Forests, Fragility and Conflict

7/30/2019 Forests, Fragility and Conflict

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/forests-fragility-and-conflict 1/182

overview and case studies

Forests, Fragility and ConFliCt

June 2011



ah: e HaDga Faah

Ah G. Bd

Forests, Fragility and ConFliCt

overview and case studies

June 2011



Acknowledgement

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table oF Contents

ABout tHe AutHors _____________________________________________________

ForeworD ____________________________________________________________

overview _____________________________________________________________

CHAPter 1. ___________________________________________________________ 9F, s Fgl, cfEmily Harwell

CHAPter 2. ___________________________________________________________ 6tl cm, sl nk, F:ug l f pf lDouglas Farah

CHAPter 3. ___________________________________________________________th Fl Fl h Fl w Arthur G. Blundell

CHAPter 4. ___________________________________________________________F, ex-mb, dbl s:c-l mpl pf pgmmgEmily Harwell

vtaBLe oF contents


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about the authors

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aBout tHe autHors 1


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Foreword

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Foreword to Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict



overview

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5overview



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6 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict



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overview 7



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h pl, b l b p h f g ppl. th h h

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s ac ad ca capac

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overview 9



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p.




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m gp h l h g g kg gz, hh g l b

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p gp h llgl lgg hm k.

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overview 11



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hlh mp ll llh. a h ll lg l

gb b h pll l h pl. a l m pj l

m p g.

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ll h b p pll ll m b h ppl. whl xp m g

p hg h gl x, z mp l pp.

opp h bl pl mm h h h p.




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p pkpg.

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h mgh lg-m m bl mgm, lml f

p — mg qkl, , g p h b mk

g mgm. B ll g h g g, lkg mm,

bl mp h bl hp h mg lg m m. s

bl h m, hh hl b pp mk lg-

m mmm ( h + h h ).

i h g, l g h m lbl f- ppl lh hm h m g . wm pl — hgh mb hm h

hhl m mb h — g b h mj “qk mp”

mplm pj h x-mb ml-m h lggg, pll

h h m ml-m h gl.

Fmlzg ml , h lggg hl p, hlp m ll p

mplm b m. B l l l g pph h

mp. wh l b m mlz? H mlz bl h gh

p h h p ll plg l, g mm p? wh g

h ll p -p b h pll l l llgl

h lh? th mp q m b l h ll x, h g

pp m p ll mm ll . d h pbl

j lm h b b h h g mplm l

mm p.

lad cc ad cc

dplm lg h l pg ml p l . L- m q gl l h khl h b

h k g mg, bl, bg -p b h l. sg

m b lp jg l hp mg p.

e mp p lm h gh lg pl b

pg, mkg mpbl m h h h lgl gh lg f. F h

h mp h mpl h h qm h

l m lz h .

overview 13



i lg f mb, h hl g b l lgl gh xm h

bh lggg p l. egg l hl b m m h ,

h h k “b l.” M, h l m h b p bh

hlp m h p qg m m.

ahg h m ll b l, l b h f h l bk,

qg h blg gm, h p , l . th lk p b

xpl b pl h b m “b l” h b mph m.

algg m m h “g” l blkg pl blg

h pll ll hg.

Cp c

cp l gh mhm l -g lm

mgg m f. a , ( ll h h hb l f) hl b xpll p p mk,

hl g lg bl mhm p g h h p hg

m .

Mmm hg ll b bl m l h hgh

p blg mpm mm l , lg mhm pbl

pp p. B xpg h l mp h m pl q

g hlbl p, lg pp m h plm p u n

m.

Capazg pp c-ca cda

d xp hl k g h lbl g m h

g, gml gz, gm h

mp m h . i , l kg gp, bgg

gh g khl, mgh b l mhm mmg gl,

p, pph, xp p m. sm l p

l:

Mg mp plm mp .

rlm x-mb pl mm.

Hp mg x-mb lm llgl .

emplm pgm pbl mlzg ml -p .

w g pm pj.




lack capac — pca ?

wh h fgh xp l pl g h , b lk

p, g hllg pf gm h lk p. exp h

h, b l p-blg m, l bgg

mgm b h h m p ll lkg. sh g hl bmp b g mhp, pl g h bk gm, h

blg q gh mhm.

B g h b h pbl h h llg pm

, l l h hl mk lk pll ll lk p.

t mpl pf , h m h l pl ll p

p, ll mll. d hl h m l h pl

l . wh h l, m “ pp” lkl b mplm

f b hm.

Key lessons

th llg p pl h pm l m h .

a p p l pg f g lmg h lk mg

gz ml gz ll mm k. th m m h h mpl

p h h m ml l m g, Lb ll

h. B q h phl p p lm (hl, jb, hlh ,

mk p), clmb Gml’ Pé h. wh h p x,

mh lm m, gz ml gp m p b lk h p

hllg h bm h bl .

cmm kg b bh h f pm mg . B

f, gg p p h k bkg h l l.

applg -m-lg l, p pph, b b p hlp

gh h ’ bl m h ppl. i pl, h xp ll

mm h mm-pg h b m, h h l h h k

mg h gm h h ghg .

s h l. Lb h h g h mm mb m

h mp h l ml .

cmm f k pl bl pbl ggph l, f l

h phl p. B b h mm lbl l b l

b p h f, l h l l x f.

overview 15



th l mp l ’ . th bl l,

pg b. th l xpg, h h f-g l

p m h . th l Lb h Pé.

t x l m h mm, h llg m gp l lkg

l k. th gp, l h k p, h p h phl ph h mm p, gll.

G h ml m h mm f, l q gl ml

p. a h w a Mx–cl am ppl m, kg h

f l mpl h l mm g.

th l k lm l gl mm b g g , mkg

hm l p.

sll, pg h k — pll h l l, b l gl ll

p — h b mh m m gp’ p. rmg k l

h l ppl h mp h f m, p, h .

cmm f h l l h h p l bk. th

pll hgh gl l, h h p hp

q. wh m h mm mh ph h f,

g mp: h lbl bl-h h p

f h h f m ph .

a f h l l m pl hgh p mhg h , h h l h gl mk. wh h mk,

mb mg gl h h p — h bl

f. th gl pph q mlpl mm g h xl

l h pl f , hb mkg f “ bl” cll’ ml.

sh pph l q mh g p p, -xpl mhm

h bg b, h p m l .

Pll mp, l pl gh l g hg, m b pp, bh mll b l . th pp m l p

h pl k mmb l .

rpg m m l hg p lg ml m.

th p — b l — hl gm bl. abl

mk h p l h mp, pll h l gm m

p m g h hl ml p p h p gm.

Fl, pf h g, m lg h g( ql h bm l ) bl xp hg. B h




b hg p hghl bl pg blg bl . nl

p h , gm l h h p hm p —

php, m mp, mplm ( x-mb pbl) — hgh h h m

h gll l h f. Gm mp m h h

p, hpg kk- g h p. B h l mh pj, h m h m gm, lg h

ppl g , k- .

J gm m hlp bl , h l m bl

h l mkpl h h l f mb g — h h p

lgl mk. rpbl m k h h ph lg mp

f. H, lgl m mg hlpg m h

lgl b g ll l, h h u.s. L a h ep u’ vl Php

agm. Pf l pl h p. G h lgg p gh f ( ), m ll b ml h h lg mkpl m

m. Mh .

B g pbl p l gh f. a m h lppg

lm, m h g lgg b ml pl, pg h h

p bl h l lggg ll mll. Gm h p

m hh p mpl h h p qm h gm

hh , b h ll p h h m h jb. a

gm h h p , h plll l h

pf m, hl g h gl , l mpl.

Gm m h mmm m ( h h mg)

b l p h mmm g g. amg -p

, h m m g h h — h ll h ppl

g g, hh l:

tp h hlp l bl m.

e lgl mgm gm, lg m , ppp , f mgm.

Hgh-ql m, lg p, mg l.

Pp mgm, lg qbl b hg.

th l l.

wh lk h hk bl g g, m ll lg

m gh — l m gh h lg ’ bl l h

h k f. s, p p b lh l pl, pf m m b

lpg g g. a bl p p .

overview 17



* c m: nl cpl a LLc, - Mlll s, v Bc c v6e n;ph: + 9; .lpl.m; -ml: [email protected]

19

1 Forests, state Fragility, and ConFliCt Emily Harwell*

vlm h h l h m h lk mg p, m f,

k g. th h h ll m lpm p, lg h

wl Bk, gz h xmplg h lk m mplx k —

m mgm, pll lgm, gl ql, l l, p phl

b .1

al h g l mg gl, f, h m h mg l . rk f gl l x m p

xp h m h , p , l’

h ll gh pll pg pl hm. B h l h

pml l, g, ml, lg xm.

wh l h l, g l h b f

h pml l, lg h l ph mg , m

gl, l pl . e h l -l l

l. F xmpl, p m, h g m p (GdP),

p p l f. Lk, h pp l l p

p bh gl bk m l l f — , h

l h h lklh h bmg l (g . ).

e , x h l’ l b m

k lg, ggg b ll g gl (g .). s

g h lhp mp gl l ll llh

ll l, l glbl m, l , ll “glbl g” h b b. th g h mpl h

f pf pgmmg.

chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict



Figure 1.1: Forests and state Fragility

Source: Author, based on World Bank 2010 and U.S. Fund or Peace 2009.

0 30 60 90 120

0

25

50

75

100

Land under forest cover (percent)

Failed States Index

20

th hp klg h lk mg , f, p, gl,

xmg:

The nature o ragility in predatory states, incapable or absent states, and conict-aected states,

h g lhp f.

The mechanisms enabling orests to acilitate or prolong conict , lg l f m

x bllg, h pg, p b

lgg, mplm bllg b lggg mp .

The impact o conict and ragility on orests and orest livelihoods, pll -l

pf h h mgm .

The characteristics o state ragility that should be the ocus o reorm in postconict interventions

p -b llh mg h f.

Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict



Figure 1.2: distribution oF total global Forest Cover and risK oF beComing Failed state

Share of global forest cover, by the risk of a country becoming a failed state. High risk countries are assumed to have already become failed states.

riskHigh

11%

Medium risk63%

Low risk12%

Stable14%

Source: Author, based on World Bank 2010 and U.S. Fund or Peace 2009.

A caa

th pp mphz h h , h Lb, h dm rpbl cg, cmb,6

m h mphz b hh mh l k (pbl mplg h -

l m mp h mg). a mj bj xm -l

m h ll-k h hl l, hgh h pbl i l

l k . F h p g h m l k

.

F h — lgl, m, ll, phl — mm. thlg mp l g, h hp hghlgh l h f ,

pll f. i l l l h q h —

m m pl ppl b h m h gh kl gz, ll,

h g hh h gh l g b mph h l mb

, pll f. B h hp m hl h p l

pg m g, b h h p m mml g b bh f

pf gm ll mb. th hl mpl h h h m

mp p — l h h h m l h g h. F xmpl,h l gl h ll , l b lbl

k.

chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict



diFFerent types oF state Fragility

th lpm mm’ m mml p state ragility h b h u.K.

dpm il dlpm h oecd dlpm a cmm: lg

m , hh lk llg p, p b phl

z. th mpl h gl xb b h lk h l l

( j mpl h ), g , l p p ,

h ppl’ ll-bg. sh k l l gm

lbl ppl, mg mgm. th pll

mp, h, .

Pda a ad capab ab a

C ag. s gl “h-” — x m, b h

q whether gl b h g h . B pph mg gl p m. F xmpl, h hl

b — pl lgl pl ( m b m x l pp)

m? i m, hh h b p gl? wh mhlg hl

b m h m? rlg h q p m b,

h l g , “y mg h m.”

sa ad ca ag. Fgl h m, hh m l k.

a mph ll p b h p h pp, hh h lk

mg h m p gl: p , pbl b , f-

. n mll xl, h pl g lp lk m

m, ggph , gm . a plll l p lbl

gh h h m h m , pll h ll p.

s p gl h mp l p h m b

f — l, h m pl mhm f p mg. i,

ml mh g h ml f- . B b

pl pl — g — l h - m l h, h hp k h ( h p)9 g p. th l gz

h l m , lg h wl Bk, k php h l gm

p hgh h m pp g .

iaa ad a aa. th mm gl mp. M

h pk gl, h M h Phlpp, Pp i, amzô Bzl,

chp Mx, nxl ghl i. th h p gm

b h m hl h m m b . a h ql

ppl b m ppl h gh m b l l gz, ll.

Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict



F b ll ll, m l — lg h — h k h ll,

lg p h l bl f. th h l ll p

h b ggl l, hgh h mg b lggg

g, mkg h l l , h , bgg

hp p gm. th bj qg -ph l .

Fgl mg ghb p p b, Gml, Mx, h u s;

e, clmb, vzl; h H a; h M r g w a; h G Lk

g cl a; h ch, Mm, thl; agh Pk. B

m p h gl k, h h l, f g, ml,

lb, , mm. i , l k h h m, lg

plz , , p l, h x, pbl gm’ ml

. th -b m gg gl h h -b pph,

l .

sg ag a ad ak ag a. wh h l f h pl l

l? t , hlp gp hm g k gl .

sg gl (llg ) ll pg. th h

g mp m bl lpm;

ll llh; h- bl z; lpm g

; m lgm ( bl). th p: h l

h h p lg pl p hgh pg lhph h p h plz ml k ( kg h

pbl g). sh pg m h l l, gh ml k, g

h h m.

wk gl (pbl ) bl l m ( ll h l),

h xm lk p mpl b gm p. F lmg

l l b l , pll h h h glbl m; m

h pl, b pxm p b; bl xg (h , l p,

, gbl ); h h lg plz ( bh); hgh lbl

xl f.

th may pl p ml ml gp mpg l l

mm x ( ll g, b l mb p h bb, plm l,

). o blh, h k h p b g h llgl

h p, ppl (lb, g, x k), l hl, x m

g lk b lhl. o h m m m h hl l m.

Dp aac. ah mp g h mp k

h lpm , pll h ph f, h h mgh

23chp . Forests, state FraGiLity, and conFLict



ll b m p f. F xmpl, m pf ,

l gm h m h pl b l

p . th h h mphz l- ll

pp pgm h xp mll l llh, l b h lg

. th m xb h h ll p -p b pl h lg, b hl h l l h ll h gh lggg mp

mk hm p.

Cc-acd a

cf b p m gl h bh p ll f. B

f h pl b h g gl b m,

hh p b . cf , k , p l

k, g b ml k mb, l’ h ’ l

, p lg-lg ml phl m. cf gg l

k , h g g bk lp p, l,

g. alhgh ll f q, m glzbl p hgh p

f, h -l mpl hh gm hl b .

(th h h pp.)

wh k f m l ? F lll mp llh, ll

mg, m (h l l). th ll mp

m , pml mb p l. F l mp lmk mb h p ll glbl g, hh gl mz,

h b (l m g ml) b. B h

mlpl mpg , ql h ggl l

, , b. th b p b b l, l bk

, b llz.6

u m, h, l f h h h . th , f

b gh , b h xb b p (lg,

b lm , l f m p gl mb f g). th h h b l f h l b h h

g mp llh. wh h h hp xm l f

h l, g h m “conict” “violence” hgbl.

o , h “p m f” pml l (bh p/

g p f) b h h m q ql l. al

l, h pbl, xmpl p l x b “pf”

ml p gm. P l l h h gz m ll

l, h p h l mm, h l.




th m “pf” m mlg b mpl l, hh,

b, h m llg p gm. M h h ll p

gm bk h , b h bllg g l mp

f m h ll xpl l . e , h m “pf” k

b mk h m q h x — m h l pgm h mp -l mpl.

the linKs between Forests and ConFliCt

Fllg h mg h 1990 h “ ” l h xpl h px p

lpm m -h ,18 Pl cll ak Hf19 g l

b b l k l f. Blg h g, cll

llg l x b b mmg l , p l f, k

g, h p — pl h “lpm .”20

ug l l mp , h, m h l k h g

cll Hf’ b , b, f. B h h h

m m pl, h g l b k l b

GdP hgh-l h l, g, ml.

th xpl mhm h lhp b f l m xm

mh lm b h pl h g. cll Hf p hg l l l lhp, xp h ll-k mh-

b “g g” hph. amg h hg, h “g bl” gm hl h

g pml mll m, ggg h f p mg

hl h m ml h , h h g h h pll

g h g pplg gh mhm p .

i p h l ml, l h h, hl m g m

l g m b h pm m m l mm (pll l

h f), g ll h mp l mg ppl j pp mm. thl m mp lm h l h f hh m , h

h lg blp pph g ll f. th mp g lg

m l x pg f h b b l m . i ,

cll l l xp h hkg g h pf g, pl l l

g p h mm mgm.

th l h lhp mg m l l , k g, f,

p lpm m m l. th m m h m h

p hl gl hgh k f. th, h, h gl

h p h h l m, ggg h h lk m




f m k h h l l .6 i , m h h g

h k b lk p h m p hb

l pm , h h .

i m, h h cll llg — lk a sh w9 h l h

“ ” hl — pk pgm h hkg b h lk mg , m

f, lpm. M h h m h m -

l h pl lm h x h m hh l, m

p g, pll l l mhm.

H d cpa h h aa c?

s, lhgh h h m h lk ll x mg , f, p,

h lk’ character b l glz , f, mgm gm.

ulk l gm h pm h b kpg lk l f lpm, m k h h h l f gl

b p h phl b, mk, bl .

i h l f gl, h h l b h

b h l m?

F mb h l h h m mk hm lkl plg f (bl .).

Php m mp, l ll llh, pll m h l p

(h m lbl bh b f). th mpg b ll llh l lggg l g m f.

tabl e 1. 1. C ha ra Ct er is tiCs oF th re e re so ur Ce s an d th ei r re le vanC e to Co nF li Ct

Oil AlluviAl diAmOnds Timber

Competing Uses No No Y

Shelter No No Y

Footprint Point Point d

Labor Skilled u Skilled/ u

Technology High low low /Medium

Detectable Medium/High low High

Value/weight Hh Hh Low/Medium

Price Volatility vy hh Low/Medium Medium

End Users ucat Discriminating Discriminating

Renewable no no no / Yes (i sustainably managed)

Source: Author.

F p hl p ph g bl, hh m mk h lggg p bl gm g g hm m




g . Lggg p h , pll lg g b, hghl

mlz. F l plg f b h “lbl,” h , xg hm l ll

l kll, h bl. Lbl h b m

g, ml gg, p h m h b p b

.

th p ( ggph ) lggg p mh m h h p

lk l mg, gg pll g mp llh mkg h l,

bg g ml g. whl b h bl

mm, p m h p mm, b h x

m l ll b l h. th lggg p l

g , b mpl b mp h k l g

mm, b l.

tmb l bl, mkg ll m h pbl ml —

— “x” p blk, hh p f. B pxll,

mb b m l pl h mm h g ll, b llgl

lgl mb b l mx, qg l m g h lgl g pm,

xp p.

B m h mk mb l lkl f. i h l l--gh , hh

pl pblm h h m l mggl h m. i h l

ll l h, xmpl, l p ml h “pl” llg plgl m ll l mb. alhgh mb lbl mm bm

b l, l m l , p l ll h l’ (b m h

m’), h blzg mp.

Fh, lhgh mb lg p hllg, mb p bmg

m mg b g lgl, mkg gl m

gh m “g” “b” . a pl k h

, h h F shp cl, ll pgm, h

lgl hgh h ep u’ vl Php agm mb.

