002.

During DDP 6, phase 2 of the development of the brigades will be undertaken but Tswelelopele brigade will not be funded as it benefited in phase I.Also during this plan period the brigade shall broaden its curriculum to include computer software maintenance, Audio Electrical course and computer aided design– Architectural Draughting. This is an attempt to succumb to the labour trends.

However the Tlokweng Rural Development Centre does not offer electronic skills which are a necessity in the era of computers and sophisticated sound systems and the demand in the industrial and commercial sectors.

College of Education

The district has one College of Education based in Tlokweng. The facilities in the college were provided during NDP 7 and no upgrading was done during NDP 8. There has been inadequacy in facilities and will be upgraded in this plan period.

The curriculum offered is a Diploma in Teaching with relevant areas of specialties. Table 9.8 below depicts the enrolment at the college according to sex and area of specialties.

Table 9.5: Enrolment at Tlokweng College of EducationSubject of Specialty Male Female TotalsEnglish and Setswana 39 60 99Maths and Science 34 50 84Social Studies 29 55 84Practical Subjects 40 58 98TOTAL 142 223 365Source: Tlokweng College Education, 2002

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9.4 EDUCATION AND TRAINING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 9.6: Education and Training Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoals Objectives Performance TargetDistrict CouncilProvision of adequate and appropriate educational facilities

To accelerate construction of core facilities like classrooms, teachers quarters and toilets

All schools to have 22 classrooms by the end of the plan period

To construct schools as dictated by increase in enrolment and distance traveled

Double shift phased out

Ensure that designs of facilities provided accommodate needs of all learners even those with special needs.

Accessibility of all schools by pupils with disability

Provision of a conducive learning environment

Provision of transport for children with and without disability

Minimise private hire for schools

To promote access and use of information and communication Technology in the management and delivery of education

Non Formal EducationProvision of resource to meet the needs of all learners

To provide transport Provision of a vehicle

To infuse HIV/AIDS, environmental conservation into the curriculum

HIV/AIDS infused during the plan

Tswelelopele Brigade CentreTo plan, promote and deliver skills training and provide adequate facilities to meet specific standards and quality targets defined by all stakeholders

To provide continuing education and training for skills upgrading and training in the light of rapid technological change.

To contribute to the productive development of the informal sector.

Incorporate information and communication technology skills into the curriculum by 2005

To provide initial training for school leavers of basic education to acquire skills which will enhance their opportunities for employment or self-employment.

Upgrade all courses to National Craft Certificate level by 2004/05

To achieve equity in the provision of vocational education and training.

Increase by up to 25% training slots for disadvantaged groups (deaf& physically disabled) by 2005/06

Provide enabling environment for learning Improvement of the literacy level to 10% by 2009.

Tlokweng Rural Development CentreTo provide qualified workman force to meet the demands in the market

To be able to produce qualified technicians in the electronic field.

An electronic unit functional by 2005/06

To be able to satisfy the labour market in the electronic fieldTo diversify

To provide one of the basic human needs and improve staff morale

To provide staff housing Houses provided by 2005/06


9.5.1 Evaluation of environmental Key Issues with sector goals and objectives

The District Council goal of providing adequate and appropriate educational facilities would have an impact of air pollution, indiscriminate dumping of rubbles and debushing. Construction of other facilities like teachers quarters may require land elsewhere which may lead to encroachment into the agricultural land. Also, loss of vegetation and tree species due to bush clearing may result from construction.

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However, provision of an environment conducive for learning would not have any negative environmental impact.

The Non Formal Education goal of providing resources to meet the needs of all learners would have an impact of air pollution through the use of their vehicle.

For Tswelelopele Brigade Centre, the goal may result in indiscriminate dumping and unsightly stockpiling of waste; also land pollution may be experienced.

The Tlokweng Rural Development Centre goals would lead to indiscriminate dumping and unsightly stockpiling of waste resulting form construction. Still on construction there may be disused burrow pits resulting from extraction of sand and gravel for development.

9.5.2 Evaluation of sector policies and programmes

9.5.2.1 Revised National Policy on Education

Implementation of the RNPE commenced at the beginning of the District Development Plan 5 and not so much has been achieved in relation to the medium term objectives of the policy and more is still need to be done. The RNPE recommends reduction of classroom, teacher’s quarters, administration blocks and toilets deficits. Such facilities would result in land dereliction due to the growth that may encroach into surrounding areas. Indiscriminate dumping and unsightly stockpiling of waste may also result. Also there may be loss of vegetation and tree species due to bush clearing during construction and dust emanating from construction would lead to pollution.

9.5.2.2 Policy on Tertiary Education

The policy advocates for skills training as an integral part of human resource development. The skills’ training goes together with facilities such as classrooms. Provision of these would lead to land dereliction due to the growth of these academic areas. Indiscriminate dumping and unsightly stockpiling of waste may also result.

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9.6 STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE EDUCATION AND TRAINING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES


Table 9.7: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoal Project component Environmental impact Mitigation Measures Total Estimated Cost

(Pula)Year to implement

District CouncilProvision of adequate and appropriate educational facilities

Upgrading of school kitchens at Kgetheng, Magopane, Mokgosi III, Siga, St Conrad’s, Lesetlhana, Botsalano, Baratani, StBernards, Mojadife & St Josephs

Air pollution, indiscriminate dumping of rubbles and debushing

Rubbles to be disposed off at the landfill, use water to minimise air pollution

Provision of the Admin Blocks at New school, Magope, Siga, Seboke, Ketshwerebothata, Magopane, Mokgosi, Magopane,Mokgosi,St.Conrad’s,Botsalano,Batlokwa,New School-Lenganeng,Otse,Baratani&St.Joseph’s


Rubbles to be disposed off at the landfill, use water to minimise air pollution Landscaping

Provision of Teachers Quarters St.Conrad’s,New School Magope,Mokgosi,St.Conrad’s,Centre For Deaf,Siga,Magope,St.Joseph’s,Otse,Mogobane,Mojadife,Bojantsa,Botsalano,Batlokwa,New School & Lenganeng



Provision of Science Labs at New Schools: Magope,Bojantsa & Lenganeng



Provision of libraries at New School,Magope,Ketshwerebothata,Kgetheng,Lesetlhana,Siga,Seboko,Kgosikgosi,Mafitlhakgosi,New School Lenganeng,Batlokwa



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Goal Project component Environmental impact Mitigation Measures Total Estimated Cost (Pula)

Year to implement

Provision of blocks of 2 classrooms at St.Joseph’s,Kgetheng,Lesetlhana,Magope,Ketshwerebothata,Botsalano,Kgosikgosi,New School Lenganeng,Mogobane,Mojadife,Otse,Bojantsa



Provision of resource centres at New School,Magope,Ketshwerebothata,Kgetheng,Lesetlhana,Siga,Otse,New School Bojantsa,Mafitlhakgosi,Batlokwa,Kgosikgosi



Provision of Guard Shelters at new schools of Magope Bojantsa &Lenganeng



Non –Formal EducationProvision of resources to meet the needs of all learners

Vehicle Air pollution Continuous servicing of the vehicle

100 0002004/05

Special EducationProvision of a conducive learning environment

Hydrotherapy Braille Production(Special)Education Facility @ Tlokweng

N/A N/A 38 500 0002003/04

Tlokweng Rural Development CentreTo provide qualified workman force to meet the demands in the market

Equipment & Tools N/A N/A 200 000 2005/06Electronic Workshop Soil degradation

Air and noise pollutionSurface and groundwater pollution

Waste generated by construction, should be disposed off at the landfill.

Minimise noise pollution

527 100 2005/06

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Goal Project component Environmental impact Mitigation Measures Total Estimated Cost (Pula)

Year to implement

To provide one of the basic human needs and improve staff morale

Staff houses Land pollution will result from poor waste disposal and management.

Land dereliction will result from building.

Management of hazardous waste.Construction waste should be disposed off at the dumping site.

80 000 2005/06

Tlokweng College of EducationHome Economics laboratories 6 200 000 2004/05

Education CentresEducation Centre Upgrading - Tlokweng Land dereliction will result from

building.

Air and Noise pollution

Waste generated by construction, should be disposed off at the landfill

1 000 000

Tswelelopele Brigade CentreTo plan, promote and deliver skills training and provide adequate facilities to meet specific standards and quality targets defined by all stakeholders

Upgrading of Auto Mechanics equipment N/A N/A 1 200 000 2004/05Construction of school library Land dereliction will result from

building. Land pollution will result from poor waste disposal and management

Waste generated by construction, should be disposed off at the landfill

3 500 000

2005/06

New Unit (IT related) N/A N/A 5 000 000 2006/07

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Table 9.8: Issues and Strengths for Education SectorIssues StrengthsPrimary EducationThe RNPE states that provision of accommodation of teachers should be near school. This has not been possible where the institutions have already been established (in a built area) and there is no space for development of houses near the school.

There is a clash between the RNPE and the National Settlement Policy (NSP) specifically on the water provision aspect. The RNPE accentuates on a two-teacher school for a minimum of 10 children in an area, while the NSP recommended for provision of water to a minimum 150 people. It has been cumbersome to logically assume that an area with 10 children may necessarily have 150 people they could be less and may not be eligible for provision of water.

The Non-formal education department managed to organise and facilitate literacy classes in all the villages in the district; additionally it has managed to provide in service training and refresher courses for staff.

The RNPE states that provision of accommodation of teachers should be near school. This has not been possible where the institutions have already been established (in a built area) and there is no space for development of houses near the school.Contractors abandon projects before completion. Through Drought Relief the district was

able to build some of the facilities like classroom, toilets and teachers houses.

A lot of training is still needed on HIV\AIDS education in schools; so far television and video sets have been installed in the 19 primary schools in the district.

A bus has been acquired for transporting pupils during sports and education tours and two mini-buses for the disabled.

The new Feeding programme is progressing well because improved kitchens have been completed in all schools and cooks & kitchen hands were employed in 2002.Training InstitutionsThere is still need to further look into the relevance of courses provided in tertiary institutions to the labour market. Some of the completers are no able to find employment.

Skill training.

The district is characterized by a lot school leavers who in turn resort to theft, vandalism, robbery and other social ills which predisposes them to HIV/AIDS infection.

Technical and vocation education can address the economic needs on Human Resources Development, the resultant of which would be a productive workforce.

There is need for a policy guideline for the running of tertiary institutions. This will assist in standardizing the curriculum as well as the qualification offered.Inadequate structured policy guidance for pre-primary school education coupled with uncoordinated structural arrangement.

9.7.2 Plan Monitoring

Respective departments would prepare Quarterly financial and physical progress reports and Annual Performance Plans for discussion at the District Development Committee. Also there would be annual reviews of these plans leading to the DDP 6 Midterm review after three years of implementation.

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CHAPTER 10

10 HEALTH

10.1 INTRODUCTION

As captured in NDP8 and Vision 2016, the health of a nation is a crucial resource needed for the pursuance of national objectives. The South East District through the Clinics section would ensure that health services are available, affordable, acceptable and accessible to all communities irrespective of their distance from the service centre (clinic/health/post) in line with Vision 2016. This would also go a long way in building a healthy nation

The government of Botswana through the Ministries of Health and Local Government is set to pursue policies that will provide the nation with lives of “optimum duration and quality”. Such governmental commitment manifests itself at the district level through the implementation of Primary Health Care (PHC).

Further, emphasis for the health sector in the district would be towards a better plan, organization and management of the health care system. Emphasis would be placed on inter-sectoral collaboration and community involvement in setting priorities for action. The district like others has been hard hit by the HIV/AIDS scourge. It would therefore plan on how to curb its spread over the plan period.


The Ministry of Health is responsible for policy formulation, professional guidance and supervision of health care delivery system. It does this through the following departments: Ministry Management, Primary Health Care, Hospital services, Health manpower and Technical support services.

The department of Health Manpower is one major department in Ministry of Health, responsible for ensuring that Human Resources (HR) for Health in all disciplines, at all levels of service are provide, equitably and appropriately distributed and optimally utilized.

The Health Training Institutions includes Ramotswa Mission School, which offers training in various disciplines with a view to meet health sector requirements.

The Ministry of Local Government is solely responsible for implementing Primary Health Care and Public Health through the Council District Health Team (DHT). The two most significant sections in the DHT department are the Environmental health section and the Health clinics sections.

Apart from the DHT department, there are also a number of NGOs, which have an extension role in the district health delivery system. In the South East District there is the Bamalete Lutheran Hospital, this privately owned hospital makes a significant amount of contribution in the district since it offers technical advice to communities in matters such as family planning, family hygiene and HIV/AIDS and furthermore acts as a referral hospital.

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10.1.2 Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Health

The Ministry of Health exists to improve the physical, mental, and psychological well being of every individual, families and communities in Botswana. The ministry is committed to lead in providing comprehensive, promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care services.

The plan of the ministry of health is to improve efficiency and cost effectiveness of health services; to ensure equitable distribution of services, to train appropriate skilled health personnel and to strengthen primary health care programmes.

The Ministry decided to adopt the following as its main objectives to address the challenges that it has to deal with:

Financial sustainability: thus the ability to generate sufficient reliable resources to enable continued and improved provision of health care for a growing population. System sustainability: thus the capacity of the health system to function effectively over time with a minimum of external inputs. Quality: thus the management approach of an organisation, centred on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long term success through customer satisfaction and benefits to all members of the organisation and to society. Appropriateness: thus the ministry will define ways of choosing appropriate technologies which suit the development of its nation. Health sector reform, by strengthening of the health policymaking and the introduction of innovative management systems. Strengthening of health services, especially secondary health and some improvements in tertiary facilities. Strengthening of support to different levels of the health care services.



The Ministry of Local Government is responsible for implementing a network of primary health care and public health services through the District Health Teams. The two pivotal networks are directed by the environmental health and clinics sections in the SEDC. The Ministry through DHTs is responsible for the coordination, supervision, support and implementation of all health services in the district and report progress to the Ministry of Health for monitoring and professional guidance.


Though not many, there are a number of private sector institutions, which play a significant role in the health sector in the district such as Emmanuel Counselling Centre, Otse Home Based Care Society which also offers home based care services including counseling and the community as Home Base Care volunteers.

Bamalete Lutheran Hospital; a mission hospital plays a significant role in the district as it serves as a District/Referral Hospital for the whole region. The hospital also provides technical advise to communities in matters such as family planning, hygiene and HIV/AIDS testing. These institutions work hand in hand with the District Council clinics and the District Health Management. Through such work, the district is working towards achieving one of the vision pillars of being a compassionate, just and caring.

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10.1.4.1 National AIDS Coordinating Agency

The agency views HIV/AIDS as a cross cutting issue rather than a health issue. It therefore advocates for HIV/AIDS mainstreaming into all ministries, parastatals and the private sector. At national level, it addresses the prevalence of HIV/AIDS by conducting annual sentinel surveillance amongst pregnant women attending local clinics, government hospitals and mission hospitals. This endeavor is geared towards finding ways of mitigating the infection, reducing stigma and instituting A.R.V, coupled with pre, post, supportive and adherence counseling. This project amongst others is done in collaboration with Family Health Division (PMTCT unit).

Under the Ministry of Local Government, there is the AIDS Coordinating Unit which works closely with NACA. It has been tasked solely with the responsibility of ensuring that HIV/AIDS related issues are taken into consideration at district level. In a nutshell, the agency’s responsibility is to coordinate and come up with a strategy which will ensure that stakeholders at district level take the necessary action in the country’s campaign against HIV/AIDS. Further, at district level there are established committees such as the DAMSAC.

10.1.5 Health Consultation Priorities

The community raised a concern on proper disposal of AIDS related waste by households in the district. Also, the stigmatization of the AIDS epidemic is still prevalent in the district as people still hide their AIDS patients which in turn lead to uncoordinated waste disposal such as throwing such waste in public rubbish collection points.

Secondly, there is need to address other health related issues such as educating the community on the use of polluting materials especially underground, the need to keep their environment clean and further appreciate the dangers of alcohol, drugs and cigarette smoking and hygiene of food.

Other priorities were that communities did not take part in waste management, hence dirtying the environment through indiscriminate dumping of litter and waste. Also lack of waste facilities was cited as a constraint to communities.

10.2NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION

10.2.1 National Policy on HIV/AIDS

Since HIV/AIDS was first detected in Botswana in 1985 the country has experienced a rapid spread of the virus first in urban to peri-urban areas such as Ramotswa and Tlokweng, then to rural areas. The policy therefore seeks to provide guidance to all stakeholders in fighting the spread of the disease and to make appropriate responses to its impact. The National AIDS Control Programme is formulated to address prevention of further spread of HIV/AIDS impact at individual, family and societal levels.

10.2.2 National Health Policy

The Botswana National Health policy states that, the government shall when planning its activities, put health promotion and care and disease prevention among its priorities. The basic objective of this policy has been accepted as; all citizens of Botswana shall have equitable

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access to essential health care irrespective of their financial resources and geographical location.

10.2.3Waste Management Act

The Act was enacted in 1998 under the stewardship of the Department of Sanitation and Waste Management. The act makes provision for planning, facilitating and implementation of advanced systems for regulating the management of controlled waste to prevent any harm to human, animal and plant lives. Also, to minimise pollution of the environment, conservation of resources and to cause the provision of Basel Convention to apply in regulating trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste and disposal thereof. The act also calls for local and national waste management, waste recycling and litter plans.

It confers powers on Local authorities to collect; remove and dispose waste and also prohibits littering and illegal dumping. The District Council is therefore charged with imposing fines to polluters through the Public Health Act.

10.2.4 Public Health Act

The act came into effect in 1971 and emphasis is on notification for certain diseases and their control. The Act intends to prevent spread of specified diseases and regulates sanitation of housing, provides for the protection of foodstuffs and water supplies, regulates use of cemeteries and makes provisions for public health. In the district there is the environmental health unit which implement all environmental legislation, hence concerned with hygiene of premises, cleanliness of surroundings, provision of sanitary facilities, water quality monitoring, air pollution and the hygiene of food.

10.3HEALTH

10.3.1 Hospital Services

The South East District has a mission owned Bamalete Lutheran Hospital. The hospital is known for its outstanding E.N.T. services of which all Batswana from all walks of life have access to. It also serves as the council referral centre for Ramotswa and surrounding village clinics and health posts. It is however a plausible argument to propound that due to the district’s peri-urban status it makes hospital medical services in both Gaborone and Lobatse accessible to the district’s residents.

During NDP 8 preparation it was noted that all district hospitals were overcrowded and were in a poor state of disrepair. It was further noted that most hospitals needed support facilities such as general and medical records stores and staff housing.

10.3.2 District Health Delivery System

The district provides health services through a network of health facilities operating by way of a referral system. This system comprises of the National Referral Hospital, District Referral Hospital, Clinic with/without maternity, Health Post and Mobile stops. The criteria used to distribute those in the district is as provided by the national health policy which stipulates the population for consideration of the size of the facility to be erected and the distance which the patient/client should travel to the health facility. The distribution of health facilities in the district is as follows:

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Tlokweng is served by two clinics one with a maternity wing and three health posts. It is further worthy of note that given the proximity of Tlokweng to Gaborone it is very easy for residents of Tlokweng to easily utilise facilities in Gaborone. Furthermore, Tlokweng enjoys the services of private medical practitioners both in Tlokweng and Gaborone.

The village of Ramotswa on the other hand is served by one Catholic Mission clinic, Bamalete Lutheran Hospital and two council clinics. Due to its specialisation in ears, noses and throat diseases the Bamalete Lutheran Hospital can to a very large extent be referred to as a referral hospital. Like Tlokweng, the Ramotswa community enjoys the services of private practitioners based in the village and those in Gaborone. It should further be brought forth that the District intends to build one clinic in Ramotswa in the next plan period.

Otse is on the other hand served by one clinic with a maternity wing and one health post, there is however a notable shortage of medical facilities in Otse and as such the District intends to build one health post in the next plan period. Mogobane is served by one clinic with a maternity wing and a health post. The district has a very serious shortage of accommodation for nurses and these should be provided over the next plan period. Two other areas within the district’s jurisdiction are Metsimaswaane that is served by a Health post and the Lobatse Farms which are served with a mobile clinic.

Table 10.1: Existing Health FacilitiesLocation Facility NumberRamotswa Bamalete Lutheran Hospital 1Ramotswa Clinics with no maternity wing 3Ramotswa Total Health Facilities 4Tlokweng Clinics with maternity wing 1Tlokweng Clinics without maternity wing 1Tlokweng Health Posts 3Tlokweng Total Health Facilities 5Otse Clinic with maternity wing 1Otse Total Health Facilities 1Mogobane Clinic with maternity wing 1Mogobane Health posts 1Mogobane Total Health Facilities 2Sakutswane Health Posts 1Taung Clinic without maternity wing 1Kgale Clinic without maternity wing 1Metsimaswaane Health Posts 1Police College Clinic with a maternity wing 1Source: SED, 2002

10.3.3 Primary Health Care

Primary health care is defined as the strategy to achieve health for all. Provision of promotive, preventive and rehabilitative services is pivotal to this strategy. Other organisations at the Ministry of Health that undertake primary health care programmes are UNICEF and WHO. SEDC has ensured that these components of PHC though faced with inevitable implementation constraints by ensuring:

Adequate provision of essential drugs in all clinics. Prevention and treatment of childhood illnesses. Health Education. Provision of safe drinking water. Treatment of common illnesses.

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These measures are in line with the PHC declaration of A1-Mata of 1978.

Table 10.2: Health Statistics – South EastIndicator

Crude Death Rate (per 1000) 25Crude Birth Rate (per 1000) 10Total Fertility Rate (births) 3.8Life expectancy at Birth (years) 62.3Population within 15km of a Health Facility (%) 10Population within 8km of a Health Facility (%) 90Population per Doctor (number) 1 Doctor per 5000Population per Nurse (number) 2 nurses per 1000Population per FWE (number) 1FWE per 1500Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 13 per 1000Under 5 Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 4Source: District Health Team, South East, 2001

10.3.4 Control Measures for Pandemic Diseases

10.3.4.1 HIV/AIDS

As with the rest of the country, the HIV/AIDS pandemic is rapidly spreading in the district, as previous research information has shown, peri–urban places such as Ramotswa and Tlokweng are the most hit after urban centres. The magnitude of the disease requires it to be regarded as a national crisis and all Ministries and sectors are expected to treat it as such. For effective control of the disease, a multi-sectoral approach is engaged at both the national and district levels. Measures such as:

Pre and post counselling Programme on mother to child infection transmission (PMTCT) Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) Community Home Based Care (CHBC) Anti-retroviral therapy (ARV) Integrated Management of Childhood illnesses (IMCI) Public awareness on HIV/AIDS through individual and group health education and

seminars and workshops, drama (in primary schools and communities), media (TV, Radio, pamphlets) are in place to control the spread of the epidemic.

