Foreign From the Latin foris, meaning outside. What did Romans think of foreigners ?
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Transcript of Foreign From the Latin foris, meaning outside. What did Romans think of foreigners ?
ForeignFrom the Latin foris,
meaning outside
What did Romans think
of foreigners?
What did the Romans think of foreigners?
1. Would you expect Romans to have had much contact with foreigners? explain…
2. Would you expect Romans to integrate foreigners’ customs into their own ways of doing things? explain…
3. Would you expect Romans to like/dislike foreigners? (strongly/ moderately/ a little / hardly at all) explain…
Now write your hypothesis.“What did the Romans think of foreigners?”
CiceroRoman writer, politician and philosopher.Republican.Enemy of Mark Anthony.
Sexism
Chauvinism(belief in national
superiority)
Xenophobia (fear and dislike of
foreigners)
Personal pride / vanity
Ignorance
Fear / feeling threatened
What shapes Cicero’s view of Cleopatra? (find quotations)
Mar
cus
Tul
lius,
G
reet
ings
and
goo
d he
alth
!
I d
o no
t w
ish
to b
e un
fair
to t
he g
raec
ula
(‘the
Gre
ek’ –
use
d in
a d
erog
ator
y w
ay).
S
he is
cle
ver
beyo
nd w
ords
, no
den
ying
it.
You
may
und
erst
and
my
impa
tienc
e w
ith h
er if
I r
emin
d yo
u th
at,
alth
ough
sh
e ch
atte
rs o
n in
Heb
rew
, Ara
mai
c, S
yria
c, G
reek
of
cour
se,
Par
thia
n, M
edia
n, E
gypt
ian
(she
is s
aid
to b
e th
e fir
st P
tole
my
to m
aste
r th
at),
Eth
iopi
an,
and
Tro
gody
te,
all w
ith m
arve
lous
flu
ency
so
they
say
, sh
e w
as
unab
le t
o re
ceiv
e m
e in
Lat
in!
Or
clai
med
to
be u
nabl
e to
do
so,
so t
hat
right
her
e in
the
city
I w
as
com
pelle
d to
con
vers
e in
Gre
ek.
It
is n
o di
ffere
nt w
ith h
er v
aunt
ed d
rive,
ene
rgy
and
ambi
tion:
th
ey w
ere
not
enou
gh t
o m
otiv
ate
her
to c
ultiv
ate
the
mos
t im
port
ant
Rom
an s
enat
or.
And
of
her
fab
led
trea
sure
: a
lthou
gh h
er a
ides
had
pro
mis
ed a
pur
ely
liter
ary
ackn
owle
dgm
ent
of m
y m
erits
, I
cam
e an
d w
ent
empt
y ha
nded
.
I
will
not
eve
n to
uch
upon
her
unf
atho
mab
le im
pert
inen
ce.
She
see
med
inte
nt u
pon
chal
leng
ing
my
own
unde
serv
ed r
eput
atio
n fo
r ca
ustic
hum
or,
whi
le I
was
at
pain
s to
be
mos
t gr
acio
us,
even
co
ndes
cend
ing
tow
ard
her.
O
ut o
f ki
ndne
ss,
I w
ill p
ass
over
thi
s ga
lling
per
sona
l exp
erie
nce
and
subs
titut
e an
exa
mpl
e fr
om t
he la
st d
ays
of t
he R
epub
lic (
whi
ch I
was
spa
red)
. -
-Ant
ony'
s fr
iend
s, b
eing
muc
h co
ncer
ned
abou
t R
oman
opi
nion
of
him
, di
spat
ched
to
Ath
ens
one
Gai
us G
emin
ius
as e
nvoy
to
caut
ion
Ant
ony
not
to r
isk
brin
ging
his
het
aera
to
Ital
y.
Cle
opat
ra s
eate
d th
is d
istin
guis
hed
visi
tor
at t
he f
ar e
nd o
f th
eir
tabl
e, c
omm
issi
oned
all
sort
s of
pra
ctic
al jo
kes
to b
e pl
ayed
on
him
, an
d fo
rest
alle
d an
y pr
ivat
e au
dien
ce b
y ca
lling
upo
n G
emin
ius
to s
tate
his
bus
ines
s th
ere
on t
he s
pot
(Ant
ony
bein
g in
his
cup
s, o
f co
urse
).