Fll, bl b k m g, h h bl mgm q lg-m

plg m. s lhgh bl, h lg-m m,

h lbl lgg h-gh gm h m b mp -p hm.

wha k ab ad cc?

whl m l h l m, m h lk mb, hl mx h b f. th lk l m pl m




g mh ( h f), b l m h

mplx h h f. cl h m , l m

b mlg h b lhp h gz p bl.

sll, m p mg. F, z h (ml) lklh f

l k , lhgh h g l Mm l h . Lk,

plg f lbl (m b l) h

l, b h mll h l p h l Bglh, Mm, Pp

n G, sgl.6

s, lhgh l mg g l g l f, prolonged

f h when there are other lootable resources available (h

ml gm), b h l. Bh l l l h

l m h plg h l , hl “h l bl bl lk f m ‘b’, hh l gm, mb, .”

th l gg h hl l plg f, m

p pplm m, m g p mb g ml .

all, h l p gl h k m h k f

h lbl lbl . i , h hgh l h x

( m, h bl l hm) b pl pblm h

mb m plg l pl m l h . a b,

pl m l pblm mb l, hh bh blk l lbl. B g, p m b b h i, Mm, Bglh.

Fll, l9 ql h h m h x gm

m mp p gl f h h p , h z

, p xp ( h GdP). B h l l pml h

h, l-xpg (“p-”). th pl l h

lhp gl f m l . r h xp: h

i, Ml, Phlpp mb p h g mb p lk q

g g mp p l h mlg h h l

p h .

th mg lk b k f p g gm

g h p gl h g h h m

b p.




meChanisms For Forests to Contribute to ConFliCt

th gg lk b plg f mb m m. wh, h,

h p mhm hgh hh — “f mb” — b f? th

mhm l l f m mb p pm h l;

ggm l p kg b lgg h mpl b lgg; lk b

lggg h m m l.

o , gl p f, h g . r h h p

gl h bl f mb, lg:

opq gl m , p.

u pg gh, bl, mgm p.

s b, llg l gz m l mb h . Lk p (lg h ) llgl lgg ml k.

ugad faca

Fgl g h l p p m mb “x”

bb p h ml, ll lll. ah m mb

p mlz. sh m ll b “bl” l

l h pp g ( h l), b h pph h gl,

p, g.

Lb cmb h b-k xmpl mb g f, b h l .

agh, h l g g h pm, l h mb,

gm, l , m g. th mp bh h tlb

h nh all, pll h h b g, h , p

l “x.” rp gg h h tlb mp p x mb.6

i h sgl’ l cm g, h mll p pg h l 99,

bl mm ml h k h g’ mb p ll h-p m, lg h . i sml h hl h bm h

m mp m h 99, h g xp ghbg

h Gl s s ab. G h l h h -p

, l g gp h l.

i h dm rpbl cg u n pl xp h l h h Kbl

gm h q lggg mp B cg pl h p

: h h gm hlp h .9 Lk, h r P am’ cg k

lk ll lggg p h p h dm rpbl cg, ug h b lk ll kg mm lg mb.




smll h 9, g Mm’ Kh K b hml

pml m mb l ch thl. a - h l 99 h gm k

l h b mb , ppl mb pl pm ch $.

bll m hpm. i l, m, b k l h iq M . M ll,

h r F llg p pl pm k Mg-9 gh j lhlg.

Paag ad c

cf-mb plg h lgl gl l f, b h l f

g h. Hgh-kg l gl — g l pg —

f, h hml, l h p. i, h lggg, b

p h h pg. i h dm rpbl cg m

h hl ll bl l 999–, hl h gm l

mj xp p . th gm-l lggg l p,

lgg bl l xp pbl. B h p pl (“ p”)

m bg gh mll h , hb g bllg, lg

h gm.

i Lb h lm b lggg mp x h h ’

. m. th Lb gm’ F c r p ll h h l hpp h

ll p g pg, mgm:

dg 99 999, m P chl tl k , h h -

ll p hh tl ll hl h h h

l k k. th bj -lg l l lg .

th ‘Mg-c’ pl ll h l h ’ lhp h

gh pll , ml l, m l.6

rp h Lb agll Lggg Mg cp p h h Mhmm

Gp cmp k h b h h h bj, Mhmm

slmé

l hm chl tl.

Pg p l h p gl. a Lb ll, hg pll m

ll p lppg lm . th lk l hp p g

f b ll mm h p ,9 h ll mm h p

. 6 i l lggg mp’ ll ’ m k.

i P, g ( lgg pl mp, g l

xpl g ml l) h lm h kll

l ppl.6




Ca ad a k

a p h g p hm hgh llgll xg g mb

h mm l h -h h kll , , . s h

p , lk ll l bppl, l mplx k h plz

x h p , l m, p ll p (lg p), l m, p hll mp l mk h p. th k, hh p

b pll, h, lg , gz m, p k,

kg h mm, hh l h m p l.6 th g

g l m ll h, hh l h m gz m f

g.

Lggg mp f z l b l. th h b m kg

p ml, lg h ml k.69 B h hgh k

p lg , lgg l ql h (h ll b h bl llg h ) h k p h f

mb, k l ll mm. i m pl, hml

p , bk , lggg mp.

impaCt oF ConFliCt on Forests and Forest livelihoods

cf- l h mp h mgm glbl pbl g h b

b, l -b m, lll mp -b llh.(i l hh h l b bllg g mb f b f-

ppl kg l l llh.) y m f h b

l b hg lggg p, h b b

k mk m ( mb pl k, mg h xmpl).

th q h mp f p, h l ql mx.

all gg, hgh, h h mp gl h f h hg g h

f. th l p m mm hm: h g l hl b

mb; l plm m ; l (b mb l)

l, mb, p h b m h m llh m. th mk

l h mp llb — h g lg xbg

f.

ipac

sagc a. F l, g b, pll h h — ll, lkg

m, mpl llg — f gz mp. F mb, h p

hl blk .




F bl p pll, h mp pl g, h

b h . F mgh b plm, l, lgg, mpl bm hl

mlz, pll lg b g l. th m m xmpl php

vm, h h u.s. op rh H p l m 6 mll , g bh

p, g p x pll pblm h h lg-lg hlh .

sm m h pg ag og l l b kll p ,

h g h lgll mp mg h Mkg dl.

th l m h b p h ’ p m h .

o f clmb b 9 99 h p mpl

g m f pll h m h g rl am F

clmb (Farc), pml, bh. th h b bj h hb pg

ppp pl, hh ll llh. i npl h

cmm Ppl’ Lb am h rl npl am l ml ll g. i s h m d h lbl b ml

mp mm pbl lm.

F, mm bl , l mk g mg p

p. i 99 h r m h – m hgh h bmb g

h vg l h h mbh lg k l. 6 i Mzmbq, h h

B–Mhp p lkg B p Zmbb l g

pp, h k k b renaMo . B p, lgg, gll

p, h ll, bgg h hm h .

l aag a ad dg. c hlmgl h mp b

lk q f l mgm , h

gh, h ll g x mgm .

F mgm h pl p, xmpl, k, p, b,

l b mb bh f h cl a rpbl, h dm rpbl

cg, ehp, Mzmbq, npl, r.9 F pk h f h f

pph, k mm kll, k hg — lg h p. am, mm j ll mm hlp m m p. sm

m npl h h mm-b p m ml g h f,

mgg h mg ll m m ll mll — hgh h

ll llp.

Dpac. th l p f l pl l h

l, l, ml . rg ll pl ppl — h

ml mp g hml — xp l l-hg l p

llh, hl, l k, . s h bl pl h h-ml , h l ll bl p, pll h ml m.




Goma, the capital o North Kivu province in the Democratic Republic o Congo, is near some o the most biodiverse

orests in the world. It was already the province’s largest city when its population swelled rom some 30,000 to

wd. Q h hm ll m bhm g f ,

b h x m (g .). i f, l hg plm h

( b g mp h ) h l h llh,

h mg lk m lg. wll l xp h m lm; b

mg, g, p p; l hb.

a l ph b g f, mb mp m

h p, lg h h h l m l. Bllg, lk l,

l h b g pp — h pl p mk

mb’ hg .

i tz traFFic h m h m p ll-h hl b

h fx m , r g h m-99. r ll hgh-p

m l, b h l m h ml b g h fgh. th xp

hg h mp, — h lbl — p. s h

bhm, hg h , , m. (Hg l p m. a l bhm

mk ppl hl h mp h hg l, pl, hl h mp

bhm ll gh, “gh-m ph.”)

th mp ll g. Bg Gm r, pl lg

ppl ll, lg-mmml ppl h b 6–9 p 99–96, h pk h g fx.6

i pll m h s ( l h dm rpbl cg), ll Gmb

nl Pk, j h b, hl xpl b mb, , mph ll.

Pl mg mp h h h phg m l h hgh h pk, kllg lg

mmml — ll bl l lph. i h l 99 mb m h s Ppl’

Lb am b h s h b hl l. th phg bm pll

h, h h dm rpbl cg’ , pk g m

m m l ll. i b p h ppl lph ll b -hl,bl b -h, hpp b h-q.




Figure 1.3. animal population trends in the burigi game reserve, tanzania 1990- 2000

GiraffeZebraWarthogTopiSable

antelope

ReedbuckImpala

Individuals per square kilometer

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 estimate 1998 estimate 2000 estimate

Source: Jambiya and others 2007 (rom aerial surveys o the Tanzanian Wildlie Conservation Monitoring Unit, MNRT 2005).

Mzmbq’ Gg nl Pk Mm r m l lg-mmml

ppl m mb b lg p. s 99 ( h

h ) h h Gg, h lph ppl l m l m

b , b h f. Fm ppl bl (b ,), hpp (m ,),

lb (b ,) ll p . ol 9 bk m p

,.9 th cl a rpbl l m ll ppl lph (b m 9 p)

h (ll xp m ppl ,).9

al m agh gg h mb h , hg m -

l hg, ml , ll ppl mm h ph m p

h bk x. th mp h m g l h bgh h ghg

ph ll h ll, h h l g b hg llg mb h

ppl m.

s mpl b h u n em Pgmm (uneP) ll ghg gg

h agh’ ppl l, lp, l, x h b l pl.91 M Pl

hp l l. i 2005 mg ppl sb hgh b

j p gl hk: h mg h b p b 2001 u.s. bmbg mpg92

b pll l lg h mg .93 Fl, mm h m,

m m m ab , h h hghl pz h hg

bl. th a l , mm h H Kh, pp h pp mpll. 94

th mb lp, h l’ ml, m h ll 100.

ill, m h l m b bbl pkpg : , guneP, h h bg k Kbl mk, g m g p h p.95




lad z ad c. cf l l gh . alz p

clmb gm m xp pml z l l

h gll pl.96 sm g h - pgm m h l g

p pl m k l l .9

Fh m h h glbl m plm l pk l l z l clmb

b pml, h l a–clmb mm h l h lll

g l ( h ll gz gh). th z l h l

“h ” b h mm h b lg x gl m

l. i h l b h gm b, h m

l b gl lg plm pl, m hh, ll,

lpm b m h u.s. Pl clmb.9

Lk, ml m agh, uneP h m h p h l ph l h b llg m kplg l,

h l b l h z b h. uneP l g h h

h h g l b g l b g ql q,

h bg g ll h xbg xg .

P c . cf l m b p . F xmpl, h

h h lggg b ll mm f h

hm h , p m lggg hg ll. o l gl

m b b h . eqll, bl gm m “x” p m g xpl — h h h “gp

.”99 th, h, fg. i, h h ,

mpl h p m h lkl h x mb hml. smll, h

g mp m l b pl m h ppl m mgl

lgll gl, lggg, l.

a l h h h g h l e, h ml lm

gl lk gzg, h p g gh.

rp gg h b mp ( l mpl) b l-

l -l l ah, Ml, Mzmbq, Mm, npl,6

ng, h mlz z h K pl. th p

p m m h f h , l m qkl l

(hgh h bl hm lg ll).

ah pl p f h , mg gm

hm g h pbl, ’ mp b hl

g . th g m hlp pk p p — hgh mm-bmgm, b p- mgm, (hm,




p, , lpm g).9 F xmpl, h g ah ( m bl

mm) h gg h b-g p g l , hl

mplg h x-mb f- mm mmb .

ipac hdth h “g g” hph h mh h m

l mb h p h f g. w m,

hgh, gg mplx k ll ll , m hm m h h

pp llh m f h h ml m m h b

h llh, h mg, b lg . i h l, h p

m, gh mg “mb,” “h,” “pg” m h

mp llh l h ml hml, b p

q .

F a a . F p l p (p, l, m,

ml), l (b, mplm, g l), b (l

h h l gll l, m , l ll ). th l

m l h h l h m lbl — h l p m.

wh h , h gp l p lg g g l

mp hhp, p lm xm, h h p ’ p h b m

p h b h. a h m, h m m

p hhl.

th lbl h p b f, l h h h

l f g, hl, mg b. B h plm p

l k pl lb . Lg lb hg plm,

m ghg , ll m ghg mk l l llh m

m ml mmbl h q m m. H, h x h

f , m pl llh .

tb ac. Ll llh h mb q ll ppl g “x” p. Fh, “m” (h , h g g l

mm) m h h q hmg h ph h

l g. un b h l mkg f mb h b mp

l Lb, b m h h g q pg llh b g

l m Lb mb ll lggg mplm.

e , h l ml m h mp mb llh Lb

k (g mb ), h m m h “ m b h

, h, g h h , q gg h lbl g p .” i l l m h mp pl b h ml




h pg m. B l h lbl m gg h mp lkl

mll h llh h p.

G h z h mp h Lb g h — g l

h h ’ GdP m h hl h xp h l — hl ll

mb xp l h h m q. i , g Lb

mb xp h lg-l lggg xp pp mpll h

mp h mbg Jl . B mh lggg h l b

p lg g h f. i , g h h Lb xp mb

mll l pl h llh l hhl, h m mp h p m

h b lm.

Fh, p h mp mb xp GdP gm , h h mb

p h h l bg mll l l p. em gm m mb xp ppxml $ mll, mll pp l xp p

$ mll. th gm bg l mml m l pg p b

l . M h m m mb xp b lggg mp P

tl pll.6

i , lhgh m gg h h lggg mp mpl m ,–, k

Lb h l , b h h jb ll b xp k. M h Lb

h b h mp l lb, p $–$ . d h hgh l (m

h mpbl g h ) h lggg b -l bl, m mplm p.

rl mm mgh h b m m ll p m mp mpl

m l h hlh l l pm b h mp. G

h p pg, h, h gl lk gh h , m

mp l l lll pm p mm l. i Lb

9 p l mm h l , , hl, l — h

b mm lggg .9

s, hl h m m mplm lggg mgh h m g l b

m hhl, h ll mp mplm m ll p m h b

lm l llh. a pl m b m l b gh g h q

, g kg , xl xpl m gl lggg .120

i , h m b mgh h b b b h h ll mll lggg

p m h lg-l mb lggg. a l, lg m

h mb p p h m mb mk lg mb h lgg

xp h mll p, bgg m pp m l hhl — hgh ll

pll llg l h pll k lkl b h m b.




nhl, m h h xp h llh h l lbl p ll b

h b g h l f mm,

l m m gll. th h plmk m gh b mml

mb p pg m mb m q

f- l.

i m lgl h lgl phb mm h b

mll mml lggg, l ll, hg . a g h q lk

pll ll g pl l p (m hm m h h

pll pg), l m ppl mll p.

i h l h ’ g g “m ” b mp b b

mg fxbl p, mg h ’ m mp h l p.

postConFliCt pressures on Forests and livelihoods

th f m h h pf . r,

ppl, , l pll m, k mgm, pl ,

- h x-mb h-m bl — ll p h m , lg

ll. a h m m, pf l lggg, jmp- , m

mllhl h hlh , bh l ll llh.

P Pf gll l mbg h h h f l, hh l

h m p . o h f , l x-mb gl mplm,

hl h qk g p bl

m “p .” B h g pll ll p ml m,

h p ml lggg lg pl mllhl gl,

qk hp g mplm . o h l

pll pl h -ppg l pl.

dm mb pf g hgh. Gm ql

g jb qkl, g h m m blg m

g h fx g k. th F agl ogz m h

m pf p-m ah, ll bl hm, 6, b m

( ql), mh ppl b x-mb l llgl lggg.6 i Lb p

h m mb , b m ll, l l

m m , b m. i , pl ppl mb h b h

hm g h bg l k p llh

lg l gl lk, llg mb hl p l.




alhgh qkl f h p

ppl, mg mgm ghg l m, pll ,

lg bh. th g p h l h mpg g g

hg.

wd. th f lm h p ll, b ll gll

mp h q l m. H llg p h h h

Mzmbq (99), pgm -mg hblg bg,

hh mp ll .9 a lhgh g g ll , h

h p pplm h , gg mll mmml b, lg p

l . th mk bhm bm, l b mk lg mj , b

m lk h b l g h .

H llg p h pf llgl lggg ll ml p. a l h pl g h f h l , hh h l h m p

, h h “l mm h p h bl

pl b m .”

Pf p l hm ll h l m m “p ” l, pp

lm g x-mb ( bh). i r -h h gl akg

nl Pk m m p lm g h lk. th l

h l ll x m p gl, lg h lp h l. i

h r h Gh F r gz p l g g. i l xpl pl b b h.

spca. ah p m m h p lkl b pf

m — ql pl mp lkg hgh llg

hgh k. a m, m pl l p ( m h h

p lg) h ll h gh hgh p. sm m k pl

pl pbl hl glg ml m mgm pbl, ll

blg ll mm.

elit concssions. Gm g h pp m pll m l l

bl g gl , bg hm h h , php hgh

, - gl, lx m (ll, h pg ml ).

a , m f m bg p pg , b h m l

g p pll l pg xpl m pl. i, h

pp p xplg l mb mm gh bg g p

-, Mm.




i cmb p l m-99 l p-hg gm gm

p m lggg p, g p , pll 99 (bx .). 6

il p h l ml mm lggg mb xp m 99

996, hgh m lx, h b p h p.

box 1.2. war and postwar impaCts on Forest livelihoods in Cambodia

Forests in Cambodia, as in many developing countries, are essential to rural livelihoods. A source o

nutrition, they help diversiy seasonal subsistence strategies in oering insurance against the risks o

rain-ed agriculture and in generating income rom orest products. Since the late 1980s, however, various

political elites have cooperated in destroying much o the country’s orests.

In the late 1980s the country’s orest cover was more than 60 percent, but as the Khmer Rouge gained

control o orested territory near the Thai border, timber became an easily looted asset to und conict

and enrich commanders, and was widely logged with the help o the Thai military and authorities. In the

early 1990s, with political instability that ollowed the Paris Peace Agreement, members o the Cambodian

military orces, government, and political parties made deals with international logging companies to

secure fnancial resources to sustain their positions and institutions, and to build broader networks o

power and inuence. With the power sharing that resulted rom elections in the mid-1990s, orests were

used as bargaining chips, with opposition political groups agreeing to share access to logging revenue. All

these elements drove the pace o destructive logging.

Widespread corruption meant that ew proceeds rom this large harvest became government revenue.

Ofcially, the government received some $120 million rom 1989 to 1999 on timber exports valued at $2.4billion (or 5 percent o the total).

For their part, international donors, heavily involved in rebuilding Cambodia ater the Paris Peace

Agreement, avored an agenda o sustainable development and environmental protection, but proved

incapable o bringing the rule o law. As the 2006 World Bank Inspection Panel on Cambodia put it :

The Panel fnds that in the Project’s ocus on concessions, other aspects that were

important to the [World] Bank program in Cambodia and the Government were largely

ignored or at least marginalized throughout the planning phase o the Project. In this

regard, the Panel fnds that the Project did not give adequate attention to the vitalinterests o local communities and indigenous peoples in orest resources, and to the

contested nature o the orest domain.

Communities were not consulted nor paid adequate compensation, the Panel ound. They also saw their

resource base destroyed and with it, livelihood options. This was especially evident in the loss o resin

trees used in the production o torches, paints, and varnishes, and in medicine. Many resin tappers

earned monthly incomes o $36–$50 rom selling resin or 10 months o the year and during rational

management o the sector. Again, the Inspection Panel reported:

(continued)




In one village, amilies who claimed 500 to 700 resin trees were reportedly let with just

50 trees within three years. Apart rom impact on livelihood options, longer-term damage

to the orest ecology and thus or agricultural productivity has resulted in erosion,

reduced water tables in the uplands and increased ooding in the lowlands.