Table 10.3: HIV/AIDS Tested Individuals By Age And Sex – 2001AgeGroup

Male Female TotalMale Female

Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative<1 YR 2 0 0 0 2 01 – 4 5 3 2 8 7 115 – 14 1 2 1 3 2 515 – 19 2 2 5 20 7 2220 – 24 4 8 24 24 28 3225 – 29 9 13 33 30 42 4330 – 34 9 3 24 24 33 2735 – 39 9 9 8 14 17 2340 – 44 15 9 13 8 28 1745 – 49 1 4 3 3 4 750+ 5 9 3 6 8 15Grand Total

62 62 116 140 178 202

Source: District Health Team, South East, 2001

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Worthy of note about the information above is that 53% of males and 38% of females tested for HIV turn out to be HIV positive.

10.3.4.2 Tuberculosis

The TB control programme is well run in all the health facilities in the district. Despite the good health care the district has, TB statistics increased by 2% in 2001 as compared to the year 2000, this was mainly as a result of HIV/AIDS pandemic in the world. Pulmonary TB accounts for 84% while extra pulmonary accounts for 16% of TB cases in the district. The number of defaulters from the medication programme is recorded as very low.

Table 10.4: Tuberculosis StatisticsYear Type of Tuberculosis Total

Pulmonary Extra Pulmonary2000 369 61 4302001 369 70 439Source: District Health Team, South East, 2001

10.3.4.3 Malaria Control

South East District lies outside the malaria zone. So far there is no record of any epidemics or case identified from the district. Since there is no immunity to the district and people, the district health department workers are trained in the management of malaria and are constantly alerted on the disease. In 2001 there were six confirmed and 19 unconfirmed cases of malaria reported from the district health facilities and all of them were imported from other districts.

10.3.4.4 Institute of Health Sciences

The District has a mission health training institution with a student capacity of 36. The curriculum offered was enrolled nursing upgraded program which started in 1996 and ended in 2003 during NDP 8. Currently the school is preparing to train midwives who will provide comprehensive health care to individuals and families in a variety of settings.

10.3.4.5 Environmental Health

The Environmental Health Unit under SEDC is charged with the implementation of all environmental legislation. Hence their main concern is the hygiene of premises, cleanliness of surroundings, provision of sanitary facilities, water quality monitoring, air pollution and hygiene of food.

The sub-district of Tlokweng forms part of the greater Gaborone and currently shares waste management facilities, such as the landfill and sewerage ponds with the same. Villages outside the district headquarters are serviced from Ramotswa by both human and other resources.

Pollution of the underground water aquifer forced implementation of the latrine project to change low cost sanitation in the form of VIPs to a relatively more expensive technology. However, developers who are not benefiting from the latrines project and have not submitted a planning application continue to pollute the water resources. For those who benefit from the latrine project, they are unwilling to complete the superstructures after council complete the substructure. The project therefore needs guidelines to eliminate implementation setbacks.

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Waste management facilities have suffered problems of land acquisition; as most people are weary of being close to refuse shelters, skips and landfills. Refuse shelters even though quite effective due to their proximity to points of waste production was rejected by the community and adhoc emptying by council and abuse further exacerbated this problem. Also, unwillingness to pay sanitation charges, especially refuse collection, results in lack of appreciation of the service, hence abuse.

Enforcement of Bye Laws and poor/old legislative pieces such as the Public Health Act have played a role in inhibiting progress in the implementation of programmes. Involvement of the Botswana Police in enforcing Environmental Legislation has been limited. Proposals to elevate the powers of the Bye Law Officers have been made. Botswana Police has indicated shortage of manpower to adequately address issues effectively, but acknowledge the presence of the Waste Management Act (1998) and the necessity to step up its enforcement.

The HBC programme has created a new problem of clinical waste as this is generated at homes instead of at the health centers. The problem of stigma still associated with HIV/AIDS makes it difficult for the district to put a strategy in place to handle this waste. This waste is a threat to communities and those who have to handle refuse such as Sanitation Attendants, and scavengers. Provision of equipment and plant better suited to contain and transport this waste such as Clinical waste vehicles must be purchased, and a practical strategy to collect from homes is explored.

Construction boom, industrial development and higher standards of living has resulted in more demolition waste, more scrap metals and hazardous waste which the district was not yet equipped to handle in the absence of a proper landfill site. The Landfill facility and Waste Management equipment and plant provided for in DDP6 should address the problem.

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10.4HEALTH SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 10.5: Health Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoals Objectives Indicators Environmental Health and HIV/AIDSTo promote local management of clinical waste generated in affected homes

To facilitate the formulation of Policies on how clinical waste can be managed in an environment where HIV/AIDS stigma is high

Promote separation of clinical waste from ordinary waste.

Provide appropriate onsite sanitation like avoiding direct contact between groundwater and waste.

Promote information dissemination of sustainable landfill utilization.Ordinary Waste Management Facilitate coordinated litter management activities at individual, community and

enterprise level.

Facilitate pre-treatment of waste before disposal at the landfill

Promote waste reduction measures e.g. incineration before disposal

Avoid ground water contact by disposing waste not close to the water table.

Rehabilitate abandoned burrow pits to prevent indiscriminate disposal of waste into the pits.

Place billboards in such area to warn the public not dispose waste in those areas.

Strategically place skips and educate the public on proper use of skips

Intensify on enforcement of byelaws and promote extensive monitoring to ensure waste management compliance with legislation.

The use of pit latrines in the district should be reduced by 50% in 2008.

To promote proper chemical waste management Formulate policies on proper management of chemical waste

Instigate a monitoring system to ensure complianceTo control and prevent environmental pollution Subject major projects to EIAs

Set up and implement mitigation measures

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Goals Objectives IndicatorsPromote landscaping for areas cleared to facilitate construction

Investigate suspected pollution and enforce mitigation (air, water, soil etc) Institute of Health Sciences (Mission School)To provide competent and trained human resources To expand the institution to enroll more students and increase programs offered

To provide adequate resources for training

To develop, review and update curricula offered by March 2004

To facilitate provision of infrastructure development To upgrade infrastructural development of the school by 2006

To develop and implement management information system

HIV/AIDS Coordinating UnitTo achieve total control of the epidemic by lowering the incidences of HIV/AIDS and it outcomes in the district

To enable the district sectors to implement 100% planned interventions by 2009

To ensure implementation through provision of necessary resources

To increase access to care, treatment and support services as well as utilization of the services.

100% Planned interventions in place by 2009

100% Provision of necessary resources by 2009

80% accessibility by 2009

The level of new HIV/AIDS infections to be reduced by 10% by 2006.

Bamalete Lutheran Hospital

To build matching laundry functions with hospital capacity. To enhance infection control practices.To have enough storage.

Laundry built by the end of the plan period.

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Goals Objectives IndicatorsTo increase space for new maternal and child health services. To enhance effectiveness and efficiency of the hospital as a district hospital.

To provide an environment conducive learning for midwifery students.

To accommodate cancer, screening and HIV/AIDS programmes.

Midwifery training to start in August 2003 by the BLH School of Nursing.

Upgraded clinical area for Midwifery practice to meet the training expectations.

To improve on accessibility of physiotherapy & other health services.

To reduce congestion in the current wards (MW/FW)

To increase patients safety

To provide isolation facilities for infections conditions.

To accommodate a few beds for specialized services.

To reduce possibility of cross infection in the wards.

Provision of isolation wards.

Provision of cubicles for surgical cases.

To improve on working conditions of employees.

To alleviate problem of acute shortage of accommodation To accommodate at least half of the staff in hospital houses.

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10.5FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

10.5.1 Evaluation Of Environmental Key Issues With Sector Goals and Objectives

The health sector is committed to improving the quality of service delivery through development and implementation of comprehensive health policies and standards. Thus the Home Based Care programme is a government initiative that is now experiencing problems such as poor disposal of AIDS related waste by households. Thus procurement of clinical waste vehicles, destigmatisation of the disease and subsequent collection of the generated clinical waste would address indiscriminate dumping.

Further, there will be indiscriminate dumping of rubbles during construction; deforestation and eventually soil erosion will result. This can be addressed by encouraging contractors or individuals to practice strategic debushing during construction to avoid unnecessary deforestation and soil erosion.

For the HIV/AIDS goal there might be indiscriminate disposal of clinical waste resulting in environmental pollution.


It could be propounded that the HIV/AIDS policy do not have environmental impact embedded in it, yet there is generation of clinical waste by households.

Others policies do not have any negative environmental impact.

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10.6STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE HEALTH SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES


Table 10.6: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoal Project Component Environmental Impact Mitigation measures Total Cost

PulaYear to Implement

Mission SchoolTo provide competent and trained human resources

Computerisation of Mission Schools

None None 3 140 333 2005/06

Furniture & Equipment None None 1 726 000 2005/06Library Books None None 1 560 000 2007/08Recreational Facilities debushing 3 315 000 2007/08

To facilitate provision of infrastructure development

Staff housing Debushing, uncontrolled extraction of sand & gravel and soil erosion

Strategic debushing during construction to avoid unnecessary deforestation and soil erosion.Landscaping

7 219 334 2004/05

Upgrading of the mission School debushing during construction, deforestation, uncontrolled extraction of sand & gravel and soil erosion.


29 312 667 2004/05

Vehicles of Mission Schools Emissions of smoke Regular Servicing 520 000 2004/05To achieve total control of the epidemic by lowering the incidences of HIV/AIDS and it outcomes in the district

1 Workshop yearly for DMSAC members on capacity building

N/A N/A 64 800 2003-2009

Training of Peer educators and counselors once in two years on

N/A N/A 810 000 2003- 2009

Training of Peer educators on condom use and behavioral change once a year

N/A N/A 129 600 2003- 2009

Putting up a VCT Centre in the District

N/A N/A Outside funding 2003/04

Recruitment and training of HBC volunteers once a year

N/A N/A 176 400 2003 - 2009

Bamalete Lutheran Hospital

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Goal Project Component Environmental Impact Mitigation measures Total CostPula

Year to Implement

To build matching laundry functions with hospital capacity.

Laundry Building

debushing during construction, deforestation, uncontrolled extraction of sand & gravel and soil erosion.


Not yet funded. Funding would be sourced elsewhere

Oct. 2003 – April 2004

To increase space for new maternal and child health services.

MCH Clinic and Maternity ward renovation and expansion.



955 000 + 1 230 000Funding not yet available

Oct 2004 - 2005

To improve on accessibility of physiotherapy health services.

Physiotherapy dept. completion of phase II AND III



Not yet fundedApril 2004 – Sept 2005

To reduce congestion in the current wards and increase patients safety

Additional ward debushing during construction, deforestation, uncontrolled extraction of sand & gravel and soil erosion.


1 985 000

Not yet funded

Oct. 2005 – March 2006

To improve on working conditions of employees.

Staff flats debushing during construction, deforestation, uncontrolled extraction of sand & gravel and soil erosion.


2 500 000 April 2006 – March 2007

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10.7RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP6

10.7.1 Issues and Strengths of the Health Sector

Table 10.7: Issues and Strengths for Health SectorIssues StrengthsStigmatization of the HIV/AIDS virus hence reluctance of people to dispose AIDS related waste in a prescribed manner due to a number of fears and hence end up disposing the waste in a manner most likely to affect innocent society members.

The South East District has good public health services system, this is mainly due to the district’s peri-urban status, and health facilities in both Lobatse and Gaborone which are accessible to the district’s communities.

Shortage of Home Based Care volunteers Shortage of skilled manpowerPollution of the environment through illegal dumpingStringent budget allocations and delays in taking some of the programmes to the districts coupled with manpower shortages can be very influential in determining the pace with which national aspirations will be achieved.

Deployment of the District Aids Coordinator in the district.


Respective departments would prepare Quarterly financial and physical progress report and Annual Performance Plans for discussion at the District Development Committee. Also there would be annual reviews of these plans leading to the DDP 6 Midterm review after three years of implementation.

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CHAPTER 11

11 LABOUR AND HOME AFFAIRS

11.1 INTRODUCTION

The Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs provides crucial services such as creation and maintenance of national harmony, welfare and justice. It promotes human resource development such as construction of sports facilities; it also facilitates mainstreaming of gender issues in development planning process and promotes cultural heritage. Some of its key role such as issuance of residents permits; workers permit, attendance of employee/employer’s conflict and others are fundamental to both internal and international security and public relations. Also, within this Ministry is the Botswana National Library Service through which a culture of reading for recreation and advancement amongst Batswana can be developed.

In this regard, Ministry’s task furthers vision 2016 ideals of educated and informed, compassionate, just and caring; safe and secure as well as moral and tolerant nation.


The Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs is responsible for provision of a wide range of social services that are geared towards the development of the country. This is done through a number of departments represented in the district such as Immigration and Citizenship, Culture and Youth, Labour and Social Security, Botswana National Library Service; others like Prisons and Rehabilitation, Sports and Recreation, Women’s Affairs are based in Gaborone.

Under Immigration there are three border posts that are meant to provide secure entry and exit from Botswana for legal immigrants.

The Youth are also catered for under the Youth Policy which has a National Action Plan which was launched in 2002. This touches areas on youth education and training, culture, employment, health, leadership development, recreation and sports and also youth in difficult circumstances.

The BNLS, even though old and small caters for easy access to information sharing through research and provision of leisure books for the district populace.


11.1.2.1 Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs

Through its strategic foundations, the Ministry portrays a culture of customer orientation and service excellence, with emphasis on the need for a compassionate and caring service delivery. Hence the strategic plan of the Ministry is centred on human resource development, communication and information management, marketing, privatization, research and development and also youth development and their empowerment.

The Ministry would also continue to provide a nation wide access to information services.

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The strategic plan for the Ministry of Local Government comprises mobilization of social welfare and community to facilitate community participation in the development process. It also provides the social safety nets that are needed to sustain the district populace.

11.1.2.3 Information and Broadcasting

The strategic plan for Information and Broadcasting Department is centred on the promotion of quality service delivery and customer satisfaction


11.2.1Women and Development Policy

Uninhibited access to economic opportunities and decision-making positions is central to a policy that advocates for development of women. The policy seeks to achieve full integration of gender issues in the development process. The Department of Women’s Affairs has not decentralized and most of their activities are done in Gaborone.

11.2.2 Youth Policy

The policy defines youth as a segment of population that falls within the age range of 12 to 29 years. In 2002, the National Action Plan for Youth was launched. The plan enables implementation of the policy and it considers six critical areas of youth education and training, youth employment, health leadership development, recreation and sports, youth in difficult circumstances.

11.2.3 National Library Act

The act was enacted in 1967 and calls for the provision of a comprehensive and efficient library service to the public and provision of any resources needed for fulfilling the service. The Ramotswa library to this end has extended its services to the rest of the district through village reading rooms and book box service.

11.2.4 Births and Deaths

The Act stipulates that registration or notification should be done within a period of three months (3) for birth and a month for deaths. Registration of births and deaths is done at health facilities and District Commissioner’s office at district level. Failure to comply with the above would lead to a fine of not more that P200.00 or three months imprisonment or both for birth. As for death, the fine would be an amount not exceeding P200.00 or one-month imprisonment or both.

11.2.5 National Registration Act

Every citizen of Botswana who is sixteen (16) or above qualifies to apply for registration and submission of the application should be within one month of reaching the age of sixteen years. Any person who fails to register as prescribed by National Registration Act, is fined an amount not exceeding five hundred Pula (P500.00) or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months (6) or to both.

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11.2.6Marriages Act

The Act stipulates that publication of marriage should be done in a public place for three successive weeks. Special license can be considered for those with commitments that do not allow them the three weeks publication. Marriages can be solemnised between people aged 18-20 if they produce the consent of parents or guardians, unless that person is a widower or widow.

11.3LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES

11.3.1 Information and Broadcasting

The Department of Information and Broadcasting aims at developing and exploiting media so as to assist Ministries and Departments to perform their routine and extension duties. Information dissemination and sharing is facilitated through this department.

11.3.2 Sports and Recreation

There is lack of adequate sports and recreational facilities in the district. The existing sports facilities include football grounds that are located within schools through out the district.

However, Government recognizes the need to provide and improve sports facilities nation wide. During DDP 5 an integrated sports facility was expected to be built at the District headquarters but due to lack of funds it has been postponed further to DDP 7. Recreational parks are proposed during the plan period. Lack of funding may be a constraint.

11.3.3 Social and Community Development

During DDP 5, various social welfare policies and programmes have been implemented at District level to cater for the economically weak communities/individuals. The same is still going to be done during this plan period.

11.3.4 Youth

A large proportion of youthful population characterizes South East District, as is the case with other districts in Botswana. This population has a wide range of problems – including unemployment, low levels of education, HIV/AIDS, teenage pregnancy, among others.

During DDP 5, a Youth office was established at the district headquarters to cater for various needs of the youth throughout district. The office offers a wide range of services including educational workshops, which disseminate information on programmes that could be utilized by the Youth for their benefit. Unfortunately this department is manned by only one officer and has shortage of both office accommodation and manpower to effectively carryout their work.

The Youth Policy came into effect in 1996 and this policy has never been reviewed. Also, the district has a problem of “Ditlou”; a youth group which terrorizes the villagers.

The policy clashes with other policies like the Land Board Policy which does not allow a youth less than 21 years to apply for a plot. At the same time the Electoral Act recognises that youths aged 18 can elect and be elected. There is therefore need to harmonize these policies.

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11.3.5 Botswana National Library Service

Botswana National Library Service (B.N.L.S) is a department responsible for providing information and enhance access to knowledge thereby reduce literacy levels among Batswana.

Ramotswa Public Library is the only branch in the District. The branch has proved to be too small to serve the village as a primary center with a population of 24 130 people according 2001 census. Therefore there is need to have an extension of this facility.

It is also essential to have another library in Tlokweng Sub-District which has a population of 22 038.

Most of the library’s clients are students; therefore the facility supports the RNPE as it supplements the reading material and study environment by offering free information not only to them but also to the public. Through this, contribution is done towards realization of Vision 2016 vision pillar of having an informed and educated nation.

Even though the library is providing a wide access to information services, it lacks adequate transport, therefore untimely rendering of the book box service and village reading room services. This results in dissatisfaction of customers.

11.3.6 Immigration

The Department of Immigration mainly processes applications for citizenship, resident permits and passports. It also enforces and administers laws that govern movement of people in and out of the country.

In South East District, as already mentioned there are three designated border posts namely, Pioneer Gate, Ramotswa and Tlokweng border posts. The latter was expanded during DDP 5 so that it could perform commercial duties like collection of Value Added Tax (VAT). Despite the fact that the Ramotswa border post currently experiences heavy flow of traffic and overcrowding, it could not be expanded since it would not be economically viable to have another border post nearby collecting VAT.

11.3.7 National and Civil Registration

There are two offices, which are charged with the responsibility of national and civil registration matters in the South East District. These offices are based at the district headquarters in Ramotswa. The main activities of these offices are issuance of National Identity cards (Omang) and death/birth certificates, registration of marriages, births and deaths. Currently, Omang office faces a challenge of making sure that applicants collect their cards and reduction of the processing time for Omang because most of the activities are still centralized.

Decentralization of some of the duties to the district level like births, deaths, marriages, change of surname has been done.

Production of Omang Cards is centralised even though the forms are filled at district level. The process of producing the cards delays as there is shortage of manpower.

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11.3.8 Labour

There is an increasing number of labour disputes in the district. The labour officer visits the district and listens to the labour disputes twice a week. There is need for a district based labour officer during the plan period.

11.4LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

11.4.1 Labour, Culture and Social Services Sector Goals and Objectives

Table 11.1: Labour, Culture and Social Welfare Sector GoalsGoals Objectives Performance Targets

Culture and YouthTo develop and empower young people economically To be able to embark on self

sustaining projectsEstablishment of youth businesses and reduction of unemployment amongst youth.

To be able to provide guidance to the out of school youths from delinquency

Reduction in youth crimes

To promote preservation of the nations culture through education, information dissemination and implementation of culture related policies

To have cultural villages and state theater

Establishment of cultural villages and construction of a state theatre.

Botswana National Library ServicesTo generate, acquire and disseminate information through efficient services for purposes of education, research and recreation, personal empowerment and socio-economic development

Construction of facilities that will create a conducive environment for assimilation of knowledge

Extension of the Library

To preserve cultural and historical information for future posterity

Historical information preserved

To improve customer satisfaction by providing services in an excellent, efficient and friendly manner

To promote self service & use of technological information services

Registration of new customers

Feedback from customers Civil and National RegistrationTo provide services in a timely and satisfactory manner. To educate the public on Civil

and National Registration and their importance.

Kgotla meetings held

To reduce the collection time for Omang Cards

Reduction in the processing time for Omang from 3 months to 1 month by 2004.


11.5.1 Evaluation of environmental key issues with sector goals and objectives

For culture and Youth there is a possibility of using agricultural land for the purposes of cultural village this would lead to conflict in land use.

For Botswana National Library Service expansion of the library might lead to soil erosion indiscriminate dumping of waste and noise pollution during construction.

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11.5.2 Evaluation of sector policies and programmes

All other policies are environmental friendly except for the youth policy and national library act. These encourage projects which might have negative impact on the environment. These possibly might lead to de-bushing, soil erosion and encroachment into agricultural land.

Civil and National Registration goal is environmental friendly.

11.6STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES


Table 11.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoal Project Component Potential

Environmental Impact

Mitigation Measures

Total Cost(Pula)

Year

Botswana National Library ServicesTo generate, acquire and disseminate information through efficient services for purposes of education, research and recreation, personal empowerment and socio-economic development

Ramotswa Library Extension

Reduction in the vegetation/grass cover, loss of bio diversity.

Landscaping 1 546 400 2004/06

Culture and YouthTo develop and empower young people economically

Skills and business Training and Workshops

N/A N/A 130 000 2003-08

To promote culture and create an enabling environment for youth and the general public to participate in cultural development in this country.

Out Of School Youth Programme

N/A N/A 221 000 2003-09

National and Civil RegistrationTo provide services in a timely and satisfactory manner.

