Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East...
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Transcript of Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East...
![Page 1: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Tree seed supply chains
Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity?David Boshier,Ian Dawson &Ard Lengkeek
![Page 2: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Location of the countries and survey areas
KenyaUganda
Tanzania
Kabale
Mabira
Arusha
Meru
Nairobi
Location of nursery survey sites
![Page 3: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
![Page 4: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Nursery sites
![Page 5: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Why bother about genetic diversity?
• adaptation to changing environments• direct use of genetic resources• viability of populations in short term• - seed production• - inbreeding depression
![Page 6: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Inbreeding depression in Acacia mangium in Sabah
Seed source
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
Seedling height (cm)
32.5
20.7
18.1
Sim, 1984
![Page 7: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Theory
• direct impacts
• decrease population size
• increase spatial isolation
• decrease densities
• change local environment
genetic processes
genetic drift
gene flow
mating - inbreeding
selection
![Page 8: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Bottleneck genetic drift
![Page 9: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Isolated trees– mating patterns?
![Page 10: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Altered mating patterns in farm trees?
• Predictions: increased inbreeding• greater pollen dispersal• fewer sires
• Isolated farm tree Continuous forest
inbreedingdispersal
sires
![Page 11: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
How many trees to collect from?
![Page 12: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Data collected in a survey of seed-propagated tree species in tree nurseries from five areas in East Africa
Survey area (country) All areas
Kabale (Uganda)
Mabira (Uganda)
Nairobi (Kenya)
Meru (Kenya)
Arusha (Tanzania)
Nurseries [client data*] 7 [6] 9 [7] 21 [16] 12 [8] 22 [22] 71 [59]Cases [client data] 15 [8] 26 [16] 31 [25] 17 [10] 54 [54] 143 [113]All species 11 14 16 7 16 43Indigenous species 3 6 6 1 3 15Cases indigenous species 4 10 6 2 5 27Cases five most common species
2 3 11 10 40 66
Cases of unique species occurrence
3 6 6 2 5 22
Single tree collections all species
7 4 8 7 5 31
Single tree collections indigenous species
2 1 2 0 1 6
Seed trees per nursery lot, Nm: mean (SD)
3.7 1.8 (3.6)
5.1 2.3 (6.0)
5.8 3.1 (8.9)
5.7 3.1 (6.5)
8.2 3.8 (14.1)
6.4 1.7 (10.3)
Seedlings per nursery lot, Ns: mean (SD)
871 712 (1408)
2060 1408 (3661)
787 432 (1228)
1339 1011 (2127)
1543 676 (2535)
1378 401 (2446)
Clients per nursery lot, Nc: mean (SD)
12 14 (20)
41 27 (55)
17 9 (22) 81 92 (149)
22 5 (20) 28 10 (53)
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Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
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Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Cupressus lusitanica
Wind pollinatedHermaphrodite, self compatible100,000 seed produced per tree
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Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Calliandra calothyrsus
Bat/moth pollinatedHermaphrodite and male flowers, Mainly outcrossing1,000 seed produced per tree
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Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Dovyalis caffra
Bird?/insect pollinatedDioecious270-470 seed produced per tree
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Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Sclerocarya birrea – male tree being cut as not producing fruits
![Page 18: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Grevillea robusta
• Self incompatible with protandry• Fruit set cross-pollination (5.9-17.5%)
>open-pollination on farms (0.1%-3.3%)• Open-pollinated flower stigmas – most no
pollen or only self-pollen• Lack of cross-pollen may limit seed
production
![Page 19: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Senna siamea
• Insect pollinated• Hermaphrodite• Self–compatible?• High seed production per
tree
![Page 20: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Procurement pathwaysNGOs compared with CBOs
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Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Distribution pathways
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Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Think about and discuss
• Where are bottlenecks to genetic diversity? How to overcome these?
• In 5 main species, how does seed production per tree influence number of trees seed collected from? How species biology affects genetic diversity in seed collections?
• How can mixing seed ensure use and maintenance of existing genetic diversity? mean Ns/Nc vs mean Ns/Nm.
• Advice/training to improve situation? Figs 2-4; to NGOs and/or directly to communities? What specific advice/training?
• How does seed collection and plant production occur? • Are seeds and plants transferred and if so how? Does this provide
limitations or opportunities?
![Page 23: Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide Tree seed supply chains Tree planting on farms in East Africa: how to ensure genetic diversity? David Boshier,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649ce05503460f949a9c9d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Forest Genetic Resources Training Guide
Plan objective: ensure maintenance of genetic diversity in the collection & supply of seed, & improved nursery practice
• Plan should identify: • influences on genetic diversity(bottlenecks, selection,
genetic drift) associated with current seed collection and distribution paths
• key actors (individuals, institutions), processes (what actors do), social limits in seed supply chain (policy, trade, institutional, capacity). Communication/training needs related to key actors.
• Specific actions to improve situation, addressing diversity issues in seed system (e.g. practical ways to collect & distribute seed/seedlings to ensure genetic diversity in nurseries & material planted in field)