The continued use during peacetime o orests or patronage and personal enrichment has produced little

appetite or orest reorm among the political elite in postconict Cambodia. Although the government

undertook a concession review with Asian Development Bank unding in 1999, when remaining operators

ailed to provide management plans within one year as required and their concessions were not terminated,

it was clear that reorm was unlikely. This ailure to reorm orest governance institutions ensured the

continued destruction o both orests and orest livelihoods.

Source: World Bank Investigation Panel 2006; Global Witness 2002; Le Billon 2002.

i h dm rpbl cg, llg mm h un Pl exp p, h

s c p-hg gm ll ll ll g h f. a

l h , l h h mpl ll. th l

l . mll h mpl , pl mm h ll

. nhl, h mm, h gm ll g

. mll h, gg h h l .

Dcaza ad ca gh. M pl, pf m h mmlz h h (ah) h lgll gz m gh

(Lb, Mzmbq, npl). th m l m

h ll b ll mm, ll mk g m bl.

i, h g ll m l m p gm, lg h

s ah, ll h M ilm Lb F g h h gm

h Phlpp.

rgl m lz h h m g m gh.

a rb llg p i, ng, ug, lh, lz

k p h h ll gm g, hh hl lml

bl h l gm.9 i m ( b ) h gh h

h pph h pl h l h. rg m gh, ,

l ll h .

wh l gh, lgll gz m gh h h pl

bg -p b ll l. i m , ll mg , , q pg lgl

hh k gh ll gh , m b m mp b ghgm f . i Lb, xmpl, h l p cmm rgh




L p mk g mm l b h

hg b m mgm b mg h blhm ll mm ( hh

ll plm p) mm . c h , h,

h p gh k. cmm mm l bl l-

gm (lb h m lm) h kg mp m pl . th mxg pl mgm b hghl

pg, l h l bl mhm, p mgm

gh — h g “mzg” — m b h lg-m

h ll ppl, l l m llz p .

i h, l ll bl, p mgm gh

mhm — h bll “mz” — m b h lg-m

h ll ppl, m l m llz p .

sh- ad- g- . s hgh p h gl m

h ll p gm, lg hgh mplm h lk m g. th

p h mk -, llg x-mb’ llgl x m

h-m bl. th - m, h, h ll mm , ll,

xb h , b mg h lg-m gl p m l m.

i m f h lbl l pl l l, l h x

h p mp l ml p

mgm l pl, b l . y h qbl gl l , h h g g f g, p h

l g p g plg x-mb pm mplm. t h g h

l , h bgg hp gh l m (

agl, Lb, s L). Fh, h g m mb blh , h

-l mp h mm, mblz, g

h l b h bj l p plg.

th l l pf m l p h h l

mgm lbl . th l l h lbl p, p

mm , p mplm, l g l llh

gh. th m b pl h ml xp g g m, l k,

l l m g, hgh m

. wh h , h l ll m x b x-mb

p gm p, hh g h llh f- ll mm,

f p l p, lg ll, m mb.

i ng h gm z m h l 99, pg h l k, h j h ghl , g h h l h m. M h




addressing Fragility in ConFliCt-aFFeCted Forestry seCtors

th h gl h l plg l f, h b, l

pq l f, pg, p php h ml k,

pbl , bl mpl b lggg mp, gl b

h l l, lk bl l h ll mm.

i , mph b gm h p l ml h

ml m h k h p p p

, pll h h ml h h l p. i h, gm hl

k -pg pph h pp bh bl qbl mm m

lg p.

B pacc gacth mm, lkg mp g pbl, hl k gl

f- .

Clear tenure, based on law. th l p h lgl p

ll, l m q lgl g m m’ l gh,

plz l mhm m f.

Participation, especially o orest-dependent communities, in orest management decisionmaking. th

q pp mpm mm- mgm , ll p

blg p g l .

Anticorruption. th gl p ll, lg mp

bg pg. i l q b pg p

mhm, lg mb h-- -kg m.

Penalties and unctional enorcement o orest and fnance regulations.

Cooperative regional approaches mgm, -p gl,

m.

th m m gl h g , q pf . i, h h b l pl l pll

mgm, pll g h m F L em, G, t

mgg b rg em m d F dg (redd). a -ph

h l h h b h p h hp. H, h pf

m bg q p pp l h m h hl b ll

b m. th hp g — h h plg mpl h h — m fxbl

l hh pgm m g h bl mmm m.

s ll mp hp h l mplm.




tgg h m f- ppl m l g h pl k

mlzg ml l h , h mll lggg hl p, hh

m f- ppl p . r bm m b l pl m m

ll , gl hg. sh m, h, k

ppl-h ; h b m h (lg g mp); h l mlm; h lm mk; h bl h mgm plg gh

h h m m p mll p. a h mlzg hl b

mp b p blg, p pgm, g l- (ll

b q mk h).

sm gm, lg h Gh Lb, h mk h mb

pl , b m mb x l ll

mm, mg ml mg lggg , mgm .

oh h h m h l g (ch Gh) m (s L).F p lg-m mgm h hlp h m hz h

m h p pl m q bl, ll g q .

th k lm l h pg xp, p bl ,

bl p, g ll pp, ml bl.6

B h h mkg m pq bl gl bg p,

mk h p h l lkl (h g pll ll)

b ? th pll pblm h h bm m gl, i’

r F. a p mm b h wl Bk h h l m

$ bll m 99 99, ml hgh b - l ll- mp.

ol mll m ll .

e Gh — pf g hg ll g p — h F

Pl dlpm F h pblm. i blh p g

b gg p pbl g bm m l g p mgg

pl. B b hgh l ppl p b h

gm l, l b p pj b, m hm h lhm, b l.

uca ad

Ppl plm h lg g l pg m l

p. t lkl b m mpl f h pl q

h p h l. th p hghl hg b h g ll gl

llh ll m j. th ql l, pll

h p h m m h h p. t mpl m,

ppl p, pl l g g f l-hp .




h p h g h . Mmm hg ll

b m l bl h hgh p blg h l , mm

, mhm pbl pp p. B xpg h l mp

gh h m mp q g hlbl p, lg

pp m l plm p, un m, , l m.

s p mgm gh mpbl h g ml, ,

p pg. y uneP xp pf h “mg,

ll, pg, m hg hml l .”6 th b m l

fgh, m, k lg, m h mk

l mg mpbl, g h , ll m h gl p

l lbg p p b h f.

impg p ll pg m hl b l pll mgm p f g. o l p mplmg

h-- m mb mb . tmb , pll

mgg m f p b k m, hz b g b

mp xpg hgh m h hgh-k m. c g p mp

p ll hg l qm ml mgm

mm pm. th mp p b mpl lk p bl

gg x — hmg h h h-- p mhm

g m.

a h-- m ll h bl p m h g h

h p l / xp h lgl. th h’ h h l xp

pm p g mg x pm ll pm b

g xp pm. cpl h - pg m ml h ex i

tp i, h-- pbl- pg l l mbg

llgll lg l mmgm, ll blg pbl gh. th m

h gh bl ll, hb p ml h g

lk l h l l f. alhgh h ex i tpi g p p m h l, g, mg , h

ppl h l h ml hm. i, Lb h l

ll, l pl ml .6

a f, gm hl b l mg h xp h p

h b h . th p h l m, b h h l

mg m h gm h h ll b b l. el p h--

-p mhm m g h mg; h

l h mp ll m. i h gm kh p ppl m, m mmm m, p, gh,




bl, ml f . B m b l h h g

h pp p phm. i hl h blh h

b g mp l l p h pl.6

alhgh g h m pl m l p m f,

p l . cl g p h bg

. th l, xmpl, b h h bl llg h k p h f

h ml bh, h h x.6 F mp g hl

b phb m mplg h g ml llg. vg lkl g

m l, hl l p gh mhm, h mbm m

p bl mg h pbl ll gm g (pll h

m , hh l b m b x ll) bl mmm .

i “g” hl l b xpl. F xmpl, h-- m k llmb m mp l, gg ll mb m h lgl ppl h, hb g

lgl p g llgl p h p p. Mk hl

b mp b h m p b l mk qm

lgl, pll h u s h L a h ep u vl

Php agm, qg lgl mp. sh qm h b

pl m mpg bg ( hb mk h) m .

Cc- c

a mph ghg l m mgm — hgh g p

g gh — mp h l mg h h g mp h . a h m

m, m hl h f- . th , g gl hl

j b k ll gl h h l, b ppl l

h l h, h h h h b h m h m pbl —

h hlg h h.

Mlpl , lg ah, clmb, ehp, h h gzg ll mm gh

hl mpg hm m p . a ,gm p hl l mlzg m p h ml

, h g lg-m bl. wh mlz bl, l llh

pgm l mg f- ppl llgl .

opp cpa

a mb m m f hgh p f, . th

pll hgh m . B llg pl fgh

h f h pg hgh k m, h lk mplm pp,

pl m h f- mm x-mb lk jb. Fml m

b lbl b xpl l m. th p pl h l-




x h mp m q mgm g — mll

plll b h-gh p.

d xp hl k g h g m g gm

gml (h h Hm im c) mg

gm g h mp m h . i ,

l kg gp, bgg gh khl, mgh b l

mhm mmg pl’ p xp. i pbl

pp :

Mg mgg ml mp pl ppl h , b h

u n Hgh cmm rg.

th u n dpm Pkpg op “ g ddr” hp mg

x-mb lm x p pl h x-mb

g pgm h u n dlpm Pgmm.

w-g pj.

explg bl qbl pbl mlzg h ml lggg

.

L- m l mhm g l f.

cp pll mp b g b h lbl -b

mm, lb, pl ppl, pl, p — ll ll ppl. a glpph h l, g p mmg mblz, mb

gm, l m, p pk.

P pk mp mgm hgh -b p hl g jb

blg pk mg (bx .). th l p bl “mpm”

mpg l lm, h h h c-Kk lg h p b

b e P. M, mk ml , pll b, gl

gg m l p . Gm hl hgh p

pk, m g jb .66




box 1.3. regional management For Conservation and Control oF Commodity tradein rwanda

Rwanda is one o the most densely populated countries in Arica, making huge demands on natural

resources damaged by waves o national and international conict in the mid-1990s. The new government

and aected communities needed revenue to recover.

In the late 1990s the government starting reorming the National Parks Management Authority and

developing high-value mountain gorilla tourism. Today tourists pay $500 or a visitor’s permit, as well

as a similar daily amount on luxury accommodation, meals, and transport. Some o these unds go to

managing the park and developing local communities.

Given that the gorilla population spans the borders o the Democratic Republic o Congo and Uganda,

the three countries in 2005 signed a cooperative management agreement or joint patrols, inormation

exchange, and revenue sharing. The agreement represents an important step in transboundary

management and demonstrates that environmental cooperation can be a useul mechanism or confdence

and constituency building.

Rwanda, however, also provides an important lesson on the need or regional and cross-sectoral

coordination in controlling the commodity trade. Ater widespread deorestation, in 2006 the government

banned all charcoal production. Although the policy was ully implemented in that country, charcoal

production simply moved to its neighbor, the Democratic Republic o Congo. This created a shadow

economy o illegal charcoal smuggled into Rwanda, urther increasing extractive pressures on Virunga

National Park and damaging the gorilla habitat that generates tourism revenue or local communities in

Rwanda.

Source: Ali 2007.

lack capac ack pca ?

a g hllg pf gm h lk p, h fgh xp

l pl g h , b lk p. exp h

h l b p ll lkg, lg l p-blg

m.6 og hl b mp b g mhp, pl g h

bk gm, h blg q gh mhm.

H, llg h b h pbl (k gl ) h h

llg (g gl ) pm , l l h hl mk

lk pll ll lk p. t mpl pf , h m

h l pl ll p p, h ll mll. d hl lz h

l , h m “ pp” lkl b mplm

f b hm.




ConClusions and Future researCh needs

th bm “f ” h h l h l m, lg h

l g f g g . alhgh l ll

ll , l h h bl h m h pbl g

l, xb m l hgh f g, h lg pg, h

bl bh lggg mp h .

th mp f . F m b m h hl x

. B h l m f- xpl m mb,

l, p lk.

F h ll, ll g f, mp l fg f

h h llh h b p b l. th l h mgm l

m hml b f.

alhgh xp mx mp g f, h m h ll h f

, h lk -l b h mgm

l m mp. sll, h m, lgl, ll mp

mk hm l g p m pblg. th pf p plll

, pl p g g. Gm hlp l hm b

blg mmm b hg hgh g pbl pp

g p.

tp g ( f h p) ml,

l mpl m l b . F pgm hl h h

llh f- ppl g b l h

pll pg p.

Fgl h mplx -gg , hh p mlpl . sh

x q b g pp m g.

cp l mp h m , l hlp bl gm g’ hp h m g h .

a l pf p m mk b kg g pp

h hlmg h m g. d hl b pp mmm — php

— h h-m - lg m, m l, gl h ll

hlp p bh llh.

th l h hp l l gp h hl b b k. Fl

m f h h mp ll llh g f, gm (h mb , mm ,




reFerenCesahk, J.r., B. ahk. . “Pll cf

mm F: ug h imp h d Lg am cf eml Llh s rl npl.” Pp

p h caPr wkhp clla, Pp rgh, cf nlr Mgm. J –Jl , . smrp, cmb.

al, slm. . Peace parks. B, Ma: Mhi thlg.

alz, M. d. . “F h m l:c mpl h clmb .”

Journal o Sustainable Forestry 6 (/): 9–.

ah, wllm. 999. Why governments wasteresources: policy ailures in developing countries. Blm, Md: Jh Hpk u.

ah, wllm. . “th K c.” The

Irrawaddy (), apl .

a, rh M. 99. Sustaining Development in

Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis.

L: rlg.

Bj, Jh. 9. “th tbl agh-PkB.” cl Fg rl. Mh .albl ..g/pbl/9/bl_ghpk_b.hml

Bll, K, Hk nzhk. . “BG G: Pl L m s h Pll em am cf.” iPa Plrp. il P am, n yk.

B, i., P. cll, . . Natural Resources

and Violent Conict: Options and Actions.whg, dc: wl Bk.

B, c., a. dm, H. Pm, H. Km.. “Fl g i’r F g h sh p-sh p, 99–9: pll ml l redd+.” Bg: ciFor (c il F rh).

Bgg, d. . “Mgg bl lp:c, p h l p h u mh F vm.” Environmental History (): –6.

B, a., H. tj-Qz. 996. “emlmp h r g Z.” Ambio (6):–.

Blk, Hgh, ah Lbb, eml M. 9.“a al ch Lggg (P-sg) h nl F Lb: t a Msbl P.” M: Fdlpm ah.

Blm, a., J. ym. . “th H amcf imp B h cla rpbl.” whg, dc: Bspp Pgm.

Blll, ah G. . “spg s: o th B

o ipg F i th exi tp i, wh spr t Lb.” M: Leiti (Lbex i tp i).

———. . “th Fl Fl h Fl w.” wkgPp (J). whg, dc: ProFor.

Bm, Pl. 6. “ag F c chg e: Hl pp.” Mountain Research

and Development 6 (): –.

Blg, eml. . “cllg p p-f .” K i olPp n. 6. n dm, in: K i il P s, u ndm. albl hp://k../pbl/pbl.hml

B, s. 6. “Gh Fm’ Lkmr: eml g, hmb p mbg lgl.” Colloque

international “Les rontières de la question

oncière — At the rontier o land issues.” Mpll.

B, Mal, Jph Zl. 99. Cambodia

Conounds the Peacemakers. ih, ny: cllu P.

Bhl, c.n., e. H. Bl. . “Lkgnl r sl Gh M cf.”Science (6): 66–.

Bkghm, wllm a. J. 9. Operation Ranch Hand:

The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia 1961-

1971. whg, dc: o a F H,

u s a F.




———. . “F l m lllh.” International Forestry Review ():99–.

Kmz, d., a. F. . “c m: am mm

ng’ B bph.” i War and Tropical Forests: Conservation

in Areas o Armed Conict , . s.v. P: –. nyk: Hh.

———. . “o am cf B sb-sh a: imp, Mhm, rp.” whg, dc: B sppPgm.

Kl, t L. 99. The Paradox o Plenty: Oil Booms

and Petro-states. Bkl, ca: u

cl P.

K, d. 99. The Economic Functions o Violence in

Civil Wars. alph Pp . L: rlg.Km, K.c. 99. “Pg B K’dmlz Z.” Science (6): –.

L, M. . “Mgh Jl: t Fl hM’ Gll, sml sml.” New York Times, Jl .

L Bll, P. . “th Pll elg t

cmb 99-999: w, P Fexpl.” Development and Change ():–.

———. . “th Pll elg w: nlr am cf,” Political Geography (), , 6-.———. . “Lggg M w: th Pl F expl cmb.” Critical Asian Studies (): 6–6.

L Bll, P. s. spg. . “B wa P: vl amm h

cmb Lggg s” i Extreme Conict andTropical Forests, . wl d Jg, d d, K-h ab:–6. dh, h nhl:spg.

L, B. 999. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency

since 1948. chg M, thl: slkm.

Mh, H. 9. “th P Pblm em dlpm r s: h c i.” i Studies o Economic History o the Middle

East , . M.a. ck. L: ox u P.

M, Mhl, sh Pll. . “P gg, zg, gzm

(Paddd) mpl.”Conservation Letters (ob 9): –.

M, J.F., s. Zj. 9. User’s Guide on Measuring

Fragility. B, Gm ol: Gmdlpm i undP ol G

c.MGg, Jll. . “B ‘mg’ us bmbg.”

BBc n, dmb 9. albl hp://.bb..k//h/h_/96.m

Mnl, J a. . “ag exmcf thgh P Pk.” i Extreme Conict

and Tropical Forests, . wl d Jg, dd K-h ab:9–. dh, hnhl: spg. pp9-.

Mnrt (M nl r tm).. “Bg, Bhml Km Gm rMgm Pl, Kg rg.” Kg/KgmGm r rhbl Pj. wlld, M nl r tm,u rpbl tz.

nkm, G. “dl g h vmw” i Extreme Conict and Tropical Forests, .wl Jg, d d, K ih-ab:9–. dh, h nhl: spg.

nhm, B. 99. “c b f ng.” Natural History 99: –.

oecd dac (og em c-p dlpm, dlpm a cmm).. “Ppl G il eggm Fgl s.” oecd-dac d Pp. dcd()/r, apl .

o, G H., e. w. P. 9. “elgle h w vm.” Science 6 (9):6.

P, Gh. 9. Seeds o Terror . n yk: thmd Bk.

Ph, thm, M Ll, a Lrhè. 9. “th pp hllg mplmg mb h-- m p-f Lb.” Xiii wlF cg, B a, ag, –ob.

Plmp, a J., Mhl Mz, am v.

. The Impact o Civil War on the Conservationo Protected Areas in Rwanda. whg, dc:B spp Pgm.




thgh g ll p bm l l. r h mh bhm mggl hghP p h k (chb h ).

sm h h hgh-l m h h , ggg h gm xgh (Hmph , s Bh l m; shm mb Mm).

6 r h . s l sm ,h p gm h m h “ p gm h b llmplm h h lbl, lmkbl mm h gm mb.” F p Mm, L 999

smh 999; h dm rpbl cg, hp h un s cl ; cmb,L Bll B Zl 99; Lb,Blll ; cm, sgl, e .

r 6, p. 6. s l F . r h .9 Hmph . F xmpl, Mh 9, Kl 99, r 999,

F , s Bh . r 999, . tmb h h b h bk,

l, m f. Blll ; Fh . s Blll m Lb

lh. rb 9; yz 9;6 P 9; Gh P, p. mm.. Mh ,

. e . L .9 un s cl .

thm K . shm . Glbl w . ah r ; Blll . r ; Blll .6 Gm Lb , p. . a h Mhmm Gp cmp

l b tl. H llg h l m kg (Blll ).

Gm Lb .9 s, xmpl, Hll , wl h

, d Kg h .