Hold four Kgotla meetings yearly

N/A N/A 2003-09



Table 11.3: Issues and Strengths for Labour, Culture and Social WelfareIssues Strengths Culture and YouthHIV/AIDS affecting both the youth and the officers Well-established policy and enough funds.

Resignation by officers The office deals with multidisciplinary issues Botswana National Library ServicesInadequate facility to accommodate the increased number of new users

Provision of Village Reading Rooms and the Book Box Service

Information is not easily retrievedLack of manpower Civil and National RegistrationOmang Cards takes long to be produced and collected Production of Identity cards for ease of identification for the

locals

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Respective departments would prepare Quarterly financial and physical progress report and Annual Performance Plans for presentation to the District Development Committee to ensure that targets are met. Also there would be annual reviews of these plans leading to the DDP 6 Midterm review after three years of implementation.

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CHAPTER 12

12 MINERALS, ENERGY AND WATER

12.1 INTRODUCTION

The Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources is characterized by the production of good quality diamonds that contribute to the bulk of GDP. However, on the weaker side, excessive extraction of river sand, clay etc. and wood harvesting often lead to environmental degradation. It is also worrisome that the Ramotswa Aquifers are highly polluted and this has compelled the Department of Water Affairs to source water from Gaborone dam in order to supply Ramotswa, Boatle and Taung. Tlokweng is also supplied with water from Gaborone dam. Council Water Unit supplies Mogobane and Otse with water from boreholes, while Metsimaswaane is bowsed water by Council Water Unit.

Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) has been tasked by Botswana Government to provide grid electricity in rural villages. So far, it has covered a good number of villages in Botswana including five in the South East District but a lot more still remains else where in the Country.

Water is a scarce and important resource in Botswana that is needed for domestic, industrial, construction and Agriculture use. This is recognised in Vision 2016, which states that by the year 2016 Botswana must have a national water development and distribution strategy that will make water accessible and affordable to, including those who live in small and remote settlements. It also emphasises that Batswana must use water as efficiently as possible through innovative technologies and various water conservation techniques such as water harvesting from rooftops.


The Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources is responsible for formulation, direction, coordination, development and implementation of national policies and programmes for minerals, energy and water sectors, through its various organs/divisions.

Stakeholders involved in water provision in Botswana are as follows:

The Department of Water Affairs carries out water supply in peri-urban villages and district capitals also known as major villages. Currently it suppliers major villages in the district namely Ramotswa and Tlokweng.

Supply and distribution of water outside major villages is the responsibility of District Councils. In unrecognized settlements District Council Water unit bowse water to those areas like in Metsimaswane.

The Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources have the portfolio responsibility for the national water resources planning and development. This responsibility is discharged through its Department of Water Affairs. National water resources planning is undertaken in consultation with major stakeholders such the sister Department of Geological Survey, Water Utilities Corporation, the Ministry of Local Government, District Councils, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Environment (through Land Boards) as well as the Ministry of Agriculture. The

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Department is also responsible for water apportionment to all sectors through the Water Apportionment Board. The Department acts as the secretariat of the Board whose members include major stakeholders in government, farmers and the community at large. The Board grants water rights to all users include specification of maximum water amounts that individual user are allowed to abstract. Monitoring for the adherence to water quantities specified in the water rights is only carried out for big groundwater users such mines and the power station. However, efforts are done to inspect and ensure that those abstracting water illegally for whatever use are identified and dealt with in accordance with the law.

The Board also monitors the water quality by specifying the quality of wastewater discharge into the environment. The Department also cooperates with District Council Health units, Ministry of Health as well as the National Conservation Strategic Agency in the area of water quality.

12.1.2 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Affairs

The strategic plan for the Ministry of Minerals Energy and Water Affairs takes cognisance of Vision 2016, which is the focal point of all national plans and policies. The Ministry therefore emphasizes the need for efficiency in delivery of products and services, loyalty to customers and stakeholders, good quality products and services among others, all of which could be achieved through its strategic goals. The Ministry has also provided the strategic objectives, which provide targets.

12.1.3 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Land, Housing and Environment

The strategic plan of the ministry comprises management and development of land through land-use planning and development control. The ministry also advises other ministries to align their developments with environmental conservation and it also coordinates environmental projects and activities.

12.1.4 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Local Government

The strategic plan of the ministry is to provide physical and social infrastructure e.g. provision of water at district level.

South East District will implement a number of policies and programmes to complement MMEWA’s strategic plan in the DDP 6 plan period.

12.1.5 The role of the Private Sector

As far as SED is concerned the role of the private sector has always been limited to agriculture. Most farmers rely on personal water supply, that is, boreholes and wells to mainly water livestock and also to carryout some horticultural and poultry farming. These are however potential pollutants as these are situated along the riverbanks.

Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) is a parastatal organization that supplies and distributes electricity in both urban and rural areas. The private sector also plays a role in meeting the energy needs of various sectors of the economy through the supply of gas, coal, paraffin and firewood. In the district, electricity is supplied to all five villages namely Mogobane, Otse, Ramotswa, Taung and Tlokweng.

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Private companies in partnership with Botswana Government carry out exploration of minerals in the entire country. It is unfortunate because South East District is not endowed with minerals, except for gravel and sand.


12.2.1Mineral Sector

The Mines and Minerals Act No. 17 of 1999 deals with control of mining activity. This Act, among other things requires that a permit or a license be obtained from Department of Mines for any mineral extraction. In some areas in the country especially those area that are not endowed with minerals this act is thin on the ground. For South East District there is indiscriminate extraction of minerals especially the ones used during construction. There are unscrupulous people who extract river sand and other minerals for sale.

12.2.2 Energy Sector

12.2.2.1 Energy Policy

The main aim for the policy is to provide a least cost mix of supply reflecting total life cycle costs and externalities such as environmental damages. It will also strive to intergrades gender equality issues in development planning, project monitoring and evaluation as aspired under the Women in Development Programme and National Gender Programme framework. Government has come up with a National Energy Master Plan, which provides a framework for energy supply.

12.2.3Water Sector

12.2.3.1 National Water Master Plan

National Water Master Plan that was completed in 1991 and covers a planning period of 30 years. The plan advocates for efficient use and management of water resources. It will continue throughout DDP 6 to be the guiding plan for all large water development projects in Botswana. The review of the plan will be carried out in early DDP 6. Parallel to the review of the NWMP, a detailed study looking at the operations of all the water supply authorities in Botswana will also be conducted in early DDP 6 to develop alternatives of the best arrangement for Botswana. As part of the NWMP the District has been connected to the North South Carrier Project. Tlokweng and Ramotswa have been connected for quite some time to Gaborone Dam and Mogobane and Otse are in the process of being connected in the first year of DDP 6.

12.2.3.2 Waste Water and Sanitation Policy

The overall purpose of the policy is to promote the health and well being of communities through provision of appropriate and sustainable wastewater/sanitation management and to introduce mechanisms for protection and conservation of water resources. In South East the main source of underground water pollution has been identified as pit latrines. Pursuant to protect the aquifers in Ramotswa village, a sewerage network was under taken during DDP5 while in Tlokweng a water and sewerage project were undertaken by the Department of Water affairs on behalf of Council. It is planned that an integrated sewerage network for Otse and Mogobane villages will be undertaken during DDP6 pursing the protection of abundant water resources the district is endowed with. Pertaining to sanitation a landfill was constructed during DDP5, which its implementation over spilled into DDP6.Construction of the captioned is

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perceived as a milestone in reducing indiscriminate dumping of waste. Due to prudent waste management, better health and well being of the community will be accomplished hence promoting a Healthy Nation as enshrined in ‘’Vision 2016.’’

12.2.3.3 National Settlement Strategy

National Settlement Strategy provides a framework for the preparation of District settlement strategies, which provide guidance to water supply for settlements. It espouses for supply of water to settlements, which have been considered or declared villages. The District Council is supplying water to Otse and Mogobane villages. Underground water for these two villages is contaminated and the main source of pollution has been identified as pit latrines. By end of DDP5 consultancy was engaged to design water tanks and network of the two villages for ultimate connection to the Water Utilities Pipeline. At present the actual construction and connection is ongoing.

For those settlements not yet recognized as villages like Metsimaswaane settlement, Council is bowsing water to them as it has proved to be cost effective. A viability study is been planned during DDP6 to determine whether the area can be declared a settlement or not.

12.2.3.4 Water Act

There are several statutes currently in use for the administration of water resources in Botswana. These are;

Water Act, Cap. 34:01 is the main legislation that deals with the administration of water resources. Works Act (Cap: 34.03), regulates the management and construction of water works.

Aquatic Weeds Control Act (Cap 34.04) deals with the control of weeds in our major rivers;

Boreholes Act (Cap: 34.02) deals with the drilling of boreholes and management samples and data from such drilled holes.

12.3MINING, ENERGY AND WATER

12.3.1Mining Sector

In South East District, there are no known large-scale mineral deposits. However, a number of small-scale mineral deposits occur at various parts of the district. These include granite, dolomite, carbonates, river sand, gravel, rock quarries and clay. Of these, gravel and river sand are extensively used within the district and neighbouring towns for numerous construction projects that are carried out by private contractors, government and individuals. Though impact analysis has not been undertaken, it is evident that the adverse effects of extraction have often resulted in loss of biodiversity and poor visual quality due to lack of rehabilitation.

12.3.2 Energy Sector

Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) is a statutory body responsible for generation, transmission and supply of electricity. In order to enhance the much needed industrialization, there is need to develop a cost effective energy source. It has been realized that there is tremendous potential for solar energy, which should be exploited for the benefit of settlements that are not within reach of the national grid.

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As investment and population continue to grow in South East, so will the demand for energy. While the majority of people in the primary centres of the District use gas for their domestic needs, a significant proportion of the population still uses firewood. From an environmental point of view, this contributes to desertification and its associated negative impacts. Therefore there is need for legislation that would guide consumers, especially government institutions to use alternative sources of energy.

12.3.3Water Sector

12.3.3.1 Water Supply

Portable water provision in South East District will continue to be based on the South East District Settlement Strategy (SEDSS). This will go a long way towards achieving the objectives of the National Settlement Policy (NSP), central to which is sustainability of natural resources.

The South East District Settlement Strategy classifies Ramotswa as the only primary centre in the District. The village has experienced tremendous physical growth over the last plan period. This has put pressure on the village water supply, particularly the underground water that has been contaminated with nitrates. During District Development Plan 5 period upgrading and expansion of the sewerage scheme was undertaken in the anticipation to curb further pollution of the abundant underground water resource. This pollution is mainly caused by human waste from pit latrines.

Furthermore, there was also provision for sewerage and water supply system in Tlokweng, which also qualifies as a primary center according to preliminary census figures of 2001. This project was implemented under the supervision of the Department of Water Affairs and was handed to the District Council upon completion by the end of DDP 5

The District Council undertook the rehabilitation and expansion of portable water supply schemes of Otse and Mogobane villages. These are classified as tertiary II in the settlement hierarchy. In addition, provision of water supply was also extended to settlements such as Metsimaswaane, which falls out of tertiary category.

The district council in terms of operation and maintenance runs water schemes in rural villages while major village schemes (Ramotswa, Taung and Boatle) are run by the Department of Water Affairs. Due to contamination of the Ramotswa aquifer the greater Ramotswa area is supplied with water from Gaborone dam.

The current supply facility has reached capacity therefore some parts of the villages at certain times are not able to receive water. To circumvent this problem, the DWA has undertaken a major project to upgrade the supply system in order to supply the village up to year 2011. However a provision will be made for future extension to supply up to year 2021. This project comprises a booster pump station at Boatle, storage reservoir and associated works.

12.3.3.2 Water Conservation and Management

Due to limited water resources, there is an urgent need to use water wisely so as not to exhaust the resources. The costs of surface water treatment have proved to be very high. These costs can only be recovered by passing them to the consumers. Only consumers in urban and peri-urban areas can afford the costs. The Department of Water Affairs is supplying Ramotswa

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consumers at subsidised tariffs. That is to say the tariffs do not reflect the actual costs of making the water available in the village. There are public standpipes where water is drawn free. This is one area where there is great loss of water through wastage, abuse such as livestock watering and illegal bowsing. In view of this, pre-paid meters standpipes were piloted in Tlokweng and these proved to be successful and will be extended to other areas in the district during DDP6.

12.3.3.3 Water Protection

The Ramotswa well-field aquifer is very shallow and close to the surface. As a result the quality of water from this aquifer is very poor such that it cannot be used for human consumption. The boreholes have since been abandoned. The source of contamination is seepage of waste from pit latrines and graveyard. The newly constructed sewer project will address this problem of underground water pollution. It is hoped this will gradually phase out pit latrines and septic tanks.

As regard to surface water, there are two rivers (Ngotwane and Taung) passing through the district that feed the Gaborone dam. The district itself falls within the catchments area for these two rivers and there is need to keep the catchments area free from any possible pollutants. The Metsimaswaane and Tlhawane rivers also pass through the district. In order to protect these water resources all stakeholders (DWA, WUC, SEDC, the private sector and the community at large) need to work together.

12.3.3.4 Water Demand

Ramotswa has got a population of over 30 000 and population projection for year 2009 is over 43 000. Taking that the average consumption is 120 L/person/day the projected demand for year 2009 is 5160 m3/day

12.3.3.5 Population and Water Demand Projections

The figures used as the basis for population projections are of the 1991 Central Statistics Office (CSO); figures that are also used in the Ramotswa Area Development Plan. These projections cover Ramotswa, Taung, Boatle and their localities, from 2003 to 2009.

Table 12.1: Population Projection (source CSO)Growth Rates: Low Mid High 3.2% 4.1% 4.7%

Year Population (NO) Water Demand (M3)Low Mid High Low Mid

High

Mid High Low Mid High

High Mid

High

Low Mid Mid High

High

2003 30758 33544 37190 3445 3757 41652004 313742 34920 38938 3555 3911 43612005 32758 36351 40768 3669 4071 45662006 33806 37842 42684 3786 4238 47812007 34888 39393 44690 3907 4412 50052008 36004 41008 46791 4032 4593 52412009 37156 42690 48990 4162 4781 5420

12.3.3.6 Water quality

The quality of water supplied by Water Utilities Corporation is within acceptable standards. However chlorine residual in water is very low when it reaches the consumer. The proposed

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booster station incorporates a chlorine booster plant to address this problem. DWA will continue to carry quarterly bacteriological tests and appropriate action will be taken as soon as the situation demand.

12.3.3.7 Water Sources

The sources of water for the district are the following provided through the WUC treatment plant: Gaborone, Letsibogo, Bokaa and Molatedi dam.

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12.4MINERALS, ENERGY AND WATER SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

12.4.1 Sector Goals and Objective

Table 12.2: Minerals, Energy and Water Sector GoalsGoals Objectives Indicators Minerals SectorTo monitor mining activities with a view of maintaining sustainable utilization of natural resources

Preparation of environmental management plans and guidelines for all mining activities

Energy SectorTo reduce dependence on non-renewable sources of energy

Promote use of solar energyPromote thermal efficiency in buildingsEncourage use of gas for domestic needs in rural areasTo further explore alternative source of energies

Water SectorTo contribute to the improvement of quality of life of the people in major villages by providing sustainable and good quality water

To assess effective utilisation of standpipes in all major villages by October 2003.

Map up unknown valves and rehabilitate all valves chambers and meters in the district.

To expand reticulation networks in all major villages to cover 100 percent of village planning area by December 2006To develop map production capacity in all outstations and improve accuracy of existing maps by December 2003.

To promote the conservation and protection of national water resources through development and implementation of effective water conservation and protection strategies/policies

To reduce the quantity of unaccounted for water to a maximum of 12 percent in all major villages by December 2005.

Collect data for number of breakdowns and produce quarterly reports.

Check compliance to trenching specifications and produce half-yearly inspection report during pipeline construction

Install pipe markers for water reticulation network.

To review and seek approval of water legislation by December 2004.

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Goals Objectives IndicatorsTo promote innovative technologies and water conservation initiatives by December 2003.To develop and implement water regulations by June 2005.To install pre-paid metering system within waterworks areas in major villages by December 2003.

Phase out meter reading standpipes in the district and replace them with pre-paid meters

To develop a mechanism for charging bulk withdrawal of water resources for construction purposes by December 2004.To implement water losses monitoring programme in major villages by March 2005.

Collect data for number of breakdowns and produce quarterly reports.

Check compliance to trenching specifications and produce half-yearly inspection report during pipeline construction

Install pipe markers for water reticulation network.

To satisfy customers and stakeholders by providing quality services and products through an effective customer service strategy.

To develop departmental plans for water supply projects and implement according to schedule as from July 2003To develop and implement customer service strategy in consultation with stakeholders by November 2003.

Evaluate and produce summary quarterly reports on customer suggestion in the outstation.

Sanitizes staff on customer service

Review of customer service index every 6 months

To reduce customer waiting-time for paying bills to 15 minutes by December 2002.

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Goals Objectives IndicatorsTo establish the billing cycle time and develop the standards by December 2003.

Standardize the billing cycle. Transport for billing 17 meter readers to be trained as pipe-fitters Meter repair and replacement within two days from reporting period

To put administrative measures in place that allow water connection fees to be paid in installments by December 2003

Collect data and produce quarterly reports on customer waiting time.

Evaluate data to determine appropriate customer waiting time

To assess and inter-link DWA paying points in major villages by July 2004To contribute to environmental protection through the use of environmental friendly technologies and programs.

To enforce environmental protection legislation in areas of water pollution and land degradationTo develop and implement environmental protection guidelines for DWA projects by December 2006.

To set up water pollution monitoring points at vulnerable major water resources by 2005.

To set-up pollution monitoring points by end of December 2002.

To physically demarcate the protection zones around all major water sources by December 2005

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Table 12.3: Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoal Environmental AssessmentTo contribute to the improvement of quality of life of people in Otse and Mogobane villages by providing constant flow of quality water

Construction and development activities has impact of reducing the vegetation /grass cover which eventual leads to disturbance of the environment.

To Provide constant flow of portable water to Metsimaswaane.

Construction activities i.e. excavation has an impact of disturbing the environment.

To improve the existing on-site sanitation systems in Otse and Mogobane Villages

Construction activities i.e. site clearing and excavation has an impact of disturbing the environment.

To provide an effective and efficient sewerage system in Ramotswa and Tlokweng.

Construction activities i.e. has the impact of disturbing the environment.

Objectives Environmental AssessmentAssess effective utilisation of standpipes in the district. Increase digging and excavation of trenches for water pipes,

which adversely affect the environment by cutting down of trees and deterring inhabitants of that area.

Expand reticulation network to cover 100% of village planning area by December 2006.

Excavation of trenches will disturb the ecosystem and exacerbate soil erosion.

Reduce quantity of unaccounted water to a maximum of 12% by December 2004.

Recovered water will increase water supply.

Install pre-paid metering system within waterworks areas by December 2003

Implementation of prepaid meters is perceived to reduce water loses hence increase water supply.

Develop and implement environmental protection guidelines for DWA projects by December 2006

Environmental externalities will reduce as all concerned projects will have EIAs and will be required to provide mitigation measures.

Set up water pollution monitoring points at vulnerable major water resources by 2005.

Water pollution especially underground water will gradually reduce and in time water purity will be accomplished.

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12.6STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

12.6.1 Proposed Projects for Council Water and Sewerage Services - South East District Council

Table 12.4: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoals Project Component Environmental

ImpactMitigation Total Cost (Pula) Year of Implementation

To improve the existing on-site sanitation system in Otse and Mogobane.

Feasibility studies and design of a sewerage system at Otse / Mogobane.

None Undertake EIA and socio-economic studies.

P2, 000,000 2003/04

To provide constant waterSupply to the settlement of Metsimaswaane.

Feasibility studies prior to drilling of 2 x boreholes at Metsimaswaane

Const. activities reduce vegetation/ grass cover which will eventual leads to soil erosion.

All PMs must Include EIA and HIV/Aids components. All Council developers should consider the protection of the environment.

P950, 000 2003/04

To provide sewerage system for Otse and Mogobane

Constructionof a sewerage system at Otse and Mogobane Ditto Ditto

102, 612,000 2004/07

To improve the water supply system in Otse and Mogobane village

Extension of exiting Water Supply Scheme within the two villages at OtseandMogobane

DittoDitto

2,000,000 2003-2005

To provide an effect and efficient sewerage system in Tlokweng.

Extension of the existing Sewerage Scheme at Tlokweng

Ditto Ditto

5,000,000 2006-2008

To provide an effect and efficient sewerage system in Ramotswa village.

Extension of the existingSewerage Scheme at Ramotswa

Ditto Ditto

5,000,000 2007-2009

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12.6.2 Proposed Projects for Water Affairs Department Goals Project Component Environmental

ImpactMitigation Total Cost (Pula) Year to Implement

To boost water pressure. Booster station at Boatle Clearing of bush will disturb the inhabitants of the ecosystem.

On completion road/pipeline servitude will not be fenced to allow free movement of animals.

1 510 000 2003/04

Collection of water for experiments before distribution and to guard against periods of pipe breakages

Boatle -Collector reservoir Cutting down of trees and blasting of rocks when digging.

Some of the dug up material will be used during construction which means rehabilitation measures will be applied.

1 300 000 2003/04

To relocate to more spacious location.

Sepitswane - DWA Office Block and Workshop.

Digging of trenches. Disturbed trees will be replaced. 5 000 000 2003/04

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Table 12.6: Issues and Strengths for Issues Strength Water contamination Solid deposits that block water mains are traced and removed. Water

metres are repaired /replaced.Underground water pollution. Sewer network has been constructed with the view to encourage people

to use water borne toilets as pit latrines are identified as the main polluter.

Gaborone to Ramotswa transmission experiences frequent failures due to aging and also networks breakages.

Frequent patrolling enforced along the transmission line.

Frequent breakdowns of pumps that supply Otse/Mogobane villages.

The two villages are connected to Gaborone /Lobatse Water Utilities line.

Shortage of portable water in Matsimaswane A feasibility study proposed in next financial year to determine weather to drill boreholes in this settlement.

The challenge that lies with this Ministry is to explore alternative sources of energy, to speed up cleaning of coal for domestic purposes as well as to formulate policy guidelines in mining of sand. While the use of polluted water is going to be explored, efforts should be made to protect the Ramotswa aquifer from further pollution, since continued water recharge normally ends up purifying the polluted groundwater, therefore it can be used in future. If implemented, the above measures can go a long way in achieving diversification and sustainable development as outlined in the theme of NDP 9.