Whe
n G
emin
ius
conf
esse
d he
was
the
re t
o sa
y th
at a
ll m
ight
go
wel
l in
Rom
e if
Cle
opat
ra m
ight
re
turn
to
Egy
pt,
the
harlo
t la
ughe
d,
"You
hav
e do
ne w
ell,
Gem
iniu
s, t
o co
nfes
s th
e tr
uth
with
out
bein
g pu
t to
tor
ture
."
T
his
to a
citi
zen
of R
ome!
T
his
to a
gue
st in
her
hou
se!
Thi
s to
a d
istin
guis
hed
stat
esm
an!
And
fro
m
a w
oman
! S
he is
, by
the
way
, a
beau
ty in
no
way
, sh
ape,
man
ner,
or
form
. H
er f
igur
e is
any
thin
g ot
her
than
vol
uptu
ous,
and
her
fac
e is
mar
red
not
mer
ely
by t
he in
bred
Pto
lem
y ho
oked
nos
e, b
ut b
y a
stro
ng
chin
and
har
d fe
atur
es w
hich
det
ract
fro
m t
he s
wee
tnes
s an
d ge
ntle
ness
we
priz
e in
our
wom
en.
Cae
sar,
be
ing
exac
tly t
wic
e he
r ag
e w
hen
she
cam
e to
him
in A
lexa
ndria
, w
as p
erha
ps le
ss v
ulne
rabl
e th
an t
hat
hot
bull
Ant
ony.
I
am
not
a s
uper
stiti
ous
man
, bu
t if
this
is t
he f
amed
sed
uctr
ess
of t
hose
tw
o gr
eat
Rom
ans-
-an
d w
ho k
now
s of
ho
w m
any
othe
rs--
then
her
mea
ns a
re w
itchc
raft
and
vile
Egy
ptia
n po
tions
. F
or s
he
know
s no
t ho
w t
o be
have
like
a w
oman
in a
ny o
f th
e w
ays
that
mat
ter.
Les
t yo
u de
em m
y ju
dgm
ent
som
ewha
t ha
rsh,
I r
emin
d yo
u th
at,
havi
ng d
evot
ed m
y lif
e to
lite
ratu
re
and
stat
esm
ansh
ip,
I ha
ve a
cqui
red
a st
rong
bia
s in
fav
or o
f th
e Q
ueen
's p
olic
y.
Am
I n
ot t
he f
orem
ost
advo
cate
of
Gre
ek p
hilo
soph
y an
d le
arni
ng a
mon
g R
oman
s?
Hav
e I
not
stru
ggle
d fo
r ha
rmon
y an
d co
nsen
sus
amon
g al
l the
cla
sses
and
con
stitu
enci
es o
f th
e R
epub
lic?
Pre
cise
ly s
uch
an in
tegr
atio
n--s
he
calls
it h
omon
oia-
-is w
hat
her
defe
nder
s cl
aim
was
her
pur
pose
the
se t
en y
ears
with
Ant
ony
in h
er b
ed.
The
n th
ey a
rgue
fro
m t
he c
ultu
ral a
nd p
oliti
cal n
eces
sitie
s im
pose
d up
on R
ome
by o
ur e
aste
rn p
rovi
nces
. I
ndee
d, f
rom
you
r va
ntag
e po
int
thei
r co
nten
tion
may
see
m t
o ho
ld.
But
the
wis
dom
of
hind
sigh
t is
gr
ante
d, h
appi
ly,
only
to
hist
ory
writ
ers.
Let
me
tell
you
wha
t w
e ha
ve s
een
befo
re o
ur v
ery
eyes
. M
ark
Ant
ony,
a f
ollo
wer
to
be s
ure
of C
aesa
r,
but
afte
r C
aesa
r's d
emis
e ou
r be
st h
ope
for
surv
ival
of
the
Rep
ublic
, co
mes
fro
m t
he o
ldes
t R
oman
nob
ility
. H
e m
ay b
e ro
ugh,
blu
ff, b
oist
erou
s, a
nd b
lunt
, bu
t su
ch is
the
nat
ure
of t
he w
arrio
r.
