Forests of the World: Economic, Social and Environmental Values
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Transcript of Forests of the World: Economic, Social and Environmental Values
Forests of the World:Economic, Social and Environmental Values
Tim WhiteSchool of Forest Resources and Conservation
138 NZ Hall, UF, IFAS846-0850; [email protected]
June, 2011
Objectives
1. Importance of Forests:• Economic benefits• Social benefits• Environmental benefits
2. Forests of the World• Global trends• State of the world’s forests• Types of forests
3. Forests of Florida4. Discussion 5. References for Your Use
Importance and Benefits from Forests
Forests
EconomicValues
SocialValues
EcologicalValues
WoodProducts
Non-TimberProducts
Social & Ecological Services
Domestic Uses
Recreation
Aesthetics & Spiritual
H2O & Soil Amelioration
Habitats & Biodiversity
Climate Mitigation
Objectives
1. Importance of Forests:• Economic benefits• Social benefits• Environmental benefits
2. Forests of the World• Global trends• State of the world’s forests• Types and distribution of forests
3. Forests of Florida4. Discussion 5. References for Your Use
Global Demand for WoodConsumption is Growing
• Up 1.6% annually (up 60% by 2030)• 50/50 for domestic/industrial wood
• 80% of consumption is for industrial purposes in developed countries• 80% of consumption is for domestic use in developing countries
• Both uses (domestic and industrial) will continue to be important• 10,000 products made from wood
Global Demand and Supply of Wood• World’s population is growing• World’s demand for wood is growing• World’s area of forests to meet demand is shrinking• Forest-to-people ratio:
1960 = 1.2 ha per capita (3 acres/person)2005 = 0.6 ha per capita (1.5 acres/person)
8090100110120130140150160170
1980 1990 2000 2010
Total Wood ConsumptionWorld PopulationForest Area
% o
f 198
0 va
lues
Non-Wood Forest Products:150 Products Traded Globally
Medicines and herbs
Chemicals: Dyes, turpentine, latex …
Crafts, fodder, decoratives, other …
Edibles: Food, drink, flavors, spices
Other Global Forest Values:Demand is Growing!
Recreation: hunting, fishing, hiking Ecotourism (7% of global tourism) Ecosystem services Conservation of biodiversity
(11% of world’s forests)Half of all terrestrial carbon is in forests
Half of world’s biodiversity lives in TRF
Two-thirds of all species live in forests
Local Peoples:350 Million Live in Forests
Home, livelihoods, medicines, construction, fodder, etc.
Objectives
1. Importance of Forests:• Economic benefits• Social benefits• Environmental benefits
2. Forests of the World• Global trends• State of the world’s forests• Types of forests
3. Forests of Florida4. Discussion 5. References for Your Use
State of the World’s Forests• 4 billion ha of forests (10 billion acres)• 30% of global land area• Important on all continents
State of the World’s Forests Forests grow where climates and soils permit Current distribution also reflects historical deforestation
associated with colonization: Now 50% of original area
9%
47%
11%
33%
High Species Richness
Low Species Richness
State of the World’s Forests: Global Deforestation and Degradation
Deforestation 30 to 50% loss of total forest area
in last 8,000 yrs Last 50 years
1.2 ha/person in 1960 0.6 ha/person in 2005
Current annual net deforestation 8 million ha (20 million acres) 2/3 of Florida
Roads lead to access
Degradation High grading of valuable timber Unsustainable harvest levels Poor practices leading to soil
erosion, loss of wildlife habitat, etc.
Settlement in tropical dry rainforest
State of the World’s Forests: Global Deforestation and Reforestation
Current deforestation mostly in developing countriesDeforestation in TRF could mean extinction of 100 species per day
State of the World’s Forests:Mitigating Climate Change
World Resources Inc, PAGE, 2000
Objectives
1. Importance of Forests:• Economic benefits• Social benefits• Environmental benefits
2. Forests of the World• Global trends• State of the world’s forests• Types of forests
3. Forests of Florida4. Discussion 5. References for Your Use
Types of Forests in the World:Native or Natural Forests
90% of the world’s forests• Undisturbed or second-
growth• Managed or unmanaged
11% of the world’s forests are in reserves: Parks, national forests, wilderness areas, conservation reserves
Tropical Rain Forests
Temperate Rain Forests
National Parks and ForestsNative Working Forests
Types of Forests in the World:Planted Forests or Plantations
• Reforestation & afforestation• 4% of the world’s forest area• Supply 30% of industrial wood• Grow faster than native forests• Have less biodiversity• Half the plantations are for fuelwood
Seedling of E. grandis
3.5 yr plantation
6 yr plantation harvest
E. grandis:Breeding, Reforestation & Silviculture
• Natural Range (Red): Coastal NSW & Queensland• Exotic Range (Yellow): 10MM ha in > 30 countries• Most widley planted tree species
Clonal Forestry: First-Cycle Program
Clonal Forestry: Mass Selection
Clonal Testing: Pure Species & Hybrids
Operational Propagation of Tested Clones
Crop and Product Uniformity
Types of Forests in the World:Other Types of Forests
Urban Forests Agroforests
Forested Wetlands
Types of Forests in the World:Forested Area by Different Types
Types of Forests:The World Needs All Types
Conservation Reserves
Primary Forests
Managed OldGrowth Forests
Intensively Managed Regrowth Forests
Plantations
Economic Value
Ecol
ogic
al V
alue
11%
5%
Objectives
1. Importance of Forests:• Economic benefits• Social benefits• Environmental benefits
2. Forests of the World• Global trends• State of the world’s forests• Types of forests
3. Forests of Florida4. Discussion 5. References for Your Use
Forests in Florida
By far, the most important land use:• Half of FL land area is forested• Mostly in N FL• Pastures are distant second (17%)
$16 billion/yr industry (#1 “crop”)$8.0 billion/yr for hunting, fishing and wildlife viewing$1.8 billion/yr in recreation and ecotourism at FL parksPine straw, palmetto, silvopastures Critical ecological services
Forests in Florida:Increasing Demands For All Goods & Services
Population: 16 million people• Fastest-growing state east of MS River• 28 new people per hour (400,000/yr)• 92% live in urban areas, mostly in S FL
Increasing Demands for:• Large quantities of high quality water• Jobs and products• Biomass for energy and fuels• Recreation and other social services• All ecosystem goods and services
Forests in Florida: Urbanization!
