Foreign Policy and Politics 1789-1800 Harlan High School AP United States History James Greene March...
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Transcript of Foreign Policy and Politics 1789-1800 Harlan High School AP United States History James Greene March...
Foreign Policy and Politics1789-1800
Harlan High SchoolAP United States History
James GreeneMarch 2011
Major FP issues confronting the United States in the 1790s
• Protecting America’s frontiers
• Promoting overseas trade
• Determining its role in European conflicts
Protecting frontiers:Indian Policies
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790• Indian nations treated as independent within
U.S. but subject to U.S. sovereignty• Federal government in charge of relations
– no trading without permit; – land cessions by treaty with Federal government
only
Five Civilized Tribes: CreeksTreaty of New York, 1790
• Defined territory; land cession
• Whites excluded from Creek lands
• Offenses against Indians subject to Federal law
• Land cession• Assist Creeks in becoming farmers• Secret provisions
Northwest Indian War 1785-1795
• Northwest Confederation• Little Turtle and Blue Jacket• Contested Ohio and Indiana• “Miami campaigns”• Harmar’s Defeat, 1790• St. Clair’s Defeat, 1791• British push for Indian buffer
state
Little TurtleArthur St. Clair
Northwest Indian War, 1794-95
• Anthony Wayne• Battle of Fallen Timbers,
1794• Treaty of Greenville, 1795
– Redefined boundaries– Opened most of Ohio to
legal settlement– Little Turtle became U.S.
supporter
The French Revolution
• Affection for France as ally• Extension of American
ideals of republicanism to Europe
• Bill of Rights/Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
The French Revolution
• Excesses of the Terror• Execution of Louis XVI
and his wife• De-Christianization of
France • European conflict
resulting from French attempts to defend and export revolution
Citizen Genêt, 1793• Misinterpreted welcome• Authorizing privateers• Recruiting volunteers to attack Florida
& Louisiana• Demanding early payment of U.S. debt
to France• Official reaction: demanded recall• Popular reaction: Democratic Societies
“self-started” pressure groups
Emerging Parties
Madison and JeffersonRepublicans
• Pro-French• Support in our Revolution• Republican ideals• Shift trade to France
Hamilton
Federalists• Pro-British• Trade relations• Britain as source of
stability
Washington: Neutrality
1793 Proclamation1794 Neutrality Act
• Neutrals could trade with belligerents
• Contraband=military supplies
• Free ships make free goods
• No recruiting on American soil
• No privateering out of American ports
“He had no desire to hazard the interests of his country in an attempt to ensure the survival of any foreign nation.”
—John Ferling
Dealing with British
• Orders in Council: corn, wheat, flour banned• Seizure of ships• Impressment of sailors• Occupation of posts along Great Lakes and
attempts to expand presence• Americans shut out of West Indies and other
British colonial ports
Jay’s Treaty, 1794
• Withdrawal from posts by 1796• Opened East Indian ports• Opened West Indian ports to small
ships• Commissions to settle boundary
disputes & claims• Pay for seizures
Outcry and AcceptanceOUTCRY
• Idea of treaty with Britain
• Failure to “win” on– Neutral rights– Slave compensation– Impressment
House attempt to block execution leads to first Presidential claim of executive privilege
ACCEPTANCE• Peace on frontier• Value of trade with
British
Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty)
• Spanish fears• Free navigation of
Mississippi• Right of deposit at
New Orleans• 31st parallel as
border of FloridaThomas Pinckney
North African Pirates
• Morocco, Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers
• Expectation of tribute
• Naval Act of 1794• Authorized six
frigates• Treaty with Algiers
Farewell Address, 1796Domestic Concerns
• The Union “the palladium of your political safety and prosperity”
• Americans first before local interests; interdependence among sections
• Dangers of partisanship• “Virtue or morality is a necessary spring of
popular government”• Value of institutions of learning• Pay off debts and don’t burden posterity with
them
Farewell AddressForeign Affairs
• “Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all.”
• Extend trade but avoid preferential treatment• “Steer clear of permanent alliances”
Political PartiesKey issue: Who should exercise power?
REPUBLICANS
•Will of the people
•Power to the states
•Strict constructionists
•Conspiracy to undo the Revolution
FEDERALISTS
•Government by elite
•Power to the Federal government
•Loose constructionists
•Fear of the mobocracy
John Adams
• Foreign policy experience• View of President as
guardian of the people• Viewed self as nonpartisan• Political mistakes
Quasi-War with France• French interference with
American shipping• XYZ Affair 1797-98• “Millions for defense but not
one cent for tribute.” Robert Goodloe Harper
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney:
“The answer is no! No, not a sixpence!”
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
•War fever •Provisional army•Department of the Navy
Quasi-War
• 1795 French seized 300 ships
• 1797 French attacked ships offshore
• 1798-99 U.S. Navy reclaimed coastal waters and convoyed West Indian tradeConstellation v. Insurgente, 1799
Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
• President could deport dangerous aliens• Changed length of time it took to become a
naturalized citizen• Illegal to combine to impede operation of Federal
law or to “procure” riots and other unlawful assemblies
• Crime to “write, print, utter, or publish” “false, scandalous, or malicious” things about President, Congress, or U.S. govt. or stir up sedition
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798
• Jefferson/political move• Compact theory of union• Nullification• Got Madison to write set for Virginia • Madison’s concerns• 10 states rejected and 4 did not act• Would be remembered and resurrected on
later occasions
Convention of 1800• Napoleon• Louisiana scheme• Restored diplomatic
relations• Ended 1778 alliance
• Recognized U.S. as a player
• Freed U.S. to be able to pursue a truly independent foreign policy
• Restored peace with France
Napoleon Bonaparte