Botswana’s water resources management approach used to emphasise that water needs are requirements, which must be met and consequently focused on development of new sources and structures in an attempt to manipulate the resources to meet the perceived needs. It has been realised that water is a finite resource and no amount of manipulation can change that fact. Therefore it is now imperative to consider water needs as demands that are variable and changeable. More investment needs to be put on water demand management and conservation in order to reduce overuse, wastage and misuse which leads to water losses of more than 30% in some water supply schemes in this District.

12.7.2 Performance Targets

To reduce by 80% waiting period for private water /sewerage connections by 2005 To reduce 90% time and cost of delivery service to the Community by developing and

implementing preventive maintenance programmes. To expand the water supply schemes in Otse and Mogobane villages as well as the

sewerage schemes in Ramotswa and Tlokweng.


Respective Sectional heads within the department will be requested to draw up a monitoring programme during the plan implementation period. A quarterly and annual projects reviews shall be submitted to ensure that targets are met.

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CHAPTER 13

13 WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

13.1 INTRODUCTION

Infrastructure network is fundamental for the operation of efficient and sustainable economy since it acts as a catalyst in the development process. Botswana’s fast economic growth is attributed by among other things to good communication links. During District Development Plan 5, the ministries were rationalised looking at their portfolio responsibilities and functions. The Ministry of Works Transport and Communication was one of those ministries that was rationalised to form two ministries of Works and Transport and that of Communications, Science and Technology. The Departments falling under the latter would also be discussed in this chapter.

Ministry of Works and Transport supervises Departments such as Architectural and Building Services, Electrical and Mechanical Services and Roads, Transport and Safety at district level. It also oversees activities of parastatals such as Botswana Railways.

The Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology oversees activities of parastatal organizations like Botswana Telecommunications Corporation and Botswana Postal Services.


The major sectors falling under these two ministries are Works, Transport and Communications.

At district level infrastructure and services are provided through departments of DABS and DEMS. Central Transport Organisation, Meteorological Services and Roads Department provide services in the district but are based in Gaborone. The Roads Transport and Safety is also based in Ramotswa.

The Parastatals of Botswana Railways and Botswana Postal Services are also based in the district while others like Botswana Telecommunications Corporation, Botswana Telecommunications Authority and service the district from Gaborone.

At district level, the District Council which falls under the Ministry of Local Government compliments the efforts of the above sector. Council is charged with provision and maintenance of the secondary and tertiary roads in the district.


13.1.2.1 Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication

The Ministry of Transport, Works and Communications seeks to provide efficient, cost effective, safe, reliable, sustainable and environmentally sound infrastructure services commensurate to international standards, which will support government strategies for social and economic development of Botswana.

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13.1.3Ministry of Local Government

The strategic plan for the ministry is to provide physical and social infrastructure such as drainage systems, bus ranks, streetlights, tertiary and access roads.

13.1.4Works Sector

At a district level, the Department of Architecture and Building Services and Electrical and Mechanical Services are responsible for providing and maintaining Government and institutional buildings and the necessary electrical and mechanical services installations. The Department of Meteorological Services provides weather information and data to the public as well as to other departments such as Civil Aviation and Ministry of Agriculture. The Central Transport Organisation provides central government transport and is also responsible for maintaining the fleet.

The District Council does the design, tender and construction of housing for other local institutions, primary education and primary health facilities through the buildings Section. It also maintains Council buildings.

13.1.5 Transport Sector

The Department of Roads is responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of primary and secondary roads including bridge construction. The Department of Road Transport and Safety is responsible for national road policies including vehicle registration and licensing, safety, transport regulation and promotion. The Department of Civil Aviation constructs and operates government airports and air navigation infrastructure and also oversees standards governing all civil aviation activities. The Botswana Railways provides rail transport for passengers and luggage as a parastatal organisation.

13.1.6 Communications Sector

13.1.6.1 Botswana Postal Services

The Botswana Postal Services (BPS) now trading as Botswana Post is a commercial enterprise of the government whose main objective is to provide an efficient and effective internal and international postal communications service. Provision of these services would lead to economic growth with a view of improving the socio-economic and cultural development of the rural populace. Botswana Post provides and operates postal services network throughout the country, while communities provide postal agencies where post offices are not viable.

Due to most postal services running at a loss, rural areas would continue to be serviced by postal agencies which are established on request by the Village Development Committees.

13.1.6.2 Botswana Telecommunications Corporation

Botswana Telecommunications Corporation is incorporated to provide telecommunication through the cable and the wireless local loop which does not only provide telephonic communication but also facilitates the use of internet and e-mail in major villages and urban areas. Most peri-urban areas are covered by this facility since it operates within a given radius. It extends its services to the rural areas by providing a wire network. Though the corporation is keen to bring phones to the remote areas, cost effectiveness is one of the prime scenarios in

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determining the location of the telephone services. Therefore rural telecommunication is funded by the government and BTC offer technical assistance.

Since the introduction of cellular networks in the country through two companies, BTC has also supplied the backbone network to facilitate cellular communication. The private payphones have further strengthened accessibility to telecommunication lines.

Works that are beyond the capacity and/or the technical expertise of the traditional departments and parastatal are awarded to the private sector to undertake.


13.2.1 Road Traffic Act

The revised 1997 Roads Act gives the Roads Department Authority to construct and maintain primary and secondary roads.

Further to this, the 1994 Road Maintenance study categorized roads in a hierarchically order - thus determining which roads should be done by Council and which ones should be done by Central Government Roads Department.

Settlements within 10 km of a new paved road will have an access road also paved to the Kgotla. Any extension beyond the Kgotla should be negotiated with the Ministry of Local Government.

13.2.2 Transport and Safety Policy

Cost recovery policy will constitute an integral part of Government’s strategy to ensure that funds will be available for maintenance of road infrastructure.

13.2.3 Telecommunications Policy

The policy is administered by the Botswana Telecommunications Authority. It aims at creating a vibrant and competitive telecommunication industry through a liberalised market. The advent of Mascom and Orange with their services in the town has complemented the aim of this policy.

13.2.4 Civil Aviation Policy

The policy thrust for Civil Aviation is to recover an increasing proportion of the cost of infrastructure and facilities provided by Government. Unfortunately land shortage in the district will not entertain the construction of such a facility.

13.2.5Works Policy

The policy thrust within the area of public works is geared towards greater use of the private sector in the provision of services, which are currently not used much by the Government. This new approach is necessary because the Government’s overall policy restrains the growth of the public sector by privatizing where possible.

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With more out-sourcing of services, the roles of DABS, DEMS and CTO in project implementation will be reduced from that of providing services, that is, design, documentation, construction, supervision and maintenance to that of ensuring that specifications are followed.

It is the Government’s intention to merge DABS & DEMS since their works compliment each other and this move will strengthen the availability of resources in the two departments such as transport.

13.2.6Meteorological Services Policy

In the area of Meteorological Services, Government’s role is to provide weather data and information for aviation purposes, agriculture and public weather services in general. Weather forecasts are important for a large number of activities, including planning and air safety. In agriculture, weather information may indicate to farmers when to commence ploughing or whether to increase stock off-take to minimise losses in the event of a looming drought.

13.2.7 Postal Services Act

The act was enacted in 1989 and the post was given legal status to facilitate independent management and accountability to respond more effectively to market requirements. It also made it possible to accelerate postal developments and facilitate customer access to postal services.

13.3WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

13.3.1 Primary and Secondary Roads

A Bitumen road proposed to link South East with Kweneng (Boatle/Mmankgodi road) was completed during DDP 5, while Mogobane/Ranaka road commenced in August, 2002. The Notwane river crossing is still impassable during rainy season since the proposed bridge was not undertaken during DDP 5.

The other problem envisaged is the deterioration of Taung Border post shoulders.

13.3.2 Telecommunications

The lines from the existing exchange station in Ramotswa are all used up. Tlokweng has no problems since it is benefiting from the wireless loop in Gaborone. Otse and Mogobane are connected to Lobatse through a wireless loop. In Taung/Boatle there are 550 lines and only 229 were used by August 2002.

13.3.3Meteorological Services

This Department noted that global warming and climate change poses a serious threat to the environment. The service for the district is provided by the Gaborone office.

13.3.4 Postal Services

All the post offices in South East are subsidized in terms of running costs with the exception of Tlokweng post office. It has also been observed that there is a lot of paper work used in the current system.

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13.3.5 Department of Road Transport and Safety

Transport to other districts like Gaborone and Lobatse is adequate but the problem is the uneven distribution of the local combis, which concentrates only on the primary road and some few tertiary roads.

13.4TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 13.1: Transport and Communications Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoals Objectives Indicators Works, Transport and Communications SectorTo provide a safe, secure, accessible, cost effective, and environmentally sustainable infrastructure and

To recover the maintenance costs by ensuring public safety through inspection of the conditions of vehicles, crews and operators in both the passenger and freight transport services.

To provide a universal service and meet customer demands in major centres

To create good working relations with customersTo operate competitivelyTo offer efficient communication optionsTo provide high quality products and services and meet customer satisfaction.

Zero waiting list for post boxes during the plan period.

Achieve 95% mail delivery between major centres within 24hours by 2004.

To provide services that are acceptable and competitive internationally to meet the expectation of vision 2016

To provide public booths to meet market demands To have provided 27 Public booths in the district by 2009


13.5.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and objectives

The provision of infrastructure development under this goal may lead to borrow-pits which would be reclaimed immediately when they cease to be active. Indiscriminate cutting of big trees in the road reserves, soil erosion and indiscriminate dumping of rubbles.

The second goal is environmental friendly. Goal 3 might lead to de-bushing and digging of borrow pits.

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13.6STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 13.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoal Projects Environmental Impacts Mitigation measures Total Cost Year Department of RoadsTo provide a safe, secure, accessible, cost effective and environmentally sustainable infrastructure

Dualling of Gaborone-Tlokweng border post road.

De-bushing

Digging of borrow pits

Selective debushing within the road reserve.

Replacing of trees within 1m radius of the reserve.

59 000 000 2004/05

Eastern by-pass plus interchange along the Gaborone/Tlokweng

De-bushing


Selective debushing within the road reserve Replacing of trees within 1m radius of the reserve.

44 000 000 2004/05

Mogobane/Ranaka Road construction De-bushing


Selective debushing within the road reserve Replacing of trees within 1m radius of the reserve.

20 000 000 2004/05

Construction of Notwane Bridge in Ramotswa

Digging of borrow pits Selective debushing. 1 000 000 Date not yet known

* The other part of funding will be provided by Government of the Republic of South Africa.

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Issues

Though all the recognized settlements have been provided with electricity and telephone lines in SED, it still has to make these facilities reliable by way of correcting occasional interruptions in the systems. Construction of primary and secondary roads in the district is fairly well provided but the interconnection of the District with Gaborone has to be improved together with internal roads in villages. Replacement of boarded vehicles by Central Transport Organization (CTO), maintenance of buildings by Department of Electrical and Mechanical Services (DEMS) and Department of Architecture and Building Services (DABS) as well as construction of projects leaves much more to be desired. To a larger extent the latter department has contributed to poor implementation of projects and this has led to the carrying over of projects from NDP 8/DDP 5 to NDP 9/DDP6

To maintain a high rate of growth in the country, it is imperative that works and communications sectors should improve performance and this would certainly carry us along to the realization of one of the vision pillars of prosperous, productive and innovative nation.

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CHAPTER 14

14 LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITY

14.1 INTRODUCTION

This sector’s role is to maintain justice, peace, social and political equity as well as ensuring internal stability and protection of the country against external intrusion. The task performed by this department is inevitable since it safe guards capital assets, human and other natural resources like land which enable the development process to take place.

Through effective operation of this sector, the district would achieve some of the stated vision pillars of safe, secure, accountable, open, and democratic and a united nation.


The Ministry of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration is charged with responsibility of making sure that justice prevails.

The Departments of Tribal and District Administration also play an important part in the justice administration at the district level. These come under the umbrella of Ministry of Local Government. They mainly deal with matters of indigenous custom and try criminal cases of certain jurisdiction. The District Commissioner reviews judgments for customary court cases.

The magistrate courts and the high court adjudicate cases.

There are also Immigration services under Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs whose role is to protect society against the entrance, residence and movement in and out of the country of people with undesirable behaviour. They also ensure the smooth passage of genuine travelers.

The Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology which is a newly established Ministry would be discussed under this chapter in relation to Information and Broadcasting.


14.1.2.1 Ministry of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration

The strategic plan for Ministry of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration would continue to deal with the security of the nation to ensure a stable and peaceful environment conducive for the nation’s development.

The departments under this Ministry include Botswana Police whose mandate is to provide a professional law enforcement service in order to achieve a peaceful, safe and secure society.

Also within this Ministry, there is the Judiciary which services the district from Gaborone.

The Department of Information and Broadcasting would during the plan period develop communication capacity particularly in the electronic media, that is, the radio and television,

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towards the realisation of an informed and educated nation. Through information sharing with the public on government policies and programmes, the public by the year 2016 would be well informed on policy interventions, development issues, and education and also on entertainment.


The Ministry of Local Government would during the plan period facilitate people’s participation in the development process and provide the same with wide range of services. These services include the presiding over criminal and civil cases by Dikgosi who falls under Tribal Administration. The District Commissioner would still continue to review these cases. Also under TA there are local police officers who enforce law and order.

14.1.2.3 The Role of the Private Sector

The private sector takes a strong role in this particular sector. For policing there are forums like the crime prevention committees, neighbourhood watch committees, business community forums and others. There are however, no private law firms in the district due to its proximity to Gaborone, so the public gets this service there. The same goes for the private media.

14.1.2.4 Consultation Priorities

During consultation, the community felt that there were delays in attending to reports by the police officers. Also, there is a problem of juvenile delinquency that starts from Primary level up to Senior Secondary levels. It was observed that there is lack of control of teenagers by the parents or guardians.

The community was worried about the influx of illegal immigrants and illegal border crossing especially from South Africa where it has led to cattle theft in the district.

The contractors tend to hire illegal immigrants as opposed to citizens because they provide cheap labour.


14.2.1 Botswana Police Act

The Act stipulates that the service would be employed throughout the country to protect life and property, prevent and detect crime, repress internal disturbances, maintain security and public tranquillity apprehend offenders and bring them to justice. In the district the police has 10 patrol areas and covers an area of 724 square kilometres with a high ratio of police officers to the community at 1: 553 people. This makes policing difficult.

14.2.2 Chieftainship Act

The act is an instrument used for the appointment and removal of chiefs. The act recognises Dikgosi as custodians of the customary law where expectation is that they preside over criminal and civil cases and give appropriate sentences. These are also empowered to cascade developmental issues to their tribes in consultation with other three local institutions.

In the District there are two paramount Chiefs for the Balete and Batlokwa tribes, heading the district headquarters and the sub-district respectively. Every village thereafter is headed by the

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Chiefs representative assisted by the headman of record and other supporting staff like court clerks and local police.

14.2.3 Customary Court Procedure

The procedure guides the chiefs and staff as it stipulates ways of conduct by individuals, ways to conduct both civil and criminal cases. The Customary Court procedure is followed during prosecution of cases in the district.

14.2.4 Local Police Act

The Botswana Police Act is a statutory body established under section 3 of the Local Police Act Cap 21:04. The Local Police is established under acts no 13 of 1972 to provide appointment and discipline of officers in the service. The Ministry of Local Government may issue standing orders for the general control, direction and administration of the service.

The act is an instrument used for the appointment, dismissal and a guide to police personnel. It also states disciplinary measures to be applied to the police officers.

14.2.5Magistrate Courts

The courts are established by Cap 04.04 of the Laws of Botswana. This stipulates the grading for Magistrates to be able to operate in any Magistrate court. In the district there is a visiting grade 1 Magistrate. The Magistrate presides over criminal, traffic and civil cases.

14.2.6 Prisons Act

The Prisons are established by Cap 21:03 of the Laws of Botswana. The act stipulates that running of prison services in Botswana. The district does not have a prison facility available except for the police cells which are used for initial detentions of up to 48 hours in Ramotswa, Tlokweng, Naledi and Woodhall Lobatse. For further remand of detainees, Lobatse, Gaborone and Molepolole prisons are used.

14.2.7 Immigration Act

The act stipulates that every person entering Botswana should on arrival at the point of entry, presents themselves immediately to the nearest immigration officers and should use gazetted points of entry. In the district there are two gazetted points being Ramotswa and Tlokweng border posts.

14.2.8 Broadcasting Act

The act freed the airwaves for commercial and community broadcasting. Through this act, the department recognises the importance of developing efficient information systems and networks for the support of research, education, development and communication with the rest of the world, as espoused by Vision 2016.

14.2.9 Information Media – Policy Directive (1969)

The policy sort to provide a nation-wide dialogue on public policy issues, announce national goals and finish the requisite climate of nationhood.

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14.3LAW JUSTICE AND SECURITY

14.3.1 Customary Law and Courts

The Minister of Local Government through the Chieftainship Act appoints chiefs. Their hierarchy stands as: Paramount Chief, Deputy chief, Senior Chiefs representative, Chiefs representative, Headman of Record and Headman of Arbitration. The Customary Courts deal with customary laws which are not written and other laws of Botswana as stipulated in the Customary Court Act.

Customary law has been noticed to differ from tribe to tribe and these try 85% of both criminal and civil cases in the Country. The chiefs however, have difficulties in collecting fines due to transport and manpower constraints. Also, it is sometimes difficult to implement sentences for people of a different tribe in a different tribal area.

14.3.2 Police

At district level, the duties of the Police service are to protect life and property; prevent and detect crime; maintain security and public tranquillity among others, generally maintaining law and order.

Prosecution of criminal cases is also done by the Police officers at both the Magistrate and Customary Courts. Prosecution at the Magistrate Courts is done on behalf of the Attorney General.

In South East District, there are two police stations. These are situated in the primary centres of Ramotswa and Tlokweng. Their area of jurisdiction however, transcends the boundaries of the District into neighbouring districts, as is the case with other police stations throughout the country.

14.3.3 Immigration

The immigration office is charged with responsibility of controlling movement people in and out of the country, while customs deals with movement of goods in and out of the country. It also makes a point that Value Added Tax (VAT) is paid where necessary.

Immigration also deals with the issues of prohibited immigrants when such people are found within the country these are arrested, detained and repatriated to their countries of origin.

The district-based office is charged with payment of passport fees and residents permit while the passports are processed in Gaborone.

The district immigration office is faced with the influx of foreigners in the district who works illegally, that is, without both the residents and work permits.

14.3.4 Fire Services

South East District Council offers fire Services. A plot has been acquired to build a fire station and funds will be availed during DDP 5 to construct fire station.

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14.3.5 Information and Broadcasting

The Department of Information and Broadcasting takes cognizance of the fact that all Batswana should access information either through print or electronic media. This will ensure an informed and educated nation, which would be able to participate in national issues and make informed decisions. The functions of the Department are to interpret the policies and actions of Government to the people by:

A continuing service of information and public relations. Campaigns and concentrated publicity on particular subjects.

The department is also charged with advising Government on public opinion and in the field of public relations generally.

The BOPA office is also charged with the responsibility of gathering and compiling news for Radio Botswana News Desk, the Daily News, as well as Kutlwano magazine.

The department has a wide clientele as it covers government, private sector and even individual people on the street, as these are all potential sources of news and assist in developing story ideas with facts and opinions.

The paper however, has not been widely read as the district received copies of it a day or so after circulation. The paper was also not attractive to the clients’ eye as it was in black and white print.

14.4LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 14.1: Law, Justice and Security Sector Goals and ObjectivesGoals Objectives Performance Target Botswana Police Services

To maintain law and order To cub and monitor various crime rates 10% reduction yearly on all crimes

Construct adequate infrastructure which will create conducive environment for efficiency and effectiveness performance

Construction of residential accommodation, provision of vehicles and communication facilities

To increase public confidence in the police Feedback from the public

Customary Courts To maintain law and order and provide improved services for staff in Tlokweng Sub District.

To bring services closer to people Construction of a customary Court office

To provide adequate facilities to motivate staff Provision of office and residential accommodation and transport

ImmigrationTo educate the public on immigration issues

To sensitize the public about the dangers of harbouring illegal immigrants

To have discourage the local communities to interact and protect illegal immigrants by 50% in the year 2004/05 and by 80% at the end of the plan period.

To issue Botswana Passports within a week of application

Issuance of passport within a week

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Goals Objectives Performance TargetTo sensitize the community on citizenship procedures

To inform people on immigration procedures Reports from the public

Information and BroadcastingTo provide quality reporting, and prompt service delivery

To win and retain the consent of the people to the policies, aims and objectives of the government and provide feedback.

Provision of feedback on government policies and programmes

To educate and entertain people in accordance with national development aims and goals.

An increased number of people reading and listening to the media



The environmental impacts that are likely to arise from this goal are debushing, air pollution and disturbance of the natural habitat.

For Customary Courts, the impacts are likely to be debushing during construction, deforestation, uncontrolled extraction of sand & gravel and soil erosion.

For Immigration, the goals do not have any negative environmental impact.


All the Policies and Acts used discussed under this sector are environmental friendly.

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14.6STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LAW JUSTICE AND SECURITY SECTOR, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES


Table 14.2: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresGoal Project Component Environmental Impact Mitigation Estimated Cost

(Pula)Year

Magistrate CourtHouse & Vehicle

Reduction of the vegetation/grass cover, which will result in environmental degradation.

14 619 500 Unfunded

To maintain law and order Improvement to 10 low cost houses-Rams

None 1 000 000 2003/04

Construction 1HC, 9MC & 23LC houses

Reduction of the vegetation/grass cover, which will result in environmental degradation.

10 449 000 2004/05

Office Upgrading & Staff Houses-Ramotswa border

Bush clearing may result in soil erosion

4 000 000 2005/06

Office Upgrading & Staff Houses Reduction of the vegetation/grass cover, which will result in environmental degradation.