The
legi
ons
adm
ire h
is
phys
ical
pro
wes
s an
d en
dura
nce,
his
abi
lity
to r
ewar
d m
erit.
The
y w
ill f
ollo
w h
im a
nyw
here
--or
I s
houl
d sa
y,
wou
ld h
ave
follo
wed
him
any
whe
re.
But
wha
t do
the
y no
w b
ehol
d?
A f
ello
w w
ho c
ostu
mes
him
self
afte
r th
e m
anne
r of
Gre
ek o
ffici
aldo
m in
ord
er t
o go
out
am
ong
the
scho
ols
and
tem
ples
, in
to s
o-ca
lled
lear
ned
disc
ussi
ons,
a r
eade
r of
pap
yrus
scr
olls
, an
end
ower
of
libra
ries.
In
Rom
e he
was
bla
med
for
car
ousi
ng,
but
now
his
dru
nken
ness
is f
or D
iony
siac
dan
cing
(R
oman
s do
not
dan
ce e
ven
whe
n in
ebria
ted)
. O
h ye
s,
he is
no
long
er a
wor
ship
per
of D
iony
sus,
he
is D
iony
sus!
A
nd in
the
Eas
t D
iony
sus
is g
od,
not
mer
ely
of
into
xica
tion,
but
cou
nter
part
to
thei
r Aph
rodi
te,
the
wel
lspr
ing
of
life
itsel
f, in
sho
rt, A
nton
y is
bec
ome
Osi
ris
to C
leop
atra
's I
sis!
S
o yo
u se
e, t
heir
chie
f de
fens
e of
thi
s so
-cal
led
Que
en o
f K
ings
is t
hat
she
wou
ld r
esto
re t
he a
ncie
nt
Pto
lem
aic
Em
pire
and
rul
e it
as c
hief
la
wgi
ver
from
Rom
e, n
ever
min
d th
at R
oman
virt
ue m
ust,
with
Rom
e,
be s
acrif
iced
to
her
gran
d an
d no
ble
end.
With
bes
t w
ishe
s,
T
ulliu
s C
icer
o
Juvenal, Satire III
"And now let me speak at once of the race which is most dear to our rich men, and which I avoid above all others; no shyness shall stand in my way. I cannot abide, Quirites, a Rome of Greeks; and yet what fraction of our dregs comes from Greece? The Syrian Orontes has long since poured into the Tiber, bringing with it its lingo and its manners, its flutes and its slanting harp-strings; bringing too the timbrels of the breed, and the trulls who are bidden ply their trade at the Circus. Out upon you, all ye that delight in foreign strumpets with painted headdresses! Your country clown, Quirinus, now trips to dinner in Greek-fangled slippers, and wears niceterian ornaments upon a ceromatic neck! One comes from lofty Sicyon, another from Amydon or Andros, others from Samos, Tralles or Alabanda; all making for the Esquiline, or for the hill that takes its name from osier-beds; all ready to worm their way into the houses of the great and become their masters. Quick of wit and of unbounded impudence, they are as ready of speech as Isaeus, and more torrential. Say, what do you think that fellow there to be? He has brought with him any character you please; grammarian, orator, geometrician; painter, trainer, or rope-dancer; augur, doctor or astrologer:- 'All sciences a fasting monsieur knows, And bid him go to Hell, to Hell he goes! ' In fine, the man who took to himself wings was not a Moor, nor a Sarmatian, nor a Thracian, but one born in the very heart of Athens!
"Quae nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris et quos praecipue fugiam, properabo fateri,60 nec pudor opstabit. non possum ferre, Quirites, Graecam urbem; quamvis quota potio faecis Achaei? iam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes,et linguam et mores et cum tibicine chordas obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum65 vexit et ad circum iussas prostare puellas. ite, quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra! rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine,et ceromatico fert niceteria collo.hic alta Sicyone, ast hic Amydone relicta,70 hic Andro, ille Samo, hic Trallibus aut Alabandis Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem,viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri. ingenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo promptus et Isaeo torrentior: ede quid illum75 esse putes? quemvis hominem secum attulit ad nos: grammaticus rhetor geometres pictor aliptesaugur schoenobates medicus magus: omnia novit Graeculus esuriens; in caelum iusseris ibit.in summa non Maurus erat neque Sarmata nec Thrax 80 qui sumpsit pinnas, mediis sed natus Athenis.