6 s, xmpl, Blll .6 slz 9.6 Pé, Gml clmb (Fh ); Lb

(Fh ; Blll ; Hll — hh pp h lm); cmb(Blll ; wl Bk ip Pl 6;Glbl w 99, , ); h dmrpbl cg (Blll ); Mm agh (Blll ); cm, sgl(e ).

6 il c Gp .6 un s cl 9.6 Bj 9.66 shm . s l wl , il

c Gp .6 il dplm Mg c h

ng rg c 9; il cGp b.

6 Fh .69 Lb (Fh ; Blll ); h Pé,

Gml (Fh ); clmb (Fh ); agh (Blll ).

Lb (Blll ); clmb (Fh ); h Pé, Gml (Fh ).

Bkghm 9. s l Bgg , nkm.

o P 9; wg 9. alz . ahk ahk . uneP .6 Klp . H h . shmbgh h ; c wll

9; H h 9.9 Plmp h . Plmp h ; H h . ahk ahk .

ahk ahk . unHcr . Hg h bh ll hmm

hg m m, hh llbl b h h mp l mmb ll l. B tj-Qz (9) p h “cl mllppl p h b mp vg [nl Pk]. th Mgg mplg m , l h m mm.”

Jmb h .6 Jmb h .




transnational Crime, soCialnetworKs, and Forests: u c fc cfc cfc c Douglas Farah*

th hp h l gz m mm kg lg m f

pg l p l h p pf . i b lkg

h h m h h f pf l.

a pg hl mk — p g f, h l l h

mlz l ml b , h l — xm

h l k q h mm h. sh k l ll “ll x,” pplg h ml m h h

mk l k x ll h mm. th ll x l “p

x” ppl p ml, ll hm l “h l”

h m p mm, l m, b h l l m

.

i h h h g h l gz m k kg

mm, pll mb, mg m gh —

b — h l l l. i Lb g b mlz l h mglz,

-h l , hl h mb-h Pé g h Gml,

clmb, ml m h p bl ml b

l.

Hg p m h mplx h p mm f, h hp

l h b lk h mm g h f. i l p m

l gm glbl b.

theoretiCal FrameworK

th p mm h l l l mb m. a m mplx p

pg hm q pl p h l plm (h p

pg ), b h hgh mk m h p h m h mlz l.

th b h p p h p h z l

l g h f xm.

* c m: il am sg c, nh u s., s , alx, va; g@glh

67chp . transnationaL criMe, sociaL networKs, and Forests

2



h m h qkl bm h m m, l

h lhp h g.

cbl b m h lhp b “lbl” mm — h h hgh

l b h l m b x — h m g. th g

g b mg h m b l k h h g.

Bll nzhk mg h g h hl lg (g) h pm m

m g, lbl mk h “l lg, h l m

m l l hgh plm m.” th l g h “cmb gp h p

lbl h mpg pp b m p l gm, hl h

h gh l lz ll .” th gm l p

mk pf l mh m l b h h mm l h

gm .

Pl cll h mg m h “g-b” p l f (m

b l p g g h gm) h “bl hph,” hh cll

llg m p “h bll bl, ll .” 6 wh gll g h h

lbl mm x lg h lk p p ll l pll l

g, f lkl. a Jh w h l :

ill xpl [b h ] ’ l

mm j xpg l g. sh

pll l bh l lgm p. th mplx q h h hgh l ’ l l h mpl q h h h

p x h l p. th p g l ,

p hm, p hm h p h l b, bm h

mj pl qm h kg xpl hm. th l b h

ppl bj h ppg.

a h p m p h ll h l mk, pml m h m s

bl, m m mll gp p gh h l pl — l h

ll — m “ pl” lh m k mm. o k , ll

h h p p, h mm bm h g mhm h

f xp.

a cll llg h , “nl h k bll b h

bl . th m bh l m bll mk bll h

m b h m bl. th l h gm m h

x z h l p gm h bl, hb g h

g g.”9




w h h lbl mm x f “h m p l-kg,

[] l-l ll gll m h bl gz m b l-

kg.” B g p h h mm, h g, l-l

l p mb. th b h h m gp.

d mm m lbl h h. alll m, mh h h h,

php h l b h l x, h hgh l h mm, h

pg h . tmb l lbl, b blk q lg m

qpm, , k, p l, h . i b m l k,

m l g h “lgl” l mk h m h mm.

i mp p l l mpl h h p

l “p pll g.” th p h l bl pm h

p h ppl p b . i h p g,b p, mp, p ( ll h), p bl g

h p lgm.

th pm p p b lll l h mph lpm g

h bk h gl m l, p, xl — h, h mk h f not

bl b mmzg h l, m, pll g bl lgmzg

m pg. a h m m, h m mxmz h gl b m h mm.

th p blk b h “ml ,” b bl, g h mg l

blg g gm p m p p.

o pl mp blhg h p g j ( mp); pbl

bl ( mk p l l); lgm l m ( blh h bl

p z h gh, ll h p f

pl f); b l (h pm hlh );

m pp (, l, mk, h mk) p bl

xp h ’ l mp.

importanCe oF soCial networKs in the Commodity–organized CrimeChain

whh h -ml m gp, h pm gl l

h “h p” mm h bg bl m g. th m b

g pl g, b l l qg p, mm, h ml

x l l p m h p p h m hh

p — bh. th m h h m l , k g

where h p f lkl bk how h lkl b .




mk g h h gm ( ) q h h l

m gm ( ) hl p p g. th g l l h

h p, h p l g h gg f ggph l.13

cml l h gp p h h l l h k h h k

hllg h p. th k m p plll mp p

mm h xl l h gm.14 i Lb m h m pl

bm m h l gm k sml d, p h gm’ x m h

l pll l.15 Fm d, h mg h tl gm l h h gg

b h m pl h p–l . tl kp h bm’ ll l, h

l -b l, h l h hg gm l b h .

th mbl h l k h h pf xp l

m. Pf gm ql h ll g xp lm h h klg xp p h h hlp h k, mpl l hm h

gz hm. th u.s.-l p H 99 P J-B a

p l xmpl. th pg lm xll h h ml k

h a’ l b h h h l h h u s . wh h

gm hmg b h p h l k, h pm m m

mlz.6

B ll l l. i, h — bm — p mplx b

lhp h h bh bk ( h m ) ( h l mk). whlll l mk hml pbl h gm k h hg p ll

h g g f, h lk h xp ppl h h p ll h h

m plz q. th pll ph qpm, h

p m, p mm.

s, xmpl, hl ll h k m k h l l

h g h l ll ml, h m m k h q hpm aK-

l f. th h p h f m h l mk h p bkg

mbg mg hgh h “g mk” m bz ll h p b k

h l h ll l pll .

i h h h mll gp p x (g .) h p m mg

h gp hm p. th l — hgh ml , l mll

h p, pl hm, mb h b — h m l

h g ppl m h l. i h Lb, m h l

b . whl h mll gp k h ll p bk h

mk l mk, h m hml h h plz mk p, hlp, h ppk bkg l mk l hpp.




Figure 2.2. nonstate armed aCtors

Transnationalcriminal

organizations

Insurgencies

Terrorist groups

Militias

Transnationalcriminal

organizations

Insurgencies

Terrorist groups

Militias

eh gp h pl

h. t gp —

glbl, gl, l,

bl — m ( l

mll) b lg, pl,

h g. th l

mml m kg m

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th l h h m

lg pll p h

gbl.

tl ml gz

p p l . whl

f h h , h l k mb hml h k . th

l, b h m ph gp l bl f.

Ml b llz m gp h l “blk hl” “l” , hgh h

m l b. th p m h — h kg

h — p b h lg gp, p m .

ig ( p mm) k k h mll . th h mll pll bj h ml g l bl , b m h

p m .

th m l bl h g, h gp llg l g

. F xmpl, gm g clmb (h Fz am rl

clmb rl am F clmb — Farc) P (Mm rl

túp am túp am rl Mm — Mrta) p-gm ml clmb

(a u clmb u sl d F clmb — auc) l g

gp b h u s h gm, gg p h l

ml . th hb hg qkl h p h l h

mm h mlz lg lgl gp.

a , h ll mm h m mplx, m mg h p l

mk lg pm; h p pm q h mm, m h

p h g h ll m ; h l h l g

k .




Mh h p h f m h u s hgh Mx clmb f

m Mx e. B mpl h b l m, e ,

h m, h l’ k l b h Fl a

tk F. th h m mg h k h dm Ppl’ rpbl K,

h ilm rpbl i, ehp, agl.6

Charles taylor: timber, diamonds, and weapons

a bl, chl tl g l Lb lg h ’ b

mm h g, h nPFL, g h Lb (99–99). a h bm

p 99, mgg mkbl -x m, h

m mm l bb xhg ll h g

bq g g h l (99–).

Fm dmb 99 99 tl g bl g h Lb gm

h l. i 99 h hlp blh h ruF, bl gp px m ghbg

s L. Fm h h lgl p h hgh l h g’

l l , lg mb, m, , bb, hgh h m

m mb m.

tl l l llgll xg llg mm h m ,

l l m g “G Lb,” h mpg hbx ghbg G h m l ghbg s L (mp .).

wh lhg h g, tl ll m h l m g Lb

kg mll ll b p p h p. i 996 h u.s. gm m

h m 99 99 tl h “p $ mll pg hgh h h,” lgl hgh

llg mb h mm.9

th hlp w a’ m pp l h h

mll pl. Lb’ g m p hk b m h p m 9 — llg p p m $6 $ — mplm p. Hlh

l l lm ll h l . M

h m l — lg mp l p h l h m pml

mm — xp l m h llh pp. a g

mz g ppl, m mb hl, h b l lgl mpl,

blz b mplbl h g lg phlgl hlp, hh l

lbl.




hh h h , m hh m hgh p h m n

yk bk ep l .

th m hpl h h l gm bg, hh, g tl’ p,

f b $ mll $ mll . a m h , h, h gm mb

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tl , , p b llg h rb cp h ll h “p-

m ,” mg h:

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.

o h xbg m, tl l ll m $ mll h m m

mb, m -h l mb .

th mb m m Lb’ l mb , b b Glbl w

. ag Glbl w g, m mb g m b $ mll

h l tl’ p $ mll . th m g g h gh

h h ol tmb cp (otc).

o h mb bm h m h h ml m h b

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mp m ghbg s L .6 tl ll h ruF s L,

hh m hgh h k, gg hm g p.

sca k h cd adth x l, ml, pll k h tl blh b g h m

p mp. H k qg p g m h Blk cl am,

m Blg h ilm rpbl i. H l l , ll x, l

l, b, p ph l am, Blg, dh, il, Lb,

Lb, r, sgl, sh a z. H h l ml k

gl h plg h g h p h ll l f h g.

sl l h lppg l ll . th l ll x G

Kh B u, p x sj rph, h l vk B LM, pg lg h l h ml l b. all h b m b h Lb th




mp, mm b nPFL mm m h mmb hg

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h b h m, h l bj m, hh hg bm m

x m. th lgl .

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m h p h .

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h pp g otc mk pbl mp, k

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, h h l h l k m i l h m. H

l mpl k pm.

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l x lhp. th gl gm bg h l k

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m’ — l .

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h p--mm ppl. whl h th rl cmm m

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pp h l h l ( g ).

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a.9

rph h k h l p ml mp mg h dm rpbl

cg, m h l h ’ m r-bk ml




. db “m bk” m un p, rph h l h K

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s L, hh hm gh h ruF b h . ex

om, m p lgl h, m pl p m sh a Zmbb,p h hg hml m xhg x l

h m mb.

rph, b h m, m tl h m-99 Bk F, b tl p. H

m ql M m 999, g Kh’ Hl a, h tl

h h m plg g. rgzg h lbl h ( l b), tl

rph plm pp 999 h m sm M. n. H l g hm h l dp

cmm Mm a, pg hm mll h h B u, h h

mm. u il–Lb h h k ll h h d gm b llp m h ll tl. (H l m h klg h h l Lb hppg

g g, h Lb il shppg cp rg, Liscr).

Hq v, vg h u s, Liscr, m g b u.s. l,

. i p $ mll–$ mll h tl gm, m Liscr

l ph mb hlp tl. o J , , h q u,

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(s a B’ m hlg mp.) t k l h $, f hgh h m

hl. Liscr ll pm b h un Pl exp xg lg

bm.

thgh h b lg h dm rpbl cg, rph h m h p

hm h h h x l — h h l. H vk B, h l’

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llg h h B mg mlpl l f a, B h m

h mk b blg l f h l l l hg m p b l

ph p m mb hlp m gp. Fm h m-99 l h thl , B, m s llg , m gp a, agh, clmb,

lh.

rph B tl’ l, m h mll l bh h ppl

p Lb h ruF s L. o h rph tl B h

h g l z h g Lb.

rph h k g pg ml h tl b m h

Lb gm’ Glbl cl a ag wl h B’ gl. th p g rph h pbl l . “i k b vk’ g l h




g Lb bh vk hm h m h l h l b

l g m h m,” h h .

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wh m mh mll bl fg. a h un Pl exp p,

ag 6, 999, otc’ p mp p $, p l tl. th m

p s a, “hgh sj rph.” i h l ppl, h mb f h h

f , h h h f h p f .

tl, pg ml , l m h j h b l l

l. th ll x l q pmm , l p, l p

l x. H, , l bg p x h, b h l p,

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h B h h ppp , h h h ,” tl .

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hm. i pg h h rph l h h l l b

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gm, bgg 99.

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m m M fgh h p, g hm m b Bk F

Lb.9

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b h g - m cô ’i p pp

m Bl, Gm, h r F, h m s u, ll h m. th

il ll l h, b h p g il, h j.




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pg h lbl g m mk, pml ap, Blgm. th l k

h m h l , kll h Lb h h m. M h mg

k pl s L, b h h g mmm h l p h h M.

tl pp h g ruF s L h ruF k h m mg

h l h s L–Lb b. th ruF lhp, l gp h ll ml

, xp lg h h l h bh. i h m

tl h p xhg ml. th m’ l b l h

m tl h. F xmpl, mll ll m mgh b l tl

h mlm, xhg h ruF l hpm b f h h

m l.6 th ll m l p p, hgh mm lppg, k bk l.

a h mb, h m b p hl ll bm hg p x l.

th ruF s L, hl mpbl h ll l, h l h p

lbl mm b h h p h mm h g, ,

h h h .

tl, g h l gkp h p b ph Lb ruF m, pll

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h m ap lh l. i , lg pl gm g

pl gm p l m mmg, h b l

h h g ( bh). Ph bgh h ruF — b p — ll lph,

k, ml, ml qpm, h mb .6

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h m ll bl h mggl (lk mb bh ). th

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l, mggl m lm p.

th h xm l ppl — ll b h l n oll

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l ppl pl b h. a Blg pl , p lgl pg

g smh oll, m h. oll gl m x b s L ml h h Lb/ruF m mm. H k h l h h l




Figure 2.4. reproduCtion oF Fax From ruF Command to president taylor

d-- p b oll, h h bh h h l ll h m

m h ruF p hm bk M. n’ m h dm rpbl

cg h m h m ap, h n p m h m. th m f

hgh asa dm, mp ap ll b n b h . n mp

h p ll h m, h l h h h h

b.75

th ppl p spmb , . th l ll lph ll m n’

ap agh m spmb , . sbq Blg pl g

h n oll h asa dm’ a Bk h b m

99 l l . Fm l l apl h b $ mll. whl h

mp l h m mp b m h dm rpbl cg, g h h, , b mg m M.6

th lk mg h h mp -hg (mp .). illgll m

m b m bl gp h bh s L l mlm pg

p Lb. th mlm bk l h l

gz, hh l hm h l mk hgh ll-blh hll b k

ll p.

Sir, we write to inorm you o our present dealings with Mr. Aziz Nassour, that was

introduced to us by Gen. Abrahima Bah, upon your recommendation. Sir, we agree to

sell all o our diamonds to Mr. Aziz Nassour through your ofces. Sir, General AbrahimaBah will buy these and other items or the movement rom the unds that will come

rom the sale o diamonds.

1. Drugs or our wounded soldiers and their amilies.

2. Fuel and gasoline, engine oil and some new tyres or the operations o the

movement.

3. Military uniorms and boots or our high ranking ofcers.

4. Some cash that will keep us moving until General Abrahima Bah come romBelgium (sic).

5. One 4 x 4 truck.

May the Almighty richly bless you. Thanks.74




i tl l h, b p. Bh, hgh n, h mbk p-

bg p. i l n bg b lg q ph p,

lg sa- -- ml, k BM- mlpl k lh, h

dg p f.

t p h p, n gh h hlp shm ylk, m il ml lg

Pm. th p ph b j b - m cô ’i. o J

, , ylk ml r Gml g “ h a

[]. th g [].” th ml k q p h p “h

h - . d, Lb.” oll x h p l ylk m Mm.

th r mh g m h p b hpp m xg p

ng, g pm b m h ng m .

i l hh h p lml l Lb. sm h p h p h h clmb pml gp. B h h l k pl

ll h h m h lk mg ml gp mm.

map 2.2. the nassour–osailly weapons and Cash pipeline




CoCaine and logging in the petén

th Pé g Gml h h m blgll h l k

h Gml x h lm ll mm mgm. i l

h -g g L am ll z lppg ml

(mp .). th k gh llgl g m sh am Mx, Blz, h

u s. amg h pm p h ppl hgh h jgl g , mb,

llgl mg. i xhg h k bg h l h b h g h

mph g — ph p.9

map 2.3. guatemala with the petén region




amg h m p al Pll J hg

mbzzlm lg mll ll m hl’ h. th l pl h h

’ g z Mh hg g kg, h l g

pl l g p m . i Mh h sl mmb

h cl am Plm kpp b h Gml b lk ll g gg.

i blk klgm h h Gml pbl gg h m m,

h gm g g p h il cmm ag imp Gml,

un p, h g.

th glz k p Gml h h Pé m b

pl hb h ll g. Bgg h 9 9, h, h

g bb gg mb ppl pl b h l h l b hgm-pp pml gp b h Mx gll h h g g

p ml .

B 9 h l g h g bg, h llgl lgg pg “x” h

bl b mhg sph .6 a h m lm p Gml’

l m b . t l p, h pml kg l.

ol mll m lgll xp.

B h lm mpl lk p p h lg ppl ph hg, h bl l l ll . a p h M Bph

r, blh 99 h . mll h. i g h mlpl , llg

mm mk lg pg g l g . B hl h

h l g b h l ph plll lggg , h pp . th

l h b lgg xl, l h l h p.

a m , h l ll ll lh--b gl h . th ppl h

Pé g g b m h p . Fm 96 h ppl g m

m , ppl m h ,, lkl l mll .

a h ppl g h g kg llgl lggg mhm, h ll l h

p. th bh h Pé h hl. ag Gml pl g, hh

gll m h l, h mb hm Gml m h bl m ,6

999 , 6, h p , m . .. i h g pp lghl,

b g 6,9, . p ,.9 th mg h p hm p

, h l. (th u.s. hm . Gm’ .9 .)

F h Pé h mb m l b b ll . ag wl Bk g, h hm h mj mpl m l hgh 69 p




l , “h l ‘bll ’ h kg gz k h

‘g p’ lk h Pé Gml, h Mk c H ng h d

g Pm.”

sca k ad appg agdaa l, mk g lk h Pé g p. th g

k , l g, hm mggl lgg mp l h

h b.

a lg-m h g h , “[h g k] h h h h bg

p. th p b hm. i m, mb g p, h’

h g h ll l hm m g g h p. y k, h ppl h b kpp

h, h g ll , k, ’ll g x g, ’ll g h , pblm. a

h’ll g , h h , h kll h b g, .”

i , h g k m ll l m h mm hh h p —

p l p h mk m l lg h

h.

cl b lggg gz Mx dto h m lgh, h mp b

m g Mx dto p p “” h g,

. th b lz h x-h pph p g ..

th ca f–p f–aca k

i h h ll x h pl gm b h

g , b l h g. th l b ,

hgh.

th h k h l h l mgglg p l kg

p h gll l hpbl g, pll h h bl blh

h. ug h ll p — hghl llz b llg — l

kg b.