Decreasing Forest Land Area• Losing 40,000 acres per year (mostly to urbanization)
1960: 4 acres of forests per person 2000: 1 acre of forests per person
Forests in Florida: Urbanization!
Increasing Fragmentation of Rural Forests• Increasing WUI (1 out of 5 acres in FL in WUI)• Impacting wildlife and bird populations• Increasing role of fire• Impacts of rural development
Increasing Role of Urban Forests• Microclimate amelioration• Stormwater runoff• Recreation• Aesthetics• Psychological benefits
Forests in Florida:Production and Protection
Production Forestry• Meet demands from fewer acres (timber, fiber, NTP, energy)• Increase production efficiency of plantations• All in sustainable manner (BMPs, certification, etc)
Conservation Programs• State buying 2 million acres (1/8 of all forest land) + easements• FL already owns more forest land than any other state in south• Manifests desire of citizens to support conservation
Conclusions:Forests are Important in this World!
All types of forestsNative forests, plantations, agroforests, urban forests
All forest productsTimber, paper, medicinals, recreation, hunting, homes
All forest practicesPreservation, conservation, production, multiple use
All forest usesReserves, family forests, industrial timberlands, city parks, etc.
All forest valuesSocial values (recreation, water & soil quality, homes for people)Economic values (products, jobs, direct and indirect impact)Environmental values (C sequestration, habitats, biodiversity)
Importance and Benefits from Forests:Need to Understand Human Dimensions to Realize these Benefits
Forests
EconomicValues
SocialValues
EcologicalValues
WoodProducts
Non-TimberProducts
Social & Ecological Services
Domestic Uses
Recreation
Aesthetics & Spiritual
H2O & Soil Amelioration
Habitats & Biodiversity
Climate Mitigation
Discussion
References and WebsitesBoyle, J.R. 1999. Planted forests: views and viewpoints. New Forests 17: 5-9.Diesen, Magnus (ed).1998. Economics of the Pulp and Paper Industry. Fapet Oy Publishing, Helsinki, Finland. 186 pp.Earth Trends, World Resources Institute 2007. http://earthtrends.wri.org/Evans, J. 1992. Plantation forestry in the tropics. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 403p.FAO Forest Assessment 1990. Global synthesis . FAO Paper 124. Rome. 1995.FAO Forest Assessment 1990. Tropical plantations. FAO Paper 128. Rome. 1995.FAO State of the World’s Forests 2007. http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/sofo/en/FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/X9835e/.FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/008/a0400e/a0400e00.htmFlorida’s Forest Resources Plan. I. An Assessment. 2005. http://www.fl-dof.com/plans_support/future_forest_resources.html
Florida’s Forest Resources Plan. II. Condition and Trends. 2005. http://www.fl-dof.com/plans_support/future_forest_resources.html
Forestry Encyclopedia Network. http://www.forestryencyclopedia.net/Forestry Figures and Facts. American Forest and Paper Association. http://www.afandpa.org/Fox, T.R. 2000. Sustained productivity in intensively managed plantations. For. Ecol Manage. 138: 202-213.Hagler, R.W. 1996. The global wood fiber equation-- a new world order? Forest Products J. 79:51-54.Hodges, Alan, et al., 2003. Economic impact of the forest industry in Florida. Final Report to the Florida Forestry Association.McLaren, J. (ed) 1999. Issues in Global Timber Supplies. Miller Freeman, San Francisco. 231pp.Sedjo, R.A. 1999. The potential of high-yield plantation forestry for meeting timber needs. New Forests 17: 339-359.Sedjo, R.A. 2001.The role of forest plantations in the world’s future timber supply. Forest Chronicle 77:221-225.Sedjo, R.A and D. Botkin. 1997. Using forest plantations to spare natural forests. Environment 39: 14-20.Spears, J. 1998. Forests at the crossroads: Environmental challenges for Canada in the 21st century. Forestry Chronicle 74: 812-821.Sutton, W.R.J. 1999. Does the world need planted forests? New Zealand J Forestry 44: 24-29.World Conservation Union (IUCN). http://www.iucn.org/World Resources 1994-1995. Oxford Press. 400p