What does Juvenal think of foreigners?
And now, behold! in comes the chorus of the frantic Bellona and the mother of the Gods, attended by a giant eunuch to whom his obscene inferiors must do reverence. . . . Before him the howling herd with the timbrels give way; his plebeian cheeks are covered with a Phrygian tiara. With solemn utterance he bids the lady beware the coming of the September Siroccos if she do not purify herself with a hundred eggs, and present him with some old mulberry-coloured garments in order that any great and unforeseen calamity impending may pass into the clothes, and make expiation for the entire year. In winter she will go down to the river of a morning, Break the ice, and plunge three time into the Tiber, dipping her trembling head even in its whirling waters, and crawling out thence naked and shivering, she will creep with bleeding knees right across the field of Tarquin the Proud. If the white shall so order, she will journey to the confines of Egypt, and fetch water got from hot Meroe with which to sprinkle the Temple of Isis which stands hard by the ancient sheepfold. For she believes that the command was given by the voice of the Goddess herself--a pretty kind of mind and spirit for the Gods to have converse with by night! Hence the chief and highest place of honour is awarded to Anubis, who, with his linen-clad and bald crew, mocks at the weeping of the people as he runs along. He it is that obtains pardon for wives who break the law of purity on days that should be kept holy, and exacts huge penalties when the coverlet has been profaned, or when the silver serpent has been seen to nod his head. His tears and carefully-studied mutterings make sure that Osiris will not refuse a pardon for the fault, bribed, no doubt, by a fat goose and a slice of sacrificial cake.
No sooner has that fellow departed than a palsied
Jewess, leaving her basket and her truss of hay, comes begging to her secret ear; she is an interpreter of the laws of Jerusalem, a high priestess of the tree, a trusty go-between of highest heaven. She, too, fills her palm, but more sparingly, for a Jew will tell you dreams of any kind you please for the minutest of coins.
An Armenian or Commagenian sooth-sayer, after examining the lungs of a dove that is still warm, will promise a youthful lover, or a big bequest from some rich and childless man; he will probe the breast of a chicken, or the entrails of a puppy, sometimes even of a boy; some things he will do with the intention of informing against them himself.
Still more trusted are the Chaldaeans; every word uttered by the astrologer they will believe has come from Hammon's fountain, for now that the Delphian oracles are dumb, man is condemned to darkness as to his future. Chief among these was one1 who was oft in exile, through whose friendship and venal ticket of prophecy the great citizen2 died whom Otho feared. For nowadays no astrologer has credit unless he have been imprisoned in some distant camp, with chains clanking on either arm; none believe in his powers unless he has been condemned and all but put to death, having just contrived to get deported to a Cyclad, or to escape at last from the diminutive Seriphos.3
Juvenal, Satire VI
What does Juvenal think of foreigners?
Plutarch, The Parallel Lives Plutarch is writing about Cato the Elder. Cato was from an ancient Plebeian family who
held the offices of Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) and finally Censor (184 BC).
When he was now well on in years, there came as ambassadors from Athens to Rome, Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic philosopher, to beg the reversal of a certain decision against the Athenian people, which imposed upon them a fine of five hundred talents. The people of Oropus had brought the suit, the Athenians had let the case go by default, and the Sicyonians had pronounced judgment against them. Upon the arrival of these philosophers, the most studious of the city's youth hastened to wait upon them, and became their devoted and admiring listeners. The charm of Carneades especially, which had boundless power, and a fame not inferior to its power, won large and sympathetic audiences, and filled the city, like a rushing mighty wind, with the noise of his praises. Report spread far and wide that a Greek of amazing talent, who disarmed all opposition by the magic of his eloquence, had infused a tremendous passion into the youth of the city, in consequence of which they forsook their other pleasures and pursuits and were "possessed" about philosophy. The other Romans were pleased at this, and glad to see their young men lay hold of Greek culture and consort with such admirable men. But Cato, at the very outset, when this zeal for discussion came pouring into the city, was distressed, fearing lest the young men, by giving this direction to their ambition, should come to love a reputation based on mere words more than one achieved by martial deeds. And when the fame of the visiting philosophers rose yet higher in the city, and their first speeches before the Senate were interpreted, at his own instance and request, by so conspicuous a man as Gaius Acilius, Cato determined, on some decent pretext or other, to rid and purge the city of them all. So he rose in the Senate and censured the magistrates for keeping in such long suspense an embassy composed of men who could easily secure anything they wished, so persuasive were they. "We ought," he said, "to make up our minds one way or another, and vote on what the embassy proposes, in order that these men may return to their schools and lecture to the sons of Greece, while the youth of Rome give ear to their laws and magistrates, as heretofore."
This he did, not, as some think, out of personal hostility to Carneades, but because he was wholly averse to philosophy, and
made mock of all Greek culture and training, out of patriotic zeal. He says, for instance, that Socrates was a mighty prattler, who attempted, as best he could, to be his country's tyrant, by abolishing its customs, and by enticing his fellow citizens into opinions contrary to the laws. He made fun of the school of Isocrates, declaring that his pupils kept on studying with him till they were old men, as if they were to practise their arts and plead their cases before Minos in Hades. And seeking to prejudice his son against Greek culture, he indulges in an utterance all too rash for his years, declaring, in the tone of a prophet or a seer, that Rome would lose her empire when she had become infected with Greek letters. But time has certainly shown the emptiness of this ill-boding speech of his, for while the city was at the zenith of its empire, she made every form of Greek learning and culture her own. It was not only Greek philosophers that he hated, but he was also suspicious of Greeks who practised medicine at Rome. He had heard, it would seem, of Hippocrates' reply when the Great King of Persia consulted him, with the promise of a fee of many talents, namely, that he would never put his skill at the service of Barbarians who were enemies of Greece. He said all Greek physicians had taken a similar oath, and urged his son to beware of them all. He himself, he said, had written a book of recipes, which he followed in the treatment and regimen of any who were sick in his family. He never required his patients to fast, but fed them on greens, on bits of duck, pigeon, or hare. Such a diet, he said, was light and good for sick people, except that it often causes dreams. By following such treatment and regimen he said he had good health himself, and kept his family in good health.
What does Cato the Elder think of foreigners according to Plutarch?
Mar
cus
Tul
lius,
G
reet
ings
and
goo
d he
alth
!
I d
o no
t w
ish
to b
e un
fair
to t
he g
raec
ula
(‘the
Gre
ek’ –
use
d in
a d
erog
ator
y w
ay).
S
he is
cle
ver
beyo
nd w
ords
, no
den
ying
it.
You
may
und
erst
and
my
impa
tienc
e w
ith h
er if
I r
emin
d yo
u th
at,
alth
ough
sh
e ch
atte
rs o
n in
Heb
rew
, Ara
mai
c, S
yria
c, G
reek
of
cour
se,
Par
thia
n, M
edia
n, E
gypt
ian
(she
is s
aid
to b
e th
e fir
st P
tole
my
to m
aste
r th
at),
Eth
iopi
an,
and
Tro
gody
te,
all w
ith m
arve
lous
flu
ency
so
they
say
, sh
e w
as
unab
le t
o re
ceiv
e m
e in
Lat
in!
Or
clai
med
to
be u
nabl
e to
do
so,
so t
hat
right
her
e in
the
city
I w
as
com
pelle
d to
con
vers
e in
Gre
ek.
It
is n
o di
ffere
nt w
ith h
er v
aunt
ed d
rive,
ene
rgy
and
ambi
tion:
th
ey w
ere
not
enou
gh t
o m
otiv
ate
her
to c
ultiv
ate
the
mos
t im
port
ant
Rom
an s
enat
or.
And
of
her
fab
led
trea
sure
: a
lthou
gh h
er a
ides
had
pro
mis
ed a
pur
ely
liter
ary
ackn
owle
dgm
ent
of m
y m
erits
, I
cam
e an
d w
ent
empt
y ha
nded
.
I
will
not
eve
n to
uch
upon
her
unf
atho
mab
le im
pert
inen
ce.
She
see
med
inte
nt u
pon
chal
leng
ing
my
own
unde
serv
ed r
eput
atio
n fo
r ca
ustic
hum
or,
whi
le I
was
at
pain
s to
be
mos
t gr
acio
us,
even
co
ndes
cend
ing
tow
ard
her.
O
ut o
f ki
ndne
ss,
I w
ill p
ass
over
thi
s ga
lling
per
sona
l exp
erie
nce
and
subs
titut
e an
exa
mpl
e fr
om t
he la
st d
ays
of t
he R
epub
lic (
whi
ch I
was
spa
red)
. -
-Ant
ony'
s fr
iend
s, b
eing
muc
h co
ncer
ned
abou
t R
oman
opi
nion
of
him
, di
spat
ched
to
Ath
ens
one
Gai
us G
emin
ius
as e
nvoy
to
caut
ion
Ant
ony
not
to r
isk
brin
ging
his
het
aera
to
Ital
y.
Cle
opat
ra s
eate
d th
is d
istin
guis
hed
visi
tor
at t
he f
ar e
nd o
f th
eir
tabl
e, c
omm
issi
oned
all
sort
s of
pra
ctic
al jo
kes
to b
e pl
ayed
on
him
, an
d fo
rest
alle
d an
y pr
ivat
e au
dien
ce b
y ca
lling
upo
n G
emin
ius
to s
tate
his
bus
ines
s th
ere
on t
he s
pot
(Ant
ony
bein
g in
his
cup
s, o
f co
urse
).
Whe
n G
emin
ius
conf
esse
d he
was
the
re t
o sa
y th
at a
ll m
ight
go
wel
l in
Rom
e if
Cle
opat
ra m
ight
re
turn
to
Egy
pt,
the
harlo
t la
ughe
d,
"You
hav
e do
ne w
ell,
Gem
iniu
s, t
o co
nfes
s th
e tr
uth
with
out
bein
g pu
t to
tor
ture
."
T
his
to a
citi
zen
of R
ome!
T
his
to a
gue
st in
her
hou
se!
Thi
s to
a d
istin
guis
hed
stat
esm
an!
And
fro
m
a w
oman
! S
he is
, by
the
way
, a
beau
ty in
no
way
, sh
ape,
man
ner,
or
form
. H
er f
igur
e is
any
thin
g ot
her
than
vol
uptu
ous,
and
her
fac
e is
mar
red
not
mer
ely
by t
he in
bred
Pto
lem
y ho
oked
nos
e, b
ut b
y a
stro
ng
chin
and
har
d fe
atur
es w
hich
det
ract
fro
m t
he s
wee
tnes
s an
d ge
ntle
ness
we
priz
e in
our
wom
en.
Cae
sar,
be
ing
exac
tly t
wic
e he
r ag
e w
hen
she
cam
e to
him
in A
lexa
ndria
, w
as p
erha
ps le
ss v
ulne
rabl
e th
an t
hat
hot
bull
Ant
ony.
I
am
not
a s
uper
stiti
ous
man
, bu
t if
this
is t
he f
amed
sed
uctr
ess
of t
hose
tw
o gr
eat
Rom
ans-
-an
d w
ho k
now
s of
ho
w m
any
othe
rs--
then
her
mea
ns a
re w
itchc
raft
and
vile
Egy
ptia
n po
tions
. F
or s
he
know
s no
t ho
w t
o be
have
like
a w
oman
in a
ny o
f th
e w
ays
that
mat
ter.
Les
t yo
u de
em m
y ju
dgm
ent
som
ewha
t ha
rsh,
I r
emin
d yo
u th
at,
havi
ng d
evot
ed m
y lif
e to
lite
ratu
re
and
stat
esm
ansh
ip,
I ha
ve a
cqui
red
a st
rong
bia
s in
fav
or o
f th
e Q
ueen
's p
olic
y.
Am
I n
ot t
he f
orem
ost
advo
cate
of
Gre
ek p
hilo
soph
y an
d le
arni
ng a
mon
g R
oman
s?
Hav
e I
not
stru
ggle
d fo
r ha
rmon
y an
d co
nsen
sus
amon
g al
l the
cla
sses
and
con
stitu
enci
es o
f th
e R
epub
lic?
Pre
cise
ly s
uch
an in
tegr
atio
n--s
he
calls
it h
omon
oia-
-is w
hat
her
defe
nder
s cl
aim
was
her
pur
pose
the
se t
en y
ears
with
Ant
ony
in h
er b
ed.
The
n th
ey a
rgue
fro
m t
he c
ultu
ral a
nd p
oliti
cal n
eces
sitie
s im
pose
d up
on R
ome
by o
ur e
aste
rn p
rovi
nces
. I
ndee
d, f
rom
you
r va
ntag
e po
int
thei
r co
nten
tion
may
see
m t
o ho
ld.
But
the
wis
dom
of
hind
sigh
t is
gr
ante
d, h
appi
ly,
only
to
hist
ory
writ
ers.
Let
me
tell
you
wha
t w
e ha
ve s
een
befo
re o
ur v
ery
eyes
. M
ark
Ant
ony,
a f
ollo
wer
to
be s
ure
of C
aesa
r,
but
afte
r C
aesa
r's d
emis
e ou
r be
st h
ope
for
surv
ival
of
the
Rep
ublic
, co
mes
fro
m t
he o
ldes
t R
oman
nob
ility
. H
e m
ay b
e ro
ugh,
blu
ff, b
oist
erou
s, a
nd b
lunt
, bu
t su
ch is
the
nat
ure
of t
he w
arrio
r.
The
legi
ons
adm
ire h
is
phys
ical
pro
wes
s an
d en
dura
nce,
his
abi
lity
to r
ewar
d m
erit.
The
y w
ill f
ollo
w h
im a
nyw
here
--or
I s
houl
d sa
y,
wou
ld h
ave
follo
wed
him
any
whe
re.
But
wha
t do
the
y no
w b
ehol
d?
A f
ello
w w
ho c
ostu
mes
him
self
afte
r th
e m
anne
r of
Gre
ek o
ffici
aldo
m in
ord
er t
o go
out
am
ong
the
scho
ols
and
tem
ples
, in
to s
o-ca
lled
lear
ned
disc
ussi
ons,
a r
eade
r of
pap
yrus
scr
olls
, an
end
ower
of
libra
ries.
In
Rom
e he
was
bla
med
for
car
ousi
ng,
but
now
his
dru
nken
ness
is f
or D
iony
siac
dan
cing
(R
oman
s do
not
dan
ce e
ven
whe
n in
ebria
ted)
. O
h ye
s,
he is
no
long
er a
wor
ship
per
of D
iony
sus,
he
is D
iony
sus!
A
nd in
the
Eas
t D
iony
sus
is g
od,
not
mer
ely
of
into
xica
tion,
but
cou
nter
part
to
thei
r Aph
rodi
te,
the
wel
lspr
ing
of
life
itsel
f, in
sho
rt, A
nton
y is
bec
ome
Osi
ris
to C
leop
atra
's I
sis!
S
o yo
u se
e, t
heir
chie
f de
fens
e of
thi
s so
-cal
led
Que
en o
f K
ings
is t
hat
she
wou
ld r
esto
re t
he a
ncie
nt
Pto
lem
aic
Em
pire
and
rul
e it
as c
hief
la
wgi
ver
from
Rom
e, n
ever
min
d th
at R
oman
virt
ue m
ust,
with
Rom
e,
be s
acrif
iced
to
her
gran
d an
d no
ble
end.
With
bes
t w
ishe
s,
T
ulliu
s C
icer
o
What did the Romans think of foreigners?
Your hypothesis.“What did the Romans think of foreigners?”
How have these attitudes come about?
• Conquest by Romans?• Seen as inferior?• Culturally different?• Seen as a threat?• Religious influences?
What did the Romans think of foreigners?
1. What is Cicero’s opinion of Cleopatra?2. How does he express this? Try to find at least three
quotations.
Now return to your hypothesis.What did the Romans think of foreigners?• What would you change? Why?• Can you support your changes with quotations? (in green)
What did the Romans think of foreigners?
1. What is Cicero’s opinion of Cleopatra?2. How does he express this? Try to find at least three
quotations.
Now return to your hypothesis.What did the Romans think of foreigners?• What would you change? Why?• Can you support your changes with quotations? (in a
different colour if possible)
HOMEWORK – DUE MONDAY 8 OCTOBER