G h ggph mplx h , l k h h hg ll klg. Ll

p k h lg-g l hgh h jgl lg Mx h

b hm k lgg. th h b lk hm. Ll x l l

pg h pl pg lg p, mg l , lg

phll mg h , m h .

Ll x p gp p x h h gg k L Pl (th Bl o), h p

h h p h Pé pg p ll ml , pll lggg

ll mm p. th gg l p ll p p h sl cl,




l b gl lg-l plm pl, m hh ll

lpm b m h u.s. Pl clmb.

s, h p l h p, plm l, lgl. th ml ll qg

h l pg l p.

th pml ( mblz “m” pml) h ll lg l

gm l, ll p x l dto. sm p gg h h h

ppl k p, ll h l mp h hh h p, m h

k h , h hgh h bh h x lgl,

bl pll .

th p l q plm l — h b b h p lk. B

h p z l m b mp b h clmb gm’ pl gl xpg

a plm l, plm l lbl xp mm, h p

m p m. Plm l l bl g h b ll

l l. clmb l xp p l pg pl l 9. Plm l

p m 6, 6, ,

9.

th chó ubá g clmb h lg b f , h pml gp h

mbll h auc Farc fg g mg. Bh gp h b hl l g

kg h b l gp b h u.s. gm. th Farc h b g gz b h ep u. i , h, gp h g h auc’

l mblz h b h m l hm gh b h a plm .

o h m mph h hm gh mp a plm l

6 b m gml gz. i :

th ll hgh ll l b plm l h, b

l h plm p. i ll plm mplx h h b plm,

ll hm h llgl ppp l.

th h ml mm m h l, hh l h

b pl h a plm. th p l m h m hm gh

l; llgl l xpp l l h b ; plm

/ ppl pg h xpp l; h l (

pmbl l g mb) bq plg plm h z l.

v h ph lg pl l h gh a plm l h auc,

lk m pbll b v cñ. H h p l h auc ll hlp




g h mblz h gp. th lk h h b h pml

fl pll m h .

“i ubá h plm pl,” cñ l Semana mgz nmb 6. “i pll g

bm h pj b h lg lg p. th k

h ppl h k pj p h . wh h h ,

. ul, h l p h h h p.”6

wh h auc mblz h J P L bgg 6, m h h

h g mpl g kg h bm p p.

(th l hl z b x pml l m g j h

m.)

ell gg h h agl ng L rj mg m h ppl

mblz gp. “ol h m ,” a–clmb l. “th h m

ppl. th p mm h g. th mm h h pl -

h-ll mm.”

th gp h b m h l-z , b m m p

h l b h plm l h lgl h l.9

G h ll lk g h pml gp’ , l k

h pplbl h ml x–p x–l h . th pml ppl

l mg hml mg , h, ll k p h p k

l mpl, mg h, b, h m ppl l.

th fxbl k h hg m h b ll l l l

mg h p. th chó ubá g h b z f : h

k m m p h . chó h P h

ubá gl h al h Pm hm. cl h phl p mg h

mp mlpl gp ppl h l h mk h g.

th h mh h b l a plm l l h g m xpl

mh h l: h b m gp h m h

g-kg , h a plm mp m h p h m

gp p. whl h ll g h h bj, h pml gp ll

p ll, b h gp h b g h 96.

th mh pl h h pm k b h auc lg gz

p h l ll pll l h pll jl mp h

mb xhg g mpg b phl p m h Farc.




Hlpg m h mm h b l m mpl b g b h

l .

th p mp b pl h ml gp l x b l

-kg gz h ll ll (mm l) pll m l. i

mh l clmb, lg h g h h ph pl a plm g, h l

gm m ll p ll gm m , b mll

l.

a l, h l b pbl p g bl ml ,

h h l h l gm b ll gl . rgl ,

, h h l ll. th “-l” clmb — mbg

l g p — h ll h pl pl, h g, h

ml.

ug f h m Mg (6), h ll x h p h g

h b h ppl m h l (g .). a , h l hg

b p h auc p h m lg gp h h p h g. th p

x l b h, lk cñ, h l h h ll x b l h p pll

p m b m h mgg b.

Figure 2.5. Colombia palm oil and violenCe Flow Chart

Violation of lawsprotecting ethnicgroups and ILOConvention 169

Violation of environmentallegislation

Murder of tradeunionists, palmworkers, andcampesinos

Violation of employment rights

Murders,massacres, forceddisplacement,threats, tortures,plundering by armedgroups and forceddisappearances

Palm complex

Plantations + extractionplants

Territorial control

• Social, economic, political, andmilitary control of territory

• Agroindustrial colonization and

land concentration• Laundering of the assets of

drugs tracking

Flow of oil to national and

international marketsPlanting of palmIllegal appropriation of

land, theft or purchaseusing armed intimidation

Attacks or conquest of territory by paramilitaries

Action or omission by

the security forces(police, navy, army)

Investment of

drugs money

Paramilitary

reinsertion

National and

international privateinvestment;development aid;Plan Colombia

State support;

indirect investment:credit and tax breaks

FEDEPALMAsupport andlobbying

Human rights violations and other illegal acts

Flow of palm oil

Support and funding by the state and private sector

Source: Mingorance 2006, p. 51.




i l m h m m h pml l lk sl M — m

l h auc p h u s kg — h h l

l mm m auc mm ll, gl, l pll l.

cmm , hgh, lm ppl b h pll xp h lhp

l bh . Fm h, bl l h h lppg : h kg p h pll p

mp. th x mp h l h ml gp, h p bh l. th

l l b h g h h l ll , mp p,

h m lg ql llg b l h plm l .

rh l p m mpl p h lk gzl

h a plm . sg h, h, mg h l h m p x h

h f l l l p h clmb f, h

hg h lk h auc h Farc h h p l k.

o xmpl: P llg h vlm M g vk B’

l p P m J h p m , aK- l f h

Farc clmb 99 99. th p g J h Farc B l

h p, hh l lgl ph l f P. i k l l

l h M, lhgh h cia pll, pl l kg

pg p ghbg g gp. whl l h h Farc M

h M B m mk, l h h Farc h glbl p

x — lkl ll .

a Lb, m h p h h azz n k mp ph

chl tl p h h h auc clmb. ag p b h ogz

am s, m , aK- l f . mll mm h

clmb p tb b Pm-g hp The Otterloo, h p h

pml l. th p p h l h n mpg b

Lb. th m h b m h l ph ylk m ng kpl

h n’ klg.

rgl h h p p h h auc, g l h h gp h

l k p x h l hlp hm p m h l mk.




FaCtors in Common

th h h mlpl mm h h xmg h mk h

World Development Report’ — p l l, lk m l,

l h -b l lk — ppg h l h gl h

k f gl lk. th q h p l l h

mlpl lk h g’ bl m b h m p p

h h l l.

B xmg h h mm , h lk h h lkg h h

: lk p p h .

ugd pac ad h c pca p

th Pé clmb h h lk p p, h g ll h mlz Lb. H, h lk h Pé clmb ( h lk

p mh Lb b 99) mpl ll h h phl p

g, hh ll g h llg h. F l b tl

bm p, h nPFL h l mpl p l g mh Lb,

hh h ll “tll.” i h Pé h h g kg llgl lggg (

ll ) h h ll l h b

h ll . i clmb pml gz — mm ll h b — m

pl l llg g .

a r , m h gp l gg l l mlpl

llg lg h p m h mml k h mg. H h xmpl tl’

kg h Lb p h pplbl lh.

a Lb l hl Lb zhp, mg l -b h

i m l h gl p tl’ mml k, ll pl

l tl nPFL p h ’ hlp tl’

h l. tl h nPFL pmlg pll lg mh

pll hlg, ll-mpg mmm pll h g

lm.

n x g l h g , h l m ll

b b . th g g b h h h ml

ppl pp ( mx bh) mp h lgl m. th l

p pm h l lgm l. th F

am s h gp “p-” . 6 rgl h mlg, h

lk p p pl p p hl b lk

10 0 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict



h g. G h Mx gm’ mlz g h Mx dto (h g u.s.

pp) h l p Gml g g l h

, h x l l h Pé ll lkl l l l h g.

i clmb h l h h l z a plm f m h -l

b h pml h auc l-lg gp lk h Farc. alhgh h Farc h

b lgl lz h auc h ll mblz, h l h m ,

p b h mp ghg, lk h pp, p.

ikd c

d p l gl lk, ggg hm l m h

h .

i Lb h l ml gl lk h p g hmb ( , h h g g l hlp h ml). nh

gp p pl h l a-t u h pl b h tl

gm. n l h l b pl m h l ghbg G s L,

h h p h l px.

i Gml h g-kg l b m h m gp h

p p ml gz. n h ppl h Pé b ll

p m h b gl ppl h l cl am gg h Mx

p.

th clmb php h l xmpl h lk m l. H,

lg l h g g p g h p

p. n h m l p m h h, h. th g

m b h, h hm pl l m m k h.

vc h c-bd ad aaa k

Lb clmb xmpl h h mml p gp

b. i Lb h -b l m ll lk qg mm, pll

m, tl’ ggl p. i clmb, l h h -b lk,

lhgh ll pll ghbg e Pm.

Gml l b gz gz m kg. th Pé p h ppl g

h ll p m sh am h u s Mx. M h l

h g b xl Mx b h l m h Mx dto.

H, h l l l . Lb h lm lkg glbl lg ll

g, h Hzbllh l Q. i clmb h l h a plm l

p m l m gp h l h g dto, hh g l b

10 3chp . transnationaL criMe, sociaL networKs, and Forests



h l . i h Pé l gz m kg gp mp ll

p gp h lgg hm k.

i pl h blg h l, bh p gp pg h h lk, h gl

mpl h bl , h h pll ll b, kl h h. y

h mml l m bl lm h, l h hm l, hlp

h mm f. th l hlp blh p p h

h pg p gz ml gp.

s cda

th llg p pl h pm l:

a p p l pg f g lmg h lk mg

gz ml gz ll mm k. th m m h h mpl

p h h m ml l m g, Lb ll h,

b q h phl p p lm (hl, jb, hlh , mk

p, .), h Pé clmb h. wh h p x, mh

lm m, gz ml gp m p b lk h p hllg

h bm h bl .

cmm kg b bh h f pm mg . B

f, gg p p h k bkg h l l.

applg -m-lg l, p pph, b b p hlp

gh h ’ bl m h ppl. i pl h xp llmm h mm-pg h b m, h h l h h k

mg h gm h h ghg .

s h l. Lb h h g mm h mb m

h mp h l ml .

cmm f k pl bl pbl ggph l, f l

h phl p. B b h mm l lbl b l

b p h f, l h l l x f.

th l mp l ’ . th bl l,

pg b. th l xpg, h h f-g l

p m h . th l Lb h Pé.

t x l m h mm, h llg m gp l lkg

l k. th gp, l h k p, h p h phl p

h h mm p, gl ll.

G h ml m h mm f, l q gl ml

p. a h w a Mx–cl am ppl m, kg hf l mpl h l mm g.




th l k lm l gl mm b g g , mkg

hm l p.

sll, pg h k — pll h l l, b l gl ll

p — h b mh m m gp’ p. rmg k l

h l ppl h mp h f m, p, h . i wa h ml , xmpl, vk B l h p p l m,

ml mm f. i h k l h un l b

l, B l h b p b l. c hl p l l

p h h l h l.

cmm f h l l h h p l bk. th

pll hgh gl l, h h p hp

q. wh m h mm mh ph h f,

g mp: h lbl bl-h h pf h h f m ph .

a f, h l l m pl hgh p mhg h

, h l h h gl mk. wh h mk,

mb mg gl h h p — h bl

f. th gl pph q mlpl mm g h xl

l h pl f , hb mkg f “ bl” cll’ ml.

sh pph l q mh g p p, -xpl

mhm h bg b, h p m l .

reFerenCesag F-P. . “allg dh Bl

tmb t aq appl,” Mh .

am il. . “Gml’ LhlLg: P imp r Hm rghvl.” Fb.

a P. . “Gml a Hghlghdg cp,” Mh .

Blh, ol r cll. . “M Pml L sz clmb.” The

Guardian, J .

Bll, K Hk nzhk. . “BG G: Pl L Fm s h Pll em am cf.” IPA Policy

Report . il P am, n yk.

B, J-F, sph ell, Bé Hb.99. “d l’é klp á l’é ml?”i La criminalisation de l’état en Arique, .

J-F B, sph ell, BéHb, pp. –. P: É cmplx.

BBc th. . “Bl dm.” The Third Degree, b G B Fb .

BBc n. . “Fm Gml P al

Pll a,” J 6.

Blg Pl l “Pbl P Fl/, “c LiBi,” Fl Pl, Gda ap,dm s, b b h hl kg h whg P.

B, Hl. 9. Mexico’s Narco-Insurgency and U.S.

Counterdrug Policy. cll, Pa: u.s. am wcllg, sg s i.

B, Mhl. 6. tm b h cmm

Gm a, sbmm cml J, dg Pl Hm r, u.s. H rp, apl .




——— . . “dg tkg Ml et Gp: a Gg nx” P h whg i n e Pl,whg, dc, Jl .

Bgh, ah. . “clmb am H cllb

h ‘t Pml’.” Christian ScienceMonitor, Mh 6.

B, Jh. 2006. “Gml’ Pk L h Ph

dg tk.” nl Pbl r, spmb 24.

c il Pl. .”P-Plsl.” ug clmb s.whg, dc. Mh.

“chl tl’ if.” Mmm hr, spl c s L, o hP, 9 ob , l scsL mb b h h m h c. s l:Gl r. smp, “un t al Q Fg dm,” Wall Street Journal, J , , p. a.

clk, chl. . “L t dlgm sl Mbl tpl Pé, Gml.” Human

Organization 9 (w). abl hp://l.m/p/l/m_q/_/_/ a J , .

cl il J. . Following

Taylor’s Money: A Path o War and Destruction.whg, dc.

cll, Pl, ak Hf, dm rh. .“B G G: Fbl clw.” Oxord Journal o Social Sciences 6 (): –.

cmm Hl cl. 999. “Gml:Mm sl.” Fl rp. Fb.

cp, rb. . “th P-M s.” iRe-Ordering the World, . Mk L, –. L: th Fg Pl c.

ch, al. 6. “th Mx dg cle K Z a Gg sgh.”Dallas Morning News, spmb 9.

aé, am Phlp. . “og cm, dgtkg, tm: th n ahll’ Hl wa.” cmm. Fó P l rlil dálg ex (Fride), M.M.

dk, elzbh. 9. “chk tl s

9 y.” Foreign Policy, Pp Blg, J9. albl hp://blg.gpl.m/

p/9//9/hk_l___9_ a J , .

Economist . 99. “Gml: cg d h Mwl,” spmb .

——— . . “th a L: w h og

cm tghg Gp,” Mh .

ell, sph. 1999. The Mask o Anarchy: The Destruction

o Liberia and the Religious Dimension o an Arican

Civil War . n yk: n yk u P.

Fh, dgl. 99. “H el s P Fm u.s.P.” The Washington Post , spmb .

———. . “Lb L ag F M Hg o: tl expl tmb Kp P.” The

Washington Post , J .

———. b. “rp s a Hb l Q:t a H Gm-Bg sp.” The

Washington Post , dmb 9.

———. . Blood From Stones: The Secret Financial

Network o Terror . n yk: B Bk.

———. . “c s: clmb.” i Crimes o War 2.0:

What the Public Should Know, . r Gm d r. n yk: w.w. n.

———. . “th cml–t nx

Ppl.” neFa F. P l u.s. spl op cmm, tmp, FL, J .

———. . “M Lg Blk ch smgglg:chllg h Mé i.” wkgPp s u.s.–Mx s cp.whg, dc: w wl ilc shl.

Fh, dgl sph B. . Merchant o

Death: Money, Guns, Planes and the Man Who Makes

War Possible. n yk: J. wl.

Fh, dgl Gl smp. . “e rk: dg, thg, Gll h cz’rl.” il am sgc, alx, va.

F, ez. 9. “sgglg Kp h L.”Global Post , spmb 6. albl .glblp.m/ph/h-m/96/p-gml-l-mll-m

Fl a tk F. . “FatF Pblsm.” Fb . albl .g.m/l--l/




h-l--k------j-h-g-ml--/ a dmb , .

F, J. 2005. “n clmb L G c

Pml.” New York Times, J 23.

——— . . “dp Mll u.s. a, clmbsggl r P.” The Washington Post, apl 9.

F, dgl M. . sm b h h cg u.s. s am s cmm,Mh .

Gb, L. . “w P s L:dm, cp h Lb c.”ol Pp n. 6. o: Php ac, dm Hm s Pj.

Global Bioenergy Industry News. 2008. “clmb Plg

Plm Bl Pl b 2009,” ob 20.

Glbl igh. . “rp clm Mx dg Ggug P r r Gml Ml.”wl Mk rh c, apl .

Glbl w. . Logging O: How the Liberian

Timber Industry Fuels Liberia’s Humanitarian

Disaster and Threatens Sierra Leone. L.

G, Gg w. . “L Z: th rhl amsp b Mx dg cl.” FPRI Bulletin. Fg Pl rh i, Phllph, Pa.

Hml, rg. . “cg F s i:a Pg expm cmm FMgm.” IDBAmérica. Jl.

Hz, Hb. . “a sk x-l smgglg Jb.” r, apl .

Hk, M H Lk. . “all th Msm m o s.” Vrij Nederland, Mh .

il cm ig Jl.. Making a Killing: The Business o War . nyk: c Pbl ig.

il Lb ogz. 9. A Rapid Impact

Assessment o the Global Economic Crisis on Liberia.G: il Lb o.

Jk, rb H. 99. Quasi-States: Sovereignty,

International Relations and the Third World.cmbg s il rl. n

yk: cmbg u P.

La Prensa. . “cl mx h l l.” ob . tgglp, H.

Lh, G. 9. “th ol Plm i: a Blgh a–clmb.” NACLA Report on the Americas. Jl/ag.

Lg, sml. 9. “L Z: el cml ogz.” isn s wh, Zh,szl.

MGl, ch. . “vk B, sp ram dl, ex n yk.” The Guardian,nmb 6. albl .g..k/l///6/-m-l-xa dmb , .

Mg, Fl. 6. The Flow o Palm Oil Colombia–

Belgium/Europe: A Study From a Human Rights

Perspective. Bl: Hm rgh eh c Blg p l clmb.

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/forests-fragility-and-conflict 118/18211 2 Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict



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11 3chp . tHe FinanciaL FLows tHat FueL war

3 the FinanCial Flows that Fuel war Arthur G. Blundell*



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Figure 3.1: the relationship between weaK governanCe and illegal logging

H i g h

c o r r u p t i o n

( T r a n s p a r e n c y

I n t e r n

a t i o n a l

C o r r u p t i o n

P e r c e p t i o n s

I n d e x )

Indonesia

ChinaBrazil

Malaysia

Japan

EU-15

Canada

UnitedStates

Russia

Acceding EU

OtherLatin

America

OtherAsia

West and Central Africa

High share of suspicious log supply

Over 20% Over 50%–10

–5

0

–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

TI = Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index. The size of the circles represents the volume of suspect log supply, including imports.

Source: Seneca Creek Association. 2004. “Illegal” Logging and Global Wood Markets: The CompetitiveImpacts on the U.S. Wood Products Industry. American Forest & Paper Association.

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Forestry and Criminal opportunities

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Figure 3.2: a g eneriC representation oF the Forestry seCtor and its Constituent Chains

Source: Transparency International. 2009. Manual: An analysis o corruption in the orestry sector.




Figure 3.3: a generiC representation oF the Four most important FaCtors involved in Forestry, an d a sa mp le oF th e Cr im in al op po rt un it ies

Basic requirements

•

Labor

• Finance

• Machinery

• Access to the resource

Illegal logging

Corruption

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t a x e v a s i o n

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a t i o n, a

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tl:

“I you make a lot o money doing business in Liberia, you have to share your profts. You

cannot reuse…The president is like the top God. I it turns out that he needs money at the end

o the year to pay his civil servants he just calls at various businesses and asks them or an

advance on next year ’s tax…This is not a ‘Kouwenhoven system’ — everyone is involved in it.” 37

“When I was at home, there would be a whole bunch o people waiting at my door who had

problems…senators, ministers… Every day there were 20 or 30... They were all paid poorly and

they thought that they had to live according to a certain standard.