7 300 000

Revenue Offices Bush clearing may result in soil erosion

5 000 000

To educate the public on immigration issues

Hold Kgotla meetings 3 times a year N/A N/A 10 000 2003/04 –2008/09

To sensitize the community on citizenship procedures

Hold Kgotla meetings N/A N/A 10 000 2003 - 2009

To maintain law and order and provide improved services for staff in Tlokweng Sub

Construction of Customary Court Office, provision of transport

deforestation, uncontrolled extraction of sand & gravel and soil erosion

Selective cutting of trees, and landscaping

2 828 000 2004/05

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14.7.1 Issues and Strengths for Law, Justice and Security

Table 14.3: Issues and Strengths for Law, Justice and SecurityIssues StrengthsBotswana PoliceInadequate manpower and resources to effectively deal with crime

Police College offers an opportunity for the district security forces to acquire some skills

ImmigrationA rise in illegal immigrats Issuance of passports in the districtIllegal border crossing Operations are carried out by different stakeholders which

has forged a link between theseTribal AdministrationShortage of office and residential accommodation Majority of cases are handled by TA

It has offices at both urban and local districtsInformation and BroadcastingBudget for the projects in the district is centralised The department has increased the news paper volume from

eight pages to sixteen in order to cover more news storiesAlthough the department intends constructing some district offices during NDP9/DDP6, Ramotswa has not been catered for due to budgetary constraints.

The paper has also gone full colour.

The office is unable to reach small settlements with paper distribution because of staff and transport shortage

People have access to the news of the day as early as the open of business.

Office accommodation is a problem as it is difficult to conduct group interviews

Daily News, is the only daily newspaper in the country


Respective departments would prepare Quarterly financial and physical progress report and Annual Performance Plans for presentation to the District Development Committee to ensure that targets are met. Also there would be annual reviews of these plans after each Annual Plan period. These would pave way to the DDP 6 Midterm review which will be done after three years of implementation.

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CHAPTER 15

15 LOCAL GOVERNMENT

15.1 INTRODUCTION

The Ministry of Local Government plays a major role in the development process since it has set four local institutions whose part of their task is to facilitate coordinated consultations. Community consultation is one of the elements that reflect democratic principles of Botswana Governance. Through local authorities Botswana has realised devolution and de-concentration of power from the centre to a local level. This meant mandating this sector to deliver services and physical infrastructure to the local communities particularly in the rural areas. These include construction of Primary Health Education access and tertiary roads just but to mention a few of those.

Local authorities as the main implementing and coordinator bodies of policies at the rural areas, role is among others disseminate information.

During DDP 5, was divided into two Ministries being Ministry of Local Government and Ministry of Lands, Housing and Environment.

15.1.1 Vision 2016

The Ministry of Local Government is implementing vision 2016 which intends to propel Botswana’s socio-economic development into that of a competitive, winning and prosperous nation. The Local Authorities have also roles to play towards the realization of the vision ideals. Amongst the seven key goals(pillars) for vision 2016, this Ministry is also focusing on the following pillars; an educated and informed nation, a prosperous, productive and innovative nation, a compassionate, just and caring nation and a safe and secure nation.


Local institutions are structured in order to effectively carry out the Ministry of Local Government’s mandate to provide physical infrastructure, social and judicial services to the community. The local institutions consist of:

District Administration – which deals with settling of disputes, both civil and criminal. In 1994, District Administration was merged with Food Relief Services to form one department.

District Council – is charged with the responsibility to provide physical infrastructure services like education facilities, health facilities water, roads, social services, e.t.c.

Land Boards (Malete and Tlokweng) – manage and distribute land equitably to all stakeholders.

Tribal Administrations (Balete and Batlokwa) – aim at maintaining law and order through protection of life and property as well as prevention of crime.

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15.1.3.1 Ministry of local Government

The Ministry of Local Government’s strategic plan consists of six Key Result Areas(KRA’s):

Physical and social infrastructure provision Social protection provision Enhanced Local governance Policy implementation effectiveness Productivity and organization effectiveness Customer satisfaction

15.1.3.2 Ministry of Health

The Ministry’s strategic plan is to improve the physical, mental and psychological well being of every individual, families and communities in Botswana through provision of physical infrastructure and social services.

15.1.3.3 Ministry of Education

The Ministry’s strategic plan is to provide quality of education accessible to all through provision of physical infrastructure and social services.

15.1.3.4 Ministry of Labour and Home

The Ministry’s strategic plan is to provide excellent customer service in Labour Administration, Trade Disputes, Vocational Training, Correctional Services, Civil Registration, Immigration, Sports, Information, Gender, Youth, National and Cultural Heritage.

15.1.3.5 Ministry of Mineral Energy and Water Affairs (Water Supply)

The Ministry of Mineral, Energy and Water Affairs Strategic plan is to provide reliable, adequate and good quality water and energy services, and efficient administrative services for mineral exploitation.

15.1.3.6 Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication (Roads)

The Ministry’s strategic plan is to create an environment conducive for business, and manage wildlife resources to meet local and global challenges.

15.1.3.7 Ministry of State President (Disaster, Elections)

Strategic plan for Independent Electoral Commission is basically to conduct free, fair and correct elections for members of National Assembly and Local Authority in a stable (peaceful) environment.


The Ministry’s strategic plan is management and development of land, facilitation of housing delivery as well as promoting the conservation of the environment.

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The role of private sector is considered very crucial in provision of basic infrastructure if services have to be delivered efficiently and effectively by government. Government has taken a deliberate move to promote private sector initiatives. It will do that by providing an enabling environment for private sector to participate as workers, consumers, farmers, business people, contractors, consultants etc. When private sector is provided with an enabling environment it will create employment, diversify the economy, provide housing, attain sustainable development and efficiency. Already, private sector’s contribution has been substantial in assisting government to provide schools, health facilities, roads, sewerage and water systems, houses in their own capacity or in partnership with government. This arrangement will help to reduce work load to the over-stretched manpower available and improve service delivery to the community. For example, maintenance of vehicles, collection of litter, the operation of landfill, construction of schools, clinics can be done by private sector to reduce the Local Authorities on the workload.

15.1.4.1 Social and Community Development

Because of HIV/AIDS scourge, not so many private sectors are engaged in Community based activities such as Home based care, Community and clients counseling and construction of community day health care centres to provide spiritual, social, medical and feeding of patients with the assistance of SEDC e.g. Otse Home based care centre, Emmanuel Counseling centre and Botlhale jwa Phala to mention just a few. These groups are really showing the spirit of a “compassionate and Caring Nation” – Vision 2016.


The role of private sector is considered crucial in provision of school in partnership with government.Provision of school supplies and construction infrastructure is mainly provided by private companies through tender procedures.

15.1.4.3 Tribal Administration

Responsibilities of private sector pertaining Law, Justice and Security are to contribute in the curbing of crime and to develop other strategies to assist the Government. There are security companies, Mechanical and electrical appliances for security, Crime Prevention Committees and neighbourhood Committees.

15.1.5 Local Government Consultation Priorities

Village Infrastructure. Issues of dusty roads in the villages due to untarred roads. Flooding due to poor storm water drainage. Increase in crime hence a need to provide street lighting to assist the police in

combating it. The issue regarding the intermittent water supply in Otse and Mogobane. Non -availability of sewers in some parts of Ramotswa and Tlokweng.


During consultations the communities emphasized on provision of classrooms and the new schools in areas where children were travelling long distances from school.

The communities also felt classrooms should be installed with air conditioners to provide warmth to children more especially in winter seasons.

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Provision of school gardens and sports grounds in schools where they are not available. Electrification of all school facilities and provision of computers.

15.1.5.2 Tribal Administration

The Consensus was that there is need for a Customary Court to be built in one of the extension areas in Tlokweng to decrease the workload on the current strength.

15.1.5.3 Sanitation and Waste Management

There is need for strategies on clinical waste collection from homes.

15.1.5.4 Land Board

There is need to enforce on repossession of undeveloped plots and limit the number of plots per person.

15.1.5.5 Other General Issues

There is need to intensify on poverty alleviation strategies. There is need to address the issue of lack of employment opportunities


15.2.1 District Administration

The Department of District Administration was established before independence of Botswana without corporate status. It is headed by the District Commissioner who also co-ordinates other Central Government Departments, advises Central Government on political activity, and security situation and interprets policy guidelines to other local authorities. It is also in charge of Food Relief Services. The following are acts used by DC.

The Magistrate Courts Act empowers the District Commissioner/District Officer to perform various judicial functions as stipulated in the Laws of Botswana. However they are not given any induction to enable them to diligently perform such duties.

The DC/DO for a certain district are designated marriage officers and they solemnize marriages after satisfying that there are no legal impediments to the proposed marriages. Premarital and post marital counselling will continue to be given by the District Officer if couples so desire.

The DC/DO use the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act to review conviction and fines procedures referred to District Officers by customary courts. However there is need to give these officers ample review time to ascertain that the correct fines have been imposed.

15.2.2 Tribal Administration

Tribal Administration has been established under the Customary Court Act Cap 04:05. Tribal Administration consists of three units and these are the Chiefs, Local Police and Administration. Within Chiefs Unit, there are Chiefs, Deputy Chiefs, Senior Chiefs, Representative Headmen of Record and Headmen of Arbitration.

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The Chieftainship Act, the Customary Court Act/Procedure and the Local Police are acts instrumental to functions of Tribal Administration/Customary Courts. Chieftainship Act is for appointment and removal of Chiefs, it also stipulates powers and functions of a Chief. Customary Act/Procedure is a guide to the Chief and staff as it stipulates ways to conduct oneself as well as conduct trials of both civil and criminal cases. Local Police Act is an instrument to appoint, dismiss, and a guide to Police personnel, as it also deals with discipline.

Customary Courts deals with customary laws which are not written and other written laws of Botswana as stipulated in customary Court Act Cap 04:05.Customary Courts try 85% of cases both criminal and civil in Botswana.

Customary laws are sometimes a constraint as they differ from tribe to tribe and sometimes to implement decisions made by a Chief of a different tribe to a person of another tribe is difficult.Customary Courts have problems with collection of fines due to shortage of manpower and transport.

South East District has two Tribal Administrations: Batlokwa in Tlokweng and Balete in Ramotswa; two Paramount Chief’s Representative in Ramotswa and Tlokweng respectively. There are also Chief’s Representatives in the villages of Otse, Mogobane and Taung.

15.2.3 District Council

District Councils were established under Local Government (District) Council Act 1965 Cap 40:01. South East District has its headquarters in Ramotswa and Sub-District headquarters in Tlokweng. The Council Secretary and the Assistant Council Secretary head these respectively. The Council Secretary directly co-ordinates developments of Council.

The core functions of the District Council are meant to secure and promote the health, order and good government of its jurisdiction. However, services that Council provides have been increasing in response to demand of communities. Some of these functions have been delegated to Councils through other Acts and National Policies such as the Decentralization Policy, Town and Country Planning Act 1977 Cap 32:09 that empowers Local Authorities to control development through Physical Planning and Building Committee. The Trade and Liquor Act 1986 empowers Councils to issue trade licenses

15.2.4Waste Management Act

The Act was enacted in 1998 under the stewardship of DSWM, enforced and implemented by different officers under different departments who must be appointed by the Minister.

The Act establishes DSWM, makes provision for planning, facilitating and implementation of advanced systems for regulating the management of controlled waste in order to prevent harm to human, animal and plant life; to minimize pollution of the environment, to conserve resources, to cause the provision of Basel Convention to apply in regulating trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste and disposal thereof. Consequently calls for local and national waste management, waste recycling and litter plans; Registration and licensing of waste carriers and waste facilities; confers powers on Local Authorities to collect, remove and dispose off waste; prohibits littering and illegal dumping and provides hefty fines (compared to the Public Health act) to polluters; gives rights to enforcement and provide a basis for formulation of Regulations.

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15.2.5 Public Health Act

This Act came into force in 1971 and demands for notification for certain diseases and controls such disease; intends to prevent spread of specified diseases and regulates sanitation of housing; provides for protection of foodstuffs and water supplies, regulates use of cemeteries and makes general provisions for public health.

The Act provides for sanitizing of premises and conveyances exposed to certain communicable diseases and prescribe matter relating to vaccinations; identifies what constitutes a nuisance and procedures to deal with same; confers powers on Health Officers and generally provides for the health of the public.

15.2.6 District Council Water Supply and Sewerage

The District Council Act 1965 Cap 40:01 mandates the Council to provide physical infrastructure i.e. water supply and sewerage services, social services to the local community.

15.2.7 District Roads

Laws of Botswana CAP 40.01 Section 27 stipulate that Councils are empowered to make, alter and maintain public roads other than those undertaken by Central Governments Roads Department. In view of the Government Policies, tertiary and access roads are provided, which would connect villages or settlements, it also includes provision of culverts and bridges and equipment or plant used for road construction.

15.2.8 Township and District

Laws of Botswana CAP 40.01 Section 27 stipulate that Councils are empowered to make, alter and maintain public roads other than those undertaken by Central Governments Roads Department. In view of the Government Policies, tertiary and access roads are provided, which would connect villages or settlements, it also includes provision of culverts and bridges and equipment or plant used for road construction.

15.2.9 Revised National Policy on Education

The policy stipulates that for every two classrooms built there should be one teacher’s houses, this policy has contributed to the present backlog of teachers houses, because half of the teachers will be accommodated. The Revised National Policy on Education., amongst others, emphasises on the provision of adequate infrastructure to provide a conducive, teaching, as well as learning environment. To that extent the district can attest to having managed to achieve more than it had initially planned. It is worth making mention of; the fact that it would appear that the district had under estimated its infrastructural requirements, and some facilities like science laboratories, libraries, etc have for the time being been sidelined in an effort to address the backlog of the core facilities such as classrooms, teachers’ quarters, and toilets in attempt to phase out the double shift system. Enough classrooms should be provided and other facilities such as libraries, science laboratories and recreational facilities. Even though funds may be available the problems encountered in construction is tendency of some contractors to abandon projects before completion. The main problems addressed in Primary Education are summarized as below:

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Access and Equity: A high level of access to Primary Education has been achieved. There are some primary school age children outside the system. Some live far from schools others are children with disabilities.

Administration: The shared responsibility for Primary Education between the two Ministries of Education and Local Government causes confusion as to who is to provide what.In order for primary education to function smoothly its administration must be streamlined.

Disabled: The Special Education Unit in the Ministry of Education was set up in 1984. it was set up in order to assist Local Authorities to set up Units and resource centers for Special Education, which are attached to ordinary schools. In South East there is one such Unit at Mokgosi III Memorial School for mentally retarded children.

For a long time transport was a problem for children attending this school. In the year 2001 Council purchased a mini bus which is modified for the needs of the children to transport them to and from school on daily basis and when going for educational tours.

The problem with the policy is that it has only stipulated that units should be provided in primary schools to integrate the disabled children with the normal but after they have been trained for seven years there is no provision for them to go some where else in order to create space for the younger ones.

The policy does no address any environmental issues. The HIV/AIDS policy is being implemented in schools because already all schools in the South East have been installed with Televisions and Video sets to start up the programme.

15.2.10 Social Welfare

15.2.10.1 Destitution Policy

The policy ensures provision of minimum assistance to the destitutes persons and their dependants in order to raise their good health and welfare status. It provides material (food packages, clothing, housing, etc and direction for their distribution) and psycho-social support( rehabilitation and counseling)

15.2.10.2 Early Childhood Education and Development

Provides the nurturing of children Registration and monitoring pre-school institution that provides for their development. Council runs for Day Care Centres that is meant to set pace for voluntary organization

and private run centers.

15.2.10.3 Short-term Plan of Action of Orphan Care Programme

Provides for the welfare of orphans and vulnerable children by assisting with material and psycho-social support.

Caters for registration and monitoring of the programme. Provides food packages, clothing and school needs. Provides psycho-social support- Counselling of children and care givers; advocating for

their rights, etc.

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The worsening situation of HIV/AIDS resulted in the creation of further two units under Social Welfare being Orphan Care and Community Home Based Care to provide material and psycho-social support

15.2.10.4 Poverty Alleviation Policy

The policy creates programmes that facilitate interventions that will relief communities from poverty, e.g. provision of handouts, and introduction of rehabilitation programmes for able-bodied and counselling.

Other Acts and international Conventions that facilitate the rights and protection of children: Adoption Act, Children Act, Property Act, will, etcUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of Children, African Charter on the Rights and responsibilities of children.

15.2.11 Rural Development Policy and Community Based Strategy

The policy guides the department and other extension departments on how to mobilize, educate and assist communities to identify and plan projects to facilitate implementation of the policies.

15.2.12 Land Boards

Land Boards are established under the Tribal Land Act. 1968 Cap 32:02. Land Boards are custodians of land. They are responsible for administration of tribal land allocation, settling disputes and land demarcation. The tribal land is vested in Land Boards (in trust) for the benefit of citizens of Botswana. The Minister of Local Government is responsible for appointing members of the Land Boards. South East District has two Land Boards: Malete Land Board based in Ramotswa and Tlokweng Land Board based in Tlokweng.

15.3LOCAL GOVERNMENT

15.3.1 District Administration

The District Administration is headed by the District Commissioner who also co-ordinates other Central Departments. The District Commissioner is the Chairman of the District Development Committee which is an advisory body responsible for preparing and implementing the District Development Plan and Annual Plans. It consists of senior representatives of Central Government Departments, the District Council, the Land Boards, the Tribal Administration and other development agencies at the District level. DDC is assisted by the Plan Management Committee (PMC) which is a sub-committee (executive) among others like Education Planning Committee, Health Planning Committee, Production Development Committee, District Extension Team. However, the existing manpower is constrained to effectively co-ordinate the development activities. In 1994, the District Administration was merged with Food Relief Services to form one department. The main functions of District Administration are as follows:

Supervision of Central Government Departments Co-ordination of development in the District through District Development Committee

and Plan Management Committee. Settling of disputes Handling matrimonial matters Registration of births and deaths

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Reviewing cases from customary Courts, authorizing judicial warrants, listening to and recording confessions and performing other functions of a judicial nature.

Ensuring payment of war veterans and pensioners

The department is also charged with national feeding programme during drought and non drought periods to supply food to vulnerable groups, primary School children and the under fives in clinics. As the department deals with food storage, warehouses become an important facility. The District is currently supplied from Sebele Depot.

Storage and Distribution Facilities: Drought has been persistent and has now become part and parcel of our rural setting. The district population has also grown, hence the number of school going children and beneficiaries for supplementary feeding. For efficient delivery of food supplements it then necessitated the provision of a district’s storage and distribution facility.

Staff Housing: Central Government Department housing has continued to be a constraint in the district during the plan period as the Department provides accommodation also for others. Shortage of houses at headquarters and small villages is a constraint to the Officers who are posted in the district.

Office Accommodation: Shortage of office accommodation has continued to be a constraint in Ramotswa as the number of offices does not match with that of staff available. Phase II of RAC development has not been implemented during the period and as a result sharing of offices is common and not conducive to good working environment.

Table15.1: District Administration as March 2003Establishment P&P 69Offices 18Vehicles 6Staff houses 96 (including those under construction)

Constraints: The District Administration is constrained with manpower particularly in coordination, preparation and implementation of the plan.

15.3.2 Tribal Administrations (Balete and Batlokwa)

The main functions of the Tribal Administration are:

To preside over our criminal and civil cases at customary courts as defined by the Act to maintain law and order. This helps to bring social justice to the community (judiciary)

To provide traditional leadership in various development matters such as VDCs, Farmers Committees, Village Health Committees. Chiefs are ex-officio of these committees In order to promote development in rural areas.

To keep peace through trial of cases and maintaining unity among people. To enforce the law by arresting the offenders and bringing them to book at customary

Courts by Local Police. Local Police protect people’s lives and their properties through patrols and detection.

During DDP5, Mogobane Improved Type I Office was constructed. VDC have completed several projects during the DDP5 plan period such as 30 houses, 3 market stalls, 2 reading rooms, kgotla shelter etc. However, Tribal Staff including Police continued to experience critical housing shortage especially in villages like Otse, Mogobane and Taung as Central

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Government does not provide accommodation. This results into Local Police renting houses from VDC and private individuals in these villages.

15.3.3 Council

Councils are mandated to provide physical infrastructure like education facilities, health facilities, roads, water and social services. The main functions of District Council are:

Provision of primary education and other educational service in relation to primary education.

Making, altering and maintaining public road and streets other than those the maintenance of which have been undertaken by the Central Government and naming all roads streets within the jurisdiction of Council. Construct tertiary and access roads as well as taking charge of the maintenance programme

Provision of water supply outside water works areas provision for protection of common property e.g fire services entering into contracts or concessions for the sale of land or premises or of any interest

therein. Carrying into effect any bye-laws made by Council Securing proper working of the Council (and any committees thereof and the welfare of

its employees) Provision of public electricity supplies e.g street lighting Building, maintaining and letting housing. Establishment, maintenance and operation of Abattoirs. Acquisition of land by purchase for development for particular purposes and sell such

land in serviced lots Provision of SHHA Programme to non-township areas (policy) Provision and maintenance of cemeteries, parks and recreational services etc Provision of health services (clinics) etc Construction of roads using Labour Based Techniques and maintenance there-of.

Provisions of culverts, drifts, road markings signs and as well as construction of streets lights are other responsibilities of the Department.

The above stated functions overstretch the Council Works Department especially that there is no Roads Engineer and shortage of equipments such as grader and front wheel loader (JCB) compound this problem.

While the number of services provided by Council has increased, this has not been matched with financial, manpower and physical resources required. Thus Council’s capacity to deliver quality services is hampered by the above constraints.

It should be noted that the posts of District Engineer, Architect, Quantity Surveyor and Principal Community Development Officer among others were filled during DDP5. But the introduction of new programmes/expansions such as SHHA, home based care, fire fighting services, parks and cemeteries services, sewerage and water systems expansion require more manpower in the district.

Office Accommodation: There is critical shortage of office accommodation as Phase II development of RAC has not been implemented. As a result sharing of offices and use of porta camps both in Ramotswa and Tlokweng is common.

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Staff Housing: Due to the substantial increase in the number of manpower, backlogs of 116 and 130 houses for staff and teachers respectively were reported in September 2001.

Table 15.2: District Council as March 2002Establishment P&P 295Offices 72Vehicles 92Staff House 111

Constraints: The District Council is constrained with manpower and land availability for implementation of projects.


The management of primary Education is a shared responsibility between the two Ministries of Education and that of Local Government.

The Ministry of Local Government is responsible for construction of school buildings and ancillary staff, procurement of textbooks, stationery and equipment, feeding and provision of teachers housing and the transportation needs of the teachers and pupils.

The Ministry of Education is responsible for employment and management of teachers, maintenance of educational standards through curriculum development, pre-service and in-service training of teachers. The district has a total number of 19 primary schools with an enrolment of 8789 pupils, 353 teachers. The 10% annual increase in schools intake will escalate the deficit problem because at the end of the plan period the enrolment will have increased to 14156 pupils divided by 30, therefore a total of 472 classrooms will be required.