“In order to get working permits or oreign employees I had to pay $75 to the Ministry o Labor

and $75 to [the Minister] himsel…

“I did have contact with Taylor about OTC matters...I he needed anything he would call

me…Most o the time it had to do with fnancial requests. Ater we had concluded the OTC

agreements…we were asked to make an advance payment o $5,000,000 or uture taxes…

Apart rom that he asked us to send a number o tractors to his arm, or he said that he wanted




a road, that he needed electricity and he would ask me i I could advance the money. He also

simply asked or payments.

Figure 3.4: banK statement For Charles taylor showing deposit by natura holdin

Source: UN Panel o Experts Report 2007. UN Security Council S/2007/340, Annex III-V.

Figure 3.5: statement From taylor’s personal banK aCCount showing the deposit





“He would receive 50% o royalties I received rom OTC.

“…we are paying a minimum royalty o 500,000 USD per year whether we make the 50,000

or not....

“It was common use in Liberia that the leading political party was the owner o a concession.” 38

Figure 3.6: subsequent tax Credit to natura





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“During 1998 and 1999, ater ormer President Charles Taylor took ofce, there was another

re-allocation process in which Taylor called concession holders to his ofce and dictated

where they would work or not work. The objective was to re-align orest lands into several

large concessions. That “Mega-Concession” policy allowed the inner circle o the country’s

leadership to hand out concession rights to avored political cronies, militia leaders, and arms

dealers.”

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p. t p ( mp, h Mhmm Gp cmp Bin Lb i.) p l

h p l x ( g l $, mh xg $ mll

mh).6

th lkl mh . ag p m mpg , h m Lb

l h m h p b h Lb gm (bl .). th pg

h pg (h mp l p xp pg x h

xpg ) m .

tabl e 3. 1: timb er ex po rt s Fr om li beri a ($ mi ll io n)

YeArFOresTrY develOpmenTAuTHOriTY CenTrAl bAnk OF liberiA

FOOd And AgriCulTureOrgAnizATiOn

inTernATiOnAl TrOpiCAlTimber OrgAnizATiOn

1999 22.6 n.a. 24.5 23.5

2000 67.5 59.5 213.9 213.9

2001 79.9 60.3 228.3 239.5

2002 n.a. n.a. 333.5 282.5

Note: Sawnwood and roundwood combined.

n.a. = report not available.Source: Blundell 2008.

B h l p b h mpg lkl m h m x l

Lb g h . whl xp m Lb pl l g h bk xm

l (bl .), mh h p bl mggl, pll hgh cô ’i,

h lg mb mll m lg. i h 9 b h Lb l , cô

’i p xp b $ mll , b g h l (99–96) h jmp

$ mll , llg bk $ mll .6 i Lb h l , mb

xp g.

Mh h mg x l l h m f. i chl tl m

h p h m lggg ph m l un m . 66 M

l, h h l m s L, h m g pm m otc

“ ” b p, m g un m .6




tabl e 3. 2: re po rted ti mb er ex po rts Fr om li be ri a

YeAr $ milliOn YeAr $ milliOn

1988 93.7 1996 15.4

1989 78.3 1997 7.7

1990 152.1 1998 13.0

1991 53.6 1999 24.5

1992 69.9 2000 213.9

1993 21.7 2001 228.3

1994 4.1 2002 333.5

1995 8.1 2003 178.1

Note: The frst civil war period is listed in bold, as is the period o extreme armed conict in2003.Source: FAOSTAT.

Cambodia

cmb’ h lghl m Lb’. d bl kp l lgg

. B h p, h hgh l mb h h b

m h a, pll i, Ml, h Phlpp. dg h 99,

mll b m x m cmb, ppxml p h , m

h mll h, . th lggg p “ l bl.”6

i 99 h gm mm lg xp, hh pp b un s cl

l.69 th s cl g mpg p, k h un m

cmb k m mplm h mm.

B h b, ll h bl (FuncinPec, KPnLF, h Khm rg) h gm h

b l lggg, hh h h . whl h gm xp ml

Jp vm, h h bl gp (pll h Khm rg) lg h b

thl m h h cmb.

th xp b, hh bg J , 99, g h ml h lggg mp

thl.

i p thl b hl fgh h un m cmb. th th plm’H cmm Fg a g k m mmz h un s cl

pp b mb mp m cmb.

Democratic Republic of Congo and elsewhere

a cmb, mp b lggg h dm rpbl cg. M h

hl ll bl l, hl h gm l h mj p

h xp mk. th gm-l lggg l p,

lgg bl l xp pbl. sll, ( xpl l) h p pl

( k “f p”) m bg gh mll h ,hb g bllg, lg h gm. a h m, h Kbl gm ppl




q lggg mp B cg pl h p : h h

gm hlp h .

Lk, h r P am’ cg k lk ll p p h

dm rpbl cg, ug ll kg mm.

J h b xmpl, mb hgh h l f cô ’i. i agh’

K p l h mgglg mb “ h m l mh g g

gp.”6

s : lgg a a afck

th h h lggg mp p. i xmpl h un s cl

Pl exp Lb m pm b lggg mp m l hlp —

M-277

— h h k Lb.78

th p otc, G Kh, dh J 2006 g m Lb l (bh s cl mbg

gl mm), lhgh h ppl,79 hgh h m

phg h M-2 hlp hgh k m l, sj rph. 80 (th Pl exp

p h rph ppl M-2 hlp Lb, ll p p M-17 M-24

hlp, k pg M-8 hgh h ll-k m l, v B.)81

th Lb trc h otc gz mmm gh m hpm: l x b l

b . sl m h trc h hp, h Antarctic Mariner , k gll h

p Bh, lg p otc, h Kh l b hlp pfg.

th Fcr l h otc m $ mll pm gm bk , lg

$.9 mll k m l “ l.” i xhg otc ppl p fg

(x) p g b J nl, dp M F r cll (, xmpl,

g .6). i l h M Fg a, chl Bgh, M F tl,

klg h otc h m pm ml-l ph x

pm.

Ml thj, tl’ m m , mpl otc h pm h mg h

rl u F g s L. H lm h lggg hgh s L,

p h otc , l mg p, p otc p.

th trc l llg h lggg p ppl. L M,6 uk–

il m l, llgl l h p Lb m dmb 99

ag hgh, xmpl, Bk F ng, p xhg lggg , h

ex tpl tmb ep (ette). M g - mp G

h g b Gl rb Gï, h m h s cô ’i. i ag M

il, p $, llgl m, $, g , g,




m gg m kg Lb, h p.9 H lm h Jl hpm

b h p h r F, vl ch h mp a,

gz b Mhmm y slmé h Mhmm Gp cmp m--mb

l.9 (r z b h Fcr9 h h Gp gh b ppl

m tl x $, “: ml .”)

Glbl w llg h b h l M , , h hp Abu 1 Hp,

h p ll b h Ml w Pg i (MwPi) lggg mp, h l

h m hlp m h a-t u ll h -l m hpm.9 Lk

M , , h Arktis Fighter llgl l p, m Blg n,

F, h lg hl b Fh m bk . a dmb 9, , MV Posen l 9

mfg k h l h m mm. Fh, ob dmb ,

Glbl w9 h llg h h Lb g VB2 m gl p Hp

h g bgg , hl h llg h ll g m mm m l .

Gg Bl9 h Lb P cl h lm h h hlp hm

b p m h Fh mp cePii, g $, l m h Fh bk

cé L “l , LPc [h Lb P cl] hpp h h m l

mp F hh p bk h bk.”9

smll Mm g h l 99, ch llgl l b $. bll m , hh

h gm Mm p , p, h mb.96 Lk, r ppl llg p pl pm k Mg-9 gh j l hlg h Mm.9

th ’ gm l llgl b k l h iq M .9

Lggg mp l p h ml, h b m, h tl gm

Lb.99 th l lm h h bl h b h

h g ml l. i Mm bl b lggg mp l h ml

g pg m h th b g; th lggg mp k b “h

blg g b h l l rg’ ml g h bl.”

i Lb m lggg mp pg bk lg ppl h am

F Lb. allgl, gh k h otc mp ml m,

m nPFL gh h pll otc h il Lggg cmp (iLc). th warco lggg

mp mpl h h iLc-pp ml g h p Gll, hg h

lgg. Lk, Lb tmb & Pl cmp p g bg l b iLc-pp x-

mb. i h l 99 i tmb ip, h s L–Lb b, llgl

h nPFL g mp p nPFL ppl. o tl bm p,

gg h h u Lggg cmp h h lg l m




h am F Lb Lb, h h mp’ “pl

gm” h h 6h bl.6

s : vc b ggg cpa’ c c

th h mj h h p lggg mp ml b

ll, j g b l p pp. i i, pm xmpl,

h ml pl llgl x lgg h mbhpm.

a h 99 l, tl h Lb mg mj mp h l

(g .). eh h mp pp h tl. th

Mhmm Gp cmp b Mhmm slmé. i sbb s F

b Gl c d (h nPFL nom de guerre “Gl ex”) M c, bh h

h a-t u.9 iLc b o cp. MwPi b abb Fz,

h nPFL cll sm p . Fll, otc’ p Kh. th mm h

n rg, rl d, otc’ L H s.

Figure 3.7: the Four major logging areas during the taylor regime

Note: The Inland Logging Company operated the port o Greenville, the Oriental Timber Corporation the port o Buchanan, andthe Maryland Wood Processing Industries the port o Harper.Source: Government o Liberia 2005.




ag h un s cl, h lg h gm h :

“() P h mb mp, hh ppl tl.

(b) G mplm mb mb h h gh h tl’ .

() e ll h mj p, hh l b l

h gl Lb m.

() Bl tl’ bl h g, xmpl, b [h

bl gp] ModeL h h-.”

a fg Lb zg otc’ m ll ppl mp, tl’ m m

, Ml thj, , “Lggg mp h m pl plll

l l l b. Lggg mp’ p m ml h pl

l pl pp l Lb.”

i h l Kh h:

“Taylor indicated that he did not want OTC to employ its own security guards and he said that

he himsel would arrange or armed security ofcers or OTC. … So the intention was that

ormer fghters would be deployed and paid by OTC.” 114

i, ll h pbl h l h gh h tl h nPFL,

ll g hm gh l m ( bh). F xmpl,

999 h gm (hgh h F dlpm ah, hh h l b tl’ bhBb) MwPi p cll sm $, mh p h h Lb

(ppx ). sm’ g cô ’i l gh. H hml

pg m l h h l Flx dh, h ghg blz

cô ’i.

sm h l l g hm gh l m Lb hl

mpl b MwPi “.” e- p lm h M sm’ mp

cô ’i l ll mm h, b h h ll Lb h

ml ( p h k h b), h MwPi m h l h llg yghb Lb. i h un m h b.6

wh lk m l, f, x-mb — m g mb k — h

m ml h lg llgl lggg. i pf ah xmpl, m mb

h m h g pm l m x-mb

k g h p bg llgl lggg (mg h ml ).




i Lb h m nPFL mm K gz h l m lggg, g

plk g h. al Lb, x-mb p bb pl, g ll k

pp.9 o h l h m lggg mp, h Fcr l:

“sm hl g h p z ll mm l h p m

xpl pl lh p ml.”

B h lb l g ll mm, f m lkl lggg

p h h x b ’ mp ll llh. i ,

ll mm lm m pp (pll h h lm gz

h ’ l) lgg’ hm. th f l,

ggm h lkl.

s : m adg

th h h hlp l m lg.

o h otc pm m b, h Fcr m h l $ mll p bk

h h h cl Bk Lb, lg l $ mll bk n yk.

ag h m ch P h spl c s L, h l h $,999,9

pm ( g ), l cbk hh chl tl ppl h gg

h.

th un s cl Pl exp m h Fcr’ g, mg pm m

otc mlpl g.

th Pl q m m j gg h z g

h h Lb , b l gh pl. th m z “ h h l h

mll ll b m g p h P h s L spl c.”6

o h gh , ch, i, szl, h u s p, b ppl

p . F h m, l $ mll tl, x , b

hg h b z.

Glbl w llg h 99 Lb s tl , G M, p s bk l m b m h Lb lggg . i h l th Hg, tl

h h p h .

r h h u.s. Lb, h ’ p g l h

, mk Lb m lg. F l m

lg b g l m h lgl, h m pl

lggg p pm m b, mg hh ll pm b h.




M, mpl mp mk p pm h mgh b m b m

g (h g q h h “plll xp p”). F

, h tl’ nPFL ll m Lb g h l h 99,

lgg, b s P, cô ’i, llgl lg l m,

lg pm hgh i s bk nPFL gz.9

a m, llgl lggg h gz m, pll f z l

h m kg. Kh l h k p m k, llgl bgh

l lggg k m h Hll agl P Gg, Bh clmb, c. i Mm lg

ch b, lggg h pm ql lk: g k h

lggg l m, lg h b hll l g.

t m p, h mp gh m f pl g l. eh

h mll f h bllg’ bh, h bllg p p lggg p. B h h m, mb h g

mp f. a g l, chl tl bl x l h g

xg $ mll . cllg h mm llg h l lg h

l m ll tl l h l. th p h l h l l

hgh ml g p — p — b, xmpl, g h l g h x

xl l ll b qg h lgl h gm.

th xmpl h, bllg m ll lggg h xp

h p, m lggg h f. G h blzg l fmb, lp h pbl h lml lm h l.

Capabilities

c h pbl h g g, hh h m mp p :

tp h hlp l bl m.

e lgl mgm gm, lg m , ppp ,

f mgm.

Hgh-ql m, lg p, mg l.

Pp mgm, lg qbl b hg.

th l l.

sh blg blk hlp p m g f mg l, g h gh

lhp b k g llgl lggg ( g .). (i, g g

g m gh hlp xpl h lk c n h h “




.”) t m h , g xm h x h h h

( g .).

th h lg-gl h. ibl h gm m m h lgm

h lmg h gh lg. n l lppg lm lkl, b h gm m p

mp “b l” b pl bh h . B ll pbbl

h ll p, hl p ( g) pp b khl gp. a

g h lggg , h gm ( h khl) m ll h h

lgl gm, h pp p h x p

ppp bh (lg p, pg, l) h ll h

.

th lg pg m h ll l b m mpm p b

gm gl . th mpm hlp p bl.i l pl g l gh, ll b pp (pll b h l

mm h lkl pl g pll l f); p h ml,

m; g h p pm , pll h m.

cp ll l b lp bk b f. i Lb

, h Lb F i, hlp bl h p. i, Lb b m — m

h mm h l l — h b mg h m

mplm m — php p h un l — l h h h m b

l ggm. B Lb, ll l h l q h gm’pll ll m.6

M h m Lb mpl h h b h un s

cl l h mb . th hlp bl h pll ll m. i ,

lhgh h un s cl pp cmb’ l-mp mb , b h

gm cmb ll h l h mm, h p m l

h Lb (pll h pl h h l h

m). Lggg xp mh h h gm’ m p , php m

mp, pll ll m. sll, gm h m h l — Lb

lh, m ll lggg ll m p mh h h m p

mg hm.

lad- pag

L- plg l llg mgg , pll lg pp gh, hh

xml pblm f. i Lb lgl f l h lg gl g

h jl m. sp, l f fm p h . th

l, pf l mj l l gh.




F, ll m h l g f, ll pl ppl g,

p l. up g q k g h b h ghl . wh

p , m f h h h k p h l, pll h

p h m m h h p. t mpl m, ppl

p, g f, pl l g l hp.

wh p l b b f, b mpg lm

, g f lg h, lg, pll l. alhgh lg h lppg

lm , ll b m mg, plll gh, g.

i Lb pg ll m h lgl h h h lggg gh — lg

lggg mp lmg m h . m h l . a , k

m “lgm” hp h gh.

s, b h lm m l, m -h ggl h gh lll, “mm .” i m ll pll m k m h

gh m ll mm g hp gh , h g g. M

l pll, h bg h pp p gl ll h gh

lg h , h hml. G xb h pf gm,

gg h pl ppl, hm l mblz l

ll pl ppl ( clmb, Gml, ng, h dm rpbl

cg, pll h .)

i Lb pf m l h h pblm. i l h h mlkhl l mm h h b m. th gm g h

l hp b h m h , pl m, l plz

h mph m p. Flg h l l , pll

mg mm h lm h gl mm gh mml lggg.

Cc

i Lb h h lgm hl lggg . G h lppg

lm, mpbl m h l gh hl m .

th Fcr mp l h b lg h lgl m h lm. i

h mp b h lm lgl pl Lb l

gl. dg h p (99–), mmm, mp h b lgl b,

hz p Lb, h l l p b l;9 h l,

; h p pm b.

th Fcr h mp l m h , gl p — mg

h h l, lgl gh lg Lb. th m b l h lggg mppg h h h bl nPFL h nl P r ambl Gm.




dg h l h spl c s L, hl -xm chl tl l

h lggg mp k h nPFL pp bl gm h h lggg mp l

p ml M F, h lg h g.

th l h Fcr mbg, b h nl tl Gm Lb l

h g. o l l 6, h, P Jh sl’ x

l ll h bg lm ll (h h “l” hm b h lgl

). B ll p h m. M m lgg g h l ,

g h p pg gm l, m hh h g “b

l.” sll, h h m lgl hllg, h gm bg llg

mll h .

th h h Fcr ( h lkl lgl hllg h b m) h

h h l g b ll mmb h Fcr,

beore h lgm h xm. th h pjg h l. n h bj

pll -h-f mkg hlp mp. i h h h

pp h m h lgm mpl p, lg h l mphbl.

cl, h ll m Lb g b h Pbl Pm c

a, hh q mp bg ll lggg .

i h dm rpbl cg, llg h mm h un Pl exp p,

h s c p-hg gm b h bl gm ll ll ll g h f. a l h M , al h

h mpl ll. th l l . mll h

mpl , pl mm h ll . sll, h

gm g h , g l . mll h, gg h

h l ll h . P h ll mp g

l ml gm h ll g ppl, h lg-m

ll ll b mll h, m l m h . mll h p

h m.

lga g

a pblm gl h g l gl p m lg f

m b k . (a h j h gm h k, b l

h , l bk b f — h dm rpbl cg h p

pl .)6 th xb b h pp m

(h pl) lkl g h any l, gl h mpl, . i,

h pp l g h ll .




th h k hgh. Fl ppl g h l h q: m h

h g m l f h , b bllg

g m h llgl xpl l l h mp l.

“B l” gbl h l chl tl’ bllg, bh g h

. elh, mb ll h Khm rg m ghg h m hg cmb, b f h dm rpbl cg, Mm,

agh.

G h m gl , mp k: wh h mmm

l gl ppl mg h ? a h q m h

hlp blh h blg mplm, bl mmm l m? i,

p mgm, h q hl b k l l.

Capacwh h pp lk p, gm h. Fl,

bj l b m hh lk p b — lk

pll ll — m mp hlg bk m. o

xm h k mplm jg h h blk x. i h m m

q g , m kl h . B h h pll

h mpm, p lkl hlp.

a h 2003 p gm h Lb gm lz h h h h mhm

h p h x m lggg h llgl l

hgh h lgl ppl h. s 2007, b h u.s. gm m l h u.K.

gm h wl Bk, p p mp, sGs, bl, p,

h gm ( ) h-- kg m. th m m k,

g b, ll lg m h p h (h mp) hgh p pg, l.

th m hl h h gm ll ll b ll xp pm

l h cl Bk Lb m h h lggg p h p ll x. Lk, h m

hl m h h mb h b m Lb lgl, l mpl hh u.s. L a (hh phb h mp llgll h ) h ep u’ d

dlg lgl mb mp9 vl Php agm, h g mk

. M, h m hl bl xp h h h lgl mpl

qm.

whl h u.s. gm h mm g h h-- m, Lb

, hh h l h M F l. th m gz h Lb h l

mll ll, p b pg h lg xp. sh lz

h h b kg m g x pm b lggg p p h gmg xp l l l p l p h .




“i-” l hlp xpl h bk , b h m mplm

h m m b gh f . i h p xmpl, ll l h pl

x lgg p bll h f lllg h l h--

kg m h b bll. i h kg m , h ll l l h

p. H h , hgh h , bl g h pllll hg.

th wl Bk’ m g p gl mphz h m lkl h

gm k hp m, h b xmpl. Fl xp l b h

b. Lk gm hp b , h b P’ l p 9

h g gp l h m h l, hh h ll mm

b g , h b m mpl h h u.s. t Pm agm h h P’

.

i Lb’ ll m, m gm, , mg , xmpl, h

mpl h h m m h m p h mbm. a l l l

b xm h m k mplm h p m h -lmg p. i h p

b, gml gp h hg, pll (h h lg h

b m, lgl h k lg),152 l p h .

B h h m lk h p mplm p, h m .

Pa c

th m h l m h hlp mk p.

sll, h bl p, pll g m b h glbl

h hg mh. a p, gm pm gl, h h u.s. L a h

ep u’ d dlg lgl vl Php agm, ll mk mh m

g mkpl, l llg p llgl . M h l g h

pf m gz h hg.

s h k g m, hgh, l h m ll mll pbl

mp. cf-p m gmz h , “g” . wk l h h p llg k hgh k h g hgh ( l b

h l ll l hgh ). a mmm, h hgh mp h gm’

bl g x , mk h mh m llg l,

hh l p llgl, l bg mp f.

M, h xl “g” , gm lkl p pl

pmg ll mp, l b ll m gh mp mgg f k

( b ll pl b gg h ’ l l

g). s m ll p ml h h m ( , h l“b” ), h pmpg hg h p f.




i Lb h F dlpm ah b h u.s. gm

h wl Bk h h pmg l m Lb lggg .

C c

o h mhm hlp gl gm bh p mgpm b l (gg b Pl cll usaid mg h). i, l

gz m h m p h gm gl . 6 B g h

hg p h h mhm l p , l hl b pp bh h (b ,

xmpl) m h , p m m h gh.

ip mg ml . wh h , l, mp,

gm m l b hl bl. i cmb h wl Bk’ ggm (

h F c Mgm cl Pl Pj) l p mg.

B gm m h bl m ( Glbl w, h sGs) pl, h Glbl w k b apl .

ill, m hl b l lbl, b h bl ll m. i

m, h pf , mg l, l b kg

m, pll hlg gm bl, p — h

bklh. i Lb pbl l mmb b gm bg

b mkg ll — lgl — q ll mplm h l.

o mhm h h gm Lb h pp pg l h Lbex i tp i (eiti; ppx ). eiti h p ll pm

m b l, g, mg mp h gm ( ). th eiti ol

m h b Lb’ lg , h.9 i m h b h

l l l h mp h h , h h l

m l, g, mg .

M bl, b bl p lpm. G l

blg, b l mp . Blg h l lg-m pj. d

b g l hl blg f. o mm-m l

l m p g h ppp. th wl Bk l gg h

h h m.

spca

spl — l pp p “‘ plg”6 — h h gm’ gl

m lggg pbl f. i pll mgg m pbl g pp

h q hgh p, l p, h p ll

l.6




Gm h m lggg mp ll m h , l h bl,

p g h gm. oh, h ll g

hl hlp p h h gm p. i hghl

m (g f), m m b l lggg m

plg h h l h ll h p (hh ll l k). Gm h h pj lggg p h

pl. alhgh pl m l gm m h lg m (h h h

pp ), ll l hm m hm m h pj.

i h dm rpbl cg lg-l pl g h f.6 th

. mll h lk p pp mb-ppl —

m h bl-hl , bl h h ll.6 e

b h , h l p , b m l q 6 mll h.6

a l l l x p pl.6

a p Lb lggg mp lkl plg. th F dlpm ah h

ll bh h-, , h h ll ll hgh lggg ll

plg (b h l ppl gl) ll -, , h (

m) h h m m . G h m ll Lb hgh k

q mm p-bk m (h- p l h m), mgh h

xp hm p h g lggg. i h l b mh

m h lg , hgh h h h h l hl p

mg h .66

G h x h glbl l , m b jg h bh h

lggg mp Lb, b h h mll pm xp.

dp ll m h mll h h , h

hpm lg xp l Mh .

mak accpac

ul lggg p m, h ll b pbl. th l mk , hgh, lg h f-p . t h mk lgl p,

xpg h bl m h h h b b

l. dmg m k h h ph ll l f. a h lg

(lk h u.s. L a), ll m mpl h h h h ll

p g h mk. B g pl blh g , mgg

m f -b l mb.6

o m mplm h bg lp b h ep u hgh h F

L em, G t pgm hlp m, hl g h l l pg . u h pgm’ g, h ep u gg bll




gm (vl Php agm — vPa) h p l ll mb xp

h ep u bg “lgl” (g “lgl” m

g b h p). ep u m ll b l hpm

m h vPa . i h vPa hl hlp mp m xp mb’ lgl

m pp , g mk pbl g p pmm.

vPa hl h k b hlpg mk , pll h

m k- p h m b h “b” . eh , l vPa g ll hlp

gm gl p g b p, h ppl g g,

h l l.

o lm h vPa bll. th ep u g hm h pl

lm h h p b , pl l h pg

g lgl h . B b h mlll, h kh llgl m ml b pl m h ep xp mk l mg m

mk -vPa . th hp, hgh, h vPa p “g” , g llgl

lggg h h hgh m mhm h h m ppl ll.

M, h m ppg, h m lkl glbl llgl lggg.

naa rc Cha

cp blg l ll h ppl g g, g ll m h kll

g.6 il, h h ppl, lkl m l

mh, h p. th h mp g ll m g g.69

a hgh ll, mhm gl h g g

h mpl h ll gz b p. sh p g mg

, lg , g h pp h nl r ch:

th lpm l hl b g h mxmm b h z

h h .

ex pbl h xpl hl b p

bj m pbl gh.

cmp l mhm l g.

Fl m m b b hgg m h g h ll l m

.

nl mp hl b mp mml p. th hl

g gl h .

r pj m h ml l , hh m b

mg ll g h pj l.




r hl b pml pm m gh hgh blg

mg hgh ll m m.

e lz q h m xp b bl p gll b

mh k ll.

Gm hl lh pp pbl xp h pbl pg.

Gm pl hl l p m p pp

l hg h lh.

th hm gm x mp l pl hl q

b p.

all x mp hl ll b p g, p, pm.

c h mplm l gl h h h h mplm

ll b “g” b g p , h h hm h bl

l .

expeCtations

th pbl b mg h k p b h lkl b k

f-p . M, bh gm h , “b l,” pl

m h pll ll m. i h pl h m ll k p

p h , mm ll. t ll h m, gm, , lgm

, l bl xp mg ll h h “b l”

lg pbl. Gm pll m mg h xp ll.

maagg pca

opm xp k, hgh b h g h l l l f.

s, lhgh l gm p , m gh, , jb, h

k h mg h ’ bl m h bj.

d m bm g lg m m h l h hbl. a

h wl Bk m h k gl , mp bl l bl

h lg m, l bl k (h , pl, l , p ,

-m pm l; m h jl m ). th m

, — h Lb F i — lkl p lbl. n l

gh hlp h gm m mph , h l l h m b

mm. rm k , mh .




a f, lggg p bl h h l mm h b ll b h

m qbl h h p, lg ll mplm. F h p, gm bl

h ll m, h lggg p mg bl,

h m h l h h l h l f.

Gm l h lpg h lggg plg.

Gm mm h g xp — pll f — l

hp h mk h l . skhl ggm , p, m

hlp h mm l; h m l Lb

q h .

cmm xp lggg mp p b, bh l (, jb)

k (l, , hl), ll gzg h gh. B Lb l, lggg mp m h mmm: 9 p l mm h l

, , hl, l, hh lggg .

wh mp lggg, mm m h lll hgh xp b hg.

s h ppm pbl f, h xp hl b b p

bg. cmm hl h h p xpl g h h pg

l l lgg p, , lg h p m blg, h m ll

h .

G h ql p l b ll mm l lggg mp, g

p mg mhm . wh h p, h “ p l

h pp h p m lbl ppl’ gh, hm Bk pl lp

p.”

a f, ll ql xp lggg p b ll mplm m h p

xml l ll (h p ll p lb m h ,

m h ). i Lb h . p Lb mpl h mb

. th dm rpbl cg h q f mp’ llg p ll mplm.6

th xp h h lggg mp h gm. wh ml

mplm, ll, lg x-mb, m k ml, ll, k. i Lb m x-

mb m b kg gz llgl lggg. (Fml jb g, mp hl

p l k’ blg, m hlp l m h pblm h ll lb h

mp lm.)

ulml, p lpm b bl, h m b gl xp (pllmg h ) h ll h h z p b h l l. (t




gh g g, m m b mg, gg m h l

lgl g, l.)

i Lb lggg mp, m g, h g h h lggg

m hm q h gm’ mmm h l l, pll h

( hgh h ’ b l l, l ll

pl b h mpl h h l). H, h gm h hg

m h ll bh l . i h hl b

mp, l p bl h p z h h mm

, pbl , mg h .

i cmb h l 99 , lk h h gm

h m m . F xmpl, , h mg p

h lp mgm pl. y h h gm l m h h mgm pl, h pp h h wl Bk llg h gm

gl. th m h xp h “b” gg b “ l.”

ConClusions

n ll l l , mh l mb. B l h bllg l

mb-h h h p ll lggg p

h h mb h h mk. whl mb h l cmb, cô ’i, h dmrpbl cg, Mm, h pm xmpl f mb Lb. F g l,

h p, chl tl mg l x lggg mp

h l l.

i Lb h f z, lggg l f h m f m h ,

pg l, g m h ml, g lgg h f,

pg p , lg l m. cmph m l

h h . cp p, , m b lm, h h ll lggg

b pg.

B pf m h g. Fl p h , p h hp

h h g ll l l hg. B l gm lk

b m h h m bl hg mml, pg h g

h bl hg lg-m p.

o m h mm l xplg l mplm

m gh. Pl m, h, h h — l

pl — . opm pj l l h - ml,h hg h p gl m m. Fl m pj m




p g. M p, php, h l ll l

mm m, h g h gm’ ’ bl l h pm

p . M blg “b l,” hh m pp mb-l

f.

chg q, b l f-p . wh h un s cl pl

Lb mb, h h export mb, b h import mb. i k h p b

h Lb gm gg l. B l mpl g

h h h l l b h mb mp l f.

cm h h l l lmg h f mb, l h glbl mk

hgg. s h mb Lb’ mb, h u s h hg l phb

mp llgll h — h l k h m g Gb

G mpg ll b m Mg. Lk, h ep u h g vPa, h Gh, hlpg h ’ l ppg m pll ll

lglz h .

thgh h g g, b h mkpl, hlp p ,

h mb, lg f.




Appd . m a aa, 999

rp lggg mp pg m 999 l us$6,,, p b

h Gm Lb ().

th m b m h mp h p m b h p h mgglg pg.

COmpAnY Assessed TAxes (us$) ArreArs (us$)

Akkari Timber Inc. 1,525,365 917,557

American Wood Processing Company not reported 58,311

BIN Liberia Inc. 1,987,526 1,902,169

Carlton Resources Inc. 653,608 653,608

Cavalla Timber 2,596,216 1,187,935

Cestos Timber Corp. not reported 38,078Daba Incorporated 990,118 556,208

EJ&J not reported 39,289

Forestry and Agricultural Products Corporation 630,557 618,483

Forest Hills 192,963 180,212

Forum 447,716 275,262

Gamma Corp. 90,178 67,869

Iberic 346,679 110,605

Inland Logging Company 1,245,841 275,758

Liberian Industrial Agricultural Products not reported 5,534Liberian Logging Wood Processing Corp. 1,838,465 1,116,096

Liberia Timber and Plywood Company not reported 12,503,986

Liberia Wood Management Corp. 1,389,571 610,022

Mabow Logging Corp. not reported 36,388

Mohammed Group o Companies 5,509,119 5,112,391

Maryland Wood Processing Industries 5,592,884 5,289,950

Natura 1,978,979 0

North Eastern Logging Co. 173,374 165,614

Oriental Timber Corp. 16,400,856 28,738,845

Royal Timber Corp. 2,322,477 0

Togba Timber Corp. 1,255,154 940,453

Tropical Logging not reported 11,312

Tutex Wood Management Corp. 77,345 23,835

United Logging Company 3,224,105 1,975,659

Xoanon Liberia Ltd. 1,147,778 809,995

Source: Government o Liberia 2005, appendix 2. Exhibit B.




Appd . l F Dp Ah qg maad wdPcg id d s




Appd . tpa F rpg h h eac id tapac ia

th pg mpl “g p m l pm blg

l pm m. …“sp l h h mpl l l l

m… [i] g h h pbl gz h b hh mk . vl l pp pblz h .”

Template for Forestry Company Reporting

nm cmp: __________________________

rpg P: ___________________________

c : ____________________________ h

a lgg pg p: _____________ h

reF vOlume uniTs uniTs vAlue

bft sta

1 Production m3

2 Processed products m3 US$

3 Export m3 US$

payt to Cta got

4 Land rental ees US$

Amount to:

40% Ministry o Finance US$

30% Communitiesa US$

30% Countiesb US$

5 Stumpage Fees US$

Amount to:

90% Ministry o Financec US$

10% Protected Areas US$

6 Forest Products Fees US$

Amount to:

90% Ministry o Financec US$

10% Protected Areas US$

7 Log Export Fees US$

8 Sawmill License Fee US$

Size o mill: m3 /yr

9 Corporate Income Tax US$

Withholding Income Tax US$

10 Contract Administration Fees US$

11 Inspection Fees US$

12 Waybill Fees US$

13 Export License Fees US$




reF vOlume uniTs uniTs vAlue

14 Other Fees US$

L$

In-kind payments (& monetary value) US$

payt to loca got

15 Harvest volume-based payments US$

16 Other monetary payments US$

17 In-kind payments (and monetary value) US$

Oth otay co

US$

Management sign o: We acknowledge [or, On behalf of the Board of Directors (or similar body) we acknowledge] ourresponsibility or the air presentation o the Reporting Template in accordance with the Reporting Guidelines, with theexception o: …………………..

a To be distributed to aected communities through the National Community Beneft Sharing Trust.

b To be distributed equally among the counties through the County Forestry Development Fund.c To be administered by the Forestry Development Authority to manage a network o protected areas.




reFerenCesBll, K, Jk shm, . . The

Political Economy o Armed Conict: Beyond Greed

and Grievance. Bl, co: L r.

Blll, ah G. . “o h b pg h ex itp i, h p Lb.” spg s. nl cpl a,v, c. albl l.g.l//lb__p.p

Bh, alx J., v K. Hl. 9. Targeting

Spoilers: The Role o UN Panels o Experts. whg, dc: sm c.

Bzk, Lzk. 6. “r sh a: a

n rlhp.” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal o International and Strategic Aairs ():6-96.

ciFor (c il F rh). .“F sh: F cf.” albl ..g.g/pbl/cp/Fsh/_f.hm

cl, rb w., Gg dl, Mhll Hz, a.a. wl. 966. Growth without Development:

An economic survey o Liberia. e, iL:

nh u P.cll, Pl. . The bottom billion: Why the Poorest

Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It .n yk: ox u P.

cll, Pl, ak Hf. 99. “o emc cl w.” Oxord Economic Papers ():6-.

——— . . “G g l .” Plrh wkg Pp , wl Bk,

whg, dc.cmm rp, th rl

e tm. 6. Chega! Final Report. dl.

dbx, L., t. H, d. Kmz, a. K, G.tp, . . Forests in Post-Conict Democratic

Republic O Congo: Analysis o a Priority Agenda. Jk: ciFor (c il Frh).

d Jg, wl, d d K-h ab, .. Extreme Conict & Tropical Forests. dh,

h nhl: spg.

eiu (em illg u). . Myanmar

(Burma) country report .

eia (eml ig ag) Glblw. 9. Investigation into the illegal elling,

transport & export o precious wood in Sava Region,

Madagascar . L: eia Glbl w.——— . . Peru’s Forest Sector: Ready or the New

International Landscape? L: eia. albl .-glbl.g/PdF/eia_P_rp_eg_P_b.p

ep u. . “rgl (e) n 99/ h ep Plm h cl ob : Lg h blg p h pl mb mb p h mk.” Ofcial Journal o the European Union,

dmb .

Gm Lb. . “rp h Fc r cmm (Fcr rp) – Phiii.” M . M.

G, Jph. 9. “Ml k llgl lmb agh.” Stars and Stripes, J .

Glbl w. . A conict o interests: The

uncertain uture o Burma’s orests. L: Glblw.

——— . b. The Usual Suspects. L: Glbl w.

——— . . “a ch ch: eg h Bm’ h .” Bgm. Glbl w, L.

——— . . Cambodia’s Family Trees: Illegal logging and

the stripping o public assets by Cambodia’s elite. L: Glbl w.

——— . . Lesson UNLearned: How the UN and Member

States must do more to end natural resource-uelled

conicts. L: Glbl w.Glbg, J. . “Gg Bl, Lb wl,

i Fll u a.” The Atlantic, J .albl .hl.m/l/h///gg-bl-lb-l--ll--//

Hll, eml. . Without remedy: Human Rights

Abuse and Indonesia’s Pulp and Paper Industry. nyk: Hm rgh wh.

——— . 9. wild money: The Human Rights Implication

o Illegal Logging and Corruption in Indonesia’s

Forestry Sector . n yk: Hm rgh wh.




——— . . Forests, Ex-combatants and Durable

Security: cross-sectoral implications o post-conict

programming. wkg Pp (ag). whg,dc: ProFor (Pgm F).

Hk, M, H Lk. . “all h m

m m .” Vrij Nederland, Mh .ida (il dlpm a). .

Operational Approaches and Financing in Fragile

States. whg, dc: wl Bk, ida.

il c Gp. . Indonesia: Resources

and Conict in Papua. a rp n. 9. Bl:il c Gp.

——— . . Aceh: Post-conict Complications. arp n. 9. Bl: il c Gp.

Jh, Pk. . “tmb Bm s B:th Pll em Lb tmb.” Review o

Arican Political Economy (): -6.

M, K. . “c h $ ml mLb tl’ bk.” r, M .

Malp, J.L., P.a. o’dh, o. P. 6.“Lb: hllg pp.”International Forestry Review (): –9.

Mch, Jh F. . Wild Logging: The Rise and Fall

o Logging Networks and Biodiversity Conservation

Projects on Sumatra’s Rainorest Frontier . olPp . Bg, i: ciFor (c il F rh).

P, M. . “P l gg lp.” em n s, J .

——— . 2002b. “P: llgl lgg ig

a.” em n s, ag 9.

Pk, F. 2005. “th Phx s: w em

s Fm Lb.” i The Dynamics o

States: the Formation and Crises o State Domination,. Kl shlh. Hmph, uK: ahg.

r, wllm. 999. Warlord Politics and Arican States.L: L r.

rh, K.w. Jm, rb d. smp, al L.Bll, ol P. 6. “th LbF c r: L mgm h l l.”

Journal o Peacekeeping and Development ():9–9.

r, Mhl L. . “wh d w K b nlr cl w?” Journal o Peace Research (): –6.

r, s a, J Kl rø, wh L, nlP Glh. . “Flg ghg: F

h , , l l .” Political Geography (): 6–.

sm F. . Plunder: The Silent Destruction

o Liberia’s Rainorest . M.

sdi (sbl dlpm i). .Liberia — The Promise Betrayed. M: sdi.

tk, shg. 996. “cmb tmb exp B(caMwood c).” am u. albl .m./ted/m.hm

The Perspective. . “ig rp oltmb cp — spl h Pp.”Mh .

thm, Jm, rmz K. . Conict

Timber: Dimensions o the Problem in Asia

and Arica. Blg, vt: a rldlpm.

th rl cmm Lb. 9.Final Consolidated Report. M: th rl cmm.

unMiL (un M Lb). 6. Joint Government

o Liberia-UN Rubber Plantations Task Force Report .M.

un s cl. 99. “rl iq-K.” ob. n yk.