The district has 19 primary schools out of which the Roman Catholic Mission owns three (3) and they are fully subsidized by council. The Centre for Deaf runs one (1) school, which is also subsidized by council. The 15 schools are exclusively owned and operated by council.The thrust of the education construction programme during the DDP 5 was pursuant to a large extent to the Revised National Policy on Education. The policy, amongst others, emphasises on the provision of adequate infrastructure to provide a conducive, teaching, as well as learning environment. To that extent the district can attest to having managed to achieve more than it had initially planned. It is worth making mention of; the fact that it would appear that the district had under estimated its infrastructural requirements, and some facilities like science laboratories, libraries, etc have for the time being been sidelined in an effort to address the backlog of the core facilities such as classrooms, teachers’ quarters, and toilets in attempt to face out the double shift system. During DDP 6 emphasis will still be on the provision of basic facilities i.e. Teachers houses, classrooms, administration blocks and toilets. Towards the end of the Plan period, emphasis was put in the provision of improved school kitchens to be commensurate with the recent development of improving the feeding programme for primary schools. Other facilities such as libraries, resource centres, home economics and science laboratories will be provided in some schools. Other facilities could have been provided for but due to the stringent budget allocation they could not be accommodated.

The district is under going a transformation manifested by increase in population growth more especially the Tlokweng Sub District because of its proximity to the City of Gaborone.

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The education construction programme during the DDP5 was in pursuant to a large extent to the Revised National Policy on Education. The district managed to achieve more than it had initially planned because it appeared the district had under estimated its infrastructure requirements. Other facilities like science laboratories libraries were sidelined in an effort to address the backlog of the core facilities such as classrooms, teacher’s houses and toilets in order to phase out the double shift system.

Though the district seemed to have achieved more than planned the backlog still exists, attempts to clear it are pursued because the Ministry of Local Government has put in place funds to construct school facilities over and above the normal budget.

Some planned facilities during the DDP5, like the school for Lobatse Farms were not implemented its viability was questionable. A study commissioned by the Research Unit of MLG was undertaken and it recommended provision of hostels in Lobatse than to put up a fully-fledged school in Lobatse Farms owing to fears that it will be underutilized in the long run. The proposal is expected to be operational during the DDP6 when the hostels are constructed.

A total of 172 classrooms as indicated in table below, as a critical area, are required to clear the backlog. Nevertheless, during DDP6 30 classrooms will be constructed. Other facilities include 30 teachers houses, 22 multi-purpose halls, 71 toilets 3 guard shelters 4 administration blocks and construction of 3 new schools in Tlokweng ,Ramotswa and Taung refer to Table 16.7. These planned facilities are based on the 1:30 recommended teacher –pupil ratio. During DDP5 the ratio used was 1:40.

The table below indicates what was planned and achieved during DDP 5. From the table it can be noted that though the district has seemingly achieved more that it had planned for the backlog still exists, attempts to clear it will be pursued during DDP6.The district is under going a transformation manifested by increase in population growth more especially the Tlokweng Sub District because of its proximity to the City of Gaborone.

The education construction programme during the DDP5 was in pursuant to a large extent to the Revised National Policy on Education. The district managed to achieve more than it had initially planned because it appeared the district had under estimated its infrastructure requirements. Other facilities like science laboratories libraries were sidelined in an effort to address the backlog of the core facilities such as classrooms, teacher’s houses and toilets in order to phase out the double shift system.

Though the district seemed to have achieved more than planned the backlog still exists, attempts to clear it are pursued because the Ministry of Local Government has put in place funds to construct school facilities over and above the normal budget.

Some planned facilities during the DDP5, like the school for Lobatse Farms were not implemented its viability was questionable. A study commissioned by the Research Unit of MLG was undertaken and it recommended provision of hostels in Lobatse than to put up a fully-fledged school in Lobatse Farms owing to fears that it will be underutilized in the long run. The proposal is expected to be operational during the DDP6 when the hostels are constructed.

A total of 172 classrooms as indicated in table below, as a critical area, are required to clear the backlog. Nevertheless, during DDP6 30 classrooms will be constructed. Other facilities include 30 teachers houses, 22 multi-purpose halls, 71 toilets 3 guard shelters 4 administration blocks

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and construction of 3 new schools in Tlokweng, Ramotswa and Taung refer to Table 16.7. These planned facilities are based on the 1:30 recommended teacher –pupil ratio. During DDP5 the ratio used was 1:40.

The table below indicates what was planned and achieved during DDP 5. From the table it can be noted that though the district has seemingly achieved more that it had planned for the backlog still exists, attempts to clear it will be pursued during DDP6.

Table 15.3 Primary Education Achievements and BacklogFacility Planned Achieved Current BacklogClassrooms 24 88 42Teachers’ quarters 62 115 69Toilets 48 66 66Administration Blocks 4 3 1Hostels 2 - -Kitchens 4 3 -Electrification 99

Though the provision of primary school facilities was accelerated during DDP5 the district had not achieved the desired level as some of the financial years the district was not funded. At the beginning of the plan period the backlog on primary school facilities was considerably high, efforts to reduce it were successfully instigated, notwithstanding the growth in such schools adding to the deficits of facilities. Table 16.6 below shows the amount of facilities in each school and the backlog in each. If acceleration on provision of school facilities continues, much is anticipated that the backlog will be reduced by 95% by the end of the next plan.

Some of the planned facilities during DDP 5 were school that should have been built in the Lobatse farms but had not been implemented because its viability was in question. A study commissioned by the Research Unit of MLG was undertaken and it recommended provision of hostels in Lobatse than to put up a fully-fledged school in Lobatse Farms owing to fear of under utilisation in the long-run. This proposal is expected to be operational during DDP6 when the hostels are constructed.

A total of 172 classrooms as indicated in Table 16.6 below, as a critical area, are required to clear the backlog. Nevertheless, during DDP6 30 classrooms will be constructed. Other facilities include, 30 teachers houses, 22 multi-purpose halls, 71 toilets, 3 guard shelters, 4 administration blocks, and construction of 3 new schools in Tlokweng, Ramotswa and Taung refer to Table 16.7. These planned facilities are based on the 1:30 recommended teacher-pupil ratio. During DDP5 1:40 ratio was used.

15.3.3.2 Social and Community Development

Social Welfare

The department seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, families, groups and the communities by providing/promoting an enabling environment for their economic psycho-social development. It also assists/mobilises individuals, groups and communities to identify/articulate their socio-economic and cultural needs/problems; plan and implement their solutions using available resources. This is a revolutionary process that involves development of people’s initiative and creativity recognition of their ability to think and make decisions. The department is divided into four units.

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Home Economics: Enhances and empowers the community with skills and knowledge that assists them to improve their standard of living. This involves Home Management, Consumer Education, production (income generating projects and food) and exposure of government policies and funding available for their use.Social Welfare

Family Welfare: Employs all sources that unite a family as a basic entity of any respectful society.

Child Welfare: Orphan care, Day Care Centres, juveniles and advocacy of the Children’s Rights - hence usage of all documents that deal with the Protection of a Child.

Community Development: Strives to upgrade standard of living through utilization of available resource, full involvement and participation of the community.

Research

Identification of problem areas and probing into the root causes so that they are attended to. During DDP 5, the Department fully participated in reviewing the Destitute Policy, Adoption Act, Children Act, VDC Guidelines and Drawing of Alternative Care Guidelines, Job Description for Community Home Based Care CHBC (SW) and popularization of Short Term Plan for Orphan Care Programme through talks at gatherings and during workshops for community leaders.

The worsening situation of HIV/AIDS resulted in the creation of further two units under Social Welfare being Orphan Care and Community Home Based Care to provide material and psycho-social support. The department also concentrated on improving the standard of houses; Youth Centre Offices and Community Centres built through LG 109 and Drought Relief funds. Under Training and Logistical Support, some equipment were purchased such as public address system used for both mobilization and addressing the communities; audio-visual aids (TV and VCR) Sewing machines were used for skill training. 80% of Youths who have been trained are employed in Industries and O.05% have gone for further training to upgrade their certificates to TRADE TEST ‘B’ level.

Community Projects – LG 1109

The project aims at improving the economic and social well being of communities. It gives communities opportunity to come up with sustainable projects, which can improve the physical infrastructural level of their villages as well as meet their social needs and consequently communities derive prudent economic benefits from the project. During DDP 5 emphasis was on raising the standard of old VDC structures by providing them with different social amenities. Although progress was recognized it was minimal and there will be need to mobilize communities during DDP 6 to improve on their efficiency.

With involvement of the communities endeavour to establish and support institutions that will facilitate implementations of some interventions e.g. foster homes; houses for foster parents; social welfare committee; day care centres etc.

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15.3.3.3 LG 1107 Labour Intensive Public Works Programme

The programme has always been a feature for creation of employment for the rural populace as safety net mechanisms as also and a source of income. Although the programme is an effort to reduce the incidence of poverty it has been recognized that poverty dominant in rural areas is structural and therefore needs a multi-faced combat. Drought has been recognized as the major factor accentuating poverty hence the creation of the labour intensive drought relief programmes.

During DDP 5, through the programme roads projects, culverts and debushing were successfully completed while 15 houses were still ongoing at the end of DDP5. The provision housing will continue to be done through labour intensive during DDP 6.

Initially through this programme only roads projects and debushing were implemented, however at the end of DDP5 construction of houses through this programme was taken aboard and it will continue during DDP6.

15.3.3.4 Primary Health

The Ministry of Local Government is responsible for implementing a network of primary health care and Public Health services through the District Health Teams (DHT’s). These two-pivotal networks of services are directed by the Environmental health and Clinics Sections.

The health of a Country’s Citizen is very paramount for the pursuant of its national objective. The Ministry of health in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Government objective is geared towards the set objectives. The Ministry of health is responsible for policy formulation, professional guidance and supervision of health care delivery in its entirely in Botswana, irrespective of the type of health provider or institution. The health Sector will emphasise on the following during DDP 6:

Public and individual education to do away with stigma attached to HIV/Aids. Intensive education to the public in particular on ongoing pre, post, supportive and

adherence counselling to sustain lives of all citizens either negative or positive with HIV/Aids.

To introduce palliative care to the H.B.C patients so that the pain becomes bearable even at the time of death.

15.3.3.5 National AIDS Coordinating Agency (NACA)

The Agency also addresses the prevalence of HIV/Aids in Botswana by conducting annual sentinel surveillance amongst pregnant women attending local clinics, Government Hospitals and Mission Hospitals. This endeavour is geared towards finding ways of mitigating the infection, reducing stigma and instituting A.R.V, coupled with pre, post, supportive and adherence counselling. This project amongst others is done in collaboration with Family Health Division (PMTCT unit).

The intrinsic twinning relationship between HIV/Aids and T.B. has reversed the thought of being able to control T.B. but has instead become a National emergency. The UN/WHO in collaboration with BOTUSA are effortlessly trying to find new ways of curbing the infection (twinning) through programme like Daily Observed Therapy(DoT) and IPT (Isoniazid Preventive Therapy). Public education is also ongoing vigorously to do away with stigma attached to TB & HIV/Aids.

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15.3.3.6 Municipal Services

Fire Services

The project will focus on providing a fire station and fire fighting equipment. Provision of fire services is an essential component in the attempt to diversify the local economy thereby broadening the rural resource base through creating an environment conducive for investment. During DDP5 a significant level of industrial and commercial development took place, and more industrial development is needed. The need for fire services cannot be overemphasized. A fire engine was procured for the district during DDP 5 and has not been adequately functional for lack of a fire station and skilled manpower it is not prudent for the district to be receiving services from the Gaborone City Council. Efforts will be made to develop this section of council during DDP6.

15.3.3.7 Local Authority Infrastructure Maintenance

The district has over the years been providing a web of infrastructure stock such as roads, houses, classrooms etc. This infrastructure requires extensive maintenance due to the backlog that exists. Currently in the last year of DDP 5 2002/3 and the first years of DDP6 efforts will be concerted to clear the maintenance backlog, thereafter maintenance will be covered under the recurrent budget as it should be. For this the district has been allocated P9 million.

15.3.3.8 Recreational Facilities

It is within the mandate of the district council to provide recreational facilities for the rural populace. Overtime much has not been done in this area. In this plan period the council shall endeavor to develop recreational parks and develop community centers both in Ramotswa and Tlokweng as a starting point. It is envisaged that these will work as a youth engagement strategies to deter youth from unscrupulous activities.

15.3.3.9 Rural Administration Centre

Office accommodation has proven to be inadequate during DDP5, resultantly through drought relief intervention a 12 roomed office block was constructed in the new RAC compound. It was anticipated that the district will get RAC phase II as it was planned, unfortunately due financial limitation the same could not be undertaken. For phase I, the district had anticipated to get 45 offices and unfortunately only 29 offices were given this further compounded the inadequacy of office accommodation. It is planned that during DDP 6 phase II both RACs in Ramotswa and at the Tlokweng sub-district be undertaken.

15.3.3.10 District Roads

Council is responsible for the tertiary and access road network in the district, which comprises 45km bitumen roads, and 65km gravel roads as well as some informal tracks. This includes storm water drainage, pothole and shoulder repairs, re-gravelling and spot improvement of village access and link roads. Most of the tertiary roads within Ramotswa and Tlokweng are tarred, except a few, which are graveled and regularly maintained by Council.

In Otse and Mogobane almost all the roads are gravelled but SEDC fails to do regular maintenance work as intended due to shortage of equipments.

Among projects planned for DDP 5, all were achieved with the exception of the upgrading of the Tlokweng old bridge.

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Re-gravelling of Maratadiba/Modipane road (12 km), Mogobane/Ramosele road(12km) and construction of culverts at Mojadife and Goo-Rabadukane in Mogobane are some of the projects that were carried out during DDP 5. Other unresolved problem areas include the following:

Dusty roads and muddy during rainy season Difficulties in procurement of adequate funds resulting in works being executed on a

piece meal basis in particular for Labour Based Programme.

15.3.3.11 Village Infrastructure

A total of P7 million was allocated to the district for promotion of the infrastructural development. It was recognition of the fact that infrastructural development can capacitate the district to be a viable alternative investment location and equally compete with its counterparts. Pursuant to this, 22 commercial and 12 industrial plots in lenganeng were serviced, while through the peri-urban development project commissioned by the Ministry of Local Government 46 industrial and 3 commercial plots in Selokwane area in Tlokweng were serviced. The expected industrial and commercial development and the employment creation have not been realized yet as the allotees are sluggish in development of these plots. Though the district has planned to undertake infrastructural development including storm water drainage, street lighting, tarmacking of internal roads for Ramotswa and Tlokweng, these could not be undertaken due to insufficient financial resources.

Flooding during DDP5 became persistent problem for lack of proper drainage infrastructure in the district. The 1994 study commissioned by the Office of the President proved that the district is prone to flooding.

During DDP6 emphasis will be put on storm water drainage, street lighting, tarmacking of internal roads, and development of bus ranks, industrial and commercial plots. It is anticipated that the physical development standard of the district will be improved.

15.3.3.12 Sanitation and Waste Management

Duties of Environmental Health Unit (EHU)

EHU is duty bound to see to the implementation of all environmental legislation, hence concerned with hygiene of premises, cleanliness of surroundings, provision of sanitary facilities, water quality monitoring, air pollution and the hygiene of food.

Community involvement in the waste management - It is vital that households appreciate the importance of paying for refuse collection as a rateable service similar to power, water and telecommunications.

Curbing littering illegal dumping - The Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign must result in some change of attitude as the environment and health of communities can no longer tolerate further deterioration.

IEC about poor food hygiene practices and the ability to identify of symptoms of food poisoning may encourage individuals to report episodes essential for necessary collaborative work towards sustainable solutions to the benefit of public health.

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Constraints contributing to poor implementation of statutes include but are not limited to the following:

A mild penalty as in the case of Public Health Act does not give the polluter an incentive not to pollute and frustrates the officers implementing

Absence of attorney in Council to advice and provide the necessary skills result in poor responses to reported cases/emerging nuisances

Officer implementing are too few and duties too vast. The district continues to grow and expend commercially with no corresponding growth of staff. District villages other than the HQ and Sub district are far from service center and have to wait for assistance.

Departments providing back up such as Bye Law are ill staffed and have minute powers. The Police is understaffed and respond to reports by priority of the seriousness of the crime. Violations of Environmental Law have not yet become a serious crime by comparison to other issues.

PHA too old and overtaken by many events – still regulates small pox, venereal diseases other than HIV/AIDS. Amendment of this act is way overdue as there is now new infections and new environmental problems which require legislative responses.

Late appointment of implementing officer also a problem and delays in preparation of Regulations (WMA)

The district has a number of freehold farms and ease of access to provide services of environmental concern meets with some reluctance.

TrainingTraining is too general, there is need to provide training that is relevant to needs of the country – officers are trained say in food, and are engaged to do waste.

In most cases officers do not utilize skills where needed as the unified local government system gets them transferred – officers are trained in landfill operations, but are transferred to districts with no landfills.

Working conditions need to improve – housing; health and safety. Employees are largely expected to produce good results under very trying conditions of overcrowding and understaffing.

Training, improved conditions of service are commensurate with vision 2016 as these would make it possible for officers better able to produce a healthier, well informed nation.

Environmental health problems often require a multi sect oral approach to resolve. Currently, EH is segmented over several Ministries and departments, making coordination difficult.

Manpower, skills, motivating environment; office accommodation which is air conditioned, spacious and well furnished, networked computers and internet access

EHO and Health Assistants are too few to deal adequately, with environmental health problems in the district. They are based only at district health team level and are expected to cover the entire district – Pioneer, Lobatse Farms, Otse, Mogobane, Khale Farms , cover by officers based in Ramotswa and Tlokweng.

By and large, the ration of serving officers to population is far from the recommended WHO standards of 1:5000 for senior staff and 1: 3000 for health assistants.

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The population continues to grow while staff levels are stagnant, especially industrial class which was frozen since 1998/1999. Not only does population grow, also commercial and industrial activities along with significant environmental problems, especially waste. There are also more pieces of legislation being promulgated in response to emerging problems, but there is no corresponding provision of staff to implement.

15.3.3.13 District Council Water Supply and Sewerage

The district Council is supplying Otse and Mogobane villages. Bacterial contamination has been identified in the water. The main source of pollution has been identified as pit latrines. By the end of DDP5 consultancy was engaged to design water tank and the network of the two villages for the ultimate connection to the Water Utilities Pipeline. The actual construction and connection will be done by the end of 2003.

There has been water shortage in Metsimaswaane area.Though the area is not yet declared settlement, the District Council has been bowsing water to the area. This has shown not to be cost –effective. A study will be undertaken during DDP6 to determine whether the area can be declared a settlement or not. Thereafter, boreholes will be sited and drilled for the area.

Pursuant to protect the aquifers in Ramotswa village, a sewerage network was under taken during DDP5, while in Tlokweng, a water and sewerage project were undertaken by the Department of Water Affairs on behalf of the Council. It is planned that an integrated sewerage network for Otse and Mogobane villages be undertaken during DDP6 pursing the protection of abundant water resources the district is endowed with.

Constraint

The department’s main constraints are manpower, machinery and funds to implement planned development projects.

15.3.3.14 Local Authority Fleet Development

It is essential for proper logistics to be in place for efficient delivery of services to the general public by the district councils. The council is charged with the responsibilities of providing social infrastructure, health care, inspectorate of projects and business outlets; to efficiently carry out these services there is need for transport. During DDP 6 a total of 16 vehicles will be procured for the district council.

15.3.3.15 Tribal Administrations (Balete and Batlokwa)

The main functions of the Tribal Administration are:

To preside over our criminal and civil cases at customary courts as defined by the Act to maintain law and order. This helps to bring social justice to the community (judiciary)

To provide traditional leadership in various development matters such as VDCs, Farmers Committees, Village Health Committees. Chiefs are ex-officio of these committees In order to promote development in rural areas.

To keep peace through trial of cases and maintaining unity among people. To enforce the law by arresting the offenders and bringing them to book at customary

Courts by Local Police. Local Police protect people’s lives and their properties through patrols and detection.

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During DDP5, Mogobane Improved Type I Office was constructed. VDC have completed several projects during the DDP5 plan period such as 30 houses, 3 market stalls, 2 reading rooms, kgotla shelter etc.

However, Tribal Staff including Police continued to experience critical housing shortage especially in villages like Otse, Mogobane and Taung as Central Government does not provide accommodation. This results into Local Police renting houses from VDC and private individuals in these villages.

15.3.4 Land Boards (Malete and Tlokweng)

Landboards are custodians of land and aim at managing and distributing land equitably.The major functions of Land Boards are:

Granting rights to the use of land (this includes change of land uses) Canceling of grant of any rights to the use of a piece of land Hearing of appeals Imposing restrictions on the use of tribal land Collection of lease rent

Office Accommodation: Both Land Boards experience shortage of office accommodation particularly Tlokweng Land Board. Currently the land board and the kgotla are operating in the same premises. During Kgotla meetings the operation of the land board is disturbed by the singing and the loud speakers at the kgotla meeting session. Due to financial constraint, Tlokweng Land Board could not build new offices during DDP5. It is proposed that new offices amounting to P8m should be constructed in DDP6

Staff Housing: Land Boards have also shortage of houses as there are more employees than houses available.

Transport: There is also shortage of transport in Land Boards. Tlokweng Land Board proposes to purchase 3 (4 x 4) vehicles during DDP6.

Table 15.4: Land BoardsLand Board Establishment Offices Vehicles Staff Houses

Tlokweng 26 15 8 23Malete 30 24 9 24TOTAL 54 39 17 47

167

15.4LOCAL GOVERNMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Table 15.5: Local Government Sector Goals and ObjectivesGOALS OBJECTIVES Performance IndicatorVillage InfrastructureTo provide infrastructural development that capacitate the district to be a viable Economic base andalternative investment location

To tar roads in Ramotswa and Tlokweng in order to address the problem of dust.

To complete the project by the end of 2004/05

To provide security and safety by providing street lighting in both villages

To complete the project by the end of 2004/05

To Control flooding by constructing proper drainage system. To complete the project by the end of 2004/05District and Urban Roads

The overall goal is to provide safe, secure, accessible, cost effective and environmentally sustainable infrastructure.

To construct and maintain tertiary and access rural roads which connect villages or settlements.

Rural roads which connect villages to main roads.

Construction of culverts and bridges.

Tarmac road in Tlokweng by 2004/5

Gravel road in Ramotswa by 2004/05

Construct bridge & culvert by 2004/05

To purchase equipment and plant to be used for maintenance of roads.

Purchase grader by 2003/04

Purchase excavator and vibrating roller by 2005/06Village Water Supply & SewerageTo meet water requirements of population through provision of constant flow of quality water; clean, reliable and affordable to all

To provide constant flow of sustainable and good quality water

To expand the water supply schemes in Otse and Mogobane villages

To protect pollution of underground water To provide effective and efficient sewerage service/ waterborne sewerage system to the residents

To improve the existing onsite sanitation system in the villages

To expand the sewerage schemes in Ramotswa and Tlokweng

Labour Intensive Public Works ProgrammeTo create employment to the rural populace/communities by implementing viable projects

To reduce the incidence of poverty by providing source of income by way of engaging in construction of labour based projects like houses

To have employed the affected people during the course of the project.

To provide accommodation To provide housing in order to alleviate the shortage of housing accommodation

Construct houses of a acceptance standards in order to create conducive living environment.

Primary Health Facilities

168

GOALS OBJECTIVES Performance IndicatorTo provide quality health services to Batswana and improve their health status

To provide accessible health care to all communities with construction of health facilities

To have constructed a health post and nurses houses to suit the health need.

To provide proper housing for nurses To have constructed nurses housesSanitation and EnvironmentTo create, sustain and maintain a clean environment free from waste for the promotion of public and environmental health.

To control vector borne and other communicable diseases, to reduce incidences of diseases related to poor sanitation and hygiene

To identify and prevent environmental and public health problems in order to promote human health

To have provided waste receptacles(skips, sorting containers) and provide waste carriers( Vacuum tankers, refuse trucks)

To prevent and reduce the incidences of excreta related diseases by constructing latrine substructures for beneficiaries through the National Rural Sanitation programme

To construct toilet substructures and provide septic tanks and other privies emptying services

To provide weekly refuse collection and disposal services to all residential, commercial and institutional establishments and twice weekly for industrial premises.

To have purchased refuse trucks

To ensure protection of underground water resource To provide septic tanks and other emptying services required by community members and establishments.

To have purchased vacuum tankers

Primary Education FacilitiesProvision of both basic and relevant education to acquire skills which will enhance opportunity for employment or self-employment

To provide facilities accentuated in the Revised National Policy on Education

To empower citizens to be in line with the vision

To phase out double shift system in primary schools

To provide housing for teachers

To provide transport for school tours

To have provided Classrooms, Teachers houses, toilets, kitchens, libraries, etc.

Teachers to be accommodated in better houses and not sharing accommodation.

Projects for each financial year to be completed within their stipulated time, close monitoring of contractors

To have purchased buses for he district schools

To phase out double shift system in schools To have cleared the backlog of Classrooms.Social Welfare and DevelopmentTo improve the economic and social wellbeing of communities

To plan, promote and deliver skills training to meet specific standards and quality targets defined by all stakeholders and to contribute significantly to productive development of the informal sector

To empower the communities so that they refrain from depending on Government/Donor handouts

To strengthen local to effectively carry out their community development works

To promote village and District initiatives that are aiming at improving socio-economic status of families and communities

To have VDC’s generating their own incomes by implementing sustainable projects and derive economic benefits from projects

Municipal Services

169

GOALS OBJECTIVES Performance IndicatorTo diversify the local economy by broadening the rural resource base

To create a conducive environment for investment by providing fire services

To have constructed fire services

To develop community centers to work as a youth engagement strategy to deter them from unscrupulous activities

Having provided community centres

Rural Administration CentresTo provide adequate office accommodation To construct offices To have constructed officesRecreational FacilitiesTo provide recreational facilities to the rural populace To develop recreational parks and community centers to work

as a youth engagement strategies to deter them from unscrupulous activities

Having constructed parks and community centers and functioning effectiveely

MLG/LA Fleet ExpansionTo provide proper logistics and efficient delivery of services to the general public

To provide enough transport Having managed to secure funds to purchase vehicles where there is need.

Land Boards DevelopmentTo administer Tribal land allocation effectively by providing necessary resources

To provide offices, equipment, furniture, land compensation and vehicles for landboards

Having managed to provide all planned resources

Tribal AdministrationTo maintain Law and Order To bring service to the people

To provide housing for staff

To provide transport

To provide enough Office accommodation

Construction of a customary court in one of the extension areas, furniture, vehicle and LA 2 houses.

District AdministrationTo provide adequate facilities to ensure safe, storage and distribution of food commodities

To provide warehousing for food commodities

To ensure hygienic handling of food commodities

To have constructed a warehouse by 2008/2009

170

15.5STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

15.5.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals

Primary Education, District Housing, Labour Intensive Public Works, Primary Health, Recreational Facilities, Municipal Services, Rural Administration Centres: These mainly provide physical infrastructure (Classrooms, Houses, Offices, health posts) and have some negative effects on the environment like bush clearing, soil erosion, indiscriminate disposal of waste and shortage of land.

Mitigation: Selective cutting of trees and landscaping will be practiced to curb soil erosion. Rubbles will be disposed to the landfill. To resolve the problem of shortage of land, the district will construct double storey flats.

Village Infrastructure and District Roads: Village infrastructure aim at providing infrastructure development to capacitate the district to be a viable investment location. The district road provides a safe, secure, accessible and cost effective infrastructure. Tarring roads, construction of drainage/culverts/bridges, gravelling roads have effects on the environment like digging burrow pits, dust, noise, disposal of bitumen.

Mitigation: Effects will be controlled by reclaiming borrow pits when they cease to be active, dispose bitumen to the landfill, sprinkle water to control dust and avoid blasting as much as possible to reduce dust.

15.5.1.1 National Sanitation Programme/District water and Sewerage

Sanitation- the goal is to maintain a clean environment free from waste Water – Goal is to provide clean, reliable and quality water

The objective is to protect underground water by improving the existing onsite sanitation system and expanding water supply schemes to ensure constant supply of water. Construction activities like site clearing will cause soil erosion. These would be controlled by selective cutting of trees.


Most of the policies we have mainly intend to provide social services and infrastructure; Revised National Policy On Education, Village Infrastructure, District Roads, Destitute policy etc. Generally they have environmental impacts like debushing, digging borrowpits.Large-scale developments like housing and classrooms will be subjected to an environmental impact analysis before implementation. Due to shortage of land, The District has now resorted to building double storey houses.

171

15.6STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

15.6.1 Proposed Projects, Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

172

Table 15.5: Planned Projects for Computerisation Projects (LG 101)Goal Project Component & Location Environnemental Impact Mitigation Measures Cost

(Pula)Year

To improve information management and establish appropriate access to information

1 computer – MLB Ramotswa Indiscriminate disposal of rubble waste, soil excavation

Proper disposal of waste to the landfill

15 000 2003/4

2 Lap computer – SEDC – DCS & EP Ramotswa

Nil Nil 30 000 2003/4

1 computer – S & CD Ramotswa “ ’’ 15 000 2003/41 computer – Engineering Ramotswa “ “ 15 000 2003/42 Lap computer - DA (DOL & DOD Ramotswa

30 000 2003/4

2 Computer – DA (Typist)Ramotswa 30 000 2003/42 Computer – TA Ramotswa 30 000 2003/41 computer – Secretariat - recording Ramotswa

15 000 2003/4

1 Local Area Network – SEDC & DA

350 000 2003/4

1 computer – TLB Tlokweng 15 000 2003/45 computer – TA Tlokweng 75 000 2003/41 computer – clinic – DHT Tlokweng

15 000 2003/4

1 computer – S & CD Tlokweng 15 000 2003/41 Lap computer – ACS Tlokweng 15 000 2003/4

Table 15.6: Planned Projects for FRS Storage Distribution Facilities (LG 301)Goal Project

ComponentEnvironmental Impact Mitigation Measure Total

Cost (P)Year of implementation

To provide storage and distribution facility

Ramotswa -WarehouseAblution BlockOffice BlockEquipment, Furniture & Computer

Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping, Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill

3 990 000 2008/9

Table 15.7: Customary Courts (LG 901)Goal Project Component Environnemental Impact Mitigation Measure Cost Year To provide Office Ramotswa Renovation of Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping, P86 600-00 2003/04

173

Goal Project Component Environnemental Impact Mitigation Measure Cost Year accommodation, staff accommodation, security, transport, furniture and equipment

existing officeType III office Extension plus 24 Parking Shades

Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill P3 210 250- 00

Otse,Taung, Mogobane 14 air conditioners

None None P33 600-00 2003/04

Otse, Taung, Ramotswa Security fence

Bush clearing Selective bush clearing P250 000-00 2003/04

SED Mounting of cash boxes None None P5 000-00 2004/05Sub-Total P3 585 450-00Tlokweng New Office at one of the extension areas, Furniture, twin cab (4x4) plus 4 LA2 Houses. Landscaping


2 800 000-00

28 800-00

2004/05

Tlokweng 1 Photocopier None None 65 000-00 2004/06Office furniture for the vacated land board office

None None 500 000-00

Sub-Total 3 393 800-00GRAND TOTAL P6 979 250-00

Table 15.8: Planned Projects for Municipal Services (LG 1112)Goals Project

ComponentEnvironmental impact Mitigation Measure Total

CostYear

To create a conducive environment for investment, staff housing

1 Fire Station in Ramotswa Smoke emissions Regular servicing of vehicle 5 600 000 2003/43 Housing Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees,

Landscaping, Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill

1 400 000

TOTAL 7 000 00001 Ware house in Ramotswa Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees,


1 200 000 2004/5

1 Day Care Centre Bush clearing Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping

1 200 000

2 Fire light vehicles in Tlokweng Smoke emissions Regular servicing of vehicle 600 000TOTAL 3 000 000

174

Goals ProjectComponent

Environmental impact Mitigation Measure TotalCost

Year

1 Mechanical Workshop in Ramotswa


3 000 000 2005/6

TOTAL 3 000 000

Table 15.9: Planned Projects for Recreational Facilities (LG 1103)Goal Project


CostYear

To provide recreational facilities to the rural populace

Development of a park in Ramotswa Bush clearing, Soil erosion Landscaping, Selective cutting of trees 200 000 2003/4

Upgrading of a park in Ramotswa Bush clearing, Soil erosion Landscaping, Selective cutting of trees 200 000 2004/5Community center in Ramotswa Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping,

Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill2 000 000 2004/5

Upgrading of a Park in Ramotswa Bush clearing, Soil erosion Landscaping, Selective cutting of trees 200 000 2005/6Development of a park in Tlokweng Bush clearing, Soil erosion Landscaping, Selective cutting of trees 200 000 2006/7Community center in Tlokweng Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping,

Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill2 000 000 2004/5

Upgrading of a park Tlokweng Bush clearing, Soil erosion Landscaping, Selective cutting of trees 200 000 2007/8Upgrading of a Park in Tlokweng Bush clearing, Soil erosion Landscaping, Selective cutting of trees 200 000 2008/9TOTAL 5 200 000

Table 15.10:Planned Projects for Rural Administration Centres LG 1105Goal Project


CostYear

To provide adequate office accommodation

RAC Phase II in Tlokweng Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping, Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill

2 875 000 2003/4

Warehouse in Tlokweng Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping, Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill

700 000

TOTAL 3 575 000Office block in Taung Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees,


250 000 2004/5

175

Office Extension in Otse Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees, Landscaping, Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill

300 000

TOTAL 550 000RAC Phase II in Ramotswa Debushing, Rubble waste Selective cutting of trees,


8 000 000 2005/6

TOTAL 8 000 000

Table 15.11:Planned Projects for District and Urban Roads (LG 1115)Goal Project


CostYear

To construct and maintain access, tertiary, secondary and primary roads

1 Grader-Ramotswa Emission of smoke Regular servicing 1 700 000 2003/4

Tarmacking of 12km Modipane- Maratadiba road-Tlokweng

Debushing- Debushing- Digging of borropits- Indiscrimate- Dumping of bitumen

Project to be subjected to EIA- Cutting of big trees in the road be avoided- Borrow pits to be reclaimed as they cease to be active.- Rubbes taken to a Landfill

10 800 000

12 500 000Gravelling of 10km Ramotswa – Matlapekwe road and culvert-Ramotswa

- Debusing- Digging of borrow pits- Dust

Rehabilitation, - Cutting of big trees in the road reserve be avoided- Reclaiming of borrow pits - Controlling of dust by sprinkling water

1 250 000 2004/5

Tlokweng Old Bridge-Tlokweng Bush clearing Selective cutting of trees 2 000 0002 350 000

Multi-purpose backhoe excavator-SEDC

Emission of smoke Regular servicing 750 000 2005/6

Vibrating roller-SEDC Emission of smoke Regular servicing 400 0001 150 00016 900 000

176

Table 15.12:Planned Projects for Primary Health Facilities (LG 1104)Goal Project


CostYear

To provide health care facilities, houses transport, furniture and equipment

nurses houses x 4-Tlokweng Debushing, rubble waste Landscaping, disposal of waste to landfill

700 000 2003/4

ambulance – Mafitlhakgosi x 1 -Tlokweng

Smoke emisssion Regular servicing 200 000

Furniture and equipment – Tlokweng Main Clinic

None None 360 000

Furniture and equipment – Mafitlhakgosi Clinic with maternity

None None 1 500 000

health Post plus furniture and equipment x 1 _ Otse

Debushing, rubble waste Landscaping, disposal of waste to landfill

500 000

Low cost houses x 1 Otse Debushing, rubble waste Landscaping, disposal of waste to landfill

150 000

3 410 000DHT phase II - Ramotswa Debushing, rubble waste Landscaping, disposal of waste to

landfill2 875 000 2004/5

2 875 000Magope Clinic Debushing, rubble waste Landscaping, disposal of waste to

landfill2 300 000 2005/6

1 Ambulance – Magope Clinic Smoke emisssion Regular servicing 200 000 2005/6Nurses houses Debushing, rubble waste Landscaping, disposal of waste to

landfill700 000 2005/6

Nurses Houses - Tlokweng Debushing, rubble waste Landscaping, disposal of waste to landfill

350 000 2006/2007

TOTAL 350 000

Table 15.13:Planned Projects for Village Infrastructure LG 1111Goal Project


CostYear

To capacitate the district to be a viable alternative investment location.

Designs – Infrastructural Development-Ramotswa/Tlokweng

None none 1 500 000 2003/4

1 500 00026km Internal roads and associated drainage – residential-Ramotswa

Bush clearing,dust

Selective cutting of trees, Sprinkling of water

26 000 000 2004/5

177

Goal ProjectComponent

Environmental Impact Mitigation Measure TotalCost

Year

1.5km Commercial and local center-Ramotswa

Bush clearing,dust


1 500 000

2.5km New industrial area-Ramotswa Bush clearing,dust


2 500 000

10km Storm water drainage- Ramotswa Bush clearing,dust


7 500 000

15km Street lighting(250 poles)-Ramotswa

None None 750 000

Bus/taxi rank- Ramotswa Bush clearing,dust


6 000 000

44 250 00015km Internal roads and associated drainage – residential-Tlokweng

Bush clearing,dust


12 000 000 2006/7

8km Storm water drainage-Tlokweng Bush clearing,dust


6 000 000

10km Street lighting-Tlokweng None None 600 000Bus/taxi rank-Tlokweng Bush clearing,

dustSelective cutting of trees, Sprinkling of water

6 000 000

24 600 000

Table 15.14:Planned Projects for Labour Intensive Public Works (LG 1107)

178


Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures TotalCost

Year

To create employment to the rural populace by implementing viable projects

3 Medium costs in Ramotswa Bush clearing, RubbleDebushing-Digging of foundations-Indiscriminate dumping of excavated material.-Cutting of big trees in the construction site

Selective cutting of trees & disposal of rubble to landfill

Excavated materials from foundation be used as backfill material or dumped at appropriate sites.

- No cutting of big trees within the construction site

540 000 2003/4

4 Low cost houses in Ramotswa Bush clearing, Rubble Selective cutting of trees & disposal of rubble to landfill

480 000 2004/5

1 Medium cost in Tlokweng Bush clearing, Rubble Selective cutting of trees & disposal of rubble to landfill

180 000

660 0001 Medium cost -Mogobane Bush clearing, Rubble Selective cutting of trees & disposal

of rubble to landfill180 000 2005/6

1 Medium cost -Mogobane Bush clearing, Rubble Selective cutting of trees & disposal of rubble to landfill

180 000

2 Low cost houses-Tlokweng Bush clearing, Rubble Selective cutting of trees & disposal of rubble to landfill

320 000

680 0002 Low cost houses-Tlokweng Bush clearing, Rubble Selective cutting of trees & disposal

of rubble to landfill320 000 2006/7

Ramotswa 2 Medium cost 360 000680 000

Table 15.15: Planned Projects for Land Board Development (LH 1001)



Year

To provide office accommodation, houses transport and land compensation

saloon car-Tlokweng None None 95 000 2003/44 x 4 twin cabs –TLB-Tlokweng None None 150 000Construction of an office block-Tlokweng None None 8 000 000Land inventory-Tlokweng None None 2 000 000Compensation-Tlokweng None None 500 000GPS -Ramotswa None None 360 000Computer Network-Ramotswa None None 250 000

179



Year

Compensation-Ramotswa None None 500 000TOTAL 11 855 000Wall fence and Paving -Ramotswa 320 000 2004/5Compensation-Ramotswa None None 500 000TOTAL 820 000Compensation-Tlokweng None None 500 000 2005/6Networking -Tlokweng None None 500 000Plot Numbering-Tlokweng None None 150 000

1 150 000Compensation-Ramotswa None None 500 000 2006/7Compensation-Tlokweng None None 500 000TOTAL 1 000 000Compensation-Ramotswa None None 500 000 2007/8Compensation-Tlokweng None None 500 000TOTAL 1 000 000Compensation-Ramotswa None None 500 000 2008/9Compensation-Tlokweng None None 500 000TOTAL 1 000 000

Table 15.16:Planned Projects for Land Board Fleet DevelopmentGoal Project

ComponentEnvironmental Impact Mitigation Measures Total

CostYear

To provide essential proper logistics and efficient delivery of services to the general public by providing transport

4 x 4 twin cabs -Ramotswa Emission of smoke Regular servicing of vehicle 150 000 2003/4

2.5 ton truck-Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 120 000‘’ ‘’ 270 000

4 x 4 twin cabs -Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 150 000 2004/54 x 4 twin cabs -Tlokweng ‘’ ‘’ 150 000 2004/5

300 0004 x 4 twin cabs -Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 150 000 2005/64 x 4 twin cabs -Tlokweng ‘’ ‘’ 150 000 2005/6TOTAL 300 000

180

Table 15.17:Planned Projects for National Rural Sanitation Programme (EWT 501)Goal Project


CostYear

To create, sustain and maintain a clean environment free from waste for the promotion of public and environmental health

Skipsx10 None None 140 000 2003/4

water bowser x 1 Emission of smoke Regular servicing of vehicle 300 000Flat Truck x 2 Emission of smoke Regular servicing of vehicle 500 000Clinical Waste Vehicle x1 Emission of smoke Regular servicing of vehicle 180 000Crane Truck x1 Emission of smoke Regular servicing of vehicle 340 000Sorting out containers x 4 56 000TOTAL 1 516 000Skips x 16 224 000 2004/5Toilets x 55 May pollute if malfunctions Maintenance, monitoring, sound

contractual agreements275 000

Refuse Truck x 1 Noise, Air pollution, smells if not looked after

Regular maintenance, Acceptable collection times(day not night), Controlled speed, skills to operators – reduce idling time.

250 000

Skip lagger x 1 300 000Sorting out container x1 14 000Vacuum Tanker x 1 Noise, Air pollution, smells

if not looked afterRegular maintenance, Acceptable collection times(day not night), Controlled speed, skills to operators – reduce idling time.

300 000

Tractor x 1 Emission of smoke Regular servicing of vehicle 175 000Refuse Compactor x 1 300 000Sanitation Depot Bush clearing, soil erosion Landscaping 1 500 000Total 3 538 000Skips x 16 224 000 2005/6Toilets x 72 May pollute if malfunctions Maintenance, monitoring, sound

contractual agreements360 000

Refuse Truck x 1 Noise, Air pollution, smells if not looked after

Regular maintenance, Acceptable collection times(day not night), Controlled speed, skills to operators – reduce idling time.

250 000

Sorting Out Container x 1 Visual impact/intrusion, May pollute if overflow

Community involvement -VDC monitored, provide regular service, contact out the collection service, provide alternative receptacles for

14 000

181



Year

HBC waste and dead animalsCompressor x 1 70 000Refuse Truck x 1 Noise, Air pollution, smells

if not looked afterRegular maintenance, Acceptable collection times(day not night), Controlled speed, skills to operators – reduce idling time.

250 000

Total 1 168 000 Skips x 16 Visual impact/intrusion,

May pollute if overflowCommunity involvement -VDC monitored, provide regular service, contact out the collection service, provide alternative receptacles for HBC waste and dead animals

224 000 2006/7

Toilets x 104 May pollute if malfunctions Maintenance, monitoring, sound contractual agreements

520 000

Skip Lagger x 1 300 000Total 1 044 000Skips x 50 Visual impact/intrusion,

May pollute if overflowCommunity involvement -VDC monitored, provide regular service, contact out the collection service, provide alternative receptacles for HBC waste and dead animals

420 000 2007/8

Toilets x 52 May pollute if malfunctions Maintenance, monitoring, sound contractual agreements

260 000

Total 680 000Skips x 12 168 000 2008/9Total 168 000GRAND TOTAL 8 114 000

Table 15.18:Planned Community ProjectsGoal Project


CostYear

To improve the economic and social wellbeing of communities- To advocate for new available resources for emerging social problems

Brick moulding Day Care Centre-Ramotswa None None 25 000 2003/4Brick moulding Poultry-Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 20 000Paving Thuto-Boswa - Ramotswa ‘’ ,, 5 000Brick moulding Day Care Centre-Tlokweng ‘’ ,, 25 000Screen wall at Tlamelong -Tlokweng ‘’ ,, 40 000Plumbing 5-roomed house-Otse ‘’ ,, 40 000

182



Year

that hinders Social Work profession i.e. harmonization of resources that will/can improve the individual and communities socio-economic environment.

Wiring Day care center-Taung ‘’ ,, 20 000Storeroom-Mogobane Indiscriminate disposal of

RubbleProper disposal to the landfill 30 000

1 x 2 toilet block-Mogobane 10 000Vehicle-Mogobane Smoke emission Regular servicing 150 000Training and logistical support-SEDC None None 20 000Total 385 000Day Care Centre-Ramotswa Indiscriminate disposal of

RubbleProper disposal to the landfill 100 000 2004/5

Poultry Project-Ramotswa Land conflict, bad smell 80 000Day Care Centre-Tlokweng Indiscriminate disposal of


Horticulture-Otse 60 000Enviro Conservation project ; Pilot project to collect & separate litter in cans for recycling -Mogobane

Unsightly if can are full Recycling, regular collection of waste

60 000

Training; and logistical Support -Mogobane None None 40 000500 000

Bus Shelter-Ramotswa Indiscriminate disposal of Rubble

Proper disposal to the landfill 20 000 2005/6

2 Kgotla shelter-Ramotswa Indiscriminate disposal of Rubble

Proper disposal to the landfill 50 000

2 Enviro Project-Tlokweng 120 000House-Mogobane Indiscriminate disposal of


House-Taung ,, ,, 60 000Block Grant- SEDC 40 000Training and logistical support--SEDC 30 000

380 0002 Brick moulding Poultry-Ramotswa 20 000 2006/7Development of park-Ramotswa Bush clearing selective cutting of trees 80 000Enviro Project—Tlokweng 80 000House-Mogobane Bush clearing, Indiscriminate

disposal of Rubble Proper disposal to the landfill, selective cutting of trees

60 000

House-Otse Bush clearing, Indiscriminate disposal of Rubble

Proper disposal to the landfill, selective cutting of trees

60 000

House-Otse ,, ,, 60 000360 000

Poultry-Ramotswa 80 000 2007/8Completion of BCW house-Otse ,, ,, 20 000

183



Year

Income generating project-Taung None None 50 000Training and logistical Support-Taung ,, ,, 20 000

170 000Training and logistical Support ,, ,, 20 000 2008/9

20 000

184

Table 15.19:Planned Projects for Primary School Facilities (LG 1102)Goal Project


CostYear

To provide adequate School facilities

Upgrading of school kitchen, Toilets, Teachers quarters, Classrooms, Libraries, Science Labs, Administration Blocks, Resource Centres, Guard Shelter

Debushing, soil erosion, rubbles, shortage of land

Landscaping, Proper disposal of rubble to the landfill, Building double storey flats

65 Seater bus Smoke emmission Regular servicing.

Table 15.20:Planned Projects for Primary School Development (LG 1102)Location School Project

ComponentQuantity Unit Cost Total

CostYear of Implementation

Ramotswa Kgetheng-Ramotswa Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500 2003/4Magopane-Ramotswa Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500Mokgosi III-Ramotswa Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500Siga-Ramotswa Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500St Conrads-Ramotswa Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500

t/q 6 175 00 1 050 000Lesetlhana-Ramotswa Upgrading of Admin block 1 350 000 350 000

Tlokweng Botsalano-Tlokweng Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500T/q 4 175 000 700 000

Kgosikgosi-Tlokweng Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500Otse Baratani-Otse Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500

t/q 2 175 000 350 000Mogobane Mogobane:-Mogobane t/q 4 175 000 700 000Taung :St Bernards-Taung Upgrading of school kitchen 1 402 500 402 500Kgale St Joseph’s-Kgale Block of 2x classrooms 1 276 000 276 000

t/q 2 175 000 350 000Toilets 2 11 000 22 000

SEDC All Schools-SEDC 65 Seater bus 1 300 000 300 000TOTAL 1 x bus, 2 x c/r, 10 x kitchens, 1 x admin

block, 18 x t/q 7 773 000

Ramotswa New School Magope C/r 4 276 000 1 104 000

2004/5T/q 4 175 000 700 000T/l 6 11 000 66 000Kitchen + hall 1 402 500 402 500

185

Location School ProjectComponent

Quantity Unit Cost TotalCost

Year of Implementation

Admin Block 1 310 500 310 500 resource centre 1 400 000 400 000Library 1 450 000 450 000science lab 1 600 000 600 000Guard Shelter 1 35 000 35 000

Mokgosi T/q 2 175 000 350 000St Conrads T/q 2 175 000 350 000School for the deaf T/q 2 175 000 350 000

Tlokweng Batlokwa T/q 2 175 000 350 000Botsalano T/q 2 175 000 350 000

Admin Block 1 310 500 310 500Otse Otse T/q 2 175 000 350 000Mogobane Mojadife Upgrading of kitchen 1 402 500 402 500Kgale St Joseph’s Upgrading of kitchen 1 402 500 402 500Lobatse Farms New School Hostels

Kitchen and dinning hall, low cost house

2

1

1

287 500

287 500

175 000

575 000

287 500

175 0002 x mini buses 1 200 000 400 000

TOTAL 3 kitchens, 2 hostels, 17 t/q, 1 admin block, 6 toilets, 1 Guard Shelter, 4 c/r

8 720 500

Ramotswa Ketshwerebothata C/r 2 276 000 552 000 2005/6 resource centre 1 400 000 400 000Library 1 450 000 450 000

Kgetheng Library 1 450 000 450 000Resource Centre 1 400 000 400 000

Centre for the deaf T/q 2 175 000 350 000Siga T/q 6 175 000 1 050 000

T/l 2 11 000 22 000Tlokweng Botsalano C/r 2 276 000 552 000

T/l 2 11 000 22 000Batlokwa Admin block 1 200 000 200 000Kgosikgosi C/r 2 276 000 552 000

T/l 2 11 000 22 000Library 1 450 000 450 000Resource centre 1 400 000 400 000

Mogobane Mogobane C/r 2 276 000 552 000T/q 2 175 000 350 000

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T/l 2 11 000 22 000Otse Otse C/r 2 276 000 552 000

T/l 2 11 000 22 000Library 1 450 000 450 000Resource Centre 1 400 000 400 000

TOTAL 5 resource centres, 5 libraries, 1 admin block, 10 c/r 10 t/q, 10 t/l

9 070 000

Ramotswa Kgetheng C/r 2 276 000 552 000 2006/7Lesetlhana C/r 2 276 000 552 000

T/l 2 11 000 22 000Library 1 450 000 450 000Resource Centre 1 400 000 400 000

Siga Admin Block 1 200 000 200 000Library 1 450 000 450 000Resource Centre 1 400 000 400 000

Magope C/r 2 276 000 552 000T/l 2 11 000 22 000T/q 2 175 000 350 000

Taung New School Bojantsa C/r 4 276 000 1 104 000T/q 4 175 000 700 000T/l 6 11 000 66 000Kitchen + hall 1 402 500 402 500 Admin Block 1 310 500 310 500 resource centre 1 400 000 400 000Library 1 450 000 450 000science lab 1 600 000 600 000Guard Shelter 1 35 000 35 000

Tlokweng Kosikgosi C/r 4 276 000 1 104 000Mafilthakgosi resource centre 1 400 000 400 000

Library 1 450 000 450 000Mogobane Mojadife C/r 2 276 000 552 000

T/l 2 11 000 22 000T/q 2 175 000 350 000

Ramotswa Seboko Admin Block 1 310 500 310 500 resource centre 1 400 000 400 000Library 1 450 000 450 000

Ketshwerebothata Admin Block 1 310 500 310 500Magopane Admin Block 1 310 500 310 500

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TOTAL 16 c/r, 8 t/q, 5 libraries, 5 resource centres, 5 admin blocks, 12 t.l

12 346 000

Tlokweng New School Lenganeng C/r 4 276 000 1 104 000 2007/8T/q 4 175 000 700 000T/l 6 11 000 66 000Kitchen + hall 1 402 500 402 500 Admin Block 1 310 500 310 500 resource centre 1 400 000 400 000Library 1 450 000 450 000science lab 1 600 000 600 000Guard Shelter 1 35 000 35 000

Otse Otse Admin Block 1 200 000 200 000TOTAL 6 c/r, 6 t/q, 8 t.l, 1 resouce centre, 3 admin

blocks. 1 library, 1 sience lab, 1 guard shelter, 1 kitchen hall

5 392 000

Ramotswa Magope C/r 2 276 000 552 000 2008/9T/q 2 175 000 350 000T/l 4 11 000 44 000

Mokgosi Admin Block 1 200 000 200 000T/l 4 11 000 44 000

St Conrads Admin Block 1 200 000 200 000T/l 4 11 000 44 000

Tlokweng Lenganeng C/r 2 276 000 552 000T/q 2 175 000 350 000T/l 4 11 000 44 000

Batlokwa resource centre 1 400 000 400 000Library 1 450 000 450 000

Taung Bojantsa C/r 2 276 000 552 000T/q 2 175 000 350 000T/l 4 11 000 44 000

Mogobane Mojadife T/l 4 11 000 44 000Otse Baratani T/l 4 11 000 44 000

Admin Block 1 200 000 200 000Lobatse farms Lobatse Hostel 1 287 500 287 500Kgale St Joseph’s Admin Block 1 200 000 200 000SEDC 65 seater bus 1 300 000 300 000TOTAL 6 c/r , 6 t/q, 24 t/l, 4 admin blocks, 1 library, 1

resource centre, 1 hostel a bus5 207 500

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Table 15.21:Planned Projects for Fleet Expansion for DA and TA (LG 102)Goals Project

ComponentEnvironmental Impact Mitigation Measures Cost Year


Station Wagon (Chrisler JeepCherotee 3.7)-TA Ramotswa

Smoke Emission Regular servicing of vehicle 200 000 2003/04

Twin Cab Hilux 4x4-TA Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 150 000Station Wagon (Chrisler Jeep Cherotee 3.7)-TA –Tlokweng

‘’ ‘’ 200 000

7 ton truck-DA Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 195 00016 seater combi- DA Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 200 000TOTAL 945 0001 twin cab 4*4- DA Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 150 000 2004/51 single cab 4*2 DA Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 90 000Car-DA Ramotswa ‘’ ‘’ 150 000Station Wagon (Chrisler JeepCherotee 3.7)-DA Tlokweng

‘’ ‘’ 150 000

Twin Cab 4 x 2- TA Tlokweng ‘’ ‘’ 90 000TOTAL 630 000Twin cab Hilux 4x4-TA Otse ‘’ ‘’ 150 000 2005/6Twin cab Hilux 4x4-TA Taung ‘’ ‘’ 150 000Total 300 000GRAND TOTAL P1 875 000

Table 15.22:Planned Projects for Fleet Expansion for Council (LG 102)Goal Project

ComponentEnvironmental Impact Mitigation Measures Cost Year


2.5 ton truck with crane Smoke Emission Regular servicing of vehicle 520 000 2003/4Saloon car ‘’ ‘’ 120 000Twin cab x 2 ‘’ ‘’ 300 000Single cab ‘’ ‘’ 120 000TOTAL 1 060 0001 twin cab ‘’ ‘’ 150 000 2004/51 single cab ‘’ ‘’ 120 0002.5 ton truck x 2 ‘’ ‘’ 600 000Single cab 4 x 2 ‘’ ‘’ 90 000TOTAL 960 000

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Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Cost Year

twin cab x 3 ‘’ ‘’ 450 000 2005/6TOTAL 450 000single cab – 4 x 2 ‘’ ‘’ 90 000 2006/7saloon car ‘’ ‘’ 100 000TOTAL 190 000

Table 15.23:Planned Projects for Village Water Supply and Sewerage (LG 1110)Goals Project Component Environmental

ImpactMitigation Measures Total

CostYear


Integrated sewerage system - designs –Otse/Mogobane

None Undertake EIA and socio-economic studies P2 000 000 2003/4

To provide constant waterSupply to the settlement of Metsimaswaane.

2 x siting and drilling of boreholesMetsimaswaane Const. activities reduce vegetation/ grass cover which will eventual leads to soil erosion.

All PMs must Include EIA and HIV/Aids components. All Council developments. will take into consideration the protection of the environment.

P950 000 2003/4


Integrated sewerage system – Construction-Otse/Mogobane

,, ,, P102 612 000 2004 - 2007


Extension of Water supply scheme-Otse ,, ,, 2 000 000 2003 - 2005


Expansion of Sewerage scheme-Tlokweng ,, ,, 5 000 000 2006 – 2008


Expansion of Sewerage scheme-Ramotswa ,, ,, 5 000 000 2007 - 2009

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CHAPTER 16

16 CONTINGENCY PLANNING

16.1 INTRODUCTION

Contingency Planning is intended to spell out measures, procedures and resources that are geared towards attending to the occurrence of disasters. Disaster itself refers to an event that seriously disrupts the normal pattern of activities in a given area as a result of natural or other calamities.

Botswana is prone to among other disasters drought, veldfires, floods, pest infestations and transport accidents.


Disaster can affect anyone and it is therefore everyone’s responsibility to deal with this contingency when it arises. However, the overall responsibility for disaster management rests with the District Commissioner in partnership with the Council Secretary. South East like other Districts has a multi-sectoral disaster management committee with responsibility for planning and overseeing implementation.

It comprises the D.C. as the Chairperson, DOD as the secretariat, representatives from Central and Local Police, Agriculture, Food Relief Services Division, BDF, Roads, Meteorology, Geological, Civil Aviation, Fire, Botswana Red Cross Society, Health, Social Community Development Office, Water Affairs, Botswana Press Agency (BOPA), Botswana Power Corporation, Tribal Administration, Wild Life, Insurance Company, the business community, NGO’s and membership can change depending on locally relevant expertise.

For the disaster activities including monitoring to be continuous, there is need to have a focal person to specifically oversee the district’s activities. Similar structures should be put in place at a village level. The overall responsibility for disaster management in South East villages would rest with traditional leaders and any identified organized group. At the moment there are not well organized village disaster committees.

16.1.2 Strategic Plan for Ministry of Local G overnment

Currently, there is no specific strategy that relates to disaster management. When there is disaster the District Commissioner in liaison with the Council Secretary alerts other agencies about the occurrence of such a disaster and facilitates the response to the emergency. Members of the Disaster Management Committee have responsibility to alert others when they notice or come to know about disaster occurrence.

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16.1.3 Drought and Food Relief Management

Drought as one of the common or regular disasters in Botswana, it has its own monitoring system. The drought relief programme at the district level is implemented by the Drought Relief Committee which is a sub-committee of the District Development Committee. Various departments are involved in the implementation of the drought relief programme. There are Drought Relief Unit, Water Affairs, Council Water Department, Health Clinics, Social and Community Development, Agriculture (both crops and livestock) Education, Food Relief Services, Council Roads Unit, etc. These departments report to the Drought Relief Committee on a quarterly basis.

The drought relief coordinator is responsible for the overall mostly the poor, crop production, the range land, animal health and production as well as wildlife. The South East District is always ready and prepared to implement any relief strategies as directed by the government such as feeding and free seed distribution.

When implementing the Labour Intensive public works projects, there is normally shortage of Labour due to unattractive wage rate of P8.00 per day.

16.1.4 Disaster Relief Sector Priorities

Primary and Secondary Settlements in Botswana are industrializing and as such require fire services Department to be established within the District Councils. It becomes imperative for government to expedite training of adequate personnel to deal with fire out breaks. Moreover, fires out breaks in the rural areas have not decreased despite a lot of campaign against fire out breaks especially by His Honour the Vice President.

According to the flood disaster report of year 2000, it became apparent that the standard design guidelines for infrastructure have been overtaken by the events. Of particular significance are the out-dated bridge plans for flood return, especially given the global warming phenomenon, which is on the increase. We are likely to experience even worse flood disasters than ever before. A review of these designs is recommended.

Education campaigns on disaster management are not adequate. Both the public and the private sector need to be educated in this aspect.


16.2.1 National Disaster Management Plan

The National Policy on Disaster Management talks about the National Disaster Plan which is supposed to guide the society in disaster management and mitigation. The existence of this plan has not reached its maximum publicity. People need to know about it.

16.2.2 National Food Security Strategy

The National Food Strategy lays down the framework within which the national and household food and economic security processes and activities are to be carried out. The scope of the strategy is as follows:

Providing economic access to food for household by attainment of a broad-based income security.

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Assurance of household food security is availability through national food imports and production.

Within the scope of this strategy, there will be joint responsibility reflecting the partnership of Government, private sector, and household in the availability and access to nutritionally safe and adequate food.

Regarding food security, Council will continue to implement programmes designed for certain vulnerable groups in order to get maximum intended benefits from the programmes. These programmes include orphan care, home based care, destitution and assistance to needy students. The Department of Crop Production and Forestry will continue to encourage production of vegetables.

16.3CONTINGENCY PLANS

Regarding drought programme there is need to review the wage rate with an aim to increase it. Provision should be made during the first two years of the plan period to take the fire services to the rural area

Public campaigns ought to be an ongoing in process. This will go a long way in achieving 2016 goal of an informed nation. Once the Committee is well informed about disaster preparedness, the community will endeavour to construct durable structures that can resist the intensity of any form of calamity. They will be in a position to develop mechanisms to safeguard themselves and their properties.


After every serious disaster, an Environmental Impact Assessment should be undertaken.

The disaster preparedness Committee should not stop planning its activities unless plans and/or funds are underway to rehabilitate or reconstruct that public structure such as roads, bridges, offices etc. Monitoring plans should be prepared and be followed by the committee.

If the concerned department could not raise such funds to rehabilitate/construct a structure, disaster management funds should be used.

16.5PROPOSED PROJECTS

Disaster preparedness committee members should be trained in relevant fields so that they can be able to deal with disaster and complement each other in skills/knowledge.

Two officers should be trained every year and priority should be given to committee members that come from sectors which are prone to disasters such as Agriculture and Water Department as well as the Secretary and Chairperson of the Committee.

2003/2004 – Disaster Campaign schedule should be formulated. 2004/2005 – Disaster Campaigns should be implemented.


16.6.1 Issues and Strengths for Water Sector

The Central Government Water sector has well trained manpower but it is limited.

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There is need to employ an officer to be a focal point in the District by the year 2004/05.

Over and above the quarterly and annual progress report, there should be yearly dialog in the form of conferences and workshops organized by the National Disaster Preparedness.

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CHAPTER 17

17 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION

17.1 INTRODUCTION

Plan monitoring and evaluation are components of the planning process which comprises plan preparation, implementation and review. It is imperative that the plan is monitored to mark progress and if they are any hick-ups they can be attended to in time. On another hand, a review would enable project managers and planners to improve their future performance.

17.1.1 The Institutional Framework

The DOD, who is secretary of the DDC co-ordinates much of the planning at district level by working closely with Council Economic Planner who is also the co-secretary of DDC. The DOL on the other hand is concerned mostly with matters pertaining to land in a wider sense with resource utilization and management with adequate liaison with the Council Physical Planner. DOL is secretary of District Land Use Planning Unit (DLUPU). The planners play a central role in monitoring DDP through Annual Development Plans and progress reports. They liaise with heads of departments so that the latter submit quarterly reports to DDC for review.

17.1.2 Plan Management

Plan management is pivotal in the planning process to ensure that the annual plans are well coordinated, achieve goals and objectives and corrective measures are taken if necessary.

Monitoring is carried out by heads of respective departments for projects/activities that are reflected in annual plans and then submit reports quarterly to DDC on progress made. Generally DDP review is done during mid of the plan period to determine how implementation has progressed or whether priorities have changed which may require attention. Plan reviews are not done at district level alone but also at ministerial and national levels as DDP is integral part of NDP – the plans are interdependent. A living example is when Government has made a national budget to Ministers and Ministries in turn allocating budget (TECS) to districts.

17.2ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES

First and foremost, it is important to note that sustainable development is a process of change with which exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of technology development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet needs and aspirations.

Before projects take off there is need to take stock of all natural resources and human activities that impact on the former. Natural resources provide inputs for human activities and offer life support services to human beings. All human activities are directly or indirectly dependent on natural resources e.g. land, water, air, mining, agriculture, veld products, wildlife, trees, infrastructure and services.

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Development depends on expansion of capital and on its efficient equitable and sustainable use. It is therefore, essential to monitor the trends of human activities on natural resources not only during plan preparation but also after implementation. Environmental changes or impacts (positive or negative) have to be assessed in terms of quality and quantity. Monitoring is essential to ensure that poverty alleviation activities are addressed with sustainable utilisation of resources (SEA)

17.3FINANCIAL AND PERSONNEL CONSTRAINTS

Local Authorities are constrained by financial and personnel resources at their disposal to monitor environmental activities effectively. Most environmental impacts have not been adequately assessed in monitoring of human activities. The district had recommended the engagement of District Environmental Liaison Officer who could coordinate environmental monitoring.

17.4PROPOSED PLAN MONITORING ACTIVITIES DURING DDP6

Strategic Environmental Assessment shall form the basis of monitoring environmental activities to determine sustainable ways of implementing projects. Alternative ways of achieving goals and objectives shall be taken aboard so that contamination of water supply, vegetation loss and land degradation and land use conflicts among others are avoided. Indiscriminate dumping of waste and mitigation measures taken to protect environment. Similarly, existing burrow pits should be monitored for rehabilitation, funds permitting.

Utilization of natural resources should be monitored particularly in institutional projects with regard to optimum use of land they use less space by building double storeys, use of fuel wood for cooking should be discontinued by using gas. It will also be necessary to monitor the number of plots that have been allocated but not developed during the agreed period so that they are repossessed and reallocated to those in need.

Assessment study for the Gaborone Dam Catchment area which is expected to be completed during DDP 5 will help the district not only in monitoring environmental activities but also with mitigation measures during DDP 6.

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APPENDIX A: DISTRICT/MINISTRY MATRICES The District/Ministry Matrix is comprised of spreadsheets designed to show the details of DDP 6/NDP IX financial allocations of each project, from each ministry. It is a detailed breakdown of the NDP IX financial allocations by town, disaggregated both by components of specific projects, and where possible into the six annual phases of the plan period. The matrix data contained in the spreadsheets is at two levels:

Ministry allocations per district for all relevant projects. District allocations within particular projects by component and annual phasing, where

applicable, over the six-year plan period.

The purpose of the matrix is to enable the district, ministry planners and project managers to negotiate at a more detailed and specific level about the allocation of funds for the different projects in each phase. The matrix also provides an effective reference document for all projects and components during the implementation and monitoring stages of the plan period. All users of the plan can therefore quickly and easily see the agreed amount of project funding for al the agreed amount of project funding for all projects at the start of the plan period.

It has not been possible to get a full set of data on the dis-aggregation of some central government projects by component and phase over the six-year plan period. This data was only available for projects implemented by the Ministry of Local Government and sporadically for a few ministries.

The matrix in this plan is linked to the national matrices; therefore every effort has been made to ensure that the data in the district matrix is accurate and has been based on the inputs from the ministries.

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