——— . 99b. “rl 9 cmb.” nmb. n yk.

——— . 99. “rl h sL.” ob . n yk.

——— . . “Fl p h Mg Mhm agl s.” s//, dmb .n yk.

——— . b. “rp h Pl exp ppp s cl l 6(), Pgph 9, l s L.”s//9, dmb . n yk.

——— . . “rl 6 h sL.” Jl . n yk.




——— . . “rp h Pl exp Lbbm h rl ().” s//, ob 6. n yk.

——— . b. “rl h Lb.” Mh . n yk.

——— . . Pl exp h eg tg cp. .

——— . b. “rp h Pl exp p pgph s cl l () g Lb.” s//9, ag .n yk.

——— . . “rl h Lb.”s/res//, M 6. n yk.

——— . . “rl h

Lb.” dmb . n yk.——— . . “illgl il op e

Jlm h h op Plt.” s//9, M . n yk.

——— . b. “rp h Pl exp p pgph s cl l () g Lb.” s//96, J . nyk.

——— . . “rl h Lb.” Mh . n yk.

——— . . “rp h Pl exp bmp pgph () s cll 9 () g Lb.”s//6, J. n yk.

——— . b. “rp h Pl exp bmp pgph () s cll 6 () g Lb.”s//, dmb . n yk.

——— . 6. “rp h Pl exp bm

p pgph s cll 69 (6) g Lb.”s/6/96, dmb . n yk.

——— . . “sm b h P h scl” s/Prst//, J . n yk.

——— . . “rp h Pl exp Lbbm p pgph () scl l 9 () g Lb.”s//, J . n yk.

——— . b. “rp h Pl exp bmp pgph s cl l

9 () g Lb.” s//,dmb . n yk.

usaid (u.s. ag il dlpm).. Forests & Conict: A toolkit or intervention.whg, dc: usaid, o cf

Mgm Mg.wl, emm. 9. Company-led approaches to

conict resolution in the orest sector . rhPp . n H, ct: th F dlg.

wl Bk. . Fragile states — best practices or

country assistance strategies. whg, dc: wlBk.

——— . 9. Roots or Good Forest Outcomes: An

Analytical Framework or Governance Reorms. rp n. 9-GLB. whg, dc: wl Bk,agl rl dlpm dpm.

wl Bk ip Pl. 6. “cmb, 6.cmb: F c Mgm cl Pl Pj.” ig rp 6.wl Bk, whg, dc.

——— . . “dm rpbl cg: tlspp em r G emgem sl r spp Pj.”ig rp 6 – Zr. wl Bk,

whg, dc.

notes wl 9.

ag ciFor , h p h h l b l f h g agl, B, cmb, cla rpbl, rpbl cg, Gml,Mzmbq, ng, P, r,

sm. tgh h b p h l’ pl hl ll pl Bzl. dKmz, xl ProFor, h h h mb-l x l b Bglh (chgg Hll), B Hzg,Fj (mb-l p), L Ppl’ dmrpbl (hll b), Pk (nh-w FP), sgl (cm).

P , b; eia Glbl w 9.

th f mb bh p h u n (un) scl, h m f gll




m h bl-l h f h h bllg h (un s cl ). Glbl w lghl f :h , h h m xpl x f b , bm, l h mm l hm gh, l lhm l, l mg m l l (Glbl w ). i p usaid b a rl dlpm,f mb h “mb h ll b ( h ) bp h m ” (thm K ).

Fm 9 l ;

cll Hf 99, .

6 Bll shm ; r .

d Jg h .

thm K .

9 r h ; h r pp mxp b Faostat ( pblmpph m mll l hml mgglg).

F h h m h p GdP

m l . cll .

d h hg x hhz, / h pg x.

th x b f mb gzm h h lm’ hp bdgl Fh.

thm K .

Glbll, h hp p

h l’ m h mmml, b, mphb, hl g j . p hh’ .

6 un s cl b.

thm K .

cl h 966.

9 th rl cmm Lb 9.

tl l h spl c sL m g hm.

un s cl . iMF m .

un s cl 99.

un s cl 99.

un s cl .

6 un s cl b.

un s cl b.

un s cl , p. .

9 un s cl , p. .

Malp, o’dh, P 6.

Gm Lb . th g hghlgh th rl cmm Lb 9.

rh h 6.

th rl cmm Lb 9.

Gm Lb . dg p (999–), otc ppl

g $9. mll (th rl cmm Lb 9, p. ).otc b wg K t Jph (hm),tg Lg chg, ch H Kg, GKh.

6 dm Kh’ h hp otc mp mk ( pl hgg): l

h tl’ gh p h rl tmb cp (rtc), hh l p Lb F dlpmcp. — h hl h h otclgg (otc l pl hl h mg6 p).

Hk Lk .

LJn: ay6, rhbk’-Ghg, 9/-. Jl , 6.

9 slmé l b tl

llg h l m kg; h mb lg g h tl gm, mb plp g h bql gm; h h un l b “ z” l; p h lb, slmé pl tl hl xl ng, lg h tl clb (un s cl 6, p. ).

th rl cmm Lb 9.

i h u.s. l chl tl, J., spl

ag Bhl h u.s. dpm Hmls ob 6, , h gh , tl J. h “i 99…[tl J.]




g l h bb mb ”(Jh ).

d gp ( hll mp,ll lg ) h ghl bl l h

Lb, xmpl vjm bg v (ch) Mg (Mlm h h Lurd bl gp h ghtl –).

th rl cmm Lb 9.

saMFu ; th Pp .

Glbl w p, mg h, Glbl w.

6 cavr 6.

Mch .

il c Gp .

9 “i m l hh h ll g. i , h, bm ll pl, m h mp b h l l pblh ” (dbx h ). i bl h lp h gm qhg hl (wl Bk ip Pl ).

r 999. i , h blg m h.

r 999.

Gm Lb .

wl Bk ip Pl 6.

thm K .

6 usaid .

r 999.

r 999.

9 th rl cmm Lb 9,p. 6.


6 H h b mp hu s h l Lb.


6 th m l l x

l m p x, h l h pbl h

b h mm, lk h blg hl l, ll p hg.

6 Gm Lb .

6 Fao Forstat .

66 Fm 99 , Lb un

s cl m .6 spl c s L, -xm

chl tl.

6 wl Bk ip Pl 6.

69 un s cl 99b.

tk 996.

Glbl w .

thm K .

thm K . i k hh hpl m p pm gml h m gg b.

thm K .

thm K .

6 G 9.

a Plh-m lghl m hlp, b nato h “hpl.”

un s cl b, ax Xii.

9 wh h p h xl h hlphpm m h m l, , m bf h mg. i m bb, dh l h m, h mplmg gl un . i Mh, h spm c h ppll, q l l lp h h l chl tl’ l.

i m h l Hll, Kh h “chl tl h

hlp Fb Mh .” un s cl , p. .

th rl cmm Lb 9.

un s cl b, p. 6; sjrph (appx ), m l, F rl(appx ), m sh a héh b tl “ l”; lun s cl b, p. 6-9; hp h Mg Mhm sg unita (un s cl , p.

6-6).

un s cl , ax v.




Jh .

6 M h ppl l, h bh, hl l pp (un scl ).

Lb ml f h p h

dmb , 99 l, lh rl u F lh mj s L h l h J 999 F (uns cl , p. 6).

un s cl . wh h un scl Pl exp Gï, hklg h h p ’é 999, h plh pl i m k.H h tl ppl m m

m, Mhm slmé, h k Gï gh - . Gï h klgh m h mm m cô’i b m Lb (un s clb).

9 a il ppl lml l hil h j h mhpm h l un , b hm l hgh il M il z. i , hgh, hm $, p h m.

9 un s cl , p. .

9 Gm Lb .

9 th l lm h m kllg lg h bl pp.

9 Glbl w b.

9 i Bl h u s,hg h mmg xjl kllg Lb h lg g h us (Glbg ).

9 Pk .

96 Glbl w .

9 Bzk 6.

9 em illg u .

99 un s cl .

th rl cmm Lb 9,p. .

Glbl w .

th rl cmm Lb 9,p. .

Gm Lb .

Glbl w b.

Glbl w b.

6 Gm Lb . th lp h h h f Lb,bllg cô ’i

h h Lb p mb m. thm K .

Gm Lb .

9 Gm Lb .

Gm Lb .

9.doc; LJn: ay6, rhbk’-Ghg,9/- Jl , 6.

un s cl .

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9.doc; LJn: ay6, rhbk’-Ghg,9/- Jl , 6.

a b un s cl b, bx ,p. .

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h q pp llgl lggg hg.

th chag ga

“rg” x-mb p h pl h h xp mb ah,

m hm l h hm mm. rg m b b

mp, b l plg lkg pl h h b l b h l

hm, hh p ggl h ql bl l h m h h

p. ex-mb g p pl hllg blg pm m.



o pm bl g pblm p h p h

p gm pq p g b, mpl b g

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g h g ppg lg-m pm llh. oh gmp h – m h p-f pgm g l-

b mp hm (lg b , x-GaM mb). F h p, l

KPa (Km Plh ah — ah’ t cmm, gz m b GaM’

m ml g p h gh x-mb) l h l l h

mp l h f b l l l .66 Pl b h

p, h pgm p pblm h h, h h hgh

l h l h h h pf xp.

i l , h pgm l, php bl, m mp. ex-mb l p b b h mm, mb mm mmb l h mm

kg p l g hm. th ah rg ag l b m

p p pm. i h h hghl hg m h

p, G i’ mm lbl h lggg p bl

( l) p. B h mm j p h m’ mph pl

m. i l p m h ll g h zg

h pl lgl. ol h l h mm b l,

l mm p, l .6

i’ mb pl p l l mplm. wh blg

lgl h g pl h ah’ , h pph p m p p

hh lz l ah’ Jk. th m l mml ,

h m pl b gm g, m h g

m h pl.th g gh blh l bl mg h mlpl m

m lpm, x-mb lm, p pgm, p.

i pl, h m lggg lgl m mbl pblm b g h

f, l m mpm b p b g p — h m, pl, GaM lgg — x mb llgll. a lm l llgl ll

mpl mplm h mm.

B h bgg hllg h mm’ h bl g KPa’ pl

lggg , hh m bl h h h GaM h b ghg — h

ah b m h p’ h .

e-cbaa hd a gad

th mplm p-f ah m, h hllg pg ml lbl mml g. i h p, p-f



h g. B l , h Gm ah h m , m gh

g,6 pl h l h lk l. all, F Fl il’

cmm rg Pgm, g m h wl Bk Mld F usaid,

m g p l mplm x-mb, xllgl lgg

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th pph l llh mg , b h bl mb mm k h h b l m pp. th

k, , ll b h h bg g gh h llg llgl mb.

eqll mp ll b g h h b php l l j x-mb

b h mm mmb ll, h h l mp m llb

pg ah’ .

reFerenCes Aceh World. 6. “th F d L.”

J –Fb 6, vl. n. 6. B ah.

ag F P. . “M q l llgl lggg p.” apl .

antara. . “F ck u w,ig dl.” apl .

Bl, sh. . Land Grabbing and Land Reorm:

Diamonds, Rubber and Forests in the New Liberia.ol Pp n. . o: Php a

c.

Blll, ah G. . “th Fl Fl hFl w.” wkg Pp (J). whg, dc:ProFor.

cll, Pl. . “a, Pl Gh P-cf c.” dm nn. . wl Bk cf P r u, whg, dc. albl hp://.lbk.g/intcPr/-696//apolGhn.p

dPKo (un dpm Pkpg op).. “s G dmm,dmblz rg (ddr) P P op.” n yk: u n.

eia (eml ig ag) tlpk.. The Thousand Headed Snake: Forest Crimes,

Corruption and Injustice in Indonesia. wkh,uK: emm P.

Fh, dgl. . “tl cm, slnk F: ug l

f p-f l.” wkgPp. ProFor (Pgm F), whg dc.

Fao (F agl ogz h un). . “am tmb dm sppl P-tm r i.” rm: Fao. apl .

Gm, d. 6. “c akh th 6, thK eklg”. [“6 y e n: y elgl c”] waLHi (i Fm

em), ah, i.Hll, eml. 9. Wild Money: The Human Rights

Consequences o Illegal Logging in Indonesia. nyk: Hm rgh wh.

——— . . “F Fgl cf-as.” wkg . ProFor (Pgm F),whg, dc.

Hll, rh, Gl tl, Jh tm.. Would You Fight Again? Understanding

Liberian Ex-Combatant Reintegration. spl rpn. . whg, dc: u s i P, p. ( MMll 9).

Hmph, M, Jm w. .“wh h Fgh s: a s ex-cmb s L: J–ag .” Pride (P-f rg i dlpm empm). albl .lmb./~mh/sL

i cp wh. . “Lg h L

i’ Jl M.” Jk.



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J, Mhl. 9. “th Lb rbb Mkrm, up.” unMiL rrr (un M Lb,rg, rhbl r s)

l p.K, Gg. . “Fao am tmb

dm sppl P tm c i.” rm: Fao (F aglogz).

L il F. 6. “Hldkm Pm ak illgl d Ppnad sm u th 6.” B ah,i.

——— . 6b. “Lp Pm ak illgl ddlm d sk KeL, J - dmb 6.”B ah, i.

——— . . “Lp Pm ak illgl ddlm d sk K ekm L, J.” B ah, i.

——— . . “ah F & em Pj.”Ql rp n. . L ilF, F Fl F, Ml-F ah n, B ah, i.

albl hp://.l.g/l/aFeP_Ql_rp__.p

MMll, Jm r. 9. “unMiL rg,rhbl r (rrr) s:L m dPKo ilm h ex-cmbrg” n yk: dPKo.

Rakyat Aceh. . “Fm ll b k g KPammb l llgl lggg.” Jl . Bah.

Serambi. . “dh rk . Jg.” J .B ah.

——— . b. “il illgl Lggg, pl .” Jl 6. B ah.

——— . . “6 g M m kpl bbk.” Jl . B ah.

smm, a P. . “tk s sgh illgl Lggg M allg.” Jakarta Post , apl9.

tmg, a. 2009. e agm rp:

27 ag 2009, ax iv: J Gm o

Lb–u n M i Lb unMiL

rbb Pl tk F, 2006–2009, unMiL

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uneP (u n em Pgmm).. Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia.szl.

unMiL (u n M Lb). 6. rp h J unMiL Gm Lb rbb tkF, p P ell Jh sl, M.

——— . 6b. “Hm rgh Lb’ rbbPl: tppg h F.” M. M.

un s cl. . “rp h Pl unP op.” a// s//9. n yk.

——— . . “rp h Pl exp bm

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whm, a. . “Fao d n:Fbl o ig a ch LmbPm i Lb.” rm: Fao (F aglogz h u n).

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notes Lbl h h xbl h

l hlg, lbl lg, ,l p, bl p lg p gl g f.

Blll ; Fh . (e bhpp h bk.)

dPKo , p. .

wl Bk , p. .

wl Bk b, p. .

6 wl Bk b, p. .

F xmpl, hgh h un s clh mb m Lb, h ’ h gg h cmphP agm l hg.

Blll .

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pm mm f “KLicus Pp” (Pp 9), wl Bk, p. .

un s cl .

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Hll, tl, tm , p. ( MMll9, p. ).

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mb m k m hpm). th Plg h p pl h bh m bl. a pl b h Pl g lmb p p hgh m:l p aK- p k-ppll g . alhghl q x-mb Lb mh l p, m x-mb m pm h p h

mm l p. wph p llg h mm,lhgh h Pl l h m h b

m G cô ’i (un scl , p. –6).

dmg h mhg h h lp m l l ppl p -

h xp mm b b hh l mb (h , ml mmb) /ll lp p h .

dPKo .

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Hmph w ; w .

wl Bk ; cll .

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Fao , p. .

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bb hgh h mlm h

bb pl sgp.

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unMiL 6.

6 uneP , p. , unMiL 6b.

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unMiL 6b, p. 6.

unMiL 6.

P w Phb, Fb ,, h Jl Bh h rpbl Lb(Hbl Jh L. G, spm c a Jg pg), unMiL 6b, p. .

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ah Blll, pl mm.

6 unMiL 6; unMiL 6b.

MMll 9, p. .

th lm m b lbl p al vi.6 h cmph P agm:



“all mb hll m h l l l h p g g h Lb m l l.” (H,m h x-mb pg h plh g.)

9 Blll .

th thl cmm GeMaP pl q h l g mmgm m Gh cll h rbb Pl a Lb(rPaL) — q h m h p b gm .

J 9, p .

th Lb F i l l l

gm mm g, b h m x h rPtF.

J 9.

J 9.

J 9, pp. –.

6 o b, h, p h h h bm pg mpg h m l gm, xmpl h Fgm, hh m pmm.nhl, “ p ” m hgm’ bl g lh g h m ll pp mm.

unMiL 6.

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9 MMll 9, p. .

MMll 9, p 6.

t K (unMiL a ddr o),pl mm, nmb 9, .

MMll 9, pp. 6–.

P pp mml h x , h ll lmb bk l l h h plg g. P bk h pk ($./kg).

un s cl .

th pml l h b b h h il c Gp .

56 ah , L il F

, M, M 25, 2007. th , hgh, pl

1,000 g (smb 2007).57 th L il F 2006 p h

h, h 612 m b j 29 l

, 8,900 llgll h

L . th pp b

h p h pl z llgl 2006

p 200 p m 2005, m 33,250 b

m 120,210 b m (L il

F 2006, b, 2007; Gm 2006).

K , p. .

9 M. am Mlllg, nl c Pk dpm, p l g , b m lmb m6, b m lbl Jl6. “P plg k , m,mp k bh g hi mm ah kh bkj hkm” [“Pl lgl z, b, ll mb lblhgh i ah pll”].upblh p.

6 wwF .

6 ah , l , Bah, M , ; Ll Mcllh, emogz a, M 9, .

6 eia tlpk ; i cp wh; Hll 9.

6 ag F P .

6 antara ; smm .

6 ah , L Hllbk, spl a h G, B ah, M .

66 ah h L Hllbk (Bah) KPa mm Mhlm (Bah), ab M (tpk), Fz azm(B ah), M .

6 H a, Pl F dpm H,m “Mm Lggglm Ppk rkk ah” hl b waLHi,M , , B ah.

6 Mh Lk, Pgm Mg, F Flil, B ah. , P. cm. J , .

69 ib.



Forests, FraGiLity and conFLict is a coLLection oF BacKGround PaPers tHat HeLPed

inForM tHe 2011 worLd deveLoPMent rePort on conFLict and deveLoPMent. it

oFFers a Broad synoPsis oF tHe Main LinKs Between vioLence, Poor Governance

and Forests, BacKed By case studies sPanninG Latin aMerica, aFrica and asia.

aLtHouGH Forests tend to Be at tHe center oF MainLy LocaLiZed, nonvioLent

struGGLes For access and use, Forests can aLso FaciLitate and ProLonG

conFLict — ParticuLarLy tHrouGH corruPtion and LootinG oF Forest tiMBer.

Forests tHeMseLves May Be at risK in tHe iMMediate aFterMatH oF conFLict, wHenMyriad deMands — FroM GovernMent, LocaL PoPuLations, coMMerciaL tiMBer

oPerations, as weLL as donors — Go uncoordinated. it is tHe writers’ HoPe

tHat tHis voLuMe’s anaLysis, case studies, and Lessons wiLL HeLP PoLicy MaKers,

oFFerinG soMe understandinG oF tHe reasons For tHe rePeated cycLes oF vioLence

Forests, Fragility and Conflict

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Transcript of Forests, Fragility